Unit 1 Basic Concept of Surveying

ENGINEERING SURVEY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
ENGINEERING SURVEY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY
 Instructor: Engr Julius Etuke MNSE
 Lecture Days: Thursdays
 Time: 8am – 10am

LECTURE SEQUENCE
 Unit 1 Basic Concept of Surveying

 Unit 2 Classification of Surveying
 Unit 3 Basic Measurement and Methods
 Unit 4 Traversing
 Unit 5 Tachometry
 Unit 6 Earth works (Areas and Volume)
 Unit 7: Setting out works
 Unit 8: Introduction to Photogrammetry
Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

RECOMMENDED TEXT
 1. Engineering Surveying 6th Edition: Schofield W. and

Bream M.
 2. Fundamentals of Surveying: Sample Examination,
George M. Cole
 3. Basic Surveying: Raymond E Paul and Walter Whyte
 4. Survey Engineering by Eihan Shimizu
 5. Surveying: Principles and Applications, Fifth Edition:
Kavanagh B.F. and Glenn Bird S.J.

UNIT 1
BASIC CONCEPT OF SURVEYING

BASIC CONCEPT OF SURVEYING
OBJECTIVE:
In this unit we shall be looking at the
Definition of Surveying, the History of
Surveying, Stages of work in Surveying and
Step by Step Breakdown of the Surveying
Process. We shall also consider the General
Principle of Surveying, Types of Surveying
and the uses of Survey.
BASIC CONCEPT OF SURVEYING
WHAT IS SURVEYING?
Surveying may be defined as the science of determining the
position, in three dimensions, of natural and man-made features
on or beneath the surface of the Earth. It can also be defined as
the act/technology of carrying out measurement on the surface of
the earth using the necessary survey equipment to produce in
analogue form, contoured maps, plans or charts, or in digital form,
a digital ground model (DGM).

Generally, in surveying, you determine by observation or by taking
measurements the boundaries, size, position, quantity, condition,
value etc. of land, estates, buildings, farms, mines etc. and present
the survey data in a suitable form. Surveying can be broken down
into building surveyors, valuation surveyor, quantity surveyor,
mining surveyor and land surveyor.

OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING
OBJECTIVE OF SURVEYING
The objective of surveying is to prepare a
map or plan to show the relative positions of
the objects on the surface of the earth. The
map or plan is drawn to some suitable scale.
It also shows boundaries of districts, states,
and countries too. It also includes details of
different engineering features such as
buildings, roads, railways, dams, canals etc.
HISTORY OF SURVEYING

Egyptians used surveying techniques during the construction of

the Great Pyramids. Those early surveyors were called rope
stretchers. a rope stretcher would use simple geometry to re-
establish boundaries after the annual floods of the Nile River.



FUNCTIONS OF A SURVEYOR
1. To determine, measure and represent land, three-

dimensional objects, point-fields and trajectories;
2. To assemble and interpret land and geographically
related information
3. To use that information for the planning and
efficient administration of the land, the sea and
any structures thereon; and
4. To conduct research into the above practices and
to develop them.

PROCESS INVOLVED IN SURVEYING
1. Reconnaissance Survey:
Reconnaissance survey is preliminary survey done at the commencement of any
project work. It is carried out to enable the surveyor determine the appropriate
methods and instrumentation required to complete the project satisfactorily. It
indicates the need to obtain an overall picture of what is required before any type of
survey work is undertaken.
2. Observation and Measurement:

This part of the definition denotes the next stage of any survey, which in land
surveying constitutes the measurement to determine the relative position and sizes of
natural and artificial features on the land.
3. Data Presentation:
The data collected in any survey must be presented in a form which allows the
information to be clearly interpreted and understood by others. This presentation may
take the form of written report, bills of quantities, datasheets, drawings and in land
surveying maps and plan showing the features on the land.
PROCESS INVOLVED IN SURVEYING

USES OF SURVEYING
Surveying may be used to prepare:
1. Topographic Maps which shows hills, valleys, rivers, forests,
villages, towns etc.
2. Cadastral Maps which shows boundaries of fields, plots, houses,
and other properties.
3. Engineering Maps which shows the position of engineering
works such as buildings, roads, railways, dams and canals.
4. Contour Maps to know the topography of the area to find out
the best possible site for roads, railways, bridges, reservoirs and
canals.
5. Military Maps, Geological Maps and Archeological Maps.
6. For setting out work and for transferring details from the map to
the ground.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
Two basic principles of Surveying are:

1. To always work from whole to part.
2. To locate a new station by at least two measurements (linear or
angular) from fixed reference points.
According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by

main stations (i.e. controlling stations) and main survey lines (i.e.
controlling lines). The area is then divided into a number of parts by
forming well-conditioned triangles.
According to the second principle, the new stations should always

be fixed by at least two measurements (linear or angular) from fixed
reference points.
TYPES OF SURVEY

TYPES OF SURVEY
Terrestrial or Land Surveyor is primarily divided into two parts:

1. Plane Survey
2. Geodetic Survey.
TYPES OF TERRESTRIAL SURVEY
Plane Survey
Geodetic Survey
UNIT 1 ASSIGNMENT
1. Briefly describe the role of the following
professionals:
i. Land Surveyor
ii. Estate Surveyor
iii. Geodetic Surveyor
iv. Building Surveyor
v. Valuation Surveyor
vi. Engineering Surveyor
2. List five modern survey equipment that is being

used in today’s world explaining their functions.

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ENGINEERING SURVEY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY

ENGINEERING SURVEY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY

 Instructor: Engr Julius Etuke MNSE

 Lecture Days: Thursdays

 Time: 8am – 10am

 Unit 1 Basic Concept of Surveying

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

 1. Engineering Surveying 6th Edition: Schofield W. and

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

BASIC CONCEPT OF SURVEYING

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

Egyptians used surveying techniques during the construction of

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

1. To determine, measure and represent land, three-

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

2. Observation and Measurement:

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

Two basic principles of Surveying are:

According to the first principle, the whole area is first enclosed by

According to the second principle, the new stations should always

Engineering Survey and Photogrammetry CVE 312

Terrestrial or Land Surveyor is primarily divided into two parts:

2. List five modern survey equipment that is being

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