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Dakshina - Kannada - Brochure 2012
Dakshina - Kannada - Brochure 2012
Central Ground Water Board is providing all technical input for effective management
of ground water resources in the state. The groundwater scenario compiled on
administrative divisions gives a better perspective for planning various ground water
management measures by local administrative bodies. With this objective, Central
Ground Water Board is publishing the revised groundwater information booklet for all
the districts of the state.
I do appreciate the efforts of Dr. K.Md.Najeeb, Regional Director and his fleet of
dedicated Scientists of South Western Region, Bangalore for bringing out this
booklet. I am sure these brochures will provide a portrait of the groundwater
resources in each district for planning effective management measures by the
administrators, planners and the stake holders.
Dr. S. C. Dhiman
2
PREFACE
The Dakshina Kannada district Ground Water Information Booklet has been
prepared based on the information available and data collected from various
state and central government organisations by several hydro-scientists of
Central Ground Water Board with utmost care and dedication. This booklet
has been prepared by Mr. N.Vinayachandran, Scientist-C, under the guidance
of Shri.B.K.Kallapur, Scientist-D, Central Ground Water Board, South Western
Region, Bangalore. The figures were prepared by Sri. J. Sivaramakrishnan,
Assistant Hydrogeologist. The rainfall data provided by Shri H.P.Jayaprakash
Scientist-C.The efforts of Report processing section in finalising and bringing
out the report in this format are commendable.
I take this opportunity to congratulate them for the diligent and careful
compilation and observation in the form of this booklet, which will certainly
serve as a guiding document for further work and help the planners,
administrators, academicians, hydrogeologists and engineers to plan and
manage the water resources in a better way in the district.
(K.Md.Najeeb)
Regional Director
3
GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET
DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT
KARNATAKA
DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
Sl.
No. Items Statistics
1 GENERAL INFORMATION
i). Geographical area ( sq. km) 4770
4
6 IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Area in ha / number of structures)
Dugwells 40501
Tube / bore wells 9202
Tanks / ponds nil
Canals nil
Other sources 18146
Net irrigated area 70387
7 NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER
MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB (As on 49 (dugwells)
31.3.2012 ) 08 (pz)
8 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL Gneiss, Schist & Granite
FORMATIONS and alluvium
9 HYDROGEOLOGY
• Major water bearing formations Weathered & fractured
Gneiss, Schist & Granite
and alluvium
• Pre-monsoon Depth to water level 4.12 – 15.2 mbgl
during 2011,
• Post-monsoon Depth to water level 0.75 – 8.65 mbgl
during 2011,
• Long term water level trend in 10 58% of the wells show a
years (2001-2010 in m/yr) rise in water level ranging
from 0.014 m to 0.12 m,
whereas, the remaining
wells (42%) show a fall in
the range of 0.01m to 0.19
m.
10 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY
CGWB (As on 31.3.2012)
• Total No of wells drilled
EW and OW 29 & 10
• Depth Range (m) 16 – 256.61
• Discharge (Lps) Negligible – 19.9
2
Transmissivity (m / day) 1 – 476
11 GROUND WATER QUALITY
• Presence of chemical constituents
more than permissible limit) Nitrate 140ppm (Tokkuru)
• Type of water Ca - Mg bicarbonate to Na
Chloride
12 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER
RESOURCES in MCM
• Net Annual Groundwater available 312.79
• Gross annual GW draft 206.45
• Projected demand for domestic and 46.25
industrial uses upto 2025
• Stage of GW development 66 %
5
13 AWARENESS AND TRAINING
ACTIVITIES
• Mass Awareness Programme 1
Organised
Date 22.12.1999
Place Mangalore
No. of participants 200
Water Management Programmes Nil
Organised
14 EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE &
RAINWATER HARVESTING
• Projects completed by CGWB Nil
(No. & Amount spent)
• Projects under the technical Nil
guidance of CGWB(numbers)
6
DAKSHINA KANNADA DISTRICT
1.0 Introduction
Dakshina Kannada is a maritime district located in the south-western
part of Karnataka adjoining the Arabian Sea. The geographical area is 4770
sq. km extending from 12˚,30’,00’’ & 13˚,11’,00’’ north latitudes and
74˚,35’,00’’ & 75˚,33’,30’’ east longitudes. Mangalore town is the district
headquarters. Administratively, the district is divided into five taluks viz.
Bantwal, Belthangady, Mangalore, Puttur and Sulya (Fig.1). Population of the
district (2001 census) is 18 96,403 of which 11, 67, 958 is rural and 7,28,448
is urban. The district is drained by Netravathi, Gurupur, Mulki, Kumaradhara,
Payasvini and and Shambhavi rivers which originate in the Western Ghats
and flow westwards to join the Arabian Sea(Fig.2).
Agriculture is the main activity of the people in the district. The net
sown area comprises 28% of the total geographical area. Major crops are
paddy, areca nut, coconut, cashew nut, rubber and vegetables. About 57% of
the net sown area is irrigated by different sources. Groundwater irrigates
about 75% of the irrigated area and the remaining is by surface water
sources.
Central Ground Water Board has carried out Systematic
Hydrogeological Survey during 1983-84, Reappraisal Hydrogeological Survey
and Ground water Exploration in the district during 1989-90. Under
exploration programme 26 exploratory wells and 8 observation wells were
drilled during the period between 1987 and 1991. Under Hydrology Project 8
piezometers were drilled for observing the water levels.
2.0 Rainfall
The average annual rainfall of the district is 3789.9 mm and is received
mainly during the southwest monsoon season extending from June to
September. About 85% of the annual rainfall occurs during the monsoon
months. Post - monsoon season yields about 8% and the balance of annual
rainfall from December to March. This district on the West Coast of India
experiences a typical maritime climate. The district is marked by heavy
rainfall, high humidity and oppressive weather in hot season. Generally, the
weather is hot and humid throughout the year. In the eastern part of the
district i.e., along the Western Ghats, the weather is comparatively cooler than
in the western coastal areas. In the district, all the taluk headquarters are
having I.M.D. Raingauge stations. Statistical analysis of rainfall data for the
period 1971 to 2000 are presented in the table given below.
Table 1. Statistical Analysis, Seasonal and Annual Rainfall, Dakshin Kannada district
Station Mean Std. Coef. Mean Std. Coef. Mean Std. Coef Mean Std. Coef.
mm Dev. Var. mm Dev. Var. Mm Dev. .Var. mm Dev. Var.
mm % mm % mm % mm %
Mar – May Jun – Sep Oct – Dec Annual
Bantwal 191.5 140.6 73.4 3358.3 675.5 20.1 292.1 116.5 39.9 3843.0 678.0 17.6
Belthangadi 234.7 223.8 95.4 3859.4 671.9 17.4 365.4 177.2 48.5 4470.2 653.6 14.6
Mangalore 191.8 165.0 86.0 3168.7 722.0 22.8 299.1 137.8 46.1 3661.4 737.3 20.1
Puttur 204.6 121.6 59.4 3338.9 653.3 19.6 372.6 127.1 34.1 3920.7 671.0 17.1
Sulya 227.5 120.9 53.1 3185.2 580.4 18.2 370.5 113.2 30.6 3790.0 590.2 15.6
7
8
9
3.0 Geomorphology and Soil Types.
3.1 Geomorphology:
Geomorphologically Dakshina Kannada District can be divided broadly
into three well-defined physiographic units viz. i) Coastal plain ii) Upland
pediplain area iii) Eastern hilly area forming part of the Western Ghats
The Coastal plain is a narrow, thickly populated and intensely
cultivated area adjoining the coast. There is considerable extent of barren
land along the coast partly because it is sandy, rocky, and marshy. The area
near sea is covered with coconut gardens.
The Upland pediplain area interspersed with low hills between the
Western Ghats and the coast, which is moderately cultivated with a
considerable extent of fallow land, which can be put to agricultural use.
The Eastern hilly area in the eastern part of the district is hilly with thick
forest cover, which forms part of the Western Ghats. The hills of the area
range in elevation from 1200 to 1500m a.m.s.l. and are capped with laterite,
which form plateau usually of oval or elongated configuration. The hill ranges
are dissected by numerous streams and rivulets. The prominent peaks in the
area are Balihalli (1240m), Amadikul betta (1298m) Attiberi Gudda (1522m),
Banganabagile Gudda (1513m) etc.
3.2. Soil:
The soil in the district is mostly lateritic type, found distributed in the
Pediplain area characterised by high iron and aluminium content. Lateritic soil
is mostly red in color and yellow loamy, pale to bright red colours are also
seen. Lateritic soil is suitable for Paddy, Sugarcane, Arecanut and Plantation
crops, viz. crops like Cardamom & plantains. Loamy red soils are distributed
in the lower reaches of valleys. Red lateritic soil is the most dominant soil
type in the area. The texture of the soil varies from fine to coarse. The soil in
valleys and intermediate slopes is rich in loam whereas in upper slopes it is
much coarse in nature. The soil responds well to irrigation and other soil -
management practices. Silty and loamy soils are of transported origin and are
found mostly along river banks and in valley plains. They have good
infiltration capacity and are well-suited for agriculture due to their fertility.
3.3.1 Spring: Seasonal and perennial springs are located in the foothills of
hillocks and forests in the district. Thermal spring which is of very rare
occurrence in south India has been found in the district. It is called as
‘Bendru Teertha” and located at Irde on Puttur-Panaje road at a distance of 13
km from Puttur. The rock formations exposed in and around the spring are
gneisses traversed by veins of quartz and pegmatite on the southern banks of
Badantadka river. The temperature of water varied from 35 oC to 38 oC. In the
centre of the spring the temperature varies from 37 oC to 38oC. The chemical
10
analysis data of spring water shows T.D.S. of 424 ppm, SiO2, 80.0 ppm, Cl 60
ppm, HCO3 196 ppm, Mg 21 ppm, SO4 61 ppm, CaCO3 121 ppm, Na 81 ppm,
K 7.0 ppm and pH 8.2.
The depth to water level during pre-monsoon ( May 2011) ranges from
4.12 mbgl to 15.2 mbgl (Fig.4). During post-monsoon (Nov 2011) it ranges
from 0.75 mbgl to 8.65 mbgl (Fig.5). The seasonal fluctuation data shows that
36.5% of the wells show rise while, 63.5% of the wells show a fall in water
level. The rise in water level ranges from 0.15 m to 16.0 m while, the fall
ranges from 0.65 m to 4.62 m. Analysis of the long-term water level trend in
the last 10 years (2001-2010) reveals that 58% of the wells show a rise in
water level ranging from 0.014 m to 0.12 m, whereas, the remaining wells
(42%) show a fall in the range of 0.01m to 0.19 m.
11
Fig:3
12
Fig:4
13
Fig:5
14
Fig:6
15
Fig:7
16
Fig:8
17
Groundwater Vulnerability area
Groundwater being a dynamic resource, getting recharged annually, primarily
from the rainfall, is vulnerable to various developmental activities and is prone
to deterioration in quality and quantity. The vulnerability is high in certain
areas while in other areas it is comparatively stable. Based on it’s
susceptibility to various stress factors the district wise vulnerability map is
prepared on a regional scale considering the following factors viz.
1. Area under high stage of ground water development falling in over
exploited (generally with stage of development more than100%) and critical
(generally stage of development within 85-100%) category as on March 2009.
2. Area having intensive cultivation/ area falling under canal command, thus
prone to pollution from fertilisers/ insecticides or water logging.
3. Area having fluoride above maximum permissible limit of 1.5ppm
4. Area having nitrate above maximum permissible limit of 45ppm. (Even
though nitrate is point source pollution due to anthropogenic activity and as
such area cannot be demarcated, for the convenience of the user group, area
having high incidence of pollution is marked. Within the marked area there
may be points devoid of high nitrate and vice-versa.)
5. Industrial cluster as identified by Central Pollution Control Board, prone for
pollution from industries.
In some of the districts parts of the area groundwater is vulnerable due to
more than one of the above parameters, while in some others the entire
district is free from vulnerability. In Dakshina Kannada district contamination
of groundwater from fertilizers is observed in Puttur, sullya and Bentwal taluks
(fig.9 )
18
Fig: 9
19
Fig:10
20
4.2 Groundwater resources:
As per the ‘Ground Water Resource Estimation (GEM-1997)’, the
annual ground water availability is 31279 Ham; the existing gross
groundwater draft for all uses is 20645 Ham; after allocating a resource of
4625 Ham for future industrial and domestic uses, the net groundwater
availability for future irrigation development is 9962 Ham. This balance
resource can create a ground water irrigation potential of 13250 Ha. The
ground water development in the district varies from taluk to taluk with an
average development of 66% for the district.
The talukwise groundwater resource (as on March 2009) is given in the
table below.
21
Fig: 11
22
Total
Sulya
Puttur
Bantwal
Mangalore
Belthangadi
TALUK
TOTAL ANNUAL GROUND
8794
6083
WATER RECHARGE
HAM
49829
10053
12540
12359
NET ANNUAL GROUND WATER
5488
6081
3735
8397
7578
AVAILABILITY
HAM
31279
EXISTING GROSS GROUND
WATER DRAFT FOR
3098
4573
1924
3237
3966
HAM
16798
IRRIGATION
347
613
566
897
3847
1424
SUPPLY
23
EXISTING GROSS GROUND
3445
5186
2490
4134
5390
20645
4625
1018
1752
HAM
NEXT 25 YEARS
9962
1970
1124
4142
1880
HAM
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT
STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AS
63
85
67
49
71
ON MARCH 2009
(%)
Av.66
40
70
50
90
20
(%)
SAFE AREA
60
10
30
10
40
SEMI-CRITICAL AREA
(%)
-
-
-
-
-
(%)
CRITICAL AREA
Table. 2. Talukwise groundwater resource (as on March 2004) Dakshina Kannada district.
-
-
20
20
40
OVER-EXPLOITED AREA
(%)
Fig:12
24
5.2 Water conservation and Artificial Recharge:
The average rainfall of the district is 3789 mm and average rainy
days are 126. The average groundwater development is nearly 66%. In
spite of copious rainfall, during summer season many parts of the district
face acute scarcity of water due to highly undulating nature of the terrain
and unfavourable sub-surface conditions. However, there is scope for
arresting the sub-surface flow at suitable locations through the
construction of sub-surface dams. The surface runoff can also be arrested
by constructing check dams, vented dams etc throughout the district at
appropriate places. This can assure availability of water during peak
requirement period. Such measures are necessary in areas of Bantwal,
Puttur and Mangalore taluks which are categorised as over exploited.
Insitu Rainwater Harvesting may ease the problems of seasonal water -
scarcity and saline water ingress in coastal stretch.
6.0 Groundwater related issues and problems
The district receives more than 3000 mm rainfall annually.
However, inspite of a good amount of rainfall, there are certain problems
which need a proper water management strategy. The major problems are
i). Flooding and coastal erosion ii). Salinity ingress of coastal aquifers and
Inland salinity along river course. iii). Water logging
Flooding and coastal erosion: is the problem in the coastal tract and
adjacent the major rivers like Netravati and Gurupur rivers due to
incessant rains. The problem worsens during high tide time. Though a
complete solution is not possible, construction of a series of checkdams
across the rivers and coastal erosion measures along the coast can
alleviate this problem during medium intensity rainfall.
Salinity ingress of coastal aquifers : Salinity ingress of coastal
aquifers and the inland salinity problem along the major river sides mainly
during summer months when seaward fresh water flow in the rivers
dwindle are prevalent on a minor scale. To check the movement of saline
water ingression inland through river and protect the groundwater.
Construction of dams across rivers and streams can reduce the problem.
Dams are constructed at many locations already in the area.
Water logging: The observation well data of CGWB for November
2011 shows an area of limited extent which have depth to water level with
in 2 mbgl. However, in the coastal tract and along the main rivers
groundwater lies within 2 to 5mbgl which can be considered to be ‘prone
for water logging’.
25
Fig: 13
26
The NHS water level data of CGWB collected during pre-monsoon
indicates water level between 2 to 5 mbgl in the coastal plains and
alongside the river in Mangalore and Bantwal taluks. Such water logging
prone areas are found in different taluks at topographic lows. Proper
drainage and exploitation of groundwater will help in improving the
situation.
9.0 Recommendations:
After analyzing the present groundwater scenario in Dakshina
Kannada district, the following recommendations are made to
develop and manage ground water on sustainable basis in different
parts of the district.
a) Dugwells which are currently in use in the high groundwater
development areas may be further deepened to tap more
saturated part of the phreatic aquifer and increase the yield.
b) Pinpointing of sites for wells and bore wells in feasible areas
should be tried based on scientific investigations to avoid
failure of wells.
c) In areas prone to water-logging conjunctive use of surface
and groundwater should be practiced. Withdrawing more
groundwater through dugwells and shallow borewells
reduces the water-logging problem in the command area by
declining the groundwater level.
d) Water use efficiency should be achieved by adopting water
economy methods like drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation
in a large way in irrigated agriculture to save water.
27
e) Insitu rainwater harvesting is suitable for the villages where
ground water carries excess nitrate or affected by high
salinity such as in coastal tracts. Rainwater harvesting in
hilly areas also offer a solution for drinking water problem.
f) Artificial recharge measures like check-dams, percolation
tanks, and point recharge structures shoud be implemented
on an extensive scale especially in Critical areas (eg:
Bantwal taluk). Suitable artificial recharge structures should
be constructed in different terrains which will arrest and store
the run-off in rainy season. This stored water will augment
recharge to groundwater and also helps in arresting soil
erosion and controlling flood.
g) Rejuvenation of existing MI tanks by de-silting would
enhance their storage and percolation capacities.
h) Institutional financial assistance should be provided to poor
farmers for adopting groundwater augmentation practices such as
Rain Water Harvesting and construction of different Artificial
Recharge Structures.
28