Crude oil

where did from

crude oil come
?
Millions of plants and animals in the died
years ago , living sea

and fell to the bottom -

Their shells and skeletons formed limestone while their

soft tissue into

by heat
was
gradually changed crude oil and

high pressure
.

What is crude oil 2

a

crude oil is a finite and non-renewable resource once all of it is

,

used it he replaced for

up wont with mon a
long time .

Crude of
oil is a mixture Hydrocarbons of all sizes
ranging from

few atoms
a carbon and
hydrogen to molecules with
over
too atoms

As the molecules get bigger ,

the intermolecular tones of attraction

become stronger and it becomes more difficult to pull one molecule

from its
away neighbouring molecule

the
Boiling point increases larger molecules will have forces at
•
:
stronger
attraction which will to break them
require more
energy .

the
liquids become less volatile the
bigger the hydrocarbon the stumer
•
:

it temperature
evaporates at room
,
this is because
the
bigger molecules

are more attracted to their

neighbouring molecules and
they are not serrated
easily .
 A volatile that temp
substance is one
evaporates easily at room

liquids become more viscous ( flow less

easily ) :
liquid > containing larger
hydrocarbons will be less
runny
because at 1h stronger forces of attraction

between them

•
The liquid , become darker in color

They burn less

easily which
why bigger cant be fuels
•
is one> red as

Crude oil itself has no use

,
therefore it has to be separated
into fractions through fractional distillation which is done in oil

refinery > . These fractions are mixtures at

hydrocarbons with similar

size and
boiling point .

fractional column

retinal 8
" '

① crude boiled
,¥
oil is and vapour , pa , ,

-
into the fractional
③
column
gasoline
which is colder at the
_
Hydrocarbons with smaller

top and hotter at the bottom . The vapour rises up

lower
the column and how high it reaches will depend molecules will have boiling
- Kerosene point, and can therefore be found
on its
boiling point
the column where
higher
a]
up ,

µ, , , a. , www.u.na.a#gn...,.
Crude oil
and win therefore he found lower

in th Column

fuel oil
② The
hydrocarbon vapour
lower
will condense

temperature than
once

its
it
4
reaches
④ Refinery
with
a point
bitumen have such low B. P that
condense from into gases
boiling point . It will Vapour liquid
they dont end up condensing at any temp found
A D. P
and can then be removed .

hydrocarbon him a
in the column . Bitumen has too high at a B. P

at 120°C him have to travel up the Column until and therefore it remains as a liquid
and is collected

hits 120°C it condense from at the column

the temp then will a- d as residue the bottom

turn into a liquid

 As fuels
A fuel is a
substance which releases heat when burnt
energy .

This snake, hydrocarbon fuels because they all in to

,
good burn
alot of
oxygen
←
firm carbon dioxide and water and release heat i - the process

Burning methane

city -1202
→
coz -1211-20

§
1-
C- 1

"" ""
" '
" "
combustion
42/-0-314

Burning octane

21811-18 1- 2502
→
1662+1811-20

I
8- C-
18-11--2
2-0-3

%
This alms when there isnt enough oxygen
in the air .

Cart
or carbon monoxide will fun instead of carbon dioxide

Burning methane in a
badly maintained
gas appliance

241-4+302 → 210 +4420

?⃝
 [
2X -
✗ 2

✗ 8
84 It -
-

612-0-3/86

Why is carbon monoxide is dangerous ?

The formation at carbon monoxide is dangerous . It is a colorless

and odorless that is

poisonous It reduces te of
gas very ability
-

blood to
carry oxygen because it bind, with th
haemoglobin in 1h blood .

This makes in even kill because not

or
may
cells
you gun
your
are

relieving enough oxygen to respirate .

Refinery gases
These are a mixture of methane ,
ethane , propane and butane

be separated into individual gases

which can -

these are
usually used
for domestic
as
liquified petroleum gas heating and
cooking .

Petrol
Petrol is a mixture of hydrocarbon , with similar boiling points and is

used as fuel in cars

kerosene
'
fuel
'

is used aircraft > parrot small heaters

'
as in or a , - in

Diesel
Used as fuel in buses lorries and some cars or made into more
,
useful chemicals such
petrol thrush
organic as
cracking

fuel oil

this is used as fuel for ships and fur industrial

heating
 Bitumen
It is melted and mixed with small rooks to make th top surface of roads

climate change
The carbon dioxide when
produced burning hydrocarbons is a

Green house trap

green house gas
.

gases heat inth atmosphere

and this factor
is a
big causing climate
change
.

Acid rain

Rain is naturally acidic and has a pH at 5.6 because at

the carbon dioxide dissolved init .

Acid rain is rain with a
pH lower

than 5.6 which happens due to presence

at
pollutants - The pitot
acid rain is usually 4 .
Acid rain is formed when oxygen and

water react with sulfur dioxide to form sulfuric acid or

-

with

form acid there

nitrogen oxide to nitric two things are released into th
.

due to the fossil fuels factories

Atmosphere burning of in or cars .

Formation at sulfuric and sulfurous acid in th atmosphere :

fossil fuels contain a little bit of sulfur , when

they are burned this

butter with to form sulfur dioxide

reacts
oxygen :

→
-
51st 02 (g) 802cg )
 V

Sulfur dioxide will now react with oxygen and water to form
sulfuric acid :

502Gt H2o (1)+ 02 (g)

→
11-2504 Cap

V
*
Disclaimer when lnltur dioxide reach with
only water , it forms a weaker acid

called sulfurous acid

'

502 (g) +
Hzo (1) →
42503 ( ng )

formation at nitric acid in the atmosphere

The temperatures
high used in petrol engine ,
t
ignite petrol -
air mixture,

allow and
Oxygen in the air to combine and produce oxides
nitrogen
of nitrogen
:

NIGH 02 (g) → NO (g)

←
be
these nitrogen oxides can converted

into nitric acid in the atmosphere and

therefore contribute to acid rain .

Acid rain is a major problem because it kills trees and life in

takes and mulls their water acidic to 1h

point where it doesn't support
life anymore .
Additionally , acid rain attack ,
iron and structures made up

of limestone smh as marble statues and buildings .

 (q( 03 +
11-2504 → Cason +
H2o + Co2

limestone + sulfuric acid → Calcium .

+ water +
Carbon

sulfate dioxide

from
Removing sulfur fuels can be done through scrubbing the gases
produced from factories to remove
502 and oxides of nitrogen oxides .

Catalytic Converters have this function in cars .

there are two problems :

'

there are too

many
of the
large hydrocarbons which are not in
high
demand

These too few of the smaller hydrocarbon , that can be used as fuel
fur cars and are
in high demand

Moh petrol is needed than can be supplied through only separating

crude oil into traction ,

fix ?
th fixes
Cracking is process that this
and alkenes
issue .
It breaks down
long-chain
[
alkanes i to
-
shorter chain alkanes . For example , the big molecules in

fuel i. I can be broken down into smaller

hydrocarbon molecules

that can be used for petrol .

alkane alkene
alkane

( 14h30 → ( 6h14 + ( 8416

 Fuel oil is healed until it turns into and i. then
a
gas
passed over a
catalyst at silicon dioxide ( silica ) (sich ) and aluminium
oxide ( alumina )
(1-1203) at 600°C -

700°C .

Cracking can also occur

without a catalyst but higher temperatures are needed and that is

called thermal cracking .

Cracking is an example of thermal decomposition as it . 's init

lbrgcr molecules
being broken down into smaller ones at
high temps

why do oil companies carry out

cracking ?

To produce
•

more petrol
To produce alkene, that to
can used polymers
•

more be make

cracking at [ 13h28
alkane alkane alkane
( 13h28 →
21211-4 +
Cqltzo

1. and
a) Carbon hydrogen
b) the column will have a
lower temperature at the top a- da higher

temp at th bottom . The different sited molecules in the vapour will

travel the column

Up and will condense once
they reach a
position

where the is lower the molecules Longer

temperature then boiling point -

chain Condense at the bottom of the column whereas the shorter

hydrocarbons uin

chain hither and tkn

hydrocarbons will condense
°?
are
extracted
c) dietel is used as fuel in busses ,
lorries and some cars or it is

converted into useful chemicals

more through cracking
Gasoline i, used as fuel in cars

d)
refinery gases , Bitumen
e) Dietel consists of larger sized molecules then
gasoline as it condensed

town in the
meaning boiling point Diesel will
column it has a
higher .

have darker diesel will have

a colour and
lastly , higher a

viscosity meaning it win be less

runny
than
gasoline as it has

larger molecules that have stronger forces of attraction between them

f) ( 10h22

g) i.
Cyltio +
02
→
Cuz -1 11-20
ii. Carbon monoxide is a odorless and colorless poisoners It binds
gas
.

with the haemoglobin in our blood and restricts the amounted oxygen
our blond can tti , can male 4 ill even kill us as u--

carry
or
,

Letts wont
get enough oxygen
to respirator properly .

2.

a) Sulfur will react with to ton sulfur dioxide The sulfur

oxygen
.

dioxide win thin react with water and oxygen inte atmosphere
to form sulfuric acid which is acidic and falls as

acid rain .

b) the high temperature in petrol engines used to ignite {etnl

-
air

misfires also causes and 1- Combine tan

nitrogen oxygen and

oxides of nitrogen .
Then these oxides react with vatr and

Vxyycrtr fun acid while tulisa ,

'

nitric acid rain

3. a) -
to produce more petrol

To
•

produce make
alkenes to polymers

b)
High temperature of 600°C -700°C and catalyst such as

silica and alumina

l
) ( 11424 → (
211-4 + (
244 +
4-1-46

d) Cn Hzy → (
81-118 + (
346