This document provides an introduction to questioned document examination in the Philippines. It discusses that questioned document examination is handled by the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory and National Bureau of Investigation. The document outlines the basic requirements for questioned document examination, including that requests must be made in writing and standard specimen documents are required. It also describes the roles of a forensic document examiner, including conducting examinations at crime scenes and in laboratories. The importance of preliminary examination and avoiding off-hand opinions is emphasized. Proper care, handling and preservation of documents is vital to examination. Related fields that overlap with questioned document examination are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to questioned document examination in the Philippines. It discusses that questioned document examination is handled by the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory and National Bureau of Investigation. The document outlines the basic requirements for questioned document examination, including that requests must be made in writing and standard specimen documents are required. It also describes the roles of a forensic document examiner, including conducting examinations at crime scenes and in laboratories. The importance of preliminary examination and avoiding off-hand opinions is emphasized. Proper care, handling and preservation of documents is vital to examination. Related fields that overlap with questioned document examination are also outlined.
This document provides an introduction to questioned document examination in the Philippines. It discusses that questioned document examination is handled by the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory and National Bureau of Investigation. The document outlines the basic requirements for questioned document examination, including that requests must be made in writing and standard specimen documents are required. It also describes the roles of a forensic document examiner, including conducting examinations at crime scenes and in laboratories. The importance of preliminary examination and avoiding off-hand opinions is emphasized. Proper care, handling and preservation of documents is vital to examination. Related fields that overlap with questioned document examination are also outlined.
Recall last topic ➢ What is a document? ➢ Writings which do not constitute documents ➢ Kinds of document ➢ What is a questioned document? ➢ Classes of questioned document ➢ What is questioned document examination ➢ Subjects considered in questioned document examination ➢ The logical progress of inquiry in document examination ➢ Scientific method in questioned document Todays Discussion ➢ QDE In The Philippines ➢ Basic Requirement In QDE (PNP-CLO SOP) ➢ The Forensic Document Examiner ➢ Roles of QD Examiner Preliminary Examination Of Documents ➢ What Is An Off-hand Opinion? ➢ Care, Handling And Preservation Of Documents ➢ Division Of Questioned Document Examination ➢ Related Fields of Study QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION IN THE PHILIPPINES ✓ Handled by the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory specifically the Questioned Document Examination Division (QDED) and; ✓ The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI). PNP Crime Laboratory Questioned Document Examination Division
It was established as an
administrative support unit on Jan. 30 1991 Basic Requirement in QDE (PNP-CLO SOP) Request ✓ Document examinations shall be based on written requests from any investigating agency of the government, court orders, as well as private requesting parties. Basic Requirement in QDE (PNP-CLO SOP) Request - For documents previously examined by any competent agencies of the government shall not be reexamined except there is a court order. Basic Requirement in QDE (PNP-CLO SOP) Request - If the case is undergoing trial in court, disputed documents shall be examined only upon order of the court having jurisdiction of the case. Basic Requirement in QDE (PNP-CLO SOP) Standard Specimens The specimens to be submitted will be dependent on the questioned documents under investigation. First, the original document is necessary and the standards to be collected or requested should be sufficient; and observance of similarity of the subject matter is necessary. THE FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER
Analyzes any questioned document and
is capable of more than just questions of authorship limited only by their access to laboratory equipment. THE FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER
Hestudies all aspects of a document to
determine its authenticity, origin, handwriting, photocopiers, inks and papers. They are basically the laboratory investigators. Roles of QD Examiner
At the crime scene:
- Assist the investigators in the identification, documentation, collection and preservation of questioned documents. - Conduct field laboratory works Roles of QD Examiner
At the Crime Laboratory:
Conduct of scientific examinations on collected and submitted QD evidences. Prepare Technical Report Roles of QD Examiner
At the Court - Render expert witness testimony concerning the results of examinations conducted. PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS
– It is the initial examination conducted on
a document to determine whether it is genuine or not. It is not misnomer, for in reality it consists of painstaking analysis more than looking at a document and expressing an off-hand opinion. THE IMPORTANCE OF PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF QUESTIONED DOCUMENT 1. ensures preparedness 2. avoidance of delay 3. ensures success of the case Who conducts the preliminary examination?
It should be conducted by a questioned
document expert. Who is a questioned document expert?
A questioned document expert is one who has:
1. Attained the appropriate education and training 2. Sufficient knowledge on the technical, scientific, and legal aspects of document examinations 3. A broad experience in handling questioned document cases. REASONS FOR UTILIZING A QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXPERT 1. Assurance of preparedness 2. Trial fiscal or judges are infrequently confronted with document cases; consequently, they do not possess the knowledge of the documents experts ability of the various methods that exist for determining forgeries. 3. Avoidance of an off-hand opinion What is an off-hand opinion?
A conclusion that is not based on
thorough scientific examination. The danger of off-hand opinions
It has happened in some cases that
an off-hand opinion has sent an innocent man to prison, while a murderer was given a chance to escape. CARE, HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS Seriouscurtailment of a certain technical examinations is caused by improper or careless handling of a disputed document. This condition most frequently is brought about by ignorance of the consequences of mishandling. The simple act of repeatedly removing and replacing the letter in its envelope can cause a noticeable determination. DO’s and DON’Ts in the CARE HANDLING AND PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENTS Do’s
1. Keep the documents unfolded in prospective
envelopes. 2. Take disputed papers to Document Examiner’s Laboratory at the First Opportunity. 3. If storage is necessary, keep in dry place away from excessive heat strong light. Don’ts 1. Do not handle disputed papers excessively or carry then in pocket for a long time. 2. Do not marked disputed documents (either by consciously writing instruments or dividers. 3. Do not mutilate or damage by repeated refolding, creasing, cutting tearing or punching for filing purposes. 4. Do not allow anyone except qualified specialist to make chemical or other tests; do not treat or dust for latent fingerprints before consulting a document examiner. Division of Questioned Document Examination ➢ Criminalistics Examination- Involves the detection of forgery, erasure, alteration, or obliteration of documents (contents). The criminalistics examination of documents similar to other kinds of laboratory works. Dr. Wilson Harrison- a noted British Examiner of QD said that an intelligent police investigator can detect almost 75% of all forgeries by careful inspection of a document with simple magnifiers and measuring tools. ➢ Hand Writing Investigation/Analysis- this is more focused on determining the Author of writing. It is more difficult procedure and requires long study and experience. ALBERT S. OSBORNE
➢ Published his seminal book “Questioned
Documents”, considered as the bible of document examination. He was later entitled as the “Father of QDE”. Related Fields of Study ➢ Historical Dating – these is work involving the verification of age and worth of a document or object, sometimes done by a document examiner, and can get as complicated as Carbon-14 dating.
A method that provides objective age
estimates for carbon-based materials. Related Fields of Study ➢ Fraud Investigators – this is work that often overlaps with that of the document examiner and focuses on the money trail and criminal intent. Related Fields of Study ➢ Paper & Ink Specialists – these are public or private experts who date, type, source, and/or catalogue various types of paper, watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges, etc. using chemical methods. Related Fields of Study ➢ Forgery Specialists – these are public or private experts who analyze altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos using infrared lighting, expensive spectrograph equipment, or digital enhancement techniques. Related Fields of Study ➢ Handwriting Analysts – these are usually psychology experts who assess personality traits from handwriting samples, also called “graphologists” or “graphoanalysts”. Forensic Stylistic refers to the same purpose but by looking at semantics, spelling, word choice, syntax, and phraseology. Related Fields of Study a. Typewriting Analysts – these are experts on the origin, make and model used in typewritten material. Related Fields of Study a. Computer Crime Investigators – this is an emerging group that relates to QDE through some common investigative and testimonial procedures. THANK YOU!
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