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    This document describes an experiment on the conservation of energy and projectile motion. The objective is to determine the range of a projectile through applying the conservation of energy principle. The experiment involves releasing a pendulum bob from varying heights and measuring its horizontal displacement upon hitting the ground. By equating the initial and final energies, an analytical expression is derived for the expected range that can be compared to experimental measurements. Questions are also provided to test understanding of energy concepts applied in the experiment.

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    This document describes an experiment on the conservation of energy and projectile motion. The objective is to determine the range of a projectile through applying the conservation of energy principle. The experiment involves releasing a pendulum bob from varying heights and measuring its horizontal displacement upon hitting the ground. By equating the initial and final energies, an analytical expression is derived for the expected range that can be compared to experimental measurements. Questions are also provided to test understanding of energy concepts applied in the experiment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    68 views5 pages

    Energy Conservation and Projectile Motion

    Uploaded by

    Hopia Quintel
    This document describes an experiment on the conservation of energy and projectile motion. The objective is to determine the range of a projectile through applying the conservation of energy principle. The experiment involves releasing a pendulum bob from varying heights and measuring its horizontal displacement upon hitting the ground. By equating the initial and final energies, an analytical expression is derived for the expected range that can be compared to experimental measurements. Questions are also provided to test understanding of energy concepts applied in the experiment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Experiment 11

    ENERGY CONSERVATION AND PROJECTILE MOTION

    OBJECTIVE

    To determine the range of a projectile through the conservation of energy


    principle.

    MATERIALS

    Iron stand, string, meter stick, two iron clamps, sharp blade, pendulum, two
    white papers, scotch tape, and a carbon paper.

    THEORY

    A pendulum bob, when at a certain height, acquires potential energy due to its position.
    When released, this energy is converted to kinetic energy. This energy, in turn, is
    responsible for the projectile motion.

    D
    A

    B
    C
    H

    h
    Carbon paper
    sandwiched between
    two white papers

    Re
    E

    Figure 11

    58
    Since the effect of air resistance is negligible, the total amount of energy of the bob is
    the same at any point of travel from A to B, in accordance with the energy conservation
    principle. In symbols,
    𝑼𝑨 + 𝑲𝑨 = 𝑼𝑩 + 𝑲𝑩

    As the bob is released, its potential energy decreases while its kinetic energy increases.
    The decrease in its potential energy is equal to the increase in its kinetic energy. Hence,
    the speed of the ball as it reaches point B is determined as follows:

    𝑼𝑨 + 𝑲𝑨 = 𝑼𝑩 + 𝑲𝑩

    𝟏
    𝒎𝒈𝑯 + 𝟎 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 + 𝒎 𝒗𝑩 𝟐
    𝟐
    𝟏
    𝒎 𝒈 (𝑯 – 𝒉) = 𝒎 𝒗𝑩 𝟐
    𝟐
    𝟏
    𝒈 (𝑯 – 𝒉) = 𝒗 𝟐
    𝟐 𝑩

    𝒗𝑩 = �𝟐 𝒈 (𝑯 − 𝒉)

    At the instant the string is cut, the bob moves horizontally with a velocity v x which is
    equal to v B . At this point, its motion is that of a projectile; its initial position (y o ) is
    equal to h above the table top. It falls to point E, undergoing a vertical displacement
    equal to – h; and the time required for it to reach point E is:
    𝟏
    − 𝒉 = 𝒗𝒐𝒚 − 𝟐
    𝒈 𝒕𝟐 but v oy = 0

    𝟐𝒉
    𝒕 = �𝒈

    PROCEDURE

    1. Set up the apparatus as shown in Figure 11. Note that the sharp blade is
    positioned at a hairline distance above the bob at B.
    2. Let the bob hang from point D. This is the equilibrium position. Measure its
    height as shown in the figure.
    3. Raise the bob to a certain height H (with respect to the table top).
    4. Release the bob. See to it that the blade attached to an extension clamp at C cuts
    the string. Observe.

    59
    5. Measure the horizontal distance, R e, between the point directly below B and the
    point at which the bob hits the table top. This horizontal measurement
    represents the horizontal displacement, R e .
    6. Compare the value of R e with the analytical value computed as follows:

    𝑹𝒂 = 𝒗𝒙 𝒕

    𝟐𝒉
    𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒗 𝒙 = 𝒗𝑩 ; 𝒗𝑩 = �𝟐 𝒈 (𝑯 − 𝒉) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕 = � 𝒈

    𝟐𝒉
    𝑹𝒂 = �𝟐 𝒈 (𝑯 − 𝒉) � 𝒈

    𝑹𝒂 = 𝟐 � 𝒉 (𝑯 − 𝒉)

    7. Determine the experimental error.

    |𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑎 |


    𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100%
    𝑅𝑎

    60
    Name: Date:
    Course, Year, & Section: Group No. :

    Experiment 11
    ENERGY CONSERVATION AND PROJECTILE MOTION

    DATA
    H = __________ cm h = __________ cm
    Trial H h Re Ra % Error
    1
    2
    3

    CALCULATIONS

    GENERALIZATION

    61
    QUESTIONS

    1. Name the factors that contributed to the difference between the measured and
    the computed values of the horizontal displacement (R).

    2. Show that during the motion of a simple pendulum the work done by the tension
    on the string is zero.

    3. Show that when a body of mass m is dropped from a height h, the sum of its
    kinetic and potential energies is constant at any instant and is equal to mgh.

    4. How much mechanical work is done in

    a. lifting a 2 – kg brick to a height of 1 m? b. holding the brick 1 m above the


    floor?

    c. slowly moving the brick a horizontal d. letting the brick fall a distance
    distance of 1 m? of 1 m?

    5. From what height should a car be dropped to gain the same kinetic energy it
    would have if it were moving horizontally at 95 km/hr?

    62

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