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How to use your
Tatva Practice Book
1
8. Quantization of charge
When a physical quantity can
have only discrete values rather
than any value, the quantity is
said to be quantised. The
smallest charge that can exist in Scan the QR Code in each
nature is the charge of an chapter’s theory section to
electron.
view micro concept videos
related to the chapter, on
SCAN CODE the Vedantu app.
Electrostatics
Exercise - 2:
2
Solve all types of
1. The rate constant for a first
order reaction is 4.606 ×
10–3s–1. The time required to
reduce 2.0g of the reactant to
0.2g is:
exercise questions (JEE 2020)
based on the latest JEE
pattern. (a) 500s (b) 1000s
(c) 100s (d) 200s
Answer Key
3
CHAPTER-1: ELECTROSTATICS
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Exercise-1: Basic Objective preparation content,
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Founder’s Message
Dear Student,
I am delighted to present to you a Ready Reckoner and an amazing book to guide you for your
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We thank our leaders for their insight and mentorship. They steered the project in the right direction and were
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6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Theory ................................................................................................................................................ 62
01
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND
BASIC MATHEMATICS
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Chapter
UNITS & 01
MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 9
Fig. 1.3
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Let’s measure the length of a book using our hand If Magnitude of a Physical Quantity is
span. = n1 in u1 unit and n2 in u2 unit.
In this case unit for measurement is hand span. We can say that = n1u1 = n2u2
But the length of hand span varies from person to
person. So everyone will get a different result for 1.8 Need of System of Units
measuring the same object. What if everyone uses a unit of their choice for every
So, there was a need of precise standardization of measurement.
units. For Example:
Fig. 1.6
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Length Meter m
Mass Kilogram kg
Fig. 1.8
Time Second s A
sr
r2
Electric Current Ampere A
1.15 Dimensions
Temperature Kelvin K
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to
which the fundamental units must be raised in order to
Amount of Mole mol get the unit of physical quantity.
Substance
Fundamental quantity Dimension
Luminous Candela Cd
Intensity
Length Meter
Mass Kilogram
1.12 Supplementary Units:
Time Second
Quantity Name of units Symbol
Electric Current Ampere
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L1T −2
⇒ Dimension of acceleration = then u1 = M 1a L1bT1c and u2 = M 2 a L2bT2 c
length =Q n= a b c n2 M 2 a L2bT2 c
1 M 1 L1 T1
Force =
Mass × Acceleration =
Mass ×
( time )
2
a b c
M L T
n2 = n1 1 1 1
M 1 L1T −2
⇒ Dimension of force = M 2 L2 T2
This equation can be used to find the numerical value
in the second or new system of units. Space between
1.17 How do Dimensions behave in Mathematical
lines
Formulae?
Let us convert one joule into erg.
Rule 1: All terms that are added or subtracted must
Joule is SI unit of energy and erg is the CGS unit of
have same dimensions.
energy. Dimensional formula of energy is [ML2T-2]
● a = 1, b = 2, c = - 2.
SI CGS
=
M 1 1 =
kg 1000 g M= 2 1g
Rule 2: Dimensions obey rules of multiplication and L=
1 1=m 100 cm L= 2 1cm
division. = T1 1= s T2 1s
AB = n1 1= ( Joule ) n2 ? ( erg )
D=
C a b c
M L T
Given A =
= ML T , B M=
0
L T , C ML T
−2 0 −1 2 −2 0 n2 = n1 1 1 1
M 2 L2 T2
ML0T −2 × M 0 L−1T 2 This equation can be used to find the numerical value
[ D] = in the second or new system of units.
ML−2T 0
1 2 −2
1000 100 1
⇒ [ D] = = 1
M L
1−1 0 −1+ 2 −2 + 2
T
1 1 1
=
1× 103 × 104 =
107
2. DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS ∴1 joule =
107 erg.
( time )
2
length and time in one system; and M2, L2, T2 be
corresponding units in another system. If the
dimensional formula of quantity be M a LbT c
[ L=] [ L ] + [ L ]
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⇒T =
km a g b Lc
Where k is dimensionless constant.
By considering dimensions on both sides,
a b c
M 0 =
L0T 1 M 1 ⋅ LT −2 L1
⇒ M 0 L0T 1 =
M a Lb + cT −2b
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Leftmost zeros act as placeholders. By writing the Last significant digit is 6 > 5
measurements in scientific notation, we can eliminate So, the answer is 14.6.
such place holding zeros. Rule 3: If last significant digit(d) = 5, then look at the
preceding digit.
Leftmost zeros appearing in front of nonzero digits are (i) If preceding digit is even, drop ‘d’.
not significant
(ii) If preceding digit is odd then increase preceding
0.0073 meter = 7.3×10−3 meter digit by 1 and drop ‘d’.
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Fig. 1.11
Example:
Fig. 1.9 ● If a ruler is wrongly calibrated, or if it expands,
then all the readings will be too low (or all too
Way of taking reading 2 is best, 1 high).
and 3 give the wrong readings.
This is called a parallax error.
2. Faulty Technique
Using the instrument wrongly.
Fig. 1.12
2. Personal Error
Example:
● If someone has habit of taking measurements
Fig. 1.10 always from above the reading, then due to
parallax you will get a systematic error and all
4.4 Systematic Errors the readings will be different from the actual
reading
Systematic error is consistent, repeatable error
associated with faulty equipment or a flawed
experiment design. These errors are usually caused by
measuring instruments that are incorrectly calibrated.
● These errors cause readings to be shifted one
way (or the other) from the true reading.
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ML1T 2
14. Modulus of elasticity Stress/strain [ML1T2]
M 0 L0 T 0
Angle, Angular
21. Arc/radius [L]/[L] [M0L0T0]
displacement
Trigonometric ratio
22. Length/length [L]/[L] [M0L0T0]
sin , cos , tan , etc.
23. Angular velocity Angle/time [L0]/[T] [M0L0T1]
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BASIC MATHEMATICS
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots are given by x =
2a
1. QUADRATIC EQUATION
● If D < 0, No real roots for given equation.
A quadratic equation is an equation of second degree,
meaning it contains at least one term that is squared.
The standard form of quadratic equation is
ax 2 + bx + c =0 where a ≠ 0
The solution of the above quadratic equation is the
values of variable ‘x’ which will satisfy it. It basically
have 2 solutions ( x1 and x2 )
If we try to calculate time when football is at height H
Fig. 1.19
then we will observe that we will get 2 answers
● If D > 0, Two distinct real roots
Fig. 1.17
t1 - While going up
t2 - While Coming down Fig. 1.20
What if we take a height which is greater than −b ± b 2 − 4ac
maximum height covered by ball and we are trying to ● The roots are given by x =
2a
find the time?
● If D = 0, Equal and real roots. Then we will get
only one root
Fig. 1.18
Fig. 1.21
By this diagram we can easily say that at no real value b
of time, the ball is at height H1. We will not have a ● The roots are given by −
2a
diagram everytime though.
b
For finding out if a quadratic equation has a real i. Sum of roots =x1 + x2 =
−
a
solution or not, we shall use the ’DISCRIMINANT’.
c
= x=
ii. Product of roots 1 x2
a
1.1 Discriminant of a Quadratic equation
D
Discriminant of a quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c =0 iii. Difference of the roots = x1 − x2 =
a
is represented by D.
= b 2 − 4ac
D
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2. BASIC GRAPHS
Fig. 1.25
Equation of graph: =
y mx + c
Fig. 1.22
m = tan θ
Equation of graph: y = mx – c
θ > 90°
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Fig. 1.26
Equation of graph: x = ky 2
1
x∝
y
Fig. 1.27
Fig. 1.31
Equation of graph: x 2 + y 2 =
a2
Equation of graph: y = kx 2
Fig. 1.32
Fig. 1.29
x2 y 2
Equation of graph: y = −kx 2 Equation of graph: + =
1
a 2 b2
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(xii) Exponential Decay graph Max value of Graph Min value of graph
1 at 0,360°, 720°...etc. −1 at 180°,540°,900°...etc.
• y = cos x
• sin (x + 𝜋𝜋/2) = cos x
• The y = cos x graph is obtained by shifting the y
= sin x, 𝜋𝜋/2 units to the left
• Period of the cosine function is 2𝜋𝜋
There are a few similarities between the sine and
cosine graphs they are:
Fig. 1.33 • Both have the same curve which is shifted along
the x-axis.
Equation of graph: y = e − kx
• Both have an amplitude of 1
(xiv) sin graph: • Have a period of 360o or 2𝜋𝜋 radians
The combined graph of sine and cosine function can
be represented as follows:
Fig. 1.34
Fig. 1.37
• y = tan x
• The tangent graph has an undefined amplitude as
Fig. 1.35 the curve tends to infinity
• It also has a period of 180o. i.e. 𝜋𝜋
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Power of a 2 1 0
4.3 Representation of Vectors
Power of b 0 1 2 • A vector is drawn as an arrow with a head and a
(a + b) =( a + b ) ( a + 2ab + b )
3 2 2 tail.
• The magnitude of the vector is often described
=a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b3 by the length of the arrow.
Power of a 3 2 1 0 • The arrow points in the direction of the vector.
Power of b 0 1 2 3
(a + b) =( a + b ) ( a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b3 )
4
=a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2 b 2 + 4ab3 + b 4
Power of a 4 3 2 1 0
Power of b 0 1 2 3 4
This pattern is summed up by binomial theorem
n ( n − 1)
Fig. 1.38
( a + b ) =a n + na n −1b1 + a n − 2b2
n
So, (1 + x ) = Magnitude:
1 + nx
n
AB = a
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Fig. 1.42
The vectors AB and AC are called co-initial vectors
as they have same starting point. Fig. 1.46
4.10 Like and Unlike Vectors: 4.14 Multiplication of a vector with a scalar
The vectors having the same direction are known as
like vectors. On the contrary, the vectors having the • When a vector is multiplied by a scalar quantity,
opposite direction with respect to each other are then the magnitude of the vector changes in
termed to be unlike vectors. accordance with the magnitude of the scalar but
the direction of the vector remains unchanged.
Fig. 1.47
Fig. 1.48
Fig. 1.45
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Fig. 1.49
OP= xi + y j
OP = x 2 + y 2 = r =r Fig. 1.52
OP= xi + y j
4.17 Displacement Vector
A vector representing the straight-line distance and the OP = x 2 + y 2 = r =r
direction of any point or object with respect to another
point is called displacement vector. OA = xi ⇒ r cos θ =
OA
OB = yi ⇒ r sin θ =
OB
OB
tan θ =
OA
Fig. 1.50 OA = xiˆ
OP= x1 i + y1 j OB= yi=
ˆ AD
= x2 i + y2 j = zk
=
OC ˆ DP
OQ
In ∆ODP
= OQ − OP
PQ
OD = OA + DP = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
= ( x2 − x1 ) i + ( y2 − y1 ) j
PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
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Fig. 1.54
Fig. 1.57
5. ADDITION OF VECTORS
5.3 Polygon Law of Vector Addition
It states that if number of vectors acting on a particle at
a time are represented in magnitude and direction by
the various sides of an open polygon taken in same
order, their resultant vector R is represented in
magnitude and direction by the closing side of polygon
taken in opposite order. In fact, polygon law of vectors
is the outcome of triangle law of vectors.
Fig. 1.55
Can we add these vectors directly as (8 m + 6 m) = 14
m?
(a) Yes Fig. 1.58
(b) No
R = A+ B +C + D + E
Sol: We add vectors considering their directions.
OA + AB + BC + CD + DE = OE
So, now we will learn about the addition of vectors.
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NOTE: The angles that vectors A and B make with the x-
axis are 𝜃𝜃A and 𝜃𝜃B. respectively.
• Resultant of two unequal vectors cannot be zero.
• Resultant of three coplanar vectors may or may Step 2: Find the components of the resultant along
not be zero. each axis by adding the components of the individual
• Resultant of three non-coplanar vectors cannot be vectors along that axis. That is, as shown in figure,
zero, minimum number of non-coplanar vectors Rx = Ax + Bx
whose sum can be zero is four.
and Ry = Ay + By
• Polygon law should be used only for diagram
purpose for calculation of resultant vector (For
addition of more than 2 vectors), we use
components of vector.
• Minimum no. of coplanar vector for zero
resultant is 2 (for equal magnitude) & 3 (for
unequal magnitude).
Fig. 1.61
Step 3: To get the magnitude R of the resultant, use
the Pythagorean theorem;
=
R Rx2 + Ry2
Fig. 1.59
Then, find the components of each vector to be added Step 4: To get the direction of the resultant;
along the chosen perpendicular axes. Use the equations Ry
θ = tan −1
= Ax A= cos θ , A y A sin θ to find the components. In Rx
figure, these components are Ax , A y , B x and B y .
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Fig. 1.62
Fig. 1.63
Suppose the magnitude of a = a and that of b = b . Fig. 1.65
What is the magnitude of a + b and what its
direction? 5.8 Subtraction of Vectors
Suppose the angle between a and b is 𝜃𝜃. • Subtracting Vectors Algebraically
a ax i + a y j
=
b bx i + by j
=
( ) ( )
a − b = a + −b = ax i + a y j + −bx i − by j
= ( ax − bx ) i + ( a y − by ) j
( a + b cos θ ) + ( b sin θ )
=
2 2
a 2 + 2ab cos θ + b 2
=
Thus, the magnitude of is
a 2 + b 2 + 2ab cos θ
Fig. 1.66
Its angle with a is 𝛼𝛼 where
DE b sin θ
α
tan= =
AE a + b cos θ
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Fig. 1.68
Fig. 1.69
Dot product of vector a and b is donated by a ⋅ b
a ⋅b = a b cos θ
0 ≤θ ≤π
• Dot product give us a scalar quantity.
6. PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS
a ⋅b
• Angle between vectors, cos θ =
• A vector can be multiplied by another but may a b
not be divided by another vector.
• There are two kinds of products of vectors used
broadly in physics and engineering.
• One kind of multiplication is a scalar
multiplication of two vectors. Taking a scalar
product of two vectors results in a number (a
scalar), as its name indicates.
Fig. 1.70
• Scalar products are used to define work and
energy relations. • When θ = 0°,
•
For example, the work that a force (a vector) =
a ⋅b a b=cos θ a b
performs on an object while causing its
displacement (a vector) is defined as a scalar a ⋅ b is maximum
product of the force vector with the displacement
vector.
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Fig. 1.73
• Dot product is commutative.
b ⋅ a = a ⋅b
• Dot product is distributive over addition or
Fig. 1.74
subtraction.
It is also called Vector Product.
( )
a⋅ b ± c = a ⋅b ± a⋅c
• When vectors are given in component form, 6.5 Direction of Cross Product
Right Hand Thumb Rule: Curl the fingers of the right
A=Ax iˆ + Ay ˆj and B =
Bx iˆ + By ˆj hand in such a way that they point in the direction of
A ⋅ B= ( )(
Ax iˆ + Ay ˆj ⋅ Bx iˆ + By ˆj ) rotation from vector a to b through the smaller
angle, then the stretched thumb points in the direction
• We know that, iˆ ⋅ iˆ = ˆj ⋅ ˆj = 1 and iˆ ⋅ ˆj = ˆj ⋅ iˆ = 0
of a × b
⇒ A⋅ B
= Ax Bx + Ay + By
Fig. 1.75
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SUMMARY
ERROR ANALYSIS
Quantity Name of units Symbol
Systematic Errors
Plane angle Radian rad Systematic error is consistent, repeatable error
associated with faulty equipment or a flawed
Solid angle Steradian sr experiment design. These errors are usually caused by
measuring instruments that are incorrectly calibrated.
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Solved Examples
[ k ] = L
(a) Farad – meter (b) Farad / meter x
= LT =
−1 [T ]
(c) Farad/meter2 (d) Farad v
Ans. (b)
Example – 6
C
Sol. C 4πε 0 R ∴ ε=
From the formula =
4π R E, m, L and G denote energy, mass, angular
0
Example – 7 Example – 10
Each edge of a cube is measured to be 7.203 m. The The SI unit of universal gas constant (R) is
volume of the cube up to appropriate significant
(a) Watt K-1 mol-1 (b) Newton K-1 mol-1
figures is
(c) Joule K-1 mol-1 (d) Erg K-1 mol-1
(a) 373.714 (b) 373.71
Ans. (c)
(c) 373.7 (d) 373
Sol. Ideal gas equation PV = nRT
Ans. (c)
( 7.023)= ∴[ R
[ P ][V=] ML−1T −2 L3 ML2T −2
Volume= a= ]
3 3
Sol. 373.715m3 = =
[ nT ] [ mole][ K ] [ mole] × [ K ]
In significant figures volume of cube will be
373.7m3 because its edge has four significant So the unit will be Joule K-1 mol-1.
figures.
Example – 11
Example – 8
a
Each edge of a cube is measured to be 5.402 cm. The The equation P + 2 (V − b ) =
constant. The units
V
total surface area and the volume of the cube in
of a is
appropriate significant figures are:
(a) Dyne × cm5 (b) Dyne × cm4
(a) 175.1cm 2 ,157cm 2
(c) Dyne × cm3 (d) Dyne × cm2
2 3
(b) 175.1cm ,157.6cm Ans. (b)
2 2
(c) 175cm ,157cm Sol. According to the principle of dimensional
homogeneity
(d) 175.08cm 2 ,157.639cm3
[ P ] =
a
Ans. (b) 2
V
Sol. Total surface area
[a]
⇒= [ P ] V=
2
ML T =
−1 −2
L6 ML5T −2
6 × ( 5.402 ) =
= 175.09cm 2 =
2
175.1cm 2
or unit of a = gm × cm5 × sec −2 = Dyne × cm 4
(Upto correct number of significant figure)
Total volume Example – 12
= (=
5.402 ) =
3 3 3
175.64 cm 175.6cm Suppose we employ a system in which the unit of
mass equals 100 kg, the unit of length equals 1 km
(Upto correct number of significant figure).
and the unit of time 100 s and call the unit of energy
Example – 9 eluoj (joule written in reverse order), then
V (a) 1 eluoj = 104 joule (b) 1 eluoj = 10-3 joule
The resistance R = where V= 100 ± 5 volts and
i (c) 1 eluoj = 10-4 joul (d) 1 joule = 103 eluoj
i = 10 ± 0.2 amperes. What is the total error in R
(a) 5% (b) 7% Ans. (a)
Example – 13 Example – 16
X = 3YZ2 find dimension of Y in (MKSA) system, if A physical parameter a can be determined by
X and Z are the dimension of capacitance and measuring the parameters b, c, d and e using the
magnetic field respectively relation a = bα c β / d γ eδ . If the maximum errors in
the measurement of b, c, d and e are b1 %, c1 %, d1 %
(a) M −3 L−2T −4 A−1 (b) ML−2
and e1 % , then the maximum error in the value of a
(c) M −3 L−2T 4 A4 (d) M −3 L−2T 8 A4 determined by the experiment is
Ans. (d) (a) ( b1 + c1 + d1 + e1 ) %
Sol. X = 3YZ 2
(b) ( b1 + c1 − d1 − e1 ) %
∴ [Y ]=
[ X ]= M L T A
−1 −2 4 2
(c) (α b1 + β c1 − γ d1 − δ e1 ) %
Z 2
MT −2 A−1
2
(d) (α b1 + β c1 + γ d1 + δ e1 ) %
= M L T A
−3 −2 8 4
Ans. (d)
Example – 14 Sol. a = bα c β / d γ eδ
∆a
Dimensions of
1
, where symbols have their So maximum error in a is given by × 100
µ0ε 0 a max
usual meaning, are ∆b ∆c ∆d ∆e
=α ⋅ × 100 + β ⋅ × 100 + γ . × 100 + δ ⋅ × 100
(a) LT −1 (b) L−1T b c d e
x
M L T
y z
2π ct 2π x
n2 = n1 1 1 1 i.e., = =
0 0 0
M LT
λ λ
M 2 L2 T2
1 −2
So (i) unit of c t is same as that of λ
gm cm sec
1
n2 = 100 3 λ λ λ
2
10 gm 10 cm 60sec c
the case with .
= 3.6kg − metre / s 2 λ
Example – 19 Example – 21
Conversion of 1 MW power on a new system having The potential energy of a particle varies with distance
basic units of mass, length and time as 10kg, 1dm A x
x from a fixed origin as U = , where A and B
and 1 minute respectively is x2 + B
(a) 2.16 × 1012 unit (b) 1.26 × 1012 unit are dimensional constants then dimensional formula
for AB is
(c) 2.16 × 1010 unit (d) 2 × 1014 unit
(a) ML7/ 2T −2 (b) ML11/ 2T −2
Ans. (a)
(c) M 2 L9/ 2T −2 (d) ML13/ 2T −3
Sol. [ P ] = ML2T −3 Ans. (b)
Using the relation Sol. From the dimensional homogeneity
x = [ B ] ∴ [ B ] = L
x y z
M L T 2 2
n2 = n1 1 1 1
M 2 L2 T2 As well as
−3
[ A] x1/ 2 [ A] L1/ 2
1
1kg 1m 1s
2
= 1× 106 [U ] = 2 ⇒ ML T =
2 −2
10kg 1dm 1min x + [ B ] L2
[As 1 MW =106 W]
−3 ∴ [ A] =
ML7/ 2T −2
1kg 10dm 1sec
2
= 10 6
10kg 1dm 60sec Now [=
AB ] ML7/ 2T −2 × =
L2 ML11/ 2T −2
= 2.16 × 1012 unit
Example – 22
Example – 20 If L, C and R denote the inductance, capacitance and
The equation of the stationary wave is resistance respectively, the dimensional formula for
2π ct 2π x C2LR is
y = 2a sin cos , which of the
λ λ (a) ML−2T −1 I 0 (b) M 0 L0T 3 I 0
following statements is wrong
(c) M −1 L−2T 6 I 2 (d) M 0 L0T 2 I 0
(a) The unit of ct is same as that of λ
(b) The unit of x is same as that of λ Ans. (b)
L Example – 25
i.e., the dimension of LC is equal to T 2 and
R The length of a cylinder is measured with a meter rod
gives the time constant of LR circuit so the having least count 0.1 cm. Its diameter is measured
L with vernier callipers having least count 0.01 cm.
dimension of is equal to [T].
R Given that length is 5.0 cm. and radius is 2.0 cm. The
By substituting the above dimensions in the given percentage error in the calculated value of the
volume will be
2 R
formula ( LC ) =
2
= T 2 T −1 T 3 (a) 1% (b) 2%
L
(c) 3% (d) 4%
Example – 23 Ans. (c)
If velocity (V), force (F) and energy (E) are taken as Sol. Volume of cylinder V = π r 2 l
fundamental units, then dimensional formula for Percentage error in volume
mass will be
∆V 2∆r ∆l
−2 0 0 2 × 100 = × 100 + × 100
(a) V F E (b) V FE V r l
(c) VF −2 E 0 (d) V −2 F 0 E 0.01 0.1
= 2 × × 100 + × 100
Ans. (d) 2.0 5.0
Sol. Let M = V a F b E c (1 2 ) % =
=+ 3%
Putting dimensions of each quantities in both side
[ M ] = LT −1 Example – 26
a b c
MLT −2 ML2T −2
26 If the Vectors P = ai + a j + 3k and Q = ai − 2 j − k
Equating powers of dimensions. We have
are perpendicular to each other. Find the value of a?
b + c = 1, a + b + 2c = 0 and
−a − 2b − 2c =0 Sol. If vectors P and Q are perpendicular
Solving these equations, a =
−2, b =
0 and c = 1 ⇒ P .Q =0
So M = V −2 F 0 E ⇒ a 2 − 2a − 3 =0
⇒ a ( a − 3 ) + 1( a − 3 ) =
0
Example – 24
If there is a positive error of 50% in the measurement ( )( )
⇒ ai + a j + 3k . ai − 2 j − k =
0
of velocity of a body, then the error in the
⇒ a 2 − 3a + a − 3 =0
measurement of kinetic energy is
⇒ a =−1,3
(a) 25% (b) 50%
(c) 100% (d) 125%
Example – 27
Ans. (c)
Find the component of 3i + 4 j along i + j ?
1
Sol. Kinetic energy E = mv 2
2 A.B
Sol. Component of A along B is given by hence
∆E ∆m 2∆v B
∴ × 100= + × 100 required component
E m v
=
Here, ∆m 0 and
∆v
= × 100 50% =
(=
3i + 4 j ) . ( i + j ) 7
v 2 2
∆E
∴ × 100 =2 × 50 =100%
E
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 41
Example – 28 = (12 − 2 ) i − ( −6 − 4 ) j + ( 3 + 12 ) k
Find angle between A= 3i + 4 j and =
B 12i + 5 j ? =10i + 10 j + 15k
Sol. =
We have cos
A.B
θ =
(3i + 4 j ) .(12i + 5 j ) ⇒ a × b= 102 + 102 + 15=
2
= 5 17
425
AB 32 + 42 122 + 52 1 5 17
(i) Area of ∆OAB= a×b = sq.units
36 + 20 56 56 2 2
cos θ
= = =θ cos −1
5 × 13 65 65 (ii) Area of parallelogram formed by OA and OB as
adjacent sides = a × b = 5 17 sq.units
Example – 29
Example – 32
Two vectors A and B are inclined to each other at
an angle θ. Find a unit vector which is perpendicular
The torque of a force F =−3i + j + 5k acting at the
point r = 7i + 3 j + k is
to both A and B
A× B
=
Sol. n ⇒ n
A × B AB sin θ = (a) 14i − 38 j + 16k (b) 4i + 4 j + 6k
AB sin θ
Here n is perpendicular to both A and B (c) −21i + 4 j + 4k (d) −14i + 34 j − 16k
Ans. (a)
Example – 30 Sol. The torque is defined as τ = r × F
A particle under constant force i + j − 2k gets i j k
displaced from point A(2, -1, 3) to B(4, 3, 2). Find r × F =7 3 1
the work done by the force
−3 1 5
Sol. Force =i + j − 2k
Displacement =i 3 1 + j 1 7 + k 7 3
5 −3 −3 1
( ) ( ) ( 2i + 4 j − k )
1 5
= d = AB = 4i + 3 j + 2k − 2i − j + 3k =
= i (15 − 1) + j ( −3 − 35 ) + k ( 7 − ( −9 ) )
Work done = F .d = ( i + j − 2k ) . ( 2i + 4 j − k )
=14i − 38 j + 16k
=1× 2 + 1× 4 + ( −2 ) × ( −1) = 2 + 4 + 2 Thus the answer is (a)
= 8 units
Example – 33
Example – 31
The vector from origin to the points A and B are
( )
A force F = 3i + 2 j + k N acts on a particle. As a
result the particle move with a constant velocity
a =3i − 6 j + 2k and b = 2i + j − 2k respectively.
Find the area of
= ( )
v 2i + j m/s. The power applied by the force is
(i) the triangle OAB (a) 4W (b) 6W
(ii) The parallelogram formed by OA and OB as (c) 8W (d) 16 W
adjacent sides. Ans. (c)
Sol. Given OA =a =3i − 6 j + 2k and Sol. Power P = F .V
OB = b = 2i + j − 2k
i j k
( )(
= 3i + 2 j + k . 2i + j )
= ( 3 × 2 + 2 × 1 + 1× 0 )
( )
∴ a × b = 3 −6 2
2 1 −2 = 8 N-m/s = 8 W
Hence correct answer is (c).
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 42
Example – 34 Example – 35
Show that the vectors If A= 3iˆ + 4 ˆj and B= 7iˆ + 24 ˆj , the vector having
a = 3i − 2 j + k , b =i − 3 j + 5k , c = 2i + j − 4k form a the same magnitude as B and parallel to A is
right triangle.
(a) 5i + 20 j (b) 15i + 10 j
Sol. We have
( ) ( )
b + c = i − 3 j + 5k + 2i + j − 4k = 3i − 2 j + k = a (c) 20i + 15 j (d) 15i + 20 j
Ans. (d)
⇒ a, b, c are coplanar
B = 7 2 + ( 24 ) = 625 =25
2
Sol.
Hence no two of these vectors are parallel, therefore,
‘the given vectors form a triangle. 3iˆ + 4 ˆj
Unit vector in the direction of A will be Aˆ =
( )( )
a. c = 3i − 2 j + k . 2i + j − 4k 5
= 3 × 2 − 2 ×1 − 4 ×1 = 0 3iˆ + 4 ˆj
= 25
So required vector = 15iˆ + 20 ˆj
Hence the given vectors form a right angled triangle. 5
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 43
12. The time dependence of a physical quantity P is given by (a) v2 –1 p–1 (b) v2 g
P P0 e t where is a constant and t is time. Then
2 (c) v2 g p (d) g–1
20. The velocity v (in cms ) of a particle is given in terms of
–1
constant is
–2
time t (in sec) by the equation.
(a) Dimensionless (b) Dimension of T
2
(c) Dimensions of P (d) Dimension of T b . The dimensions of a, b and c are
v at
13. The dimensional formula of coefficient of permittivity for t c
1 q1 q 2 a b c
free space (0) in the equation F = , where
4 0 r2 (a) [L ]
2
[T] [LT2]
symbols have their usual meanings, is (b) [LT2] [LT] [L]
(a) [ML3A–2T–4] (b) [M–1L–3T4A2] (c) [LT–2] [L] [T]
(c) [M–1L–3A–2T–4] (d) [ML3A2T–4] (d) [L] [LT] [T2]
14. In the relation y = r sin ( t – kx), the dimensions of /k 21. Consider a new system of units in which C (speed of light
are in vacuum), h (Planck’s constant) and G (gravitational
(a) [M0L0T0] (b) [M0L1T–1] constant) are taken as fundamental units. Which of the
following would correctly represent mass in this new
(c) [M0L0T1] (d) [M0L1T0]
system ?
15. The expression for centripetal force depends upon mass
of body, speed of the body and the radius of circular path. hC GC
Find the expression for centripetal force. (a) (b)
G h
mv 2 mv 2
(a) F (b) F hG
2r 3 r (c) (d) hGC
C
mv 2 m2 v2 22. If F = 6arbvc
(c) F (d) F
r2 2r
16. The damping force of an oscillating particle is observed to where F = viscous force
be proportional to velocity. The constant of proportionality = coeffficient of viscosity
can be measured in r = radius of spherical body
(a) kg s –1 (b) kg s v = terminal velocity of the body
(c) kg m s –1 (d) kg m –1 s–1
Find the values of a, b and c.
17. If p represents radiation pressure, C represents speed of
(a) a = 1, b = 2,c = 1 (b) a = 1, b = 1,c = 1
light and q represents radiation energy striking a unit area
(c) a = 2, b = 1,c = 1 (d) a = 2, b = 2,c = 2
pre second, then non–zero integers a, b and c are such
that paqbCc is dimensionless, then 23. A gas bubble from an explosion under water oscillates
(a) a = 1, b = 1, c = – 1 (b) a = 1, b = –1, c = 1 with a time period T, depends upon static pressure p,
(c) a = –1, b = 1, c = 1 (d) a = 1, b = 1, c = 1 density of water and the total energy of explosion E.
18. If I is the moment of inertia and the angular velocity, Find the epression for the time period T. (where, k is a
what is the dimensional formula of rotational kinetic energy dimensionless constant)
(a) T=kp -5/6 ρ1/2 E1/3 (b) T=kp -4/7 ρ1/2 E1/3
1
I
2 (c) T=kp -5/6 ρ1/2 E1/2 (d) T=kp -4/7 ρ1/3 E1/2
(a) [ML2T–1] (b) [M2L–1T–2] 24. If E, m, J and G represent energy, mass, angular momentum
(c) [ML T ]
2 –2
(d) [M2L–1T–2] and gravitational constant respectively, then the
19. The velocity v of water waves may depend on their dimensional formula of EJ2/m5G2 is
wavelenght (), the density of water (p) and the acceleration (a) [MLT–2] (b) [M0L0T]
due to gravity(g). The method of dimensions gives the (c) [M0L2T0] (d) dimensionless
relation between these quantities as
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 45
25. Given X = (Gh / c3)1/2, where G, h and c are gravitational 32. The percentage errors in the measurement of mass and
constant, Planck’s cosntant and the velocity of light speed are 2% and 3% respectively. How much will be the
respectively. Dimensions of X are the same as those of maximum error in the estimate of kinetic energy obtained
(a) mass (b) time by measuring mass and speed?
(c) length (d) acceleration (a) 11% (b) 8%
26. The thrust developed by a rocket–motor is given by
(c) 5% (d) 1%
F = mv + A(p1 – p2), where m is the mass of the gas ejected
per unit time, v is velocity of the gas, A is area of cross– 33. Error in the measurement of radius of sphere is 2%. The
section of the nozzle, p1, p2 are the pressures of the exhaust error in the measurement of volume is
gas and surrounding atmosphere. The formula is (a) 1% (b) 5%
dimensionally
(c) 3% (d) 6%
(a) Correct
(b) Wrong 34. If there is a positve error of 50% in the measurement of
(c) Sometimes wrong, sometimes correct speed of a body, then the error in the measurement of
(d) Data is not adequate kinetic energy is
(a) 25% (b) 50%
ky
27. What is the unit of k in the relation U = 2 where (c) 100% (d) 125%
y a2
U represents the potential energy, y represents the 35. The radius of the sphere is (4.3 ± 0.1)cm. The percentage
displacement and a represents the maximum displacement error in its volume is
ie, amplitude?
(a) m s–1 (b) m s 0.1 0.1100
(a) × 100 (b) 3
(c) J m (d) J s–1 4.3 4.3
28. The wavelength associated with a moving particle depends
1 0.1100 1 0.1100
upon power p th of its mass m, q th power of its velocity v (c) (d)
3 4.3 3 4.3
and rth power of Planck’s constant h. Then the correct set
of values of p, q and r is 36. In an experiment, we measure quantities a, b and c. Then x
(a) p = 1, q = –1, r = 1 (b) p = 1, q = 1, r = 1
(c) p = –1, q = –1, r = –1 (d) p = –1, q = –1, r = 1 ab 2
is calculated from the formula, x = . The percentage
c3
29. If 3.8 × 10–6 is added to 4.32 × 10–5 giving due regard to errors in a, b, c are ± 1%, ± 3%, and ± 2% respectively. The
significant figures, then the result will be percentage error in x can be
(a) 4.58 × 10–5 (b) 4.7 × 10–5 (a) ±1% (b) ±4%
(c) 4.5 × 10–5 (d) None of these
(c) 7% (d) ±13%
30. A cube has a side of length 1.2 × 10–2 m. Calculate its
volume 37. If X = A×B and X, A and B are maximum absolute
(a) 1.7 × 10–6 m3 (b) 1.73 × 10–6 m3 errors in X, A and B respectively, then the maximum relative
(c) 1.70 × 10 m
–6 3
(d) 1.732 × 10–6 m3 error in X is given by
39. A public park, in the form of a square, has an area of 47. A vector is not changed if
(100±0.2) m2. The side of park is (a) it is rotated through an arbitrary angle
(a) (10 ± 0.01) m (b) (10 ± 0.1) m (b) it is multipled by an arbitrary scalar
(c) (10.0 ± 0.1) m (d) (10.0 ± 0.2) m (c) it is cross multiplied by a unit vector
Basic Algebra (d) it is slid parallel to itself.
40. Identify the quadratic equation from the following. 48. The x and y components of a force are 2 N and –3N. The
1 force is
(a) m 1, m 0
m (a) 2iˆ 3jˆ N (b) 2iˆ 3jˆ N
1
(b) m
2
1, m 0 (c) 2iˆ 3jˆ N (d) 3iˆ 2ˆj N
m
49. A force is inclined at 60° to the horizontal. If its rectangular
1 component in the horizontal direction is 50 N, then
(c) x 1, x 0
2
6 6
2 1 2 1 ˆi ˆj
43. The value of will be
(a)
2
(b)
2 ˆi ˆj
(a) –198 (b) 198
(c) 99 (d) –99 (c) ˆi ˆj (d) k̂
If 1 ax 1 8x 24x .... then the value of a and n
n 2
44.
53. What is the numerical value of vector 3iˆ 4jˆ 5kˆ ?
is
(a) 2, 4 (b) 2, 3 (a) 3 2 (b) 5 2
(c) 3, 6 (d) 1, 2 (c) 7 2 (d) 9 2
Scalars and Vectors
45. Which one of the following is a scalar quantity ? Vector Operations
(a) Displacement (b) Momentum
54. Two forces F1 and F2 are acting at right angles to each
(c) Acceleration (d) Work
other. Then their resultant has a magnitude
46. Which one of the following is not the vector quantity ?
(a) F1 F2 (b) F12 F22
(a) Torque (b) Displacement
(c) Velocity (d) Speed F1 F2
(c) F12 F22 (d)
2
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 47
(a) 2 cos (b) 2 tan
2 2
F
(a) (b) F (c) 2sin (d) none of these
2 2
(c) 3F (d) 5F
64. If the resultant of the vectors ˆi 2ˆj kˆ , ˆi ˆj 2kˆ and
57. Given R A B and R = A = B. The angle between A and
C is a unit vector along the y-direction, then C is
B is
(a) 2iˆ kˆ (b) 2iˆ kˆ
(a) 60° (b) 90°
(c) 120° (d) 180° (c) 2iˆ kˆ (d) 2iˆ kˆ
58. If the magnitude of the sum of the two vectors is equal to 65. The simple sum of two co-initial vectors is 16 units. Their
the difference of their magnitudes, then the angle between vectors sum is 8 units. The resultant of the vectors is
vectors is perpendicular to the smaller vector. The magnitudes of the
two vectors are :
(a) 0° (b) 45°
(a) 2 units and 14 units (b) 4 units and 12 units
(c) 90° (d) 180°
(c) 6 units and 10 units (d) 8 units and 8 units
59. Two vectors a and b are at an angle of 60° with each other..
66. Two vectors A and B are such that A B C and
2 2 2
Their resultant makes an angle of 45° with a . If | b | = 2 A +B =C .
unit, then | a | is If is the angle between positive direction of A and B
then the correct statement is
(a) 3 (b) 3 1
2
(c) (d) (a) = (b)
3 1 3/2 3
60. Given that A B C 0. Two out of the three vectors are (c) = 0 (d)
2
equal in magnitude. The magnitude of the third vector is
67. Three forces of magnitudes 6 N, 6 N and 72 N act at a
2 times that of the other two. Which of the following can
corner of a cube along three sides as shown in figure.
be the angles between these vectors ? Resultant of these forces is
(a) 90°, 135°, 135° (b) 45°, 45°, 90°
(c) 30°, 60°, 90° (d) 45°, 90°, 135°
61. Given A ˆi 2jˆ 3kˆ . When a vector B is added to A , we
get a unit vector along X–axis. Then, B is
(c) ˆi 3kˆ (d) 2jˆ 3kˆ (a) 12 N along OB (b) 18 N along OA
(c) 18 N along OC (d) 12 N along OE
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 48
direction of ˆi ˆj is
(c) 10 units
(d) 5 units
79. The angle between A and B is . The value of the triple
(a) (ax – ay + az) (b) (ax + ay)
product A B A is
a x ay
(a) A B
2
(b) zero
(c) (d) (ax – ay + az)
2 2
(c) A B sin
2
(d) A B cos
73. If A and B denote the sides of a parallelogram and its area 80. A vector F1 is along the positive Y–axis. If its vector product
1 with another vector F2 is zero, then F2 could be
is AB (A and B are the magnitude of A and B
2
(a) 4jˆ (b) ˆj kˆ
respectively), the angle between A and B is
(a) 30° (b) 60° (c) ˆj kˆ (d) 4 ˆi
(c) 45° (d) 120°
81. If the vectors A 2iˆ 4ˆj and B 5iˆ pjˆ are parallel to
74. Given, C A B and D B A . What is the angle
each other, the magnitude of B is
between C and D ?
(a) 5 5 (b) 10
(a) 30° (b) 60°
(c) 15 (d) 2 5
(c) 90° (d) 180°
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 49
(where T 2 )
g
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 50
3
(a) (b)
Dimension of Magnetic field B M L T A
1 0 2 1
2 3
P3Q 2
in the measurement of a physical quantity A = . The
Dimension of Electric field E M L T A
1 1 -3 -1
RS
Units and Measurements maximum percentage error in the value of A will be :
1. The following observations were taken for determining (2018)
surface tension T of water by capillary method : (a) 6.0 percent (b) 7.5 percent
diameter of capillary, D 1.25 10 m . 2 (c) 8.5 percent (d) 6.5 percent
6. The density of a material in the shape of a cube is
rise of water, h 1.45 102 m .
determined by measuring three sides of the cube and its
Using g 9.80m/ s 2 and the simplified relation mass. If the relative errors in measuring the mass and length
are respectively 1.5% amd 1% the maximum error in
rhg determining the density is : (2018)
T 103 N/ m , the possible error in surface tension
2 (a) 4.5% (b) 6%
is closest to : (2017) (c) 2.5% (d) 3.5%
(a) 0.15% (b) 1.5% 7. Expression for time in terms of G (universal gravitational
(c) 2.4% (d) 10% constant), h (planck constant) and c (speed of light) is
2. A physical quantity P is described by the relation proportional to: (2019)
P a1/2 b2 c3 d 4 hc5 c3
(a) (b)
If the relative errors in the measurement of a, b, c and d G Gh
respectively, are 2%, 1%, 3% and 5%, the relative error in
P will be : (2017) Gh Gh
(a) 8% (b) 12% (c) (d)
c5 c3
(c) 32% (d) 25%
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 51
ML1T 2 ) (2019)
(a) M L T A (b) M L T A
3 2 8 4 1 2 4 2
(c) S1/ 2 I1/ 2 h 0 (d) S3/ 2 I1/ 2 h 0
11. In the measurement of a cube, the mass and edge length
(c) M L T A (d) M L T A
2 0 4 2 2 3 6 3
constant and t is temperature and and are two (a) ML1T 2 (b) ML2 T 2
constants. The dimension of is: (where dimension for (c) MLT3K1 (d) ML2 T 1
Boltzmann constant is M L T K )
1 2 2 1
(2019)
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 52
1 E L (a) a i , b ii , c iv , d iii
29. The quantities x 0 0
, y
B and
z are
CR
(b) a iii , b ii , c iv , d i
defined where C-capacitance, R-Resistance, L-length, E-
Electric field, B-magnetic field and 0 , 0 -free space (c) a ii , b iii , c iv , d i
30. The density of a material in SI unit of 128 kgm3 . In new (a) MLT
0
(b) LC
1
L
T 2 . Measured value of ‘L’ is 1.0 m from meter (c) MLT
2
(d) MLT
1
g
scale having a minimum division of 1 mm and time of one 36. If ‘C’ and ‘V’ represent capacity and voltage respectively
complete oscillation is 1.95 s measured from stopwatch of then what are the dimensions of where CN ?
0.01s resolution. The percentage error in the determination (2021)
of ‘g’ will be: (2021)
(a) M L I T (b) M L I T
1 3 2 7 3 4 3 7
(a) 1.03% (b) 1.33%
(c) 1.13% (d) 1.30%
(c) M L I T (d) M L I T
2 4 3 7 2 3 2 6
l
(a)
2
1 ˆ ˆ
a k i (b)
2
1 ˆ ˆ
a i k
T 2 . The measured value of the length of
g
pendulum is 10 cm known to a 1 mm accuracy. The time for (c)
1 ˆ ˆ
2
a j i (d)
2
1 ˆ ˆ
a jk
200 oscillations of the pendulum is found to be 100 second
using a clock of 1 s resolution. The percentage accuracy 43. Two vectors A and B have equal magnitudes. The
in the determination of ‘g’ using this pendulum is ‘x’. The
value of ‘x’ to the nearest integer is, (2021)
magnitude of A B is ‘n’ times the magnitude of
(a) 4%
(c) 3%
(b) 5%
(d) 2%
A B . The angle between A and B is: (2019)
2x (x ) 2
(a) (b)
Dimension of Capacitance M L T A
1 2 4 2
x x
Dimension of Voltage M L T A
1 2 3 1
x
(c) (d) ( x) 2
x
Dimension of Permitivity M L T A
1 3 4 2
1 1 1 17. Given c a b . The angle which a makes with c is
11. The focal length of a mirror is given by f u v where u
(a) 0° (b) 45°
and v represent object and image distances respectively. (c) 90° (d) 180°
The maximum relative error in f is
18. If P Q = 0, then | P Q | is
f u v
(a)
f u v (a) | P | |Q | (b) zero
f 1 1 (c) 1 (d) PQ
(b)
f u / u v / v
19. Given r 4jˆ and p 2iˆ 3jˆ kˆ . The angular momentum is
f u v (u v)
(c)
f u v uv (a) 4iˆ 8k
ˆ (b) 8iˆ 4kˆ
f u v u v (c) 8jˆ (d) 9kˆ
(d)
f u v uv uv
12. If x = a – b, the the maximum percentage error in the 20. The magnitude of the vector product of two vectors is3
measurement of x will be times their scalar product. The angle between the two
vectors is
a+b a b (a) 90° (b) 60°
(a) 100% (b) 100%
a-b a b
(c) 45° (d) 30°
a b a b
(c) 100% (d) 100% More than one correct options
a-b a b a-b a b
21. In a system of units if force (F), acceleration (A) and time
A (T) are taken as fundamental units then which of the
13. If v Bt 2 Ct 3 where v is velocity, t is time and A,
t following cannot be dimensional formula of energy. {Given
[energy] = ML T , [force] ML T }
2 2 1 2
B and C are constants, then the dimensional formula of B
is
(a) FA2T (b) FAT 2
(a) [M0LT0] (b) [ML0T0]
(c) [M0L0T] (d) [M0LT–3] (c) F 2 AT (d) FAT
14. The maximum static friction on a body is F = Here, 22. The dimensions of universal gravitational constant are not
N = normal reaction force on the body = coefiicient of
(a) M 2 L2T 2 (b) M 1 L3T 2
static friction.
The dimensions of are (c) ML1T 2 (d) ML2T 2
(a) [MLT–2] (b) [M0L0T0]
23. If A 2iˆ ˆj kˆ and B iˆ ˆj kˆ are two vectors, then
(c) Dimensionless (d) None of these
the unit vector
15. If A B B A, then the angle between A and B is :
ˆj kˆ
(a) (b) /3 (a) perpendicular to A is
2
(c) /2 (d) /4
2iˆ ˆj kˆ
16. Given A 4iˆ 6ˆj and B 2iˆ 3jˆ . Which of the following
(b) parallel to A is
6
is correct ?
(a) A B 0 (b) A B 24 ˆj kˆ
(c) perpendicular to B is
2
|A| 1
(c) (d) A and B are anti-parallel iˆ ˆj kˆ
|B| 2
(d) parallel to A is
3
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 57
4. A student performed the experiment of determination of (a) due to the errors in the measurement of d and l are the
focal length of a concave mirror by u–v method using an same.
optical bench of length 1.5 m. The focal length of the mirror (b) due to the error in the measurement of d is twice that
used is 24 cm. The maximum error in the location of the due to the error in the measurement of l
image can be 0.2 cm. The 5 sets of (u, v) values recorded (c) due to the error in the measurement of l is twice that
by the student (in cm) are (42, 56), (48, 48), (60, 40), (66, 33), due to the error in the measurement of d
(78, 39). The data set(s) that cannot come from experiment
(d) due to the error in the measurement of d is four times
and is(are) incorrectly recorded, is (are) : (We know the
that due to the error in the measurement of l
1 1 1 8. Match the List I with List II and select the correct answer
mirror formula for a spherical mirror ) (2009)
v u f using the codes given below the lists: (2013)
(a) (42, 56) (b) (48, 48) List-I List-II
(c) (66, 33) (d) 78, 39) (P) Boltzmann constant 1. [ML2T–1]
5. A student uses a simple pendulum of exactly 1m length to (Q) Coefficient of viscosity 2. [ML–1T–1]
determine g, the acceleration due to gravity. He uses a (R) Planck’s constant 3. [MLT–3K–1]
stop watch with the least count of 1s for this and records (S) Thermal conductivity 4. [ML2T–2K–1]
40s for 20 oscillations. For this observation, which of the
Codes:
following statement(s) is/are correct? (The time period of
P Q R S
(a) 3 1 2 4
simple pendulum is given as T 2 g ) (2010)
(b) 3 2 1 4
(a) Error T is measuring T, the time period is 0.05 s (c) 4 2 1 3
(b) Error T in measuring T, the time period is 1 s (d) 4 1 2 3
(c) percentage error in the determination of g is 5% 9. In the following ‘I’ refers to current and other symbols
have their usual meaning. Choose the option that
(d) percentage error in the determination of g is 2.5%
corresponds to the dimensions of electrical conductivity
6. To find the distance d over which a signal can be seen
clearly in foggy conditions, a railway engineer uses 1
where R and (2016)
dimensional analysis and assumes that the distance A
depends on the mass density of the fog, intensity (power/
(a) ML-3 T-3 I2 (b) M1 L3 T3 I
area) S of the light from the signal and its frequency f. The
engineer finds that d is proportional to S1/n. (c) M L T I
-1 -3 3 2
(d) M–1 L–3 T 3 I
The value of n : (2011) 10. A length-scale () depends on the permittivity () of a
(a) 2 (c) 3 dielectric material, Boltzmann constant (kB), the absolute
(c) 1 (d) 1 temperature (T), the number per unit volume (n) of certain
charged particles, and the charge (q) carried by each of
4 MLg the particles. Which of the following expression(s) for
7. In the determination of Young’s modulus Y
d 2 is(are) dimensionally correct? (2016)
by using Searl’s method, a wire of length L = 2m and
diameter d = 0.5 mm is used. For a load M = 2.5 kg, an nq 2 k T
(a) k T (b) nq 2
B
extension l = 0.25 mm in the length of the wire is observed.
B
Quantities d and l are measured using a screw gauge and
a micrometer, respectively. They have the same pitch of
0.5 mm. The number of divisions on their circular scale is
100. The contributions to the maximum probable error of q2 q2
2 1
the Y measurement: (2012) (c) 3
(d) 3
n k B T n k B T
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 60
11. In an experiment to determine the acceleration due to 14. Sometimes it is convenient to construct a system of units
gravity g, the formula used for the time period of a periodic so that all quantities can be expressed in terms of only one
physical quantity. In one such system, dimensions of
7 R r different quantites are given in terms of a quantity X as
motion is T 2 . The values of R and r are
5g
follows: position X ; speed X ;
0
13. Two vectors A and B are defined as
A ai and B a cos ti sin t j , where a is a constant
and rads 1 . If A B 3 A B at time t = for
6
the first time, the value of , in seconds, is _______.
(2018)
UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS 61
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
02
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
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Chapter
MOTION 02
IN A STRAIGHT LINE 63
Distance Displacement
2.3 Rest and Motion are Relative
It is the actual path It is the difference
Rest and motion depend upon the observer. The object
traversed by the object between the initial and
in one situation may be at rest whereas the same object
during the course of the final positions
in another situation may be in motion.
motion. ∆x = x2 − x1 where, x2
For example, the driver of a moving car is in motion with
respect to an observer standing on the ground whereas, and x1 are final and
the same driver is at rest with respect to the man initial position
(observer) in the passenger’s seat. respectively.
It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.
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• Since velocity is a quantity having both magnitude If a body moves with uniform acceleration and velocity
and direction, a change in the velocity may involve changes from u to v in a time interval while traversing
either or both of these factors. certain path, then the velocity at the mid point of its path
is:
• Acceleration, therefore, may result from a change in
the speed(magnitude), a change in direction or u 2 + v2
changes in both. 2
• Like velocity, acceleration can also be positive,
negative or zero.
9. VERTICAL MOTION UNDER GRAVITY
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10. CALCULUS
10.1 Differentiation of a Function
If we say y as a function of x then we write
y = f (x)
x = Independent variable
In physics, first we will study the linear motion of an
y = Dependent variable.
object where position of object is represented by x
In physics we study variation of a quantity y with which changes with time t, then
respect to quantity x and we also study rate at which y
changes when x changes.
∆y dv
Graphically one can see that = tan θ = a ⇒ acceleration
∆x dt
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If x = f ( t )
dx
v= = x= f ′ ( t )
dt
Fig. 2.3
dv d dx d 2 x
a= = = x= f ′′ ( t )
= Area of shaded region of curve is
dt dt dt dt 2
dA = ydx
Total area bounded by curve y = f (x)
10.3 Standard Rules and Formulae of x =b b
Differentiation =A ∑
= dA ∫ dA
x=a a
n −1
=1. y x=y nx n
That is called area of graph with integration from a to
2. y = c ⇒ y = cx 0
y = 0 b.
a = lower limit of integration
= =
3. y sin x y cos x
b = upper limit of integration
4. y = cos x y = − sin x b
= =
5. y tan x y sec x 2 ∫ ydx = Definite Integral
a
6. y = cot x y = − cosec 2 x
∫ ydx = Indefinite Integral (without limit)
1
= n ( x)
7. y = y Integration is reverse process of differentiation in which
x we find a function for which the given function is the
=8. y e=
x
y e x derivative of function.
(Exponential Function)
10.7 Formulae
=9. y a=
x
y a x n ( x ) x n +1
1. ∫ x=
n
dx +c
n +1
1
10.4 Rules of Differentiation 2. ∫= dx n ( x ) + c
x
f1 ( x ) + f 2 ( x )
1. y = f1′( x ) + f 2′ ( x )
y =
3. ∫ sin xdx =
− cos x + c
2. y ( x)
cf= y cf ′ ( x )
4. ∫ cos =
xdx sin x + c
=3. y f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x )=y f1 ( x ) f 2′ ( x ) + f1′( x ) f 2 ( x )
tan xdx n ( sec x ) + c
5. ∫=
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) f1′( x ) − f1 ( x ) f 2′ ( x )
=
4. y =
f2 ( x ) f 2 ( x )
2
6. ∫ e x dx= e x + c
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MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 68
NOTE:
Like differentiation, rules of substitution are also
applicable to integration as well, in a similar way.
x2 − x1= ∫ vdt=
t1
Change in position or displacement.
Fig. 2.5
dx
x2 t2
θ 2 < θ1
v = ⇒ ∫ dx =∫ vdt
dt x1 t1
tan θ 2 < tan θ1
dy dy
(Area under the curve of v and t graph is displacement) <
v t
dx 2 dx 1
2
dv
a = ⇒ ∫ dv =∫ adt Slope decreasing that means first derivative is
dt u t1
decreasing that means second derivative will be
t2 negative.
v −=
u ∫ adt= Change in velocity.
d2y
t1 <0
dx 2
(Area under the curve of a and t graph is change in
velocity) NOTE:
(i) Increasing graph with decreasing slope will be
11. INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTION concave downward.
(ii) Increasing graph, with increasing slope will be
11.1 Increasing function concave upward.
Suppose y = f (x) and if on ↑ in x, y also ↑ the
function is increasing function. There are two types of
possible graphical variations. 11.2 Decreasing function
On increasing value of x, y decreases. These also have
two types of graphs.
Fig. 2.4
θ 2 > θ1 Fig. 2.6
tan θ 2 > tan θ1 π
θ1 > θ 2 >
dy dy 2
>
dx 2 dx 1 tan θ 2 > tan θ1
Slope increasing that means first derivative is also d2y
2 Slope is negative but increasing so >0
d y dx 2
increasing so second derivative should be +ve >0
dx 2
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MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 69
dy d2y
< 0, 2 > 0 NOTE:
dx dx
If the graph is parabola, then second derivative will be
constant
x = at 2 + bt + c if a > 0
x =
2at + b
x > 0 and constant
=
x 2a if a < 0
x < 0 and constant
So if acceleration is constant then x and t graph will be
parabola.
Fig. 2.7
θ1 > θ 2
tan θ1 > tan θ 2
Slope is decreasing and negative so second derivative is 12. MAXIMA AND MINIMA OF A FUNCTION
negative.
Fig. 2.10
12.1 Maxima
Fig. 2.8
(Condition to locate and check point of maxima)
dy d2y
= 0 <0
dx dx 2 x1
12.2 Minima
dy d2y
= 0 >0
dx dx 2 x2
Fig. 2.9
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t t t
t t
t
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(ii)
(iii)
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Solved Examples
1
Substituting the values in =
s ut + at 2 ,
AB 2
Sol. v av = m/s
∆t
We have 80 = ut − 5t 2 or 5t 2 − ut + 80 = 0
2.0
= = m / s 2m / s
1.0 u + u 2 − 1600 u − u 2 − 1600
Or t = and
10 10
Example - 3
Now, it is given that
A particle travels first half of the total distance with u + u − 1600 u − u − 1600
2 2
d d
=t1 = and t 2
v1 v2
Average speed
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 73
2 ( 2 )2 + 4 ( 2 ) − 6 − 2 ( 0 )2 + 4 ( 0 ) − 6
Find: =
(a) Displacement of particle from the mean position 2
at time t = 1s, if it is given that displacement is = 8m / s
20 m at time t = 0.
Example - 8
(b) Acceleration-time equation.
Sol. (a) The given equation can be written as, A particle travels first half of the total time with
speed v1 and second half time with speed v 2 . Find
v=
ds
dt
= (10 + 2t + 3t ) or ds = (10 + 2t + 3t ) dt
2 2
the average speed during the complete journey.
Sol.
Or
∫ (10 + 2t + 3t ) dt or s − 20=
s 1
∫
1
ds= 2
10t + t 2 + t 3
20 0 0
Or s = 20 + 12 = 32m
=d1 v=
1 t and d 2 v2 t
(b) Acceleration-time equation can be obtained by
differentiating the given equation w.r.t. time. Average speed
total distance d1 + d 2 v1 t + v 2 t v1 + v 2
= (10 + 2t + 3t 2 ) or a =2 + 6t
dv d = = = =
Thus, a =
dt dt total time t+t 2t 2
Example - 6 Example - 9
s-t graph of a particle in motion is as shown below. A ball is thrown upwards from the top of a tower 40
m high with a velocity of 10 m/s. Find the time when
it strikes the ground. Take g = 10m / s 2 .
Sol.
(a) Find, position and velocity of particle at time t = As acceleration is a function of time, the motion
0. is non-uniformly accelerated.
(b) State whether the motion is uniformly (c) Substituting v = 0 in eq. (ii), we have
accelerated or not. =
0 3t 2 − 12
(c) Find position of particle when velocity of particle Positive value of t comes out to be 2s from this
is zero.
equation. Substituting t = 2s in eq. (i), we have
Sol. (a) x = 20 + t 3 − 12t … (i)
x =20 + ( 2 ) − 12 ( 2 ) or x =4m
3
At t = 0, x = 20 + 0 − 0 = 20m
Velocity of particle at time t can be obtained by
differentiating eq. (i) w.r.t. time
dx
i.e., =
v = 3t 2 − 12 … (ii)
dt
At t = 0, v =−
0 12 =
−12m / s
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 75
12. A car travels first half of the distance between two 17. Assertion: A negative acceleration of a body can be
places with a speed of 30 km/h and the remaining associated with a ‘speeding up’ of the body.
half with a speed of 50 km/h. The average speed of Reason: Increase in speed of a moving body is
the car is: independent of its direction of motion.
(a) 45 km/h (b) 42.8 km/h (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the
(c) 37.5 km/h (d) 48 km/h Reason is the correct explanation of the
13. Mark the correct statements: Assertion
(a) The magnitude of instantaneous velocity of a (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but the
particle is equal to instantaneous speed. Reason is not the correct explanation of the
(b) The magnitude of average velocity in an interval Assertion
is equal to its average speed in that interval. (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false
(c) It is possible to have a situation in which the (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
speed of a particle is always zero but the average 18. Assertion: Straight line motion is the natural
speed is not zero. tendency of the body.
(d) It is possible to have a situation in which the Reason: Motion in a straight line is an example of
speed of the particle is never zero but the motion in one dimension.
average speed in an interval is zero.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are true, and the
14. Of the following situations, which one is Reason is the correct explanation of the
impossible? Assertion
(a) A body is having zero velocity and non–zero (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but the
acceleration Reason is not the correct explanation of the
(b) A body is having constant acceleration and Assertion
variable velocity (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false
(c) A body is having constant speed and variable
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false
acceleration
19. Assertion: A body can have acceleration even if its
(d) A body is having constant velocity and variable
velocity is zero at a given instant of time.
acceleration
Reason: A body is at rest when it reverses its
15. A body covers first one-third of the distance with a
direction of motion.
velocity 20 m/s, the second one-third with a velocity
of 30 m/s and last one-third with a velocity of (a) If both assertion and reason are correct and
40 m/s. The average velocity is nearly: reason is the correct explanation of assertion
(a) 28 m/s (b) 38 m/s (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) 18 m/s (d) 8 m/s
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false
21. A positive acceleration always corresponds to the 29. A body sliding on a smooth inclined plane requires
speeding up and a negative acceleration always 4 seconds to reach the bottom starting from rest at
corresponds to the speeding down. the top. How much time does it take to cover one-
(a) True fourth distance starting from rest at the top
(b) False only when motion is uniform. (a) 1 s (b) 2 s
(c) True for non-uniform motion (c) 4 s (d) 16 s
(d) False 30. Body A starts from rest with an acceleration a1.
After 2s another body B starts from rest with an
Kinematic Equations acceleration a2. If they travel equal distances in 5 sec
22. A stone falls from a balloon that is descending at a after the start of A, the ratio a1 : a2 will be equal to :
uniform rate of 12m/s. The displacement of the (a) 9 : 25 (b) 5 : 7
stone from the point of release after 10sec is (c) 5 : 9 (d) 7 : 9
[take g = 9.8 ms-2]
(a) 490m (b) 610m Vertical Motion under Gravity
(c) 510m (d) 725m 31. If a body is thrown up with the velocity of 15 m/s
23. Find the total displacement of a body in 8 s starting then maximum height attained by the body is
from rest with an acceleration of 20 cm/s2: (g = 10 m/s2)
(a) 64 m (b) 64 cm (a) 11.25 m (b) 16.2 m
(c) 640 cm (d) 0.064 m (c) 24.5 m (d) 7.62 m
24. A particle covers 150 m in 8th second starting from 32. A body falls from rest in the gravitational field of
rest, its acceleration is: the earth. The distance travelled in the fifth second
(a) 15 m/s2 (b) 20 m/s2 of its motion is (g = 10 m/s2)
(c) 10 m/s2 (d) 8 m/s2 (a) 25 m (b) 45 m
25. By what velocity a ball be projected vertically (c) 90 m (d) 125 m
upwards so that the distance covered in 6th second is 33. If a ball is thrown vertically upwards with speed u,
twice of that covered in 5th second? (g = 10 m/s2) the distance covered during the last t seconds of its
ascent is
(a) 40 m/s (b) 35 m/s 1 2 1 2
(a) gt (b) ut − gt
(c) 50 m/s (d) 60 m/s 2 2
26. A car accelerates from rest at constant rate for first (c) (u – gt)t (d) ut
10 s and covers a distance x. It covers a distance y in 34. A man drops a ball downwards from the roof of a
next 10 s at the same acceleration. Which of the tower of height 400 meters. At the same time
following is true? another ball is thrown upwards with a velocity
(a) x = 3y (b) y = 3x 50 meter/sec. from the bottom of the tower, then
(c) x = y (d) y = 2x they will meet at which height from the bottom of
27. A block starts accelerating at 5 m/s2 from rest on the the tower
frictionless surface. Calculate the distance travelled (a) 100 meters (b) 320 meters
by the block in the first 4 seconds? (c) 80 meters (d) 240 meters
(a) 20 m (b) 40 m 35. A particle is thrown vertically upwards. If its
(c) 80 cm (d) 120 m velocity at half of the maximum height is 10 m/s,
28. A block starts accelerating at 5 m/s2 from rest on the then maximum height attained by it is
frictionless surface. Calculate the distance travelled (Take g = 10 m/s2)
by the block in the first 4 seconds? (a) 8 m (b) 10 m
(a) 20 m (b) 40 m (c) 12 m (d) 16 m
(c) 80 m (d) 120 m
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 78
36. A body freely falling from the rest has a velocity ‘v’ 44. The water drops fall at regular intervals from a tap
after it falls through a height ‘h’. The distance it has 5 m above the ground. The third drop is leaving the
to fall down for its velocity to become double, is tap at the instant the first drop touches the ground.
(a) 2h (b) 4h How far above the ground is the second drop at that
instant?
(c) 6h (d) 8h
(a) 1.25 m (b) 2.50 m
37. By which velocity a ball be projected vertically
downward from a very tall building so that the (c) 3.75 m (d) 4.00 m
distance covered by it in 6th second is twice the 45. A stone is dropped from certain height which can
distance it covers in its 5th second (g = 10 m/s2) reach the ground in 5 s. If the stone is stopped after
(a) 10 m/s (b) 65 m/s 3 s of its fall and then allowed to fall again, then the
time taken by the stone to reach the ground for the
(c) 35 m/s (d) not possible
remaining distance is:
38. A body falls from rest, its velocity at the end of first
(a) 3 s (b) 4 s
second is (g = 32 ft/sec)
(c) 2 s (d) none of these
(a) 16 ft/sec (b) 32 ft/sec
46. A ball is dropped from a bridge 122.5 m high. After
(c) 64 ft/sec (d) 24 ft/sec
the first ball has fallen for 2 s, a second ball is
39. A stone thrown upward with a speed u from the top thrown straight down after it, what must the initial
of a tower reaches the ground with a velocity 3u. velocity of the second ball, so that both the balls hit
The height of the tower is the surface of water at the same time?
(a) 3u2/g (b) 4u2/g (a) 26.1 m/s (b) 9.8 m/s
2 2
(c) 6u /g (d) 9u /g (c) 55.5 m/s (d) 49 m/s
40. A stone is shot straight upward with a speed of 47. A ball is thrown vertically upward with certain
20 m/sec from a tower 200 m high. The speed with speed it passes through the same point at 3 seconds
which it strikes the ground is approximately and 7 seconds from the start. The maximum height
(a) 60 m/sec (b) 65 m/sec achieved by the ball is:
41. A body projected vertically upwards with a velocity (c) 125 (d) 450
u returns to the starting point in 4 seconds. If 48. A stone is thrown vertically upwards. When stone is
g = 10 m/sec2, the value of u is at a height half of its maximum height, its speed is
(a) 5 m/sec (b) 10 m/sec 10 m/s; then the maximum height attained by the
stone is: (g = 10 m/s2)
(c) 15 m/sec (d) 20 m/sec
(a) 8 m (b) 10 m
42. A body is thrown vertically up from the ground. It
reaches a maximum height in 5 sec. After what time (c) 15 m (d) 20 m
it will reach the ground from the maximum height 49. A man throws balls with the same speed vertically
position upwards one after the other at an interval of 2 s.
(a) 1.2 sec (b) 5 sec What should be the speed of the throw so that more
than two balls are in the sky at any time?
(c) 10 sec (d) 25 sec
(Given: g = 9.8 m/s2)
43. From the top of a tower, a particle is thrown
vertically downwards with a velocity of 10 m/s. The (a) Any speed less than 19.6 m/s
ratio of the distances, covered by it in the 3rd and 2nd (b) Only with speed 19.6 m/s
seconds of the motion is (Take g = 10 m/s2)
(c) More than 19.6 m/s
(a) 5 : 7 (b) 7 : 5
(d) At least 9.8 m/s.
(c) 3 : 6 (d) 6 : 3
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 79
50. A body is released from the top of the tower H metre 56. A particle moves along a straight-line OX. At a time
high. It takes t second to reach the ground. Where is t (in seconds), the distance x (in metres) of the
the body t/2 s after release? particle from O is given by
3H x = 40 + 12t – t3
(a) At m from the ground
4 How long would the particle travel before coming to
H rest?
(b) At m from the ground
2 (a) 24 m (b) 40 m
H (c) 12 m (d) 16 m
(c) At m from the ground
6 57. A particle moves along a straight line such that its
H displacement at any time t is given by s = 3t3 + 7t2 +
(d) At m from the ground
4 14t + 5
The acceleration of the particle at t = 1s is:
Differential Calculus 2 2
(a) 18 m/s (b) 32 m/s
51. A particle moves along a straight line such that at
time t (in second) its displacement from a fixed 2 2
(c) 29 m/s (d) 24 m/s
point O on the line is 3t2 – 2. The velocity of the
58. A particle moves in space such that x = 2 sin pt
particle at t = 2 is:
where x, is measured in meter and t in second. The
(a) 8 m/s (b) 4 m/s
acceleration of the particle at t = 3 s is
(c) 12 m/s (d) 0
(a) 2m/s–2 (b) 1m/s-2
52. The velocity of a particle is v = vo + gt + ft2. If it’s
position is x = 0 at t = 0, then its displacement after (c) 0m/s–2 (d) π m/s–2
unit time (t =1) is 59. The displacement x of a particle varies with time t as
g f =x ae −α t + be β t , where a, b, α and β are positive
(a) v o +2g+3f (b) v o + +
2 3 constants. The velocity of the particle will:
g (a) go on decreasing with time
(c) v o +g+f (d) v o + +f
2 (b) be independent of α and β
53. The position x (in m) of a particle along x-axis at
time t (in sec) is given by x = 1 + t – t2. The distance (c) drop to zero when α = β
travelled by the particle in first 2 seconds is (d) go on increasing with time
(a) 1 m (b) 2 m 60. The displacement x of a particle moving along a
(c) 2.5 m (d) 3 m straight line at time t is given by
54. The displacement of a body at any time t after x = a0 + a1t + a2t2
starting is given by s = 15t – 0.4t2. The velocity of The acceleration of the particle is:
the body will be 7 m/s–1 after time:
(a) 4a2 (b) 2a2
(a) 20 s (b) 15s
(c) 2a1 (d) a2
(c) 10 s (d) 5 s
61. The displacement of body is given to be
55.
The position vector of a particle is: proportional to the cube of time elapsed. The
=r a cos ωt iˆ + a sin ω t ˆj magnitude of the acceleration of the body is:
The velocity of the particle is: (a) decreasing with time (b) increasing with time
(a) parallel to position vector (c) constant but not zero (d) zero
(b) perpendicular to position vector
(c) directed towards origin
(d) directed away from the origin
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 80
72. A particle moves along the X–axis according to the Graphs of Motion in a Straight Line
equation x = 6 t2, where x is in metres and t is in 76. The graph of displacement v/s time is
seconds. Then
(a) the acceleration of the particle is 6 m/s2
(b) the particle follows a parabolic path
(c) each second the velocity of the particle changes
by 12 m/s
(d) none of the above
73. An object starts from rest at x = 0 m when t = 0 s.
The object moves in the x direction with positive s(m) along y axis in question and t(s) along x axis in
velocity after t = 0 s. The instantaneous velocity and question
average velocity are related by
Its corresponding velocity-time graph will be
dx x
(a) <
dt t
dx x
(b) = V V
dt t
(a) (b)
dx x
(c) > t
dt t t
dx
(d) can be smaller than, greater than or equal
dt
x V
to V
t
(c) (d)
74. A particle moves in a straight line, according to the
t t
t
law x = 4a [t + asin ], where x is its position in
a 77. A train moves from one station to another in 2 hours
meters, t in sec. & a is some constants, then the time. Its speed-time graph during this motion is
velocity is zero at shown in the figure. The maximum acceleration
during the journey is
(a) x = 4a2 p meters (b) t = p sec.
(c) t = 0 sec. (d) none
75. A point moves in a straight line so that its
displacement is x m at time t sec, given by x2 = t2 +
1. Its acceleration in m/s2 at time t sec is :
1 1 1
(a) (b) −
x x x2
t 1
(c) − (d)
x2 x3 (a) 140 km h–2 (b) 160 km h–2
(c) 100 km h–2 (d) 120 km h–2
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 82
78. The adjoining curve represents the velocity-time 80. The displacement-time graph for two particles A and
graph of a particle, its acceleration values along OA,
B are straight lines inclined at angles of 30 and 60
AB and BC in metre/sec2 are respectively
with the time axis. The ratio of velocities of vA : vB
is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1: 3
(c) 3 :1 (d) 1 : 3
s s
(a) (b)
t t
s s
(c) (d)
t t
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 83
(c) (d)
(a) 7.5 ms–1 (b) 15 ms–1 5. Which graph corresponds to an object moving with a
(c) 30 ms–1 (d) 75 ms–1 constant negative acceleration and a positive velocity?
(2017)
2. Which of the following option correctly describes the
variation of the speed v and acceleration ‘a ’ of a point
mass falling vertically in a viscous medium that
(a) (b)
applies a force F = −kv, where ‘k ' is a constant, on the
body? (Graphs are schematic and not drawn to
scale) (2016)
(c) (d)
(a) (b)
6. An automobile, travelling at 40 km/h, can be stopped
at a distance of 40 m by applying brakes. If the same
automobile is travelling at 80 km/h, the minimum
stopping distance, in metres, is (assume no skidding):
(2018)
(c) (d) (a) 75 m (b) 100 m
(c) 150 m (d) 160 m
7. All the graphs below are intended to represent the
3. An object is dropped from a height h from the ground. same motion. One of them does it incorrectly. Pick it
Every time it hits the ground it loses 50% of its kinetic up. (2018)
energy. The total distance covered as t is:
(2017)
(a) 3h (b)
5 8
(c) h (d) h (a) (b)
3 3
(c) (d)
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 84
8. The velocity-time graphs of a car and a scooter are (a) (B), (C) (b) (A)
shown in the figure. (i) The difference between the (c) (A), (B), (C) (d) (A), (B), (D)
distance travelled by the car and the scooter in 15 s and
(ii) the time at which the car will catch up with the 11. The position of a particle as a function of time t, is
scooter are, respectively. (2018) given by x t at bt 2 ct 3 where a, b and c are
constants. When the particle attains zero acceleration,
then its velocity will be: (2019)
b2 b2
(a) a (b) a
4c 3c
b2 b2
(c) a (d) a
c 2c
(a) 337.5 m and 25 s (b) 225.5 m and 10 s 12. A particle is moving with speed v b x along
positive x-axis. Calculate the speed of the particle at
(c) 112.5 m and 15 s (d) 112.5 m and 22.5 s
time t (assume that the particle is at origin at
9. A particle starts from the origin at time t = 0 and moves t = 0).
along the positive x-axis. The graph of velocity with
respect to time is shown in figure. What is the position (all quantities are measured in S.I unit)
of the particle at time t = 5s? (2019)
b 2 b 2
(a) (b)
4 2
b 2
(c) b2 (d)
2
13. A tennis ball is released from a height h and after freely
(2019) falling on a wooden floor it rebounds and reaches
h
(a) 10 m (b) 6 m height . The velocity versus height of the ball during
2
(c) 3 m (d) 9 m its motion may be represented graphically by: (graphs
10. A particle starts from origin O from rest and moves are drawn schematically and are not to scale)
with a uniform acceleration along the positive x-axis. (2020)
Identify all figures that correctly represents the
motion qualitatively
(a = acceleration, v = velocity, x = displacement, t =
time)
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(2019)
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 85
14. A small ball of mass m is thrown upward with velocity 19. The speed verses time graph for a particle is shown in
u from the ground. The ball experiences a resistive the figure. The distance travelled (in m) by the particle
force mkv2, where v is its speed. The maximum height during the time interval t = 0 to t = 5 s will
attained by the ball is: be________. (2020)
(2020)
1 ku
2 2
1 ku
(a) tan 1 (b) ln 1
k 2g 2k g
1 ku 2 1 ku 2
(c) ln 1 (d) tan 1
k 2g 2k g
h 2h
(a) t 3.4 (b) t
g 3g
2 h h
(c) t (d) t 1.8
3 g g
(a)
16. The velocity (v) - time (t) graph of a body in a straight-
line motion is shown in the figure. The point S is at
4.333 seconds. The total distance covered by the body
in 6 s is: (2020)
(b)
37 49
(a) m (b) m
3 4
(c) 12 m (d) 11 m (c)
17. A ball is dropped from the top of a 100m high tower
1
on a planet. In the last s before hitting the ground, it
2
covers a distance of 19 m. Acceleration due to gravity
(in ms−2) near the surface on that planet is
(d)
(2020)
18. The distance x covered by a particle in one dimension
motion varies as with time t as x 2 at 2 2bt c,
where a, b, c are constants. Acceleration of particle
depend on x as x–n, the value of n is
(2020)
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 86
v2 u 2 v2 u 2
(a) (b)
2 2
(2021)
a1 a2 a1 (d)
(a) (b)
a1 a2
a2 a1 a2
(c) (d)
a1 a2
2 2 4 2
(a) t (b) t
The acceleration-displacement graph of the bicycle's
(c) t2 (d) t2
motion is best described by (2021) 2 4
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 87
26. The velocity of a particle is v v0 gt Ft 2 . Its 28. The velocity - displacement graph of a particle is
position is x = 0 at t = 0; then its displacement after shown in the figure.
time (t = 1 s) is: (2021)
g F
(a) v0 g F (b) v0
2 3
g
(c) v0 F (d) v0 2 g 3F
2 The acceleration - displacement graph of the same
27. The position, velocity and acceleration of a particle particle is represented by: (2021)
moving with a constant acceleration can be (a)
represented by: (2021)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 88
u+v u 2 + v2
(a) (b)
2 2
12. At a distance of 500 m from the traffic light, brakes 18. When a ball is thrown up vertically with velocity V0,
are applied to an automobile moving at a velocity of it reaches a maximum height of ‘h’. If one wishes to
20 m/s. The position of automobile relative to traffic triple the maximum height, then the ball should be
light 50 s after applying the brakes, if its acceleration thrown with velocity
is –0.5 m/s2, is
(a) 3V0 (b) 3V0
(a) 125 m (b) 375 m
(c) 9V0 (d) 3/2V0
(c) 400 m (d) 100 m
19. A stone is released from an elevator going up with an
13. A stone falls from a balloon that is descending at a
acceleration a. The acceleration of the stone after the
uniform rate of 12 m/s. The displacement of the
release is
stone from the point of release after 10 sec is
(a) a upward (b) (g–a) upward
(a) 490m (b) 510m
(c) (g–a) downward (d) g downward.
(c) 610m (d) 725m
20. A person standing near the edge of the top of a
14. Time taken by an object falling from rest to cover the building throws two balls A and B. The ball A is
height of h1 and h2 is respectively t1 and t2 then the thrown vertically upward with speed u and B is
ratio of t1 to t2 is thrown vertically downward with the same speed.
(a) h1 : h2 (b) h1 : h2 Find the difference in distance travelled when both
the balls strike the ground.
(c) h1 : 2h2 (d) 2h1 : h2
u2 u2
(a) (b)
15. The acceleration due to gravity on the planet A is 9 g 2g
times the acceleration due to gravity on planet B. A
man jumps to a height of 2m on the surface of A. 2u 2
(c) (d) 0
What is the height of jump by the same person on the g
planet B 21. An object is thrown in vertically upward direction.
(a) 18m (b) 6m During its rising
(c) 2m/3 (d) 2m/9 (a) its velocity is downward and acceleration is in
16. A body, thrown upwards with some velocity reaches upward direction
the maximum height of 50 m. Another body with (b) both velocity and acceleration are in upward
double the mass thrown up with double the initial direction
velocity will reach a maximum height of (c) both velocity and acceleration are in downward
(a) 100 m (b) 200 m direction
(c) 300 m (d) 400 m (d) velocity is in upward direction and acceleration
is in downward direction
17. From the top of a tower two stones, whose masses
are in the ratio 1:2 are thrown one straight up with an 22. As a rocket is accelerating vertically upwards at 9.8
initial speed u and the second straight down with the m/s2 near the earth’s surface, it releases a projectile.
same speed u. Then, neglecting air resistance Immediately after release, the acceleration (in m/s2)
of the projectile, is (Take g = 9.8 m/s2)
(a) The heavier stone hits the ground with a higher
speed (a) zero (b) 9.8 m/s2 up
(b) The lighter stone hits the ground with a higher (c) 9.8 m/s2 down (d) 19.6 m/s2 up
speed 23. A body falls freely from rest. It covers as much
distance in the last second of its motion as covered in
(c) Both the stones will have the same speed when
the first three seconds. The body has fallen for a time
they hit the ground.
of
(d) The speed can’t be determined with the given
(a) 3 s (b) 5 s
data.
(c) 7 s (d) 9 s
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 90
24. A balloon starts rising from the ground with an 30. A rocket is fired upwards from earth’s surface such
acceleration of 1.25 m/s2 after 8s, a stone is released that it creates an acceleration of 20ms −2 . If after 5
from the balloon. The stone will (g = 10 m/s2) sec, its engine is switched off then the maximum
(a) Reach the ground in 4 second height reached by rocket from earth’s surface is:
(b) Begin to move down after being released [assume acceleration due to gravity ( g = 10ms −2 )
(c) Have a displacement of 50 m remains constant]
(d) Cover a distance of 40 m in reaching the ground (a) 250m (b) 500m
25. A stone is released from a high-flying balloon that is (c) 750m (d) 1000m
descending at a constant speed of 10 m/s. After 20 s 31. A drag racing car starts from rest at t = 0 and moves
of dropping, the velocity of the stone would be [Take along a straight line with velocity given by v = bt2,
g = 10 m/s2] where b is a constant. The expression for the distance
(a) 190 m/s down (b) 210 m/s down travelled by the car from its position at t = 0, is
(c) 10 m/s down (d) 25 m/s up bt 2
(a) bt3 (b)
26. A particle is dropped under gravity from rest from a 3
height h(g = 9.8 m/sec2) and it travels a distance
bt 3
9h/25 in the last second, the height h is (c) (d) 2 bt
3
(a) 100 m (b) 122.5 m
32. A particle moves along a straight line such that its
(c) 145 m (d) 167.5 m displacement at any time t is given by:
27. A body A is projected upwards with a velocity of 98 s = (t3 – 3t2 + 2) m.
m/s. a second body B is projected upwards with the
The displacement when the acceleration becomes
same initial velocity but after 4 sec. Both the bodies
zero is:
will meet after
(a) 0 m (b) 2m
(a) 6 sec (b) 8 sec
(c) 3 m (d) – 2m
(c) 10 sec (d) 12 sec
33. The displacement of a particle after time t is given by
28. A particle is dropped vertically from rest from a
height. The time taken by it to fall through x = (k/b2) (1 – e–bt), where b is a constant. What is
successive distances of 1 m each will then be the acceleration of the particle?
(a) All equal, being equal to 2 / g second (a) ke–bt (b) –ke–bt
36. Four particles are moving along X–axis. Their 40. Two particles A and B are moving along straight
coordinates (in metres) as function of time (in line, whose position–time graph is a shown in the
seconds) are given by figure below. Determine the instant (approximately)
x1 (t) = 3.5 – 2.7 t3 when both are moving with the same velocity.
(a) (b)
(a) D (b) F
O s O s
(c) C (d) E
39. A lift is going up from the ground. The variation in V V
the speed of the lift is as given in the graph. What is
the height to which the lift takes the passengers? (c) (d)
O s O s
43. An object moving along a straight line has a constant
acceleration of 4 m/s2. The position–time graph for
this object has a slope that
(a) is constant
(b) decreases with time
(a) 3.6 m
(c) increases with time
(b) 28.8 m
(d) first increases and then decreases with time
(c) 36.0 m
(d) Cannot be calculated from the graph
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 92
44. For 3 particles A, B and C moving along x–axis, x–t 47. The velocity–displacement curve for an object
graph is as shown below. moving along a straight line is shown in the figure
below.
Mark out the correct relationships between their At which of the points marked, the object speeding
average velocities between the points P and Q. up?
(a) ν av , A > ν av , B =
ν av , C (b) ν=
av , A ν=
av , B ν av , C (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) ν av , A > ν av , B > ν av , C (d) ν av , A < ν av , B < ν av , C (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
(a) (b)
Other than at t = 0, when is the velocity of the object
equal to zero?
(a) At t = 3.5 s
(b) During interval from 1s to 3s
(c) at t = 5 s
(c) (d)
(d) at no other time on this graph
49. A particle moving along a straight line with uniform
46. An elevator is moving upwards with constant
acceleration has velocities 7 m/s at P and 17 m/s at
acceleration. The broken curve shows the position y
Q. R is the midpoint of PQ. Then
of the ceiling of the elevator as a function of time t.
A bolt breaks loose and drops from the (a) the average velocity between R and Q is 15 m/s
ceiling.[assume that bolt sticks to the floor after (b) the ratio of time to go from P to R and that from
striking the lift surface] R to Q is 3: 2
(c) the velocity at R is 10 m/s
(d) the average velocity between P and R is 10 m/s.
50. A particle is projected vertically upwards with a
velocity u from a point O. When it returns to the
point of projection:
Which curve best represents the position of the bolt (a) its average velocity is zero
as a function of time? (b) its displacement is zero
(a) A (b) B (c) its average speed is u/2
(c) C (d) D (d) its average speed is u
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 93
51. Pick the correct statements: (a) In the motion between O and A the velocity is
(a) Average speed of a particle in a given time is positive, and acceleration is negative
never less than the magnitude of the average (b) Between A and B, the velocity and acceleration
velocity. are positive
(b) It is possible to have a situation in which (c) Between B and C, the velocity is negative, and
acceleration is positive
dv d
≠ 0 but v =0
dt dt (d) Between D and E, the acceleration is positive
55. Which of the following statements about distance are
(c) The average velocity of a particle is zero in a
true
time interval. It is possible that the instantaneous
velocity is never zero in the interval. (a) It cannot be negative
67. The equation of motion of the particle is described in Using the following comprehension, solve Q. 69 to Q. 73
column I. At t = 0, particle is at origin and at rest. PASSAGE
Match the column I with the statements in column II.
A car is moving on a straight road. The velocity of the car
Column-I Column-II varies with time as shown in the figure. Initially (at t = 0),
(a) x = (3t2 + 2t) m (p) velocity of particle the car was at x = 0, where, x is the position of the car at any
at t = 1 s is 8 m/s time ‘t’.
(b) v = 8t m/s (q) particle moves
with uniform
acceleration
(c) a = 16 t (r) particle moves
with variable
acceleration
(d) v = 6t – 3t2 (s) particle will
change its
direction some 69. The variation of acceleration (a) with time (t) will be
time best represented by:
a
68. A particle is projected vertically upwards with speed
20 m/s from top of a tower of height 20 m see the
(a)
figure. Match the statements in column–I with results
in column–II t
10 20 30 60 70
(b) t
10 20 30 50 60 70
Column–I Column–II a
70. The displacement time graph will be best represented Using the following comprehension, solve Q. 74 & 75
by: Passage
x(m)
Two particles A and B are moving along x–axis whose
position–time graphs are as shown in the figure below.
(a)
t(s)
10 20 30 60 70
(b)
74. For the time interval 0 to 5 s
(a) the particle A is speeding up while B is slowing
x(m) down
(b) both the particles are initially speeding up and
then slowing down
(c) (c) both the particles are initially slowing down and
(s)
then speeding up
10 20 30 60 70
(d) particle A is speeding up first and then slowing
x(m) down while particle B is slowing down first and
then speeding up
75. Mark the correct statement(s)
(a) Initial velocity of A is less than that of B.
(d)
(b) There is exactly one instant when both the
t(s)
10 20 30 60 70 particles have the same velocity.
71. The maximum displacement from the starting (c) There is no instant when both the particles have
position will be: same velocity.
(a) 200 m (b) 250 m (d) For time interval, 5 to 15 s average velocity of
(c) 160 m (d) 165 m both the particles are same.
2n − 1 2n
(b) (c) (d)
2n + 1 2n + 1
h
d
d
h
(c)
d
h
(d)
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 98
(2005)
(a)
a
x
(b)
x
(c)
a
x
(d)
a
x
MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE 99
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
03
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE
MOTION
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Chapter
MOTION 03 AND RELATIVE MOTION
IN A PLANE 101
Fig. 3.2
dx dy
where, vx = and v y =
dt dt
Fig. 3.1
=
v v 2x + v 2y , v represents speed/magnitude of
Suppose the particle moves along the path as shown to
velocity and
a new position P1 with the position vector r
vy
tan θ =
=
r1 x1ˆi + y1ˆj vx
change in position = displacement vy
or θ = tan −1
( ) (
= r1 − r = x1ˆi + y1ˆj − xiˆ + yjˆ ) vx
∆ r ∆xiˆ + ∆yjˆ a = a ˆi + a ˆj
v= =
avg x y
∆t ∆t
av
v = ∆v ˆi + ∆v ˆj
avg x y
1.5 Instantaneous Acceleration
dv dv x ˆ dv y ˆ
NOTE: =
a = i+ j
dt dt dt
Direction of the average velocity is same as that of ∆ r =
a a ˆi + a ˆj
x y
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MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 103
(i) v1x = v2x = v3x = v4x = ux = u cos θ Path of the projectile is a parabola
which means that the velocity along x-axis remains 2u 2 sin θ cos θ 2u 2 R
R= or =
constant g g sin θ cos θ
[as there is no external force acting along that direction] Substituting this value in the above equation we have,
(ii) x
= x tan θ 1 −
y
(a) magnitude of velocity along y-axis first decreases R
and then it increases after the topmost point
(b) at topmost point magnitude of velocity is zero.
(c) direction of velocity is in the upward direction while
3. PROJECTILE MOTION FROM A HEIGHT
ascending and is in the downward direction while
descending. 3.1 Horizontal Direction:
Fig. 3.5
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MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 104
2h vy = 0
=
R u=
xt u
g y=0
● Trajectory Equation
1 x2 x
=y =g 2 t
2 u u
v=
2
y 02 + 2 ( h1 )( g )
v y = 2gh1
• Time of Flight
At point B displacement along y-direction is zero. So,
1
substituting the proper values in =
s y u y t + a y t 2 , we
2
get
1 2u sin θ
=0 u sin θt + ( −g cos α ) t 2 ⇒∴
= t 0 and
2 g cos α
2u sin θ
Fig. 3.7 t = 0, corresponds to initial point and t =
g cos α
ux = u corresponds to final point.
ax =
−g sin α 2u sin θ
Thus, T =
g cos α
u − ( g sin α ) t
vx =
• Range
1
ut − ( g sin α ) t 2
x=
2
Horizontal component of initial velocity is=
u x u cos θ
uy = 0
1
Range (R) =u x T − g sin αT 2
ay =
−g cos α 2
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MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 105
2u sin θ 1 2u sin θ
2
ux = u
=u cos θ − g sin α
g cos α 2 g cos α ax =
+g sin α
u + ( g sin α ) t
v=
2u 2 sin θ cos θ 2u 2 sin 2 θ
= − sin α 1
g cos α g cos 2 α x= ut + ( g sin α ) t
2
cos α cos θ − sin α sin θ uy = 0
= 2u 2 sin θ
g cos 2 α ay =
−g cos α
vy = 0
2u 2 sin θ cos(α + θ)
= y=0
g cos 2 α
C−D C+D
Using, sin C − sin D =
2sin cos ,
2 2
Range can also be written as,
u2
=R sin ( 2θ + α ) − sin α
g cos 2 α
This range will be maximum when
π π α
2θ + α= or θ= − and
2 4 2
u2
=
R max [1 − sin α ] Fig. 3.10
g cos 2 α
Here, also we can see that for α =0 , range is maximum Projectile down an inclined plane
π Motion along x-axis Motion along y-axis
at θ= or θ= 45°
4
=
u x u cos θ =
u y u sin θ
u2 u2 =
a x g sin α
=
And R max (1=− sin 0 ° ) =
a y g cos α
g cos 2 0° g =
v x u cos θ + g sin αt =
v y u sin θ − g cos αt
1 1
=
x u cos θt + g sin αt 2 =
y u sin θt − g cos αt 2
(ii) Projectile down the plane 2 2
Fig. 3.9
Fig. 3.11
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MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 106
Here, x and y-directions are down the plane and • In one dimension, since relative velocity is along
perpendicular to plane respectively as shown in figure. the line joining A and B, hence velocity of
approach /separation is simply equal to magnitude
Hence, u x = u cos θ, a x = g sin α
of relative velocity of A with respect to B.
uy =
u sin θ, a y =
−g cos α
Velocity of approach / separation in two dimensions
Proceeding in the similar manner, we get the following • It is the component of relative velocity of one
results: particle with respect to another, along the line
joining them.
2u sin θ u2
=
● T = ,R sin ( 2θ − α ) + sin α
g cos α g cos 2 α • If the separation is decreasing, we say it is velocity
of approach and if separation is increasing, then we
say it is velocity of separation.
5. RELATIVE MOTION
6. RIVER–BOAT PROBLEMS
Relative is a very general term. In physics we use
relative very often.
For e.g. In river–boat problems we come across the following
three terms:
v r = absolute velocity of river.
v br = velocity of boatman with respect to river and
v b = absolute velocity of boatman.
Fig. 3.12
Hence, it is important to note that v br is the velocity of
Case I: If you are stationary and you observe a car
boatman with which he steers and v b is the actual
moving on a straight road then you say velocity of car
velocity of boatman relative to ground. Further
is 20 m/s which means velocity of car relative to you is
v=b v br + v r
20 m/s or, velocity of car relative to the ground is 20
m/s. Now, let us derive some standard results and their
(As you are stationary on the ground.) special cases.
A boatman starts from point A on one bank of a river
Case II: If you go inside a car and observe you will
with velocity v br in the direction shown in figure. River
find that the car is at rest while the road is moving
is flowing along positive x–direction with velocity v r .
backwards. you will say:
velocity of car relative to the you is 0 m/s Width of the river is d. Then
Mathematically, velocity of B relative to A is v=b v r + v br
represented as
Therefore, vbx = vrx + vbrx = vr – vbr sin θ
vBA = vB - v A
and vby = vry + vbry= 0 + vbr cosθ = vbr cosθ
This being a vector quantity direction is very important B
• If the separation is decreasing, we say it is velocity Now, time taken by the boatman to cross the river is:
of approach and if separation is increasing, then we
say it is velocity of separation.
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MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 108
Solved Examples
Example - 1
Sol. It is a one dimensional motion. So, let us choose the
Velocity and acceleration of a particle at time t = 0 are east direction as positive and the west as negative.
=
u ( 2iˆ + 3jˆ ) m / s and =a ( 4iˆ + 2ˆj) m / s 2 Now, given that
v A = velocity of Anoop = 1 m/s
respectively. Find the velocity and displacement of
particle at t = 2s. and v D = velocity of Dhyani = −2m / s
( )
Car A has an acceleration of 2 m/s2 due east and car B,
= 10iˆ + 7ˆj m / s 4 m/s2 due north. What is the acceleration of car B
with respect to car A?
( 2 ) ( 2iˆ + 3jˆ ) + ( 2 ) ( 4iˆ + 2ˆj)
1
and =
2
s Sol.
2
= (12iˆ + 10ˆj) m
Therefore, velocity and displacement of particle
( )
at t = 2s are 10iˆ + 7ˆj m / s and 12iˆ + 10ˆj m ( )
respectively.
It is a two dimensional motion.
Therefore,
Example - 2
a BA = acceleration of car B with respect to car A
Velocity of a particle in x-y plane at any time t is = aB − aA
=
v ( )
2tiˆ + 3t 2 ˆj m / s
At t = 0, particle starts from the co-ordinates (2m, 4m).
Find acceleration of the particle at t = 1s.
dv d
Sol. =
a =
dt dt
(
2tiˆ + 3t 2 ˆj )
= ( 2iˆ + 6tjˆ ) m / s 2 Here, a B = acceleration of car B
= 4m / s 2 (Due north)
At t = 1s,
And a A = acceleration of car A
=
a ( )
2iˆ + 6ˆj m / s 2 = 2m / s 2 (Due east)
a BA = ( 4) + ( 2) = 2 5m / s 2
2 2
Example - 3
−1 4
tan ( 2 )
−1
Anoop is moving due east with a velocity of 1 m/s and =
and α tan
=
Dhyani is moving due west with a velocity of 2 m/s. 2
What is the velocity of Anoop with respect to Dhyani? Thus, a BA is 2 5m / s 2 at an angle of α =tan −1 ( 2 )
from west towards north.
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 109
Example – 5
Given,=
u A 0,=
u B 1m / s,=
a A 4m / s 2 and=
aB 0
Assuming car A to be at rest, we have
u AB =u A − u B =0 − 1 =−1m / s
a AB = a A − a B = 4 − 0 = 4m / s 2
Now, the problem can be assumed in simplified form w 30
(a) Time taken to cross the river, =
t = = 10s
as shown below. 3 3
(b) Drift along the river, x =( 6 )( t ) =6 × 10 =60m
Substituting the proper values in equation
1
=
s ut + at 2 ,
2
We get 10 =− t + ( 4 ) ( t 2 )
1 Example – 7
2
Or 2t − t − 10 =0
2 A man is walking with 3 m/s, due east. Rain is falling
vertically downwards with speed 4 m/s. Find the
1 ± 1 + 80
Or t = direction in which man should hold his umbrella, so
4 that rain does not wet him.
1 ± 81
= Sol. The man should hold his umbrella in the direction of
4 v rm or v r − v m
1± 9
=
4
Or t = 2.5 s and – 2s
Ignoring the negative value, the desired time is 2.5 s.
Example – 6
3
⇒ tan θ =
4
3
⇒ θ= tan −1 = 37°
4
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 110
Example – 9
Example – 8
Example – 10
A particle is moving in x-y plane. Its initial velocity
and acceleration are A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of 5
u= ( )
4iˆ + 8jˆ m / s and a = ( )
2iˆ − 4ˆj m / s 2 . metre/minute. A man on the south bank of the river,
capable of swimming at 10 metre/minute in still water,
Find the time when it crosses x-axis, wants to swim across the river in the shortest time. He
initial coordinates of particle are (4m, 10m). should swim in a direction,
Sol. Sol. Let v m and v r be velocities of the man and the river
current w.r.t. the ground.
The velocity of the man in still water is equal to the
relative velocity of the man w.r.t. water i.e.,
v m/=
r vm − vr
Let v m/ r and v m make angle α and θ with the north
direction.
Let d be the width of the river. The time taken by the
man to cross the river is given by
width of the river
t=
component of man velocity along north
d
Particle starts from point P. Components of its initial =
v m cos θ
velocity and acceleration are shown in figure.
At the time of crossing the x-axis, its y-coordinate d
=
should be zero or its y-displacement (w.r.t. initial point v m / r cos α
P) is – 10 m.
( PQ t v m=
=
cos θ t v m/ r cos α )
1
Using the equation, =
sy u y t + a y t 2 From above equation, t is minimum when denominator
2
is maximum, Given, v m/ r = 10 metre/min, a constant.
1
−10 = 8t − × 4 × t 2 Thus, t become minimum when cos α =1
2
Solving this equation, we get positive value of time, i.e., α =0 . Hence, the man takes the shortest time
when he swims perpendicular to the river velocity i.e.,
t = 5s
towards north.
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 111
acceleration of 0.4iˆ + 0.3jˆ . Its speed after 10 s is (a) 80 ms–1 (b) 80 3 ms–1
(c) 7 unit (d) 8.5 unit 9. For a given velocity, a projectile has the same range
R for two angles of projection. If t1 and t2 are the
3. A particle is moving with velocity=
v k yiˆ + xjˆ , ( ) times of flight in the two cases then
where k is a constant. The general equation for its (a) t1 t 2 ∝ R 2 (b) t1 t 2 ∝ R
path is
1 1
(a) y = x2 + constant (b) y2 = x + constant (c) t1 t 2 ∝ (d) t1 t 2 ∝
R R2
(c) xy = constant (d) y2 = x2 + constant
10. If for a given angle of projection, the horizontal
4. In a projectile motion, velocity at maximum height
range is doubled, the time of flight becomes
is
(a) 4 times (b) 2 times
u cos θ
(a) (b) u cos θ (c) 2 times (d) 1 / 2 times
2
u sin θ 11. A boy playing on the roof of a 10m high building
(c) (d) None of these throws a ball with a speed of 10 m/s at an angle of
2
30o with the horizontal. How far from the throwing
5. Two projectiles A and B are projected with angle of
point will the ball be at the height of 10 m from the
projection 30° for the projectile A and 45° for the
ground?
projectile B. If R A and R B are the horizontal
1 3
ranges for the two projectiles, then (g = 10 m/s2, sin 30o = , cos 30° = )
2 2
(a) R A =R B
(a) 8.66 m (b) 5.20 m
(b) R A >R B
(c) 4.33 m (d) 2.60 m
(c) R A <R B 12. Which of the following sets of factors will affect the
(d) the information is insufficient to decide the horizontal distance covered by an athlete in a long–
relation of R A and R B jump event
6. Two bullets are fired with horizontal velocities of (a) Speed before he jumps and his weight
50 m/s and 100 m/s from two guns placed at a height (b) The direction in which he leaps and the initial
of 19.6 m. Which bullet will strike the ground first? speed
(a) First (c) The force with which he pushes the ground and
(b) Second his speed
(c) Simultaneously (d) The direction in which he leaps and the weight
(d) None of these
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 112
13. For a projectile, the ratio of maximum height (a) 3u 2 / 2g (b) u2/3g
reached to the square of flight time is (g = 10 ms–2)
(c) 3u2/2g (d) 3u2/g
(a) 5 : 4 (b) 5 : 2
21. A projectile is thrown from a point in a horizontal
(c) 5 : 1 (d) 10 : 1 plane such that its horizontal and vertical velocity
14. A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum components are 9.8 m/s and 19.6 m/s respectively.
horizontal distance of 100 m. The speed with which Its horizontal range is
he throws the ball is (to the nearest integer) (a) 4.9 m (b) 9.8 m
(a) 30 ms–1 (b) 42 ms–1 (c) 19.6 m (d) 39.2 m
(c) 32 ms–1 (d) 35 ms–1 22. A ball thrown by one player reaches the other in 2
15. If two bodies are projected at 30° and 60° sec. the maximum height attained by the ball above
respectively, with the same speed, then the point of projection will be about
(a) Their ranges are same (a) 10 m (b) 7.5 m
(b) Their heights are same (c) 5 m (d) 2.5 m
(c) Their times of flight are same 23. If the initial velocity of a projectile be doubled.
(d) All of these Keeping the angle of projection same, the maximum
height reached by it will
16. A particle covers 50 m distance when projected with
an initial speed. On the same surface it will cover a (a) Remain the same (b) Be doubled
distance, when projected with double the initial (c) Be quadrupled (d) Be halved
speed 24. The maximum horizontal range of a projectile is 400
(a) 100 m (b) 150 m m. The maximum height attained by it will be
(c) 200 m (d) 250 m (a) 100 m (b) 200 m
17. The speed of a projectile at the highest point (c) 400 m (d) 800 m
1 25. Two bodies are projected with the same velocity. If
becomes times its initial speed. The horizontal
2 one is projected at an angle of 30° and the other at
range of the projectile will be an angle of 60° to the horizontal, the ratio of the
maximum heights reached is
u2 u2
(a) (b) (a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 3
g 2g
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
u2 u2 26. If time of flight of a projectile is 10 seconds. Range
(c) (d)
3g 4g is 500 m. The maximum height attained by it will be
18. A projectile is projected with initial velocity (a) 125 m (b) 50 m
(6iˆ + 8j)m
ˆ / sec. If g = 10 ms–2, then horizontal (c) 100 m (d) 150 m
range is 27. At the top of the trajectory of a projectile, the
directions of its velocity and acceleration are
(a) 4.8 metre (b) 9.6 metre
(a) Perpendicular to each other
(c) 19.2 metre (d) 14.0 metre
(b) Parallel to each other
19. A projectile thrown with an initial speed u and angle
(c) Inclined to each other at an angle of 45°
of projection 15° to the horizontal has a range R. If
the same projectile is thrown at an angle of 45° to (d) Antiparallel to each other
the horizontal with speed 2u, its range will be 28. A man projects a coin upwards from the gate of a
(a) 12 R (b) 3 R uniformly moving train. The path of coin for the
man will be
(c) 8 R (d) 4 R
(a) Parabolic
20. The velocity at the maximum height of a projectile
is half of its initial velocity of projection u. Its range (b) Inclined straight line
on the horizontal plane is (c) Vertical straight line
(d) Horizontal straight line
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 113
29. In a projectile motion, the velocity 35. A ball is thrown from a point with a speed v0 at an
(a) Is always perpendicular to the acceleration angle of projection θ. From the same point and at the
same instant a person starts running with a constant
(b) Is never perpendicular to the acceleration
speed v0/2 to catch the ball. Will the person be able
(c) Is perpendicular to the acceleration for one to catch the ball? If yes, what should be the angle of
instant only projection?
(d) Is perpendicular to the acceleration for two (a) yes, 60° (b) yes, 30°
instants (c) no (d) yes, 45°
30. A particle is thrown upward with a speed u at an 36. A particle of mass m is projected with velocity v
angle θ with the horizontal. When the particle makes making an angle of 45° with the horizontal. When
an angle φ with the horizontal, its speed changes to the particle lands on the level ground the magnitude
v, then of the change in its momentum (p = mv) will be:
(a) v= u cos θ cos φ (b) v= u cos θ sec φ (a) 2 mv
=
(c) v u cos θ (d) v = u sec θ cos φ mv
(b)
2
31. A cricket ball is thrown with a velocity of 15 m/s at
an angle of 30° with the horizontal. The time of (c) mv 2
flight of the ball will be (g = 10 m/s2) (d) zero
(a) 1.5 s (b) 2.5 s 37. A particle is projected at 60° to the horizontal with a
(c) 3.5 s (d) 4.5 s 1
kinetic energy K = mu 2 . The kinetic energy at
32. A stone is thrown at an angle θ to the horizontal 2
reaches a maximum height h. The time of flight of the highest point is
the stone is (a) K (b) zero
(c) R max =
u
(d) R max =
u horizontal (Take g = 10ms −2 )
g (1 − sin β ) g (1 + sin β )
(a) 2 sec (b) 2 2 sec
44. For a given velocity of projection from a point on
(c) 2 sec (d) none
the inclined plane, the maximum range down the
plane is three times the maximum range up the 50. The range of projectile on a downward inclined
incline. Then, the angle of inclination of the inclined plane is ……… the range on upward inclined plane
plane is for the same velocity of projection and angle of
projection.
(a) 30o (b) 45o
(a) less than (b) more than
(c) 60o (d) 90o
(c) equal to (d) none of these
45. A shell is fired from a gun from the bottom of a hill
along its slope. The slope of the hill is α= 30° and
the angle of the barrel to the horizontal β= 60° . The RELATIVE MOTION
initial velocity v of the shell is 21 m/sec. Then Relative Velocity in one & two Dimensions
distance of point from the gun at which shell will 51. A man projects a coin upwards from the gate of a
fall uniformly moving train. The path of coin for the
(a) 10 m (b) 20 m man will be
46. The maximum range of rifle bullet on the horizontal (b) Inclined straight line
ground is 6 km its maximum range on an inclined of (c) Vertical straight line
30o will be (d) Horizontal straight line
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 115
52. A body is at rest at x = 0. At t = 0, it starts moving in 56. A small body is dropped from a rising balloon. A
the positive x-direction with a constant acceleration. person A stands on ground, while another person B
At the same instant another body passes through is on the balloon. Choose the correct statement:
x = 0 moving in the positive x-direction with a Immediately, just after the body is released.
constant speed. The position of the first body is (a) A and B, both feel that the body is coming
given by x1(t) after time t and that of the second (going) down.
body by x2(t) after the same time interval. Which of (b) A and B, both feel that the body is going up.
the following graphs correctly describes (x1 – x2) as (c) A feel that the body is coming down, while B
a function of time? feels that the body is going up.
(x1 – x2)
(d) A feel that the body is going up, while B feels
(x1 – x2)
that the body is going down.
57. A policeman moving on a highway with a speed of
30 kmh −1 fires a bullet at a thief's car speeding
(a) (b) away in the same direction with a speed of
t t
O O 192 kmh −1 . If the muzzle speed of the bullet is
(x1 – x2) (x1 – x2) 150 ms −1 with what speed does the bullet hit the
thief's car?
(a) 120 m/s (b) 90 m/s
(c) 125 m/s (d) 105 m/s
(c) (d)
t 58. A bird is flying towards north with a velocity
O t
O 40 km/h and a train is moving with a velocity
53. A bus starts from rest with an acceleration of 1 m/s2. 40 km/h towards east. What is the velocity of the
A man who is 48 m behind the bus starts with a bird noted by a man in the train?
uniform velocity of 10 m/s. Then the minimum time (a) 40 2 km h N − E (b) 40 2 km h S − E
after which the man will catch the bus:
(c) 40 2 km h N − W (d) 40 2 km h S − W
(a) 4 s (b) 10 s
(c) 12 s (d) 8 s
River-boat & Rain-man Problems
54. A 100 m long train at 15 m/s overtakes a man 59. A swimmer jumps from a bridge over a canal and
running on the platform in the same direction in swims 1 km upstream. After that first km, he passes
10 s. How long the train will take to cross the man if a floating cork. He continues swimming for half an
he was running in the opposite direction? hour and then turns around and swims back to the
(a) 7 s (b) 5 s bridge. The swimmer and the cork reach the bridge
(c) 3 s (d) 1 s at the same time. The swimmer has been swimming
at a constant speed. How fast does the water in the
55. A particle is moving eastwards with a velocity of
canal flow?
5 m/s. In 10s the velocity changes to 5 m/s
northwards. The average acceleration in this time is (a) 1.5 km/h (b) 2 km/h
(c) 4 km/h (d) 1 km/h
(a) zero
60. A river is flowing from east to west at a speed of
1
(b) ms −2 towards north 5 m/min. A man on south bank of river, capable of
2 swimming 10 m/min in still water, wants to swim
1 across the river in the shortest time; he should swim:
(c) ms −2 towards north–east
2 (a) due north
(b) due north-east
1
(d) ms −2 towards north–west (c) due north-east with double the speed of river
2
(d) none of the above
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 116
61. A steamer moves with velocity 3 km/h in and 66. A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of
against the direction of river water whose velocity is 5 m/min. A man on the south bank of the river,
2 km/h. Calculate the total time for total journey if capable of swimming at 10 m/min in still water,
the boat travels 2 km in the direction of steam and wants to swim across the river in the shortest time.
then back to its place: Finally, he will swim in a direction
(a) 2 hrs (b) 2.5 hrs
(a) tan −1 ( 2 ) E of N (b) tan −1 ( 2 ) N of E
(c) 2.4 hrs (d) 3 hrs
62. A boat crosses a river of width 1 km along the (c) 30°E of N (d) 60°E of N
shortest path in 15 minutes. If the speed of boat in 67. A boat which has a speed of 5 km/h in still water
still water is 5 km/hr, then what is the speed of the crosses a river of width 1 km along the shortest
river? possible path in 15 min. The velocity of the river
(a) 1 km/hr (b) 3 km/hr water in km per hour is
(c) 2 km/hr (d) 5 km/hr (a) 1 (b) 3
−1
63. Ship A is travelling with a velocity of 5 kmh due (c) 4 (d) 41
east. The second ship is heading 30° east of north.
68. Rain is falling vertically downwards with a speed of
What should be the speed of second ship if it is to
4 kmh −1 . A girl moves on a straight, horizontal road
remain always due north with respect to the first
ship? with a velocity of 3 kmh −1 . The apparent velocity of
rain with respect to the girl is
(a) 10 kmh −1 (b) 9 kmh −1
(a) 3 kmh −1 (b) 4 kmh −1
(c) 8 kmh −1 (d) 7 kmh −1
64. A man swims from a point A on one bank of a river (c) 5 kmh −1 (d) 7 kmh −1
of width 100 m. When he swims perpendicular to 69. A man is walking on a road with a velocity 3kmh −1 .
the water current, he reaches the other bank 50 m Suddenly rain starts falling. The velocity of rain is
downstream. The angle to the bank at which he
10 kmh −1 in vertically downward direction. The
should swim, to reach the directly opposite point B
on the other bank is relative velocity of the rain w.r.t. man is
(a) 7 kmh −1 (b) 13 kmh −1
(b)
d
(a) d (b)
2
(c) d d
(c) (d)
2 3
4. The position co-ordinates of a particle moving in a
3-D coordinate system is given by
x = a cos ωt
y = a sin ωt
and z = a ωt
The speed of the particle is: (2019)
(d)
(a) 2 aω (b) aω
( )
= 0, with an initial velocity 5.0iˆ + 4.0ˆj ms −1 . It is
the bullets fired by the two guns, on the ground is:
(2019)
acted upon by a constant force which produces a (a) 1:16 (b) 1:2
( )
constant acceleration 4.0iˆ + 4.0ˆj ms −2 . What is the (c) 1:4 (d) 1:8
distance of the particle from the origin at time 2 s? 13. A body is projected at t = 0 with a velocity 10ms–1 at
(2019) an angle of 60° with the horizontal. The radius of
curvature of its trajectory at t = 1 s is R. Neglecting
(a) 15 m (b) 20 2m
air resistance and taking acceleration due to gravity
(c) 5 m (d) 10 2m g = 10 ms–2, the value of R is
7. The stream of a river is flowing with a speed of (2019)
2 km/h. A swimmer can swim at a speed of 4 km/h. (a) 10.3 m (b) 2.8 m
What should be the direction of the swimmer with (c) 2.5 m (d) 5.1 m
respect to the flow of the river to cross the river
14. A passenger train of length 60 m travels at a speed
straight? (2019)
of 80 km/h. Another freight train of length 120 m
(a) 90° (b) 150°
travels at a speed of 30 km/h. The ratio of time taken
(c) 120° (d) 60° by the passenger train to completely cross the freight
8. The position vector of a particle changes with time train when they are moving in same direction to that
according to the relation r ( t = ( )
) 15t 2 ˆi + 4 − 20t 2 ˆj. when they are in the opposite directions is
What is the magnitude of the acceleration at t = 1 (in (2019)
proper units)? (2019) 11 5
(a) (b)
(a) 40 (b) 25 5 2
(c) 100 (d) 50 3 25
9. A shell is fired from a fixed artillery gun with an (c) (d)
2 11
initial speed u such that it hits the target on the
15. A person standing on an open ground hears the
ground at a distance R from it. If t1 and t2 are the
sound of a jet aeroplane, coming from north at an
values of the time taken by it to hit the target in two
angle 60o with ground level. But he finds the
possible ways, the product t1t2 is: (2019)
aeroplane right vertically above his position. If ‘v’ is
R R the speed of sound, speed of the plane is nv, where n
(a) (b)
4g g is:
R 2R (2019)
(c) (d)
2g g 3 2
(a) (b)
10. Two particles are projected from the same point with 2 3
same speed u such that they have the same range R,
1
but different maximum height, h1 and h2. Which of (c) 1 (d)
the following is correct? (2019) 2
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 119
−1 2
16. Ship A is sailing towards north-east with velocity 3 −1
=(c) θ sin
= and v ms
=
v 30iˆ + 50ˆj km/hr, where î points east and ĵ 5 5
north. Ship B is at a distance of 80 km east and
−1 1 5 −1
150 km north of Ship A and is sailing towards west =(d) θ sin
= and v ms
5 3
at 10 km/hr. A will be at minimum distance from B
in: 20. A particle moves such that its position vector
(2019) r ( t )= cos ωtiˆ + sin ωt ˆj , where ω is a constant
(a) 4.2 hr (b) 2.6 hr and t is time. Then which of the following
statements is true for the velocity v ( t ) and
(c) 3.2 hr (d) 2.2 hr
17. A ball is thrown upward with an initial acceleration a ( t ) of the particle?
velocity V0 from the surface of the earth. The (2020)
motion of the ball is affected by a drag force equal (a) v and a both are perpendicular to r
mγv 2 (where m is mass of the ball, v is its
(b) v and r both are parallel to r
instantaneous velocity and γ is a constant). Time
(c) v is perpendicular to r and a is directed away
taken by the ball to rise to its zenith is: from the origin
(2019)
(d) v is perpendicular to r and a is directed
1 γ 1 γ towards the origin
(a) tan −1 V0 (b) sin −1 V0
( γg) γg 21. A particle starts from the origin at t = 0 with an
g g
initial velocity of u = 3iˆ from origin and moves in
1 γ 1 2γ the x-y plane with a constant acceleration
(c) ln V0 (d) tan −1 V0
γg g 2γ g g =
( )
a 6iˆ + 4ˆj m/s2. The x -coordinate of the particle
18. A plane is inclined at an angle α= 30° with respect at the instant when its y-coordinate is 32m is D
to the horizontal. A particle is projected with a speed meters. The value of D is: (2020)
u = 2ms −1 , from the base of the plane, as shown in (a) 60 (b) 50
figure. The distance from the base, at which the (c) 32 (d) 40
particle hits the plane is close to: (Take g = 10ms −2 ) 22. Train A and train B are running on parallel tracks in
the opposite directions with speeds of 36 km/hour
and 72 km/hour, respectively. A person is walking
in train A in the direction opposite to its motion with
a speed of 1.8 km/hour. Speed (in ms–1) of this
person as observed from train B will be close to :
(2019) (take the distance between the tracks as negligible)
19. The trajectory of a projectile near the surface of the (c) 31.5 ms −1 (d) 28.5 ms −1
earth is given as =
y 2x − 9x 2 . If it were launched 23. Starting from the origin at time t = 0, with initial
at an angle θ with speed v then (g = 10 ms–2): velocity 5 ĵms −1 , a particle moves in the x – y plane
(2019) with a constant acceleration of (10iˆ + 4ˆj) ms −2 . At
=(a) θ cos
= −1 1 5 −1 time t, its coordinates are ( 20 m, y 0 m ) . The values
and v ms
5 3
of t and y 0 are, respectively: (2020)
−1 2 3 (a) 5 s and 25 m (b) 2 s and 18 m
=(b) θ cos
= and v ms −1
5 5 (c) 2 s and 24 m (d) 4 s and 52 m
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 120
24. When a car is at rest, its driver sees rain drops 27. A mosquito is moving with a velocity
falling on it vertically. When driving the car with
v= 0.5 t 2 ˆi + 3 t ˆj + 9 kˆ m / s and accelerating in
speed v, he sees that rain drops are coming at an
uniform conditions. What will be the direction of
angle 60º from the horizontal. On further increasing
mosquito after 2s? (2021)
the speed of the car to (1 + β)v, this angle changes to
45º. The value of β is close to: (2020) 2
(a) tan −1 from y-axis
(a) 0.50 (b) 0.73 3
5
(c) 0.37 (d) 0.41 (b) tan −1 from x-axis
25. A particle is moving along the x-axis with its 2
coordinate with time t given by x(t)= −3t2 + 8t + 10 2
(c) tan −1 from x-axis
m. Another particle is moving along the y-axis with 3
its coordinate as a function of time given by
y = 5 − 8t3 m. At t = 1 s, the speed (in m/s) of the 5
(d) tan −1 from y-axis
second particle as measured in the frame of the first 2
particle is given as v . Then v(in m/s) is 28. A swimmer can swim with velocity of 12 km/h in
_________. (2020) still water. Water flowing in a river has velocity 6
km/h. The direction with respect to the direction of
26. The trajectory of a projectile in a vertical plane is
flow of river water he should swim in order to reach
y = αx − β x 2 where α and β are constants and x the point on the other bank just opposite to his
& y are respectively the horizontal and vertical starting point is. (Round off to the Nearest Integer)
distances of the projectile from the point of (Find the angle in degrees) (2021)
projection. The angle of projection θ and the
maximum height attained H are respectively given
by
(2021)
4α 2 α2
(a) tan −1 α, (b) tan −1 α,
β 4β
β α α2
2
(c) tan −1 , (d) tan −1 β,
α β 2β
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 121
11. A projectile is fired at an angle of 30° to the 16. A projectile is thrown in the upward direction
horizontal such that the vertical component of its making an angle of 60° with the horizontal
initial velocity is 80 m/s. Its time of flight is T. Its direction with a velocity of 147 ms–1. Then the time
velocity at t = T/4 has a magnitude of nearly after which its inclination with the horizontal is 45°
(a) 200 m/s (b) 300 m/s is
(c) 140 m/s (d) 100 m/s (a) 15 s (b) 10.98 s
12. A particle A is projected vertically upwards. (c) 5.49 s (d) 2.745 s
Another particle B of same mass is projected at an
17. From the top of a tower of height 40 m a ball is
angle of 45°. Both reach the same height. The ratio
projected upwards with a speed of 20 m/s at an
of the initial kinetic energy of A to that of B is
angle of elevation of 30o. Then the ratio of the total
1
[given KE = mv 2 ] time taken by the ball to hit the ground to its time of
2 flight (time taken to come back to the same
(a) 1:2 (b) 2:1 elevation) is (take g = 10 ms2)
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 :1 (a) 2:1 (b) 3:1
13. A body of mass m is thrown upwards at an angle θ (c) 3:2 (d) 4:1
with the horizontal with velocity v. While rising up 18. Three identical balls are thrown with same speed at
the velocity of the mass after t seconds will be angles of 15°, 45° and 75° with the horizontal
(a) (v cos θ) 2 + (v sin θ) 2 respectively. The ratio of their distances from the
point of projection to the point where they hit the
(b) (v cos θ − v sin θ) 2 − gt ground will be
22. Two projectiles A and B are projected with same 28. A body is projected at an angle of 30° with the
speed and angle of projection 30° for the projectile horizontal with speed 30 m/s. What is the angle with
A and 45° for the projectile B. If RA and RB are the the horizontal after 1.5 seconds? Take g = 10 m/s2.
horizontal ranges for the two projectiles, then (a) 0° (b) 30°
(a) RA = RB (c) 60° (d) 90°
(b) RA > RB 29. From certain height, two bodies are projected
horizontally with velocities 10 m/s and 20 m/s. They
(c) RA < RB
hit the ground in t1 and t2 seconds. Then
(d) the information is insufficient to decide the
(a) t1 = t2 (b) t1 = 2 t2
relation of RA and RB
23. A projectile is projected at an angle of 15° to the (c) t2 = 2 t1 (d) t1 = 2 t 2
horizontal with some speed v. If another projectile is 30. A body is projected with velocity v1 from the point
projected with the same speed, then it must be
A as shown in figure. At the same time, another
projected at what angle (other than 15°) with the
body is projected vertically upwards from B with
horizontal so as to have the same range.
velocity v2. The point B lies vertically below the
(a) It is never possible (b) 12.5°
v2
(c) 75° (d) 65° highest point. For both the bodies to collide,
v1
24. A fielder in a cricket match throws a ball from the
should be
boundary line to the wicket keeper. The ball
describes a parabolic path. Which of the following
quantities remains constant during the ball’s motion
in air? (neglect air resistance)
(a) its kinetic energy
(b) its speed
(c) the horizontal component of its velocity (a) 2 (b) 0.5
(d) the vertical component of its velocity (c) 3/ 2 (d) 1
25. The height y and the distance x along the horizontal 31. An aeroplane is flying at a constant horizontal
plane of a projectile on a certain planet (with no velocity of 600 km/h at an elevation of 6 km
surrounding atmosphere) are given by y = (8t – 5) towards a point directly above the target on the
metre and x = 6t metre where t is in seconds. The earth’s surface. At an appropriate time, the pilot
velocity of projection is released a ball so that it strikes the target on the
(a) 8 m/sec earth. The ball will appear to be falling
(b) 6 m/sec (a) on a parabolic path as seen by pilot in the plane
(c) 10 m/sec (b) vertically along a straight path as seen by an
(d) not obtained from the data observer on the ground near the target
26. A body is projected horizontally with speed 20 m/s (c) on a parabolic path as seen by an observer on the
from top of a tower. What will be its speed nearly ground near the target
after 5 sec? Take g = 10 m/s2 (d) on a zig-zag path as seen by pilot in the plane
(a) 54 m/s (b) 20 m/s 32. Three particles A, B and C are thrown from the top
(c) 50 m/s (d) 70 m/s of a tower 100 m in height with the same speed
10 m/s. A is thrown straight up, B is thrown straight
27. A body is projected horizontally with speed 20 m/s
down, and C is thrown horizontally. They hit the
from top of a tower, what will be the displacement
ground with the speeds vA, vB and vC respectively.
of the body if it hits the ground after 5 sec and
doesn’t bounce (quote nearest integer) Then
(a) 100 m (b) 125 m (a) vA > vB = vC (b) vB > vC > vA
(c) 160 m (d) 225 m (c) vA = vB = vC (d) vA = vB > vC
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 124
33. A body is thrown horizontally with a velocity 39. A particle P is projected from a point on the surface
2 gh from the top of a tower of height h. It strikes of smooth inclined plane (see figure).
Simultaneously another particle Q is released on the
the level ground through the foot of the tower at a
smooth inclined plane from the same position. P and
distance x from the tower. The value of x is
Q collide on the inclined plane after t = 4 second.
(a) h (b) h/2 The speed of projection of P is nearly:
(c) 2h (d) 2h/3
34. Consider a boy on a trolley who throws a ball with
speed 20 m/s with respect to ground at an angle 37°
with vertical and trolley is moving with a speed
10 m/s in horizontal direction then what will be
maximum distance travelled by ball parallel to road :
(a) 20.2 m (b) 12 m (a) 5 m/s (b) 10 m/s
(c) 31.2 m (d) 62.4 m (c) 15 m/s (d) 20 m/s
35. Two men A and B, A standing on the extended floor 40. A ball is projected horizontally with a speed v from
nearby a building and B is standing on the roof of the top of a plane inclined at an angle 45° with the
the building. Both throw a stone towards each other. horizontal. How far from the point of projection will
Then which of the following will be correct. the ball strike the plane?
(a) stone will hit A, but not B
v2 v2
(b) stone will hit B, but not A (a) (b) 2
g g
(c) stone will not hit either of them, but will collide
with each other 2 v2 2 v2
(c) (d) 2
(d) none of these
g g
36. A particle is projected from a point (0, 1) on Y–axis 41. Position vector of a particle moving in x-y plane at
(assume + Y direction vertically upwards) aiming time t is: r = a (1 − cos ωt ) ˆi + a sin ωt ˆj. The path of
towards a point (4, 9). It fell on ground along x axis the particle is
in 1 sec.
(a) a circle of radius a and centre at (a, 0)
Taking g = 10 m/s2 and all coordinate in metres.
(b) a circle of radius a and centre at (0, 0)
Find the x–coordinate of the point where it fell.
(c) an ellipse
(a) 3 (b) 4
(d) neither a circle nor an ellipse
(c) 2 (d) 2 5
42. A particle moves in x-y plane. The position vector
37. The position vector of a particle is given as
of particle at any time t=
is r { }
( 2t ) ˆi + ( 2t 2 ) ˆj m.
( ) ( )
r = t 2 − 4t + 6 ˆi + t 2 ˆj. The time after which the
The rate of change of θ at time t = 2 second. (where
velocity vector and acceleration vector becomes θ is the angle which its velocity vector makes with
perpendicular to each other is equal to positive x-axis) is
(a) 1 sec (b) 2 sec
2 1
(c) 1.5 sec (d) not possible (a) rad / s (b) rad / s
17 14
38. A particle is projected up an inclined plane with
4 6
initial speed v = 20 m/s at an angle θ =30o with (c) rad / s (d) rad / s
7 5
plane. The component of its velocity perpendicular
43. A particle has an initial velocity of 3iˆ + 4 ˆj and an
to plane when it strikes the plane is
acceleration of 0.4 ˆi + 0.3 ˆj . Its speed after 10 s is:
(a) 10 3 m / s (b) 10 m/s
(a) 10 unit (b) 7 unit
(c) 5 3 m / s (d) data is insufficient
(c) 7 2 unit (d) 8.5 unit
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 125
(d) (a),(b) & (c) all are possible depending upon the 51. A river is flowing from west to east at a speed of
direction of net acceleration. 20 m/min. A man on the south bank of the river,
capable of swimming at 10 m/min in still water,
46. A person walks up a stationary escalator in time t1. If
wants to swim across the river without any drift. He
he remains stationary on the moving escalator, then should swim in a direction:
it can take him up in time t2. How much time would
(a) due north
it take him to walk up the moving escalator.
(b) 30° east of north
t +t
(a) 1 2 (b) t1 + t 2 (c) 30° west of north
2
(d) zero drift is not possible
t t
(c) 1 2 (d) t1 + t 2 52. The rowing speed of a man relative to water is
t1 + t 2 5 km/h and the speed of water flow is 3 km/h. At
47. A horizontal wind is blowing with a velocity v what angle to the river flow should he head if he
towards north-east. A man starts running towards wants to reach a point on the other bank, directly
north with acceleration a. The time after which man opposite to starting point:
will feel the wind blowing towards east is : (a) 127° (b) 143°
v 2v (c) 120° (d) 150°
(a) (b)
a a 53. Two cars are moving in the same direction with the
same speed of 30 km/h. They are separated by 5 km.
v 2v
(c) (d) What is the speed of the car moving in the opposite
2a a
direction if it meets the two cars at an interval of
48. Two trains are each 50 m long starts moving parallel 4 minutes?
towards each other at speeds 10 m/s and 15 m/s (a) 15 km/h (b) 30 km/h
respectively, after how much time will they pass
(c) 45 km/h (d) 60 km/h
each other?
(a) 8s (b) 4s
Multiple Choice Questions
(c) 2s (d) 6s
54. An observer moves with a constant speed along the
49. On a calm day a boat can go across a lake and return line joining two stationary objects. He will observe
in time T0 at a speed v. On a rough day there is that the two objects.
uniform current at speed u to help the onward (a) have the same speed
journey and impede the return journey. If the time (b) have the same velocity
taken to go across and return on the rough day be T,
(c) move in the same direction
then T/T0 is:
(d) move in opposite direction
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 126
55. A particle is projected at an angle θ from ground (a) the particles will collide the plane with same
with speed u (g = 10 m/s2) speed
(a) if u = 10 m/s and θ = 30°, then time of flight (b) the times of flight of each particle are same
will be 1 sec. (c) both particles strike the plane perpendicularly
(b) if u = 10 3 m/s and θ = 60°, then time of flight (d) the particles will collide in mid-air if projected
will be 3 sec. simultaneously and time of flight of each particle
(c) if u = 10 3 m/s and θ = 60°, then after 2 sec is less than the time of collision.
velocity becomes perpendicular to initial 59. Choose the correct alternative(s)
velocity. (a) If the greatest height to which a man can throw a
(d) if u = 10 m/s and θ = 30°, then velocity never stone is h, then the greatest horizontal distance
becomes perpendicular to initial velocity during up to which he can throw the stone is 2h
its flight. (b) The angle of projection for a projectile motion
56. A particle leaves the origin with an initial velocity whose range R is n times the maximum height H
( )
u = 3iˆ m/s and a constant acceleration is tan–1 (4/n)
a= ( )
−1.0 ˆi − 0.5 ˆj m/s2. its velocity v and position
(c) The time-of-flight T and the horizontal range R
of a projectile are connected by the equation
vector r when it reaches its maximum x-co- gT2 = 2R tan θ where θ is the angle of
ordinate are: projection
(a) v = −2ˆj
( )
(b) v = −1.5jˆ m / s (d) A ball is thrown vertically up. Another ball is
thrown at an angle θ with the vertical. Both of
=
(c)
r ( 4.5iˆ − 2.25jˆ ) m
(d) =
r ( 3iˆ − 2ˆj) m them remain in air for the same period of time.
Then the ratio of heights attained by the two balls
57. In a projectile motion let tOA = t1 and tAB = t2. the
is 1 : 1.
horizontal displacement from O to A is R1 and from
60. Two particles A and B are located in x-y plane at
A to B is R2. Maximum height is H and time of
points (0, 0) and (0, 4 m). They simultaneously start
flight is T. If air drag is to be considered, then
moving with velocities.
choose the correct alternative (s)
y v A = 2ˆj m/s and v B = 2iˆ m/s. Select the correct
A alternative(s)
(a) the distance between them is constant
H
B (b) the distance between them first decreases and
x
O then increases
R1 R2
(c) the shortest distance between them is 2 2 m
(a) t1 will decrease while t2 will increase
(d) time after which they are at minimum distance is
(b) H will increase
1s
(c) R1 will decrease while R2 will increase
61. The co-ordinate of the particle in x-y plane are given
(d) T may increase or decrease
as x = 2 + 2t + 4t2 and y = 4t + 8t2 the motion of the
58. From an inclined plane two particles are projected particle is
with same speed at same angle θ , one up and other
(a) along a straight line
down the plane as shown in figure. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are correct? (b) uniformly accelerated
(c) along a parabolic path
(d) nonuniformly accelerated
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 127
62. River is flowing with a velocity v R = 4iˆ m/s. A boat Assertion & Reason
( )
is moving with a velocity v BR = −2iˆ + 4ˆj of m/s (A) If both Assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of the assertion.
relative to river. The width of the river is 100 m
(B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not
along y-direction. Choose the correct alternative(s)
the correct explanation of the assertion.
(a) the boatman will cross the river in 25 s
(C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(b) absolute velocity of boatman is 2 5 m/s
(D) If assertion is false but reason is true.
(c) drift of the boatman along the river current is 50
(E) If both assertion and reason are false.
m
(d) the boatman can never cross the river
68. Assertion: For a particle moving along a straight
line or in a plane, the average velocity vector over a
Numerical Value Type Questions
time interval can be equal to instantaneous velocity
63. A particle of mass m = 2 kg is projected along X–
–1
at the end of the interval, even if velocity of particle
axis with velocity V0 = 5 ms . It is acted on by a is not constant.
variable force acting along Y–axis as shown in
r −r dr
figure. What is the magnitude of its velocity at 2 Reason: 2 1 =
–1 t 2 − t1 d t
seconds? (in ms )
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
(e) E
69. Assertion: Two stones are simultaneously projected
from level ground from same point with same
speeds but different angles with horizontal. Both
stones move in same vertical plane. Then the two
64. A man standing on a road has to hold his umbrella at
stones may collide in mid-air.
37° with the vertical to keep the rain away. He
throws the umbrella and starts running at 12 km/h. Reason: For two stones projected simultaneously
He finds that raindrops are hitting his head from same point with same speed at different angles
vertically. Find the speed (in km/hr) of raindrops with horizontal, their trajectories may intersect at
with respect to the moving man. some point.
65. V= A ( )
x ˆi + 2 ˆj m/s and V= B ( )
3iˆ + 2 ˆj m/s find x
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
such that, the relative speed of A with respect to B
becomes 5 m/s. (e) E
66. A particle is projected up an inclined plane of 70. Assertion: In a plane to plane projectile motion, the
inclination β at an elevation α to the horizontal. angle between instantaneous velocity vector and
Find the ratio between tan α and tan β , if the acceleration vector can be anything between 0 to π
particle strikes the plane horizontally. (excluding the limiting case).
67. A train takes 2 minutes to acquire its full speed 60 Reason: In plane to plane projectile motion,
kmph from rest and 1 minute to come to rest from acceleration vector is always pointing vertical
the full speed. If somewhere in between two stations downwards. (neglect air friction).
1 km of the track be under repair and the limited (a) A (b) B
speed on this part be fixed to 20 kmph, find the late
(c) C (d) D
running of the train ( in sec) on account of this repair
work, assuming otherwise normal at running of the (e) E
train between the stations.
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 128
77. The maximum height attained by ball ‘A’ from the Paragraph Type Questions
ground is Using the following comprehension, solve Q. 79 & 80
(a) 10 m Passage
(b) 15 m An aircraft moving with a speed of 250 m/s is at a
(c) 20 m height of 6000 m, just overhead of an anti-aircraft
gun.
(d) insufficient information
79. If the muzzle velocity of the shell is 500 m/s, the
78. The maximum height attained by ball B from
firing angle θ should be
ground is:
(a) 20 m (b) 5 m
(c) 15 m (d) none of these
(c) 20 s (d) 10 3 s
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 130
45°
5. Airplanes A and B are flying with constant velocity
x in the same vertical plane of angle 30° and 60° with
O
respect to the horizontal respectively as shown in
(a) The motion of the ball is observed from the frame
of the trolley. Calculate the angle θ made by the figure. The speed of A is 100 3 ms–1. At time t = 0s,
velocity vector of the ball with the x-axis in this an observer in A finds B at a distance of 500 m. This
frame. observer sees B moving with a constant velocity
perpendicular to the line of motion of A. If at t = t 0 ,
(b) Find the speed of the ball with respect to the
surface, if φ = 4θ/3. A just escapes being hit by B, to in seconds is:
(2014)
Assertion & Reason
(a) If Statement I is true. Statement II is true; Statement
II is the correct explanation for Statement I.
(b) If Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement
II is not a correct explanation for Statement I.
(c) If Statement I is true; Statement II is false. 6. A rocket is moving in a gravity free space with a
(d) If Statement I is false; Statement II is true. constant acceleration of 2ms–2 along + x direction
(see figure). The length of a chamber inside the
2. Statement–I: For an observer looking out through rocket is 4m. A ball is thrown from the left end of the
the window of a fast-moving train, the nearby objects chamber in + x direction with a speed of 0.3 ms–1
appear to move in the opposite direction to the train, relative to the rocket. At the same time, another ball
while the distant objects appear to be stationary. is thrown in -x direction with a speed of 0.2ms–1 from
its right end relative to the rocket. The time in
Statement–II: If the observer and the object are
seconds when the two balls hit each other is:
moving at velocities v1 and v 2 respectively with
(2014)
reference to a laboratory frame, the velocity of the
object with respect to the observer is v 2 − v1 .
(2008)
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 131
7. A ball is projected from the ground at an angle of 45° 9. A projectile is thrown from a point O on the ground
with the horizontal surface. It reaches a maximum at an angle 45° from the vertical and with a speed
height of 120 m and returns to the ground. Upon 5 2m / s . The projectile at the highest point of its
hitting the ground for the first time, it loses half of its trajectory splits into two equal parts. One part falls
kinetic energy. Immediately after the bounce, the vertically down to the ground, 0.5 s after the splitting.
velocity of the ball makes an angle of 30° with the The other part, t seconds after the splitting, falls to the
horizontal surface. The maximum height it reaches ground at a distance x meters from the point O. The
after the bounce, it metres, is........... (2018)
acceleration due to gravity. g = 10m / s 2
8. Starting at time t = 0 from the origin with speed The value of t is ___ (2021)
1ms–1, a particle follows a two-dimensional trajectory
10. A projectile is thrown from a point O on the ground
in the x-y plane so that its coordinates are related by
at an angle 45° from the vertical and with a speed
x2
the equation y = . The x and y components of its 5 2m / s . The projectile at the highest point of its
2
trajectory splits into two equal parts. One part falls
acceleration are denoted by ax and ay, respectively.
vertically down to the ground, 0.5 s after the splitting.
Then (2020)
The other part, t seconds after the splitting, falls to the
(a) a x = 1ms −2 implies that when the particle is at the
ground at a distance x meters from the point O. The
origin, a y = 1ms −2 acceleration due to gravity. g = 10m / s 2
(b) a x = 0 implies a y = 1ms −2 at all times The value of x(in m) is ___ (2021)
(c) at t = 0, the particle’s velocity points in the x-
direction
(d) a x = 0 implies that at t = 1 s, the angle between
the particle’s velocity and the x axis is 45º
MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION 132
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
04
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION
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Chapter
LAWS OF 04AND FRICITON
MOTION 134
1. FORCE
(a) A force is something which changes or tends to
change the state of rest or motion of a body. It causes
a body to start moving if it is at rest or stop it, if it is
in motion or deflect it from its initial path of motion.
(b) Force is also defined as an interaction between two
bodies. Two bodies can also exert force on each
other even without being in physical contact, e.g., Fig. 4.2
electric force between two charges, gravitational (f) Balanced forces
force between any two bodies of the universe. When an object is in equilibrium, that is, it is not
moving with changing velocity, the net force acting
(c) Force is a vector quantity having SI unit Newton (N)
on it is balanced.
and dimension [MLT-2].
For example, when an apple hangs from a tree, the
(d) Superposition of force: When many forces are weight of the apple is balanced by the force exerted
acting on a single body, the resultant force is by the branch on the apple.
obtained by using the laws of vector addition. (g) Unbalanced forces
→ → → →
F = F1 + F2 + ... Fn When an object is moving with changing velocity,
the net force on it is unbalanced.
For example, when an apple falls from the tree an
unbalanced force equal to its weight is acting on the
apple.
2. TYPE OF FORCE
Fig. 4.1 There are, basically, four forces, which are commonly
→ → encountered in mechanics.
The resultant of the two forces F1 and F2 acting at
(a) Weight: Weight of an object is the force with which
an angle θ is given by: earth attracts it. It is also called the force of gravity
or the gravitational force.
F= F12 + F22 + 2 F1 F2 cos θ
(b) Contact Force: When two bodies come in contact
The resultant force is directed at an angle a with they exert forces on each other that are called contact
respect to force F1 where forces.
F2 sin θ
tan α = (i) Normal Force (N): It is the component of
F1 + F2 cos θ contact force normal to the surface. It measures
(e) Lami’s theorem: If three forces F1, F2 and F3 are how strongly the surfaces in contact are pressed
acting simultaneously on a body and the body is in together.
equilibrium, then according to Lami’s theorem, (ii) Frictional Force (f): It is the component of
F1 F2 F3 contact force parallel to the surface. It opposes
= =
sin (π − α ) sin (π − β ) sin (π − γ ) the relative motion (or attempted motion) of the
two surfaces in contact.
where a, b and g are the angles opposite to the forces
F1, F2 & F3 respectively.
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LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICITON 135
Consider, for example, a book lying on a horizontal
surface.
A free body diagram of the book alone would consist of
its weight (W = mg), acting through the centre of gravity
and the reaction (N) exerted on the book by the surface.
Fig. 4.3
(c) Tension: The force exerted by the ends of a taut
string, rope or chain is called the tension. The
direction of tension is so as to pull the body while
that of normal reaction is to push the body.
(d) Spring Force: Every spring resists any attempt to
change its length; the more you alter its length the
harder it resists. The force exerted by a spring is
given by F = –kx, where x is the change in length
and k is the stiffness constant or spring constant (unit Fig. 4.4
Nm–1).
4. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
3. FREE BODY DIAGRAM 4.1 First Law of Motion
3.1 Internal Forces (a) Every body continues in its state of rest or of
Internal forces are forces exchanged by the objects in the uniform motion in a straight line unless it is
system. Internal forces may cause acceleration in compelled by a resultant force to change that state.
different parts of the system but does not cause any (b) This law is also known as law of inertia. Inertia is
acceleration in the centre of mass of the entire system. the property of inability of a body to change its state
Example: of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless
If both the bodies involved in friction are considered as some external force acts on it.
a system, then it acts as an internal force. (c) Mass is a measure of inertia of a body.
(d) A frame of reference in which Newton’s first law is
3.2 External Forces
valid is called inertial frame, i.e., if a frame of
External forces are forces caused by external agent
reference is at rest or in uniform motion it is called
present outside of the system. External non-zero net
inertial, otherwise non-inertial.
force imparts an acceleration to the centre of mass of the
system regardless of point of application.
Example: 4.2 Second Law of Motion
Friction is an external force if the body experiencing (a) This law gives the magnitude of force.
friction, is the system.
(b) According to second law of motion, rate of change
of momentum of a body is directly proportional to
3.3 Free Body Diagrams
the resultant force acting on the body, i.e.,
No system, natural or man-made, consists of a single dp
body alone or is complete in itself. A single body or a F∝
dt
part of the system can, however be isolated from the rest
by appropriately accounting for its effect on the dp
F=K
remaining system. dt
A free body diagram (FBD) consists of a diagrammatic Here, the change in momentum takes place in the
representation of a single body or a sub-system of bodies direction of the applied resultant force. Momentum,
isolated from its surroundings showing all the forces
p = mv is a measure of sum of the motion
acting on it.
contained in the body.
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(c) Unit force: It is defined as the force which changes (b) Whenever one force acts on a body it gives rise to
the momentum of a body by unity in unit time. another force called reaction i.e., a single isolated
According to this, K = 1 force is physically impossible. This is why total
dp d
dv dm internal force in an isolated system is always zero.
F = = ( mv ) = m + v
dp
.
dt dt dt dt
(c) According to Newton’s second law, F = .
If the mass of the system is finite and remains dt
constant w.r.t. time, then (dm/dt) = 0 and dp dv
If F =0, =0 or = 0
dv p 2 -p1 dt dt
F= m = ma=
dt t
or v = constant or zero,
(d) External force acting on a body may accelerate it i.e., a body remains at rest or moves with uniform
either by changing the magnitude of velocity or velocity unless acted upon by an external force. This
direction of velocity or both. is Newton’s Ist law.
(i) If the force is parallel or antiparallel to the (d) Newton’s second law can also be expressed as:
motion, the path followed by the body is a = p2 − p1 . Hence, if a car and a truck are initially
Ft
straight line. moving with the same momentum, then by the
(ii) If the force is acting perpendicular to the application of same breaking force, both will come
motion of body, it changes only the direction to rest in the same time.
but not the magnitude of velocity. So, the path (e) The second law is a vector law. it is equivalent to
followed by the body is a circle (uniform three equations: Fx = max ; Fy = may ; Fz = maz.
circular motion). A force can only change the component of velocity
(iii) If the force acts at an angle to the motion of in its direction. It has no effect on the component
a body, it changes both the magnitude and perpendicular to it.
direction of v . In this case path followed by the (f) F = ma is a local relation. The force at a point on
body may be elliptical, non-uniform circular, space at any instant is related to the acceleration at
parabolic or hyperbolic. that instant. Example: An object on an accelerated
balloon will have acceleration of balloon. The
4.3 Third Law of Motion moment it is dropped, it will have acceleration due
(a) According to this law, for every action there is an to gravity.
equal and opposite reaction. When two bodies A and
4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws of motion
B exert force on each other, the force by A on B (i.e.,
There are two kinds of problems in classical mechanics:
action represented by FAB , is always equal and
(a) To find unknown forces acting on a body, given the
opposite to the force by B on A (i.e., reaction
body’s acceleration, and
represented FBA). Thus, FAB = – FBA .
(b) To predict the future motion of a body, given the
(b) The two forces involved in any interaction between body’s initial position and velocity and the forces
two bodies are called action and reaction. But we acting on it. For either kind of problem, we use
cannot say that a particular force is action and the Newton’s second law. The following general
other one is reaction. strategy is useful for solving such problems:
(c) Action and Reaction force always acts on different (i) Draw a simple, neat diagram of the system.
bodies.
(ii) Isolate the object of interest whose motion is
being analysed. Draw a free body diagram for
4.4 Some Important Points Concerning Newton’s this object, that is, a diagram showing all
Laws of Motion external forces acting on the object. For
(a) The forces of interaction between bodies composing systems containing more than one object, draw
a system are called internal forces. The forces separate diagrams for each objects. Do not
exerted on bodies of a given system by bodies include forces that the object exerts on its
situated outside are called external forces. surroundings.
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(iii) Establish convenient coordinate axes for each
FPseudo = − mP a0
body and find the components of the forces
along these axes. Now, apply Newton’s Thus, Newton Second Law with respect to O will be
second law, ∑ F = ma in component form.
Check your dimensions to make sure that all
terms have units of force.
(iv) Solve the component equations for the
unknowns. Remember that you must have as
many independent equations as you have
unknowns in order to obtain a complete FRe al + FPseudo = mP aP , O
solution.
i.e., FRe al − mP aO = mP aP , O
(v) It is a good idea to check the predictions of
your solutions for extreme values of the Where aP , O is acceleration of P with respect to observer
variables. You can often detect errors in your O.
results by doing so.
NOTE:
5. FRAME OF REFERENCE If observer is in rotating frame, then Pseudo force is
called “Centrifugal force”.
Before studying the concept of pseudo force let us first Remember: Pseudo force is required only and only if
discuss frame of reference. observer is non-inertial. e.g.
Frame of reference is the way of observation the things. (i) Study of motion with respect to accelerating lift.
(ii) Study of motion with respect to accelerating wedge.
Inertial Frame of Reference: A non-accelerating frame
of reference is called an inertial frame of reference. A
frame of reference moving with a constant velocity is an
inertial frame of reference. 7. APPARENT WEIGHT IN AN ACCELERTED LIFT
Non-inertial Frame of Reference: An accelerating (a) When the lift is at rest or moving with uniform
frame of reference is called a non-inertial frame of
velocity, i.e., a=0:
reference.
mg– R = 0 or R = mg ∴ Wapp. = W0
NOTE:
(i) A rotating frame of reference is a non-inertial frame
of reference, because it is also an accelerating one.
(ii) Earth is rotating about its axis of rotation and it is
revolving around the centre of sun also. So, it is non-
inertial frame of reference. But for most of the cases,
we consider it as an inertial frame of reference.
Fig. 4.5
6. PSEUDO FORCE (Where Wapp. = R = reaction of supporting surface or
reading of a weighing machine and W0= mg = true
It is a fictitious force observed only in non-inertial frames
weight.)
of reference. In a non-initial frame, it acts on a body in a
direction opposite to the acceleration of the frame of (b) When the lift moves upwards with an acceleration
reference. a:
a
If observer O is non-inertial with acceleration a0 and R – mg = ma or R = m (g + a) = mg 1 +
still wants to apply Newton’s Second Law on particle P, g
then observer has to add a “Pseudo force” in addition to
real forces on particle P.
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a
∴ Wapp. =W0 1 − Fig. 4.8
g
(c) If the carriage is accelerated down with an
acceleration a, then
a a
T = m (g – a) = mg 1 − = T0 1 −
g g
Fig. 4.7
Here, if a > g, Wapp. will be negative. Negative apparent
weight will mean that the body is pressed against the Fig. 4.9
roof of the lift instead of floor.
(d) If the carriage begins to fall freely, then the tension
(d) When the lift falls freely, i.e., a = g: in the string becomes zero.
R = m (g –g) = 0 ∴ Wapp. = 0 (e) If the carriage is accelerated horizontally, then
for an observer inside carriage
8. PROBLEM OF MONKEY CLIMBING A ROPE (i) Mass m experiences a pseudo force ma opposite
to acceleration;
Let T be the tension in the rope. (ii) The mass m is in equilibrium inside the carriage
(a) When the monkey climbs up with uniform speed: and
T = mg. T sin θ = ma, T cos θ = mg, i.e.,
(b) When the monkey moves up with an acceleration
T = m g 2 + a2 ;
a:
T – mg = ma or T = m (g + a).
(c) When the monkey moves down with an
acceleration a:
mg – T = ma or T = m (g – a).
Fig. 4.10N A
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(iii) The string does not remain vertical but inclines (ii) Locate positions of all movable points from
to the vertical at an angle θ = tan (a/g) opposite
–1 fixed point/axis.
to acceleration; (iii) (a) Write down the relation between length of
(iv) This arrangement is called accelerometer and the string and the position of different
can be used to determine the acceleration of a movable points.
moving carriage from inside by noting the (b) No. of relation must be equal to no. of
deviation of a plumbline suspended from it string.
from the vertical.
(iv) Differentiate it twice to get the relationship
between acceleration of different objects.
Fig. 4.12
For string connecting m1 and m2 :
RRIA
Let the length of the string be l1
Fig. 4.11
(a) If m3 was stationary, then magnitude of
displacements of m1 and m2 would be same and in
opposite direction.
On differentiating it twice:
Let’s say x is the displacement of m1 and m2 when
a1 + a2
m3 is stationary. 0 = (a2 – a) + (a1 – a) + 0 ⇒ a =
2
(b) Now consider the case when m3 displaces by x1,
For string connecting m3 and pulley:
then net displacement of
Let the string length be l2
m1 = x1 – x
m2 = x1 + x
m3 = x1
Differentiate it twice we have
am3 = a1
NOTE:
am=
1
a1 − a If length is decreasing then differentiation of that length
will be negative.
am=
2
a1 + a
∴ On differentiating twice we have
This problem can be approached in other way.
0 = a + (–a3)
Which is more mathematical and do not require
much of visualisation. a = a3
(c) Steps involved to approach problems of Now, we can apply F = ma for different blocks.
multiple pulleys of system having different Solve for a3, a1, a2 and Tension.
accelerations:
(i) Define a fixed point/axis.
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11.5 Rolling friction The value of angle of friction depends on the nature of
The opposing force that comes into play when a body materials of the surfaces in contact and the nature of
rolls over the surface of another body is called the the surfaces.
rolling friction. Relation between µ and θ
Cause of rolling friction: Let us consider a wheel AC OB F
which is rolling along a road. As the wheel rolls along In ∆ AOC, tan θ= = = = µ ...(5)
OA OA R
the road, it slightly presses into the surface of the road
and is itself slightly compressed as shown in Fig. Hence µ = tan θ ...(6)
ABC
Fig. 4.14 11.7 Angle of repose or angle of sliding
Thus, a rolling wheel: Angle of repose or angle of sliding is defined as the
(i) constantly climbs a ‘hill’ (BC) in front of it, and minimum angle of inclination of a plane with the
horizontal, such that a body placed on the plane just
(ii) has to simultaneously get itself detached from the
begins to slide down.
road (AB) behind it. The force of adhesion between the
wheel and the road opposes this process. It is represented by α. Its value depends on material
and nature of the surfaces in contact.
Both these processes are responsible for rolling
friction. In fig., AB is an inclined plane such that a body placed
on it just begins to slide down. ∠BAC (α) = angle of
repose.
11.6 Angle of friction
The angle of friction between any two surfaces in
contact is defined as the angle which the resultant of
the force of limiting friction F and normal reaction R
makes with the direction of normal reaction R.
Fig. 4.16
It is represented by θ.
The various forces involved are:
In fig. OA represents the normal reaction R which
balances the weight mg of the body. OB represent F, (i) Weight, mg of the body, acting vertically
the limiting force of sliding friction, when the body downwards,
tends to move to the right. Complete the parallelogram (ii) Normal reaction, R, acting perpendicular to AB,
OACB. Join OC. This represents the resultant of R and (iii) Force of friction F, acting up the plane AB.
F. By definition, ∠AOC = θ is the angle of friction Now, mg can be resolved into two rectangular
between the two bodies in contact. components:
mg cos α opposite to R and mg sin α opposite to F. In
equilibrium,
F = mg sin α ... (7)
R = mg cos α ... (8)
Dividing (7) by (8), we get
F mg sin α
= = , i.e., µ tan α …(9)
R mg cos α
Fig. 4.15
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Hence coefficient of limiting friction between any two 11.8 Method of changing friction
surfaces in contact is equal to the tangent of the angle Some of the ways of reducing friction are:
of repose between them.
(i) By polishing.
NOTE: (ii) By lubrication.
Combining (6) and (9), we obtain (iii) By proper selection of materials.
µ = tan θ = tan α (iv) By Streamlining.
∴θ =
α (v) By using ball bearings.
i.e. angle of friction is equal to angle of repose.
(iii) T2 =
( m1 + m2 ) F
( m1 + m2 + m3 )
(e) When two bodies of masses m1 & m2
(i) a =
( m1 − m2 ) g
are attached at the ends of a string ( m1 + m2 )
passing over a pulley as shown in the
figure 2m1m2
(ii) T = g
m1 + m2
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Case Diagram Result
(f) When two bodies of masses m1 & m2 g
m2 are attached at the ends of a (i) a ,
m1 m2
string
m1m2 g
way that mass m1 rests on a smooth (ii) T
m1 m2
horizontal table and mass m2 is
hanging vertically.
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LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 144
Solved Examples
Example - 1 Hence,
3
Or 8 + 2 − F2 =0
2
20
Or F2 = N
. 3
Sol. The free body diagram of the cylinder is as shown in
figure.
(ii) ∑F y =0
4 3 F2
Or F1 + − =
0
2 2
Sol. Since, all the blocks will move with same acceleration
(say a) in horizontal direction.
Let us take all blocks as a single system.
F
Sol. Acceleration of (block + wedge) a =
( M + m)
Sol.
ma cos θ = mg sin θ
a1 + a2 =
0 or a1 = −a2
( 4 )(10 ) 20 θ
And sin=
BC 0.3 3
= =
= = m / s2
( 4 + 2) 3 AC 0.5 5
Here, the object is in equilibrium under three
concurrent forces.
So, we can apply Lami’s theorem.
F 8 T
Or = =
sin (180° − θ ) sin ( 90° + θ ) sin 90°
F 8
Or = = T
sin θ cos θ
For T, consider FBD of 4 kg block. Writing equation
of motion. 8 8
∴ T= = = 10 N
40 − T =4a cos θ 4 / 5
∴ T = 40 − 4a
8sin θ (8 )( 3 / 5)
=
And F = = 6N
cos θ ( 4 / 5)
20 40
=
40 − 4 =N Example - 9
3 3
Find
(a) the acceleration of the blocks,
Taking the two blocks and the string in the system. Weight mg has two components mg sin θ and
Using ∑F y = ma y , we get mg cos θ .
F − 4 g − 2 g =( 4 + 2 ) a Block is at rest
Or 120 − 40=
− 20 6a or
= 60 6a mg cos θ ... ( i )
∴N =
1
=
3
=
Given that µ s 0.5,
= µk 0.4 and
= g 10 m / s 2
Example - 12
Sol. Free body diagram of the block is In the adjoining figure, the coefficient of friction
between wedge (of mass M) and block (of mass m) is
µ.
∑F y =0
∴ N − mg =
0
or = =
N mg (1)(10
= ) 10 N Find the minimum horizontal force F required to keep
the block stationary with respect to wedge.
f L µ=
= sN ( 0.5 )(=
10 ) 5N
Sol. For limiting case
f k µ=
and= kN ( 0.4 )(=
10 ) 4N
a = acceleration of (wedge + block) in horizontal
So, when force F is increased gradually up to 5N direction
friction will be equal to applied force after that kinetic
friction will act and it will be equal to 4N. F
=
M +m
Example - 11 F
So normal force on the block = = m
N ma
m+M
A particle of mass 1 kg rests on rough contact with a
plane inclined 30o to the horizontal and is just about to Also, weight mg is balanced by friction force
slip.
So, µ N = mg
Find the coefficient of friction between the plane and
the particle. F
⇒ µm =
mg
Sol. m+M
m+M
⇒F= g
µ
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 148
F 16.24 Hence,
=a = = 2.7 m / s 2
4+2 6 1 2
(a) applying s = at
2
Example - 16
1 2 3 2
Figure shows a small block A of mass m kept at the =
Or l = ar t gt
2 16
left end of a plank B of mass M = 2m and length l. The
system can slide on a horizontal road. The system is l
∴ t =4
started towards right with the initial velocity v . The 3g
friction coefficients between the road and the plank is
1
1 1 (b) Displacement of block s=
A u At − a At 2
and that between the plank and the block is . Find 2
2 4
l 1 g 16l g
Or s A = 4v − ⋅ ⋅ a A = a1 =
3g 2 4 3g 4
l 2
=
Or s A 4v − l
3g 3
1
Displacement of plank s=
B u B t − aB t 2
(a) the time elapsed before the block separates from 2
the plank.
l 1 5 16l 5
Or sB =
4v − g aB =
a2 =g
(b) displacement of block and plank relative to 3g 2 8 3g 8
ground till that moment.
l 5
Sol. There will be relative motion between block and plank =
Or sB 4v − l
3g 3
and plank and road. So at each surface limiting friction
will act. The direction of friction forces at different
surfaces are as shown in figure. Example - 17
1 2 1 2 Here, θ = constant
Then, at + at =
400m
2 2
= =
Or at 2 400 m or 4t 2 400
Or t = 10 s
Therefore, the minimum time is 20 s (10 s of
acceleration and 10 s of retardation).
Double differentiating eq. (i) with respect to time, we
Example - 18 get a A = aB sin θ .
If the lower spring is cut, find the acceleration of the
upper block, immediately after cutting the spring. Example - 20
Figure shows a man standing stationary with respect
to a horizontal conveyor belt that is accelerating with
1ms −2 . What is the net force on the man? If the
coefficient of static friction between the man’s shoes
and the belt is 0.2, up to what maximum acceleration
of the belt can the man continue to be stationary
relative to the belt? Mass of the man = 65 kg.
( g = 9.8m / s )
2
x A = xB sin θ
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 151
o
30 1N
60o
O X
2N
(a) ( )
2 −1 a (b) ( )
2 +1 a (a) 0.5 N (b) 1.5 N
23. A 0.5 kg ball moving with a speed of 12 m/s strikes a 28. A 1 kg block and 0.5 kg block move together on a
hard wall at an angle of 30° with the wall. It is horizontal frictionless surface. Each block exerts a
reflected with the same speed and at the same angle, as force of 6 N on the other. The blocks move with a
shown in fig. If the ball is in contact with the wall for uniform acceleration of
0.25 s, the average force acting on the wall is
30o
(a) 3 m/s2 (b) 6 m/s2
2
(c) 9 m/s (d) 12 m/s2
30
o
29. In the following figure the masses of the blocks A and
B are same and each equal to m. The tensions in the
strings OA and AB are T2 and T1 respectively. The
(a) 96 N (b) 48 N system is in equilibrium with a constant horizontal
(c) 24 N (d) 12 N force mg on B. The T1 is
Constraint Motion
24. Two blocks are in contact on a frictionless table. One
has mass m and the other 2 m. A force F is applied on
2m as shown in figure. Now the same force F is applied
from the right on m. In the two cases the ratio of force
of contact between the two blocks will be:
(a) mg (b) 2mg
F (c) 3mg (d) 5mg
2m
m 30. Three blocks of masses 2 kg, 3 kg and 5 kg are
connected to each other with light string and are then
(a) same (b) 1 : 2 placed on a frictionless surface as shown in the figure.
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 3 The system is pulled by a force F = 10N, then tension
T1 = …
25. Two blocks of mass 4 kg and 6 kg are placed in contact
with each other on a frictionless horizontal surface. If
we apply a push of 5 N on the heavier mass, the force
on the lighter mass will be
(a) 5 N (b) 4 N (a) 1N (b) 5 N
(c) 2 N (d) None of the above (c) 8 N (d) 10 N
26. In the above problem, if a push of 5 N is applied on the 31. A block A of mass 7 kg is placed on a frictionless table.
lighter mass, the force exerted by the lighter mass on A thread tied to it passes over a frictionless pulley and
the heavier mass will be carries a body B of mass 3 kg at the other end. The
acceleration of the system is (given g = 10ms −2 )
(a) 5 N (b) 4 N
(c) 2 N (d) None of the above
27. In the above problem, the acceleration of the lighter
mass will be
5 −2
(a) 0.5 ms −2 (b) ms
4
5 −2 (a) 100 ms–2 (b) 3 ms–2
(c) ms (d) None of the above
6 (c) 10 ms–2 (d) 30 ms–2
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 154
32. Two masses m1 and m2 are attached to a string which (a) T = 70.8 N and T ' = 47.2 N
passes over a frictionless smooth pulley. When m1 =
(b) T = 58.8 N and T ' = 47.2 N
10 kg, m2 = 6 kg, the acceleration of masses is
(c) T = 70.8 N and T ' = 58.8 N
(d) T = 70.8 N and T ' = 0
36. The acceleration of the 2 kg block, if the free end of
string is pulled with a force of 20 N as shown is:
Fm FM
(a) (b)
M +m M +m
F Fm
(c) (d)
M +m M −m
38. In the above question, tension force at midpoint of the
rope is
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 F ( M + m / 2) FM / 2
(a) (b)
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 4 M +m M +m
35. Two blocks are connected by a string as shown in the
diagram. The upper block is hung by another string. A Fm / 2
(c) (d) none
force F applied on the upper string produces an M +m
acceleration of 2m/s2 in the upward direction in both 39. In the above question, acceleration of mass M is
the blocks. If T and T’ be the tensions in the two parts
F F
of the string, then (a) (b)
M M +m/
F F
(c) (d)
M +m M +m
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 155
40. A man weighs 80 kg. He stands on a weighing scale in 44. Two blocks are attached to the two ends of a string
the lift, which is moving upwards with a uniform passing over a smooth pulley as shown in the figure.
acceleration of 5 m/s2. What would be the reading on The acceleration of the block will be (in m/s2)
the scale?
(sin 37o = 0.60, sin 53o = 0.80)
(g = 10 m/s2)
(a) Zero (b) 400 N
(c) 800 N (d) 1200 N
41. Three equal weights A, B and C of mass 2 kg each are
hanging on a string passing over a fixed pulley which
is frictionless as shown in figure. The tension in the
string connecting weight B and C is:
(a) 0.33 (b) 1.33
(c) 1 (d) 0.066
45. Two blocks, each having a mass M, rest on frictionless
surfaces as shown in the figure. If the pulleys are light
and frictionless, and M on the incline is allowed to
move down, then the tension in string will be:
A
B
C
(a) zero (b) 13 N
(c) 3.3 N (d) 19.6 N
42. Consider the shown arrangement. Assume all surfaces 2 3
(a) Mg sin θ (b) Mg sin θ
to be smooth. If N represents magnitudes of normal 3 2
reaction between block and wedge, then acceleration
Mg sin θ
of M along horizontal is equal to: (c) (d) 2 Mg sin θ
2
Frames of Reference
46. Two weights W1 and W2 are suspended from the ends
to a light string passing over a smooth fixed pulley. If
the pulley is pulled up at an acceleration g. The tension
in the string will be:
N sin θ
(a) along + ve x-axis 4W1W2 2W1W2
M (a) (b)
W1 + W2 W1 + W2
N cos θ
(b) along –ve x-axis
M W1 − W2 W1W2
(c) (d)
N sin θ W1 + W2 2 (W1 + W2 )
(c) along –ve x-axis
M 47. The pendulum hanging from the ceiling of a railway
N sin θ carriage makes angle 30° with the vertical, when it is
(d) along –ve x-axis accelerating. The acceleration of the carriage is:
m+M
43. In the above question normal reaction between ground 3 2
(a) g (b) g
and wedge will have magnitude equal to: 2 3
(a) N cos θ + Mg (b) N cos θ + Mg + mg g
(c) g 3 (d)
(c) N cos θ − Mg (d) N sin θ + Mg + mg 3
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 156
(c)
( P + Q cos θ ) (d)
( P sin θ − Q )
( mg + Q sin θ ) ( mg − Q cos θ )
64. A body of mass M is kept on a rough horizontal surface
m2
(friction coefficient = m). A person is trying to pull the
m1 body by applying a horizontal force, but the body is
not moving. The force by the surface on A is F where
(a) F = Mg (b) F = m Mg
m1 m1
(a) > sin θ − µ cos θ (b) > sin θ + µ cos θ (c) Mg ≤ F ≤ Mg 1 + µ 2 (d) Mg ≥ F ≥ Mg 1 − µ 2
m2 m2
65. The coefficient of friction between the tyres and road
m m
(c) 1 > µ sin θ − cos θ (d) 1 > µ sin θ + cos θ is 0.4. The minimum distance covered before attaining
m2 m2 a speed of 8 m/s starting from rest is nearly:
60. Two cars of unequal masses use similar tyres. If they (g = 10 m/s2)
are moving at the same initial speed, the minimum (a) 8.0 m (b) 4.0 m
stopping distance
(c) 10.0 m (d) 16.0 m
(a) is smaller for the heavier car
66. A block of mass 0.1 kg is held against a wall applying
(b) is smaller for the lighter car horizontal force of 5 N on the block. If coefficient of
(c) is same for both car friction between the block and the wall is 0.5, the
(d) depends on the volume of the car magnitude of frictional force acting on the block is
61. A block of mass 5 kg is kept on a horizontal floor (a) 2.5 N (b) 0.49 N
having coefficient of friction 0.09. Two mutually (c) 0.98 N (d) 4.9 N
perpendicular horizontal forces of 3 N and 4 N act on 67. A block of mass m is given an initial downward
this block. The acceleration of the block is: velocity v 0 and left on an inclined plane (coefficient
(g = 10 m/s2) of friction = 0.6). The block will:
2
(a) zero (b) 0.1 m/s
2
(c) 0.2 m/s (d) 0.3 m/s2 V0
62. Which of the following statements is true in a tug of
war. 30°
(a) The team which applies a greater force on the rope (a) continue to move down the plane with constant
than the other wins. velocity v 0
(b) The team which applies a smaller force on the other
(b) accelerate downward
wins.
(c) decelerate and come to rest
(c) The team which pushes harder against the ground
wins. (d) first accelerated then decelerate
(d) none of these 68. If a block moving up at θ=30o with a velocity 5 m/s,
63. A block of mass m, lying on a rough horizontal plane, stops after 0.5 sec, then coefficient of friction ( µ ) is
is acted upon by a horizontal force P and another force 1
[take = 0.6 ]
Q, inclined at an angle 𝜃𝜃 to the vertical upwards. The 3
block will remain in equilibrium, if minimum
(a) 0.5 (b) 1.25
coefficient of friction between block and the surface is:
(c) 0.6 (d) none of the above
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 158
69. The upper half of an inclined plane of inclination 𝜃𝜃 is 74. Two blocks are connected over a massless pulley as
perfectly smooth while the lower half is rough. A block shown in figure. The mass of block A is 10 kg and the
starting from rest at the top of the plane will again coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2. Block A slides
come to rest at the bottom, if the coefficient of friction down the incline at constant speed. The mass of block
between the block and the lower half of the plane is B in kg is:
given by:
(a) µ = 2 tan θ (b) µ = tan θ
2 1
(c) µ = (d) µ =
tan θ tan θ
(a) 4s (b) 8 θ
(c) cot θ ≥ µ (d) cot ≥ µ
(c) 2.19 s (d) 2.13 s 2
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 159
78. An insect crawls up a hemispherical surface very 80. Pushing force making an angle θ to the horizontal
slowly (see the figure). The coefficient of friction (towards bottom of the block) is applied on a block of
1 weight W placed on a horizontal table. If the angle of
between the insect and the surface is . If the line
3 friction is φ , the magnitude of force required to move
joining the centre of the hemispherical surface to the the body is equal to:
insect makes an angle a with the vertical, the maximum
W cos θ W sin φ
possible value of a is given by: (a) (b)
cos (θ − φ ) cos (θ + φ )
W tan φ W sin φ
(c) (d)
sin (θ − φ ) tan (θ − φ )
1 1
(c) 1− (d)
n2 1− n 2
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 160
7. A given object takes n times more time to slide down (a) 200 N (b) 140 N
a 45o rough inclined plane as it takes to slide down a
(c) 70 N (d) 100 N
perfectly smooth 45o incline. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between the object and the incline is: 12. A particle of mass m is moving in a straight line
with momentum p. Starting at time t = 0, a force F =
(2018)
kt acts in the same direction on the moving particle
1 1 during time interval T so that its momentum changes
(a) (b) 1 −
2 − n2 n2 from p to 3p. Here k is a constant. The value of T is:
(all quantities are measured in S.I unit)
1 1
(c) 1− (d) (2019)
n2 1 − n2
8. A body of mass 2 kg slides down with an acceleration k p
(a) 2 (b) 2
of 3 m/s2 on a rough inclined plane having slope of p k
30o. The external force required to take the same body
up the plane with the same acceleration will be: 2k 2p
(c) (d)
(g = 10 m/s2) (2018) p k
(a) 14 N (b) 20 N 13. A block kept on a rough inclined plane, as shown in
(c) 6 N (d) 4 N the figure, remains at rest up to a maximum force 2 N
down the inclined plane. The maximum external
9. =
Two masses m1 5=
kg and m2 10 kg , connected
force up the inclined plane that does not move the
by an inextensible string over a frictionless pulley, are block is 10 N. The coefficient of static friction
moving as shown in the figure. The coefficient of between the block and the plane is: [Take g = 10 m/s2]
friction of horizontal surface is 0.15. The minimum (2019)
weight m that should be put on top of m2 to stop the
motion is: (2018)
3 3
(a) (b)
2 4
(a) 23.3 kg (b) 43.3 kg
1 2
(c) 10.3 kg (d) 18.3 kg (c) (d)
2 3
10. An automobile, travelling at 40 km/h, can be stopped
at a distance of 40 m by applying brakes. If the same 14. A bullet of mass 20g has an initial speed of 1
automobile is travelling at 80 km/h, the minimum ms−1, just before it starts penetrating a mud wall of
stopping distance, in metres, is (assume no skidding): thickness 20 cm. If the wall offers a mean resistance
of 2.5×10−2N, the speed of the bullet after emerging
(2018) from the other side of the wall is close to:
(a) 75 m (b) 160 m
(2019)
(c) 150 m (d) 100 m
(a) 0.1 ms-1 (b) 0.7 ms-1
11. A mass of 10 kg is suspended vertically by a rope
(c) 0.3 ms-1 (d) 0.4 ms-1
from the roof. When a horizontal force is applied on
the rope at some point, the rope deviates at an angle
of 45°at the roof point. If the suspended mass is at
equilibrium, the magnitude of the force applied is
(g = 10 ms-2) (2019)
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 162
15. Two blocks A and B of masses 18. A liquid of density ρ is coming out of a hose pipe of
= =
m A 1kg and m B 3kg are kept on the table as radius with a horizontal speed v and hits a mesh. 50%
shown in figure. The coefficient of friction between of the liquid passes through the mesh unaffected. 25%
A and B is 0.2 and that between B and the surface of loses all of its momentum and 25% comes back with
the table is also 0.2. The maximum force F that can the same speed. The resultant pressure on the mesh
be applied on B horizontally, so that the block A does will be: (2019)
not slide over the block B is: [Take g = 10 m / s 2 ] 1 2 3 2
(a) ρv (b) ρv
(2019) 4 4
1 2
(c) ρv (d) ρ v 2
2
19. A block of mass 5 kg is (i) pushed in case (A) and (ii)
pulled in case (B), by a force F = 20 N, making an
angle of 30° with the horizontal, as shown in the
(a) 8 N (b) 16 N figures. The coefficient of friction between the block
and floor is µ = 0.2 . The difference between the
(c) 40 N (d) 12 N
accelerations of the block, in case (B) and case (A)
16. A spring whose unstretched length is l has a force will be: (g =10 m s-2) (2019)
constant k. The spring is cut into two pieces of
unstretched lengths l1 and l2 where, l1 = nl2 and n is
k1
an integer. The ratio of the corresponding force
k2
constants, k1 and k2 will be: (2019)
1 (a) 0.4 m s-2 (b) 3.2 m s-2
(a) n (b)
n2 (c) 0.8 m s-2 (d) 0 m s-2
20. A mass of 10 kg is suspended by a rope of length 4
1
(c) (d) n 2 m, from the ceiling. A force F is applied horizontally
n
at the mid-point of the rope such that the top half of
17. A block of mass 10 kg is kept on a rough inclined the rope makes an angle of 45o with the vertical. Then
plane as shown in the figure. A force of 3 N is applied F equals (Take g = 10 m/s2 and rope to be massless)
on the block. The coefficient of static friction
(2020)
between the plane and the block is 0.6. What should
be the minimum value of force P, such that the block (a) 100 N (b) 90 N
does not move downward? (Take g = 10 ms-2) (c) 75 N (d) 70 N
(2019) 21. A spaceship in space sweeps stationary interplanetary
dust. As a result, its mass increases at a rate
dM (t )
= bv 2 (t ), where v (t) is its instantaneous
dt
velocity. The instantaneous acceleration of the
satellite is: (2020)
bv 3
(a) −bv3 (t ) (b) −
M (t )
2bv3 bv 3
(a) 32 N (b) 18 N (c) − (d) −
M (t ) 2 M (t )
(c) 23 N (d) 25 N
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 163
22. An insect is at the bottom of a hemispherical ditch of 25. Two blocks (m = 0.5 kg and M = 4.5 kg) are arranged
radius 1 m. It crawls up the ditch but starts slipping on a horizontal frictionless table as shown in figure.
after it is at height h from the bottom. If the The coefficient of static friction between the two
coefficient of friction between the ground and the blocks is 3/7. Then the maximum horizontal force
insect is 0.75, then h is: (g = 10 ms-2) that can be applied on the larger block so that the
blocks move together is ______ N. (Round off to the
(2020)
Nearest Integer) (Take g as 9.8 m/s2)
(a) 0.45 m (b) 0.60 m
(2021)
(c) 0.20 m (d) 0.80 m
F F
(b) cos θ − µ K g + sin θ
m m
F F
(c) cos θ − µ K g − sin θ
m m
F F
(d) cos θ + µ K g − sin θ 29. A person standing on a spring balance inside a
m m
stationary lift measures 60 kg. The weight of that
person if the lift descends with uniform downward
acceleration of 1.8 m/s2 will be ____ N. [g = 10 m/s2]
(2021)
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 164
30. A boy pushes a box of mass 2 kg with a force 34. A bullet of mass 0.1 kg is fired on a wooden block to
=
F ( )
20iˆ + 10 ˆj N on a frictionless surface. If the pierce through it, but it stops after moving a distance
of 50 cm into it. If the velocity of bullet before hitting
box was initially at rest, then ______ m is the wood is 10 m/s and it slows down with uniform
displacement along the x-axis after 10 s. deceleration, then the magnitude of effective
(2021) retarding force on the bullet is ‘x’ N. The value of ‘x’
to the nearest integer is _______. (2021)
31. A body of mass 2 kg moves under a force of
( )
2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ N . It starts from rest and was at the
35. The projectile motion of a particle of mass 5g is
shown in the figure.
origin initially. After 4 s, its new coordinates are (8,
b, 20). The value of b is _____. (Round off to the
Nearest integer). (2021)
32. A body of mass 1kg rests on a horizontal floor with
1
which it has a coefficient of static friction . It is The initial velocity of the particle is 5 2ms −1 and the
3
air resistance is assumed to be negligible. The
desired to make the body move by applying the
magnitude of the change in momentum between the
minimum possible force F N. The value of F will be
______. (Round off to the Nearest integer) points A and B is x × 10−2 kgms −1 .
[Take g = 10 m/s2] (2021) The value of x, to the nearest integer, is _______.
(2021)
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 165
11. In the figure, the blocks A, B and C of mass m each 15. A body of mass m is suspended by two strings making
have acceleration a1 , a2 and a3 respectively. F1 and angles α and β with the horizontal. Tensions in the
F2 are external forces of magnitudes 2 mg and mg two strings are
respectively then:
mg cos β
=
(a) T1 = T2
sin (α + β )
(a) =
a1 a= a
2 3 (b) a1 > a3 2
>a mg sin β
=
(b) T1 = T2
=
(c) a1 , a > a3
a2 2 > a2 2
(d) a1 , a =
a3 sin (α + β )
(a) Ma + mg
(b) M (a + g) + mg
(c) M (a + g)
(d) dependent on the position of bird on the rope
2M 2m
14. When a bird of weight W sits on a stretched wire, the (a) tan θ = 1 + (b) tan θ = 1 +
m M
tension T in the wire is
M m
(a) > W/2 (b) = W (c) tan θ = 1 + (d) tan θ = 1 +
2m 2M
(c) < W (d) None of these
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 167
18. A light string going over a clamped pulley of mass m (a) The second block falls with zero acceleration
supports a block of mass M as shown in the figure. (b) The first block falls with maximum acceleration
The force on the pulley by the clamp is given by: (c) Both (a) and (b) are wrong
(d) Both (a) and (b) are correct
22. For the arrangement shown in the figure the tension in
the string is given by
(a) 2 Mg (b) 2 mg
( M + m) + m2 ( M + m) +M2
2 2
(c) g (d) g
19. Tension in the cable supporting an elevator, is equal to mg
(a) (b) mg
the weight of the elevator. From this, we can conclude 2
that the elevator is going up or down with a 3
(a) uniform speed (b) uniform acceleration (c) mg (d) 2 mg
2
(c) variable acceleration (d) either (b) and (c). 23. In the arrangement shown, if the surface is smooth, the
20. All surfaces shown in figure are smooth. System is acceleration of the block m2 will be:
released with the spring unstretched. In equilibrium,
compression in the spring will be:
m2 g 2m2 g
mg 2 mg (a) (b)
(a) (b) 4m1 + m2 4m1 + m2
2k k
2m2 g 2m1 g
( M + m) g mg (c) (d)
(c) (d) m1 + 4m2 m1 + m2
2k k
24. Two masses are connected by a string which passes
21. Three identical blocks are suspended on two identical
over a pulley accelerating upward at a rate as shown.
springs one below the other as shown in figure. If
If a1 and a2 be the accelerations of bodies 1 and 2
thread is cut that supports block 1, then initially
(choose one alternative only): respectively, then:
(a) A= a1 − a2 (b) A= a1 + a2
a1 − a2 a1 + a2
(c) A = (d) A =
2 2
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 168
25. A sphere of mass m is held between two smooth 29. A trolley is accelerating down an incline of angle θ
inclined walls. For sin 37° = 3/5, the normal reaction with acceleration g sin θ . Which of the following is
of the wall (2) is equal to: not correct? ( α is angle made by the string with
vertical).
16 mg 25 mg
(a) (b) (a) α = θ
25 21
(b) α = 0°
39 mg
(c) (d) mg (c) Tension in the string T = mg cos θ
25
(d) All of the above
26. A trolley car slides down a smooth inclined plane of
angle of inclination θ . If a body is suspended from 30. A car is moving in a circular horizontal track of radius
the roof of the trolley car by an inextensible string, the 10 m with a constant speed of 10 m/s. A plumb bob is
corresponding tension in the string will be: suspended from the roof of the car by a light rigid rod.
The angle made by the bob with the vertical is
(a) mg (b) mg cos θ (g = 10 m/s2)
(c) mg sin θ (d) zero
(a) zero (b) 30o
27. A block of mass m is resting on a wedge of angle θ as
(c) 45o (d) 60o
shown in the figure. The wedge is given an
acceleration a. What is the value of a so that the mass 31. A block slides down an inclined plane of slope of
m falls freely? angle θ with a constant velocity. It is then projected
up the plane with an initial velocity u. The distance up
to which it will rise before coming to rest is:
u2 u2
(a) (b)
4 g sin θ 2g
u 2 sin 2 θ u sin θ
(c) (d)
2g 2g
32. The time taken by a body to slide down a rough 45º
(a) g (b) g cos θ incline plane is twice that required to slide down a
(c) g cot θ (d) g tan θ smooth 45º incline plane. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the object and rough plane is given
28. Two blocks of masses 5 kg and 3 kg are attached to by
the ends of a string passing over a smooth pulley fixed
(a) 1/3 (b) 3/4
to the ceiling of an elevator. A man inside the elevator
accelerated upwards, finds the acceleration of the 3 4
(c) (d)
blocks to be 9/32g. The acceleration of the elevator is: 4 3
g g
(a) (b)
3 4
g g
(c) (d)
8 6
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 169
33. Two blocks are connected over a massless pulley as 36. A body is moving down along an inclined plane of
shown in figure. The mass of block A is 10 kg and the angle of inclination θ The coefficient of friction
coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2. Block A slides between the body and the plane varies as µ = 0.5 x ,
down the incline at constant speed. The approximate
where x is the distance moved down the plane. The
mass of block B in kg is:
body will have the maximum velocity when it has
travelled a distance x given by:
2
(a) x = 2 tan θ (b) x =
tan θ
A
B (c) x = 2 cot θ (d) x =
2
cot θ
30°
37. In the shown arrangement mass of A = 1 kg, mass of
(a) 3.5 (b) > 2.5 B = 2 kg. Coefficient of friction between A and
B = 0.2. There is no friction between B and ground.
(c) 3.3 (d) 3.0 The frictional force exerted by A on B equals:
34. A block of mass m is kept on an inclined plane of a
lift moving down with acceleration of 2ms −2 . What
should be the coefficient of friction to let the block
move down with constant velocity relative to lift:
(a) 2 N (b) 3 N
(c) 4 N (d) 5 N
38. A body of mass 60 kg is dragged along a horizontal
surface by a horizontal force which is just sufficient to
start the motion of the body from rest. If the
1
(a) µ = (b) µ = 0.4 coefficients of static and kinetic friction are 0.5 and
3 0.4 respectively, the acceleration of the body is
3 (a) 0.98 m/s2 (b) 9.8 m/s2
(c) µ = 0.8 (d) µ =
2 (c) 0.54 m/s2 (d) 5.292 m/s2
35. Block A of mass m rests on the plank B of mass 3m 39. Two blocks A and B are placed on a table and joined
which is free to slide on a frictionless horizontal by a string (figure). The limiting friction for both
surface. The coefficient of friction between the block blocks is F. The tension in the string is T. The forces
and plank is 0.2. If a horizontal force of magnitude 2 of friction acting on the blocks are FA and FB. An
mg is applied to the plank B, the acceleration of A external horizontal force P = 3F/2 acts on A, directed
relative to the plank and relative to the ground away from B. Then
respectively, are:
A
2 mg
B
g 2g 3F F
(a) 0, (b) 0, (a) FA =FB =T= (b) =
FA ,=
FB F,=
T F
2 3 4 2
3g g g 2g F F
(c) , (d) , (c) FA =FB =3 , T=0 (d) FA =F, FB =T=
5 5 5 5 4 2
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 170
40. In the figure, mA = 2kg and mB = 4kg . For what (a) 4 m (b) 8 m
minimum value of F, A starts slipping over B? (c) 16 m (d) 32 m
(g = 10 m/s2)
44. Two blocks A and B are pushed against the wall with
A µ = 0.2 the force F. The wall is smooth but the surface in
F B
1
contact of A and B are rough. Which of the following
µ2 = 0.4
is true for the system of the blocks?
(a) 24 N (b) 36 N
(c) 12 N (d) 20 N
41. A block of mass m is placed on another block of mass
M which itself is lying on a horizontal surface. The
coefficient of friction between two blocks is µ1 and
that between the block of mass M and horizontal
surface is µ 2 . What maximum horizontal force can be (a) F should be equal to weight of A and B for
applied to the lower block, so that the two blocks move equilibrium.
without separation?
(b) F should be less than the weight of A and B for
equilibrium.
(c) F should be more than the weight of A and B for
equilibrium
(d) The system cannot be in equilibrium (at rest).
(a) ( μ1 - μ 2 ) (m + M)g (b) ( μ1 - μ 2 ) (m - M)g 45. A block of mass M lies on a rough surface of
coefficient of friction µ A force is applied on it an
(c) ( μ1 + μ 2 ) (m - M)g (d) ( μ1 + μ 2 ) (m + M)g
angle θ to the horizontal as shown, and the block is at
42. In the arrangement shown in figure, there is a friction
rest. The frictional force acting on the block will be:
force between the blocks of masses m and 2m. The
mass of the suspended block is m. The block of mass
m is stationary with respect to block of mass 2 m. The
minimum value of coefficient of friction between m
and 2m is:
47. For the arrangement shown in the figure the tension in 51. A block of weight 5 N is pushed against a vertical wall
the string is by a force of 12 N. The coefficient of friction between
the wall and the block is 0.6. The magnitude of total
force exerted by the wall on the block is
P 3 P
(c) µ mg − (d) µ mg −
2 2
50. A rough vertical board has an acceleration a along the
horizontal, so that a block of mass M pressing against
(a) 15 kg (b) 10 kg
it does not fall. The coefficient of friction between
(c) 5 kg (d) 3 kg
block and the board is:
54. If µ is coefficient of friction between the tyres and
a g
(a) ≥ (b) ≤ road, then the minimum stopping distance for a car of
g a mass m moving with velocity v is
v2
(c) ≤
a
(d) ≥
g (a) µ vg (b)
g a 2µ g
µv
(c) v 2 µ g (d)
2g
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 172
55. A parabolic bowl with its bottom at origin has the 59. A block of mass 0.1 kg is held against a wall by
x 2 applying a horizontal force of 5 N on the block. If the
shape y = . Here, x and y are in metres. The coefficient of friction between the block and the wall
20
maximum height at which a small mass m can be is 0.5, the magnitude of the frictional force acting on
placed on the bowl without slipping (coefficient of the block is
static friction is 0.5) is: (a) 2.5 N (b) 0.98 N
(c) 4.9 N (d) 0.49 N
60. What is the maximum value of the force F such that
the block shown in the arrangement, does not move?
62. A body of mass 5 kg is suspended by the strings 65. A block of mass m is at rest on an inclined surface
making angles 60° and 30° with the horizontal as having a coefficient of friction µ > tan θ as shown in
shown in the figure (g = 10 m/s2) then, the figure. The horizontal acceleration which should
be given to the inclined plane, so that the force of
friction between the block and the plane becomes
zero, is:
(a) T1 = 25 N (b) T2 = 25 N
(c) T1 = 25 3 N (d) T2 = 25 3 N
63. Two blocks A and B of mass 5 kg and 2 kg, (a) g sin θ , leftward (b) g tan θ , leftward
respectively, connected by a spring of force constant (c) g cot θ , rightward (d) g tan θ rightward
100 N/m are placed on an inclined plane of inclination
30° as shown in the figure. If the system is released
from rest, then 66. The string shown in the figure is passing over small
smooth pulley rigidly attached to trolley A. Speed of
trolley is constant and equal to v A . Speed and
magnitude of acceleration of block B at the instant
shown in figure is
68. Two blocks of masses m1 and m2 are connected (a) The friction force between A and B is 40 N.
through a massless inextensible string. Block of mass (b) The net force acting on A is 150 N.
m1 is placed at the fixed rigid inclined surface while (c) The value of F is 190 N.
the block of mass m2 hanging at the other end of the
(d) The value of F is 150 N.
string, which is passing through a fixed massless
71. Mark the correct statement(s) regarding friction.
frictionless pulley shown in the figure. The coefficient
of static friction between the block and the inclined (a) Friction force can be zero, even though the contact
plane is 0.8. The system of masses m1 and m2 is surface is rough.
released from rest. (b) Even though there is no relative motion between
surfaces, frictional force may exist between them.
(c) The expressions f L = us N or f k = µk N are
approximate expressions.
(d) The expression f L = us N tells that direction of
f L and N are the same.
(a) The tension in the string is 20 N after releasing the 72. A 10 kg block is placed on the top of a 40 kg block as
system. shown in the figure. A horizontal force F acting on B
(b) The contact force by the inclined surface on the causes an acceleration of 2 m/s2 to B. For this situation
block is along normal to the inclined surface. mark out the correct statement(s).
(c) The magnitude of contact force by the inclined
surface on the block m1 is 20 3 N .
(d) None of these
69. In the figure, if F = 4N, m = 2kg, M = 4 kg then
74. A block is placed on an inclined plane moving 78. A block weighing 20 kg is placed on a smooth surface
towards right horizontally with an acceleration A weight of 2 kg is mounted on the block. The
a0 = g . The length of the plane AC = 1 m. Friction is coefficient of friction between the block and the
absent everywhere. Find the time taken (in sec) by the weight is 0.25. Calculate the acceleration (in ms −2 ) of
block to reach from C to A. [take g = 10ms −2 ] the block when a horizontal force of 20 N is applied
to the weight as shown in the figure. (g = 10 ms-2).
Assertion & Reason 87. Assertion: If a body is trying to slip over a surface
(A) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a correct then friction acting on the body is necessarily equal to
explanation for Assertion. the limiting friction.
(B) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is NOT a Reason: Static friction can be less than the limiting
correct explanation for Assertion. friction force.
(C) Assertion is true, Reason is false. (a) A (b) B
(D) Assertion is false, Reason is true. (c) C (d) D
81. Assertion: In figure the ground is smooth and the 88. Assertion: On a rainy day, it is difficult to drive a car
masses of both the blocks are different. Net force or a bus at high speed.
acting on each of the block is not same. Reason: The value of coefficient of friction is
Reason: Acceleration of the blocks both will be lowered due to wetting of the surface.
different. (a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
90. For the situation shown in the figure, in Column I, the 92. Find the magnitudes of the horizontal forces F1 and F2
statements regarding friction forces are mentioned, that must be applied to hold the system in the position
while in Column II some information related to shown.
friction forces are given. Match the entries of Column
(a) 75 N, 90 N, respectively
I with the entries of Column II.
(b) 60 N, 60 N, respectively
(c) 90 N, 90 N, respectively
(d) 45 N, 90 N, respectively
due to 5 kg block is 13 8
(c) m / s2 (d) m / s2
7 3
Paragraph Type Questions 94. The least coefficient of friction between A and B is
Using the following passage, solve Q. 95 to 97 Using the following passage, solve Q. 98 to 100
Passage - 3 Passage - 4
Three blocks A, B and C of mass 3M, 2M and M, A student performs two experiments to determine the
respectively, are suspended vertically with the help of springs coefficient of static and kinetic friction between a block of
PQ and TU and a string RS as shown. If acceleration of block mass 100 kg and the horizontal floor.
A, B and C are a1, a2 and a3, respectively.
Ist Experiment: He applies a gradual increasing force on the
block and is just able to slide the block when force is 450 N
IInd Experiment: He applies constant force of different
magnitudes for the duration of 2 s and determine the distance
travelled by the block in this duration.
Set Force Distance
1. 300 N 0.5 m
2. 600 N 2.0 m
3. 750 N 3.0 m
Assume all the forces have been applied horizontally.
95. The value of acceleration a3 at the moment spring PQ 98. The coefficient of static friction between the block and
is cut is the floor is
(a) g downward (b) g upward (a) 0.45 (b) 0.5
(c) more than g downward (d) zero (c) 0.3 (d) 1.45
96. The value of acceleration a1 at the moment string RS 99. Which set of the readings of Experiment II is
is cut is absolutely wrong?
(a) g downward (b) g upward (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) more than g downward (d) zero (c) 3 (d) none of these
97. The value of acceleration a2 at the moment spring TU 100. The speed of the block after 3s (beginning from the
is cut is starting of application of force) in set 2 for IInd
experiment is
(a) g/5 upward (b) g/5 downward
(a) 6 m/s
(c) g/3 upward (d) zero
(b) 2 m/s
(c) 3 m/s
(d) Information is insufficient
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 179
(2001)
(a) 2Mg (b) 2mg
(c) ( M + m)
2
+ m2 g (d) ( ( M + m)
2
)
+M2 g
(2004)
2. The pulleys and strings shown in the figure are 5. Two blocks A and B of masses 2 m and m
smooth and of negligible mass. For the system to respectively are connected by a massless and
remain in equilibrium, the angle θ should be: inextensible string. The whole system is suspended
by a massless spring as shown in the figure. The
(2001)
magnitudes of acceleration A and B, immediately
after the string is cut, are respectively
(2006)
(a) 0° (b) 30°
g g
(a) g , (b) ,g
(c) 45° (d) 60° 2 2
3. What is the maximum value of the force F such that g g
(c) g , g (d) ,
the block shown in the arrangement, does not move? 2 2
6. A circular disc with a groove along its diameter is
placed horizontally. A block of mass 1 kg is placed as
shown in the figure. The co-efficient of friction
between the block and all surface of groove in contact
is m = 2/5. The disc has an acceleration of 25 m/s2.
(2003) Find the acceleration of the block with respect to disc.
(a) 20 N (b) 10 N
(c) 12 N (d) 15 N
(2006)
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 180
7. Two particles of mass m each are tied at the ends of a 10. Assertion: A block of mass m starts moving on a
light string of length 2a. The whole system is kept on rough horizontal surface with a velocity v. It stops
a frictionless horizontal surface with the string held due to friction between the block and the surface after
tight so that each mass is at a distance a from the moving through a certain distance. The surface is now
centre P (as shown in the figure). Now, the mid-point tilted to an angle of 30° with the horizontal and the
of the string is pulled vertically upwards with a small same block is made to go up on the surface with the
but constant force F. As a result, the particles moves same initial velocity v. The decrease in the
towards each other on the surface. The magnitude of mechanical energy in the second situation is smaller
acceleration, when the separation between them than that in the first situation.
becomes 2 x is (2007) Reason: The coefficient of friction between the
block and the surface decreases with the increase in
the angle of inclination. (2007)
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
11. A piece of wire is bent in the shape of a parabola
y = kx2 (y-axis vertical) with a bead of mass m on it.
F a F x The bead can slide on the wire without friction. It
(a) (b)
2m a −x
2 2 2m a − x2
2
stays at the lowest point of the parabola when the wire
is at rest. The wire is now accelerated parallel to the
F x F a2 − x2 x-axis with constant acceleration a. The distance of
(c) (d)
2m a 2m x the new equilibrium position of the bead, where the
8. A particle moves in the X–Y plane under the bead can stay at rest with respect to the wire, from the
influence of a force such that its linear momentum is y–axis is: (2009)
= p ( t ) A iˆ cos ( kt ) − ˆj sin ( kt ) , where A and k are (a)
a
(b)
a
gk 2 gk
constants. The angle between the force and the
momentum is: (2007) 2a a
(c) (d)
(a) 0° (b) 30° gk 4 gk
12. A block of mass m is on an inclined plane of angle q.
(c) 45° (d) 90°
The coefficient of friction between the block and the
plane is m and tan q > m. The block is held stationary
Assertion & Reason by applying a force P parallel to the plane. The
direction of force pointing up the plane is taken to be
(A) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is a
positive. As P is varied from P1 = mg (sin q – m cos
correct explanation for Assertion.
q) to P2 = mg (sin q + m cos q), the frictional force f
(B) Assertion is true, Reason is true; Reason is NOT a versus P graph will look like. (2010)
correct explanation for Assertion.
(C) Assertion is true, Reason is false.
(D) Assertion is false, Reason is true.
9. Assertion: A cloth covers a table. Some dishes are
kept on it. The cloth can be pulled out without
dislodging the dishes from the table.
(a) (b)
Reason: For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction. (2007)
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D (c) (d)
LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION 181
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book
Answer Key
CHAPTER -1 UNITS & MEASUREMENTS AND BASIC MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS
EXERCISE - 3: EXERCISE - 4:
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTION PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Answer Key
CHAPTER -2 MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS
EXERCISE - 3: EXERCISE - 4:
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTION PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS
Answer Key
CHAPTER -3 MOTION IN A PLANE AND RELATIVE MOTION
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS
DIRECTION TO USE -
DIRECTION TO USE - Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.
Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions.
Answer Key
CHAPTER -4 LAWS OF MOTION AND FRICTION
EXERCISE - 1 : EXERCISE - 2 :
BASIC OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS PREVIOUS YEARS JEE MAIN QUESTIONS
EXERCISE - 3: EXERCISE - 4:
ADVANCED OBJECTIVE QUESTION PREVIOUS YEARS JEE ADVANCED QUESTIONS
VOLUME 2:
Work, Energy and Power
Circular Motion
Centre of Mass, Momentum and Collision
Rotational Motion
Gravitation
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Fluid Mechanics
Simple Harmonic Motion
Waves
VOLUME 4:
Thermal Physics
Kinetic Theory of Gases and Thermodynamics
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