Biostatistics Notes

BIOSTATISTICS NOTES
Statistics is a set of numerical data or observations. A branch of science which deals with the collection, presentation,
analysis of data and interpretation of results.
A. Collection of data refers to the different gathering techniques.

B. Presentation of data refers to the process of organizing data such as tabular display, presentation using charts or
graphs.
C. Analysis of data refers to the method of obtaining necessary, relevant and noteworthy information using charts or
graphs.
D. Interpretation of results refers to the tools of drawing out conclusions, descriptions, inferences, or generalization
from the analyzed data.
IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER:

1. Population - collection of all counts, measurements and responses that are of interest.
2. Sample - portion or subset of the population.
3. Parameter - number that describes a population characteristics.
4. Statistics - number that describes a sample characteristics.
5. Sampling - process of gathering a representative portion of the population to be used in the research study.
6. Target Population - group from which representative information is desired and to which inferences are made.
7. Sampling Population - is the population from which a sample will actually be taken.
8. Sampling frame - a listing which is actually a collection of all sampling units.
9. Elementary unit - an object or a person in which a measurement is actually taken or an observation is made.
10. Sampling unit - units which are chosen in selecting the sample and may be made- up of non-overlapping
collection of elements or elementary units.
USES OF STATISTICS:
Statistics helps in:
1. Providing a better understanding and exact description of a phenomenon of nature.
2. Proper and efficient planning of a statistical inquiry in any field of study.
3. Collecting appropriate quantitative data.
TWO MAIN DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC INFERENTIAL STATISTIC
Methods dealing with the collection, organization and Methods of dealing with making inferences, estimations
analysis of description of a particular data set for which or predictions about a larger set of data using the
the conclusions or the important characteristics apply information gathered from a subset of a larger set. The
only to the data set on hand. goal is not merely to provide description but to also make
prediction and inferences based on the available
information gathered.
Data are either constant or variable.

The value of constant data remains the same.
Variables are categories which cannot be predicted with certainty.
VARIABLES
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE
Categories which are simply used to distinguish one Categories which can be measured and ordered according
group from another. to quantity and where values can be expressed
numerically.
Ex. Sex, religion, civil status
Ex. Birthweight, hospital bed capacity, arm
circumference, and population size.
DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE CONTINUOUS QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

assumes finite or countably infinite value. It can assume assumes values which are associated with points on an
integral value or whole numbers. interval of the number line, usually obtained through the
process of measurement with corresponding units.
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
NOMINAL DATA ORDINAL DATA
- crudest form of data. Uses numbers or symbols for the - data can be ranked or ordered which means one data
purpose of categorizing subjects into groups or categories may be higher or lower than the other.
which are mutually exclusive.
Ex. Sex can be categorized into male or female. Thus, if Ex. Level of pain assessment ; 4 - very painful, 3 -
an individual is a member of the male group he cannot be painful, 2 - less painful, 1 - not painful.
a member of the female group.
INTERVAL DATA RATIO DATA
- data are numeric in nature and the distances between - highest form of data. Has an absolute zero point and
any two numbers are known. It does not have an inherent magnitude of the data can be compared.
zero.
Ex. Blood pressure, body temperature. Ex. Age, number of siblings, length of stay.
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

1. OBSERVATION METHOD Data are obtained by observing the behaviour of the Observational Data
subjects at a particular time of occurrence.
2. EXPERIMENTAL Data collected have actual human interference with the Experimental Data
METHOD situations that can effect the variables under the study.
3. ARCHIVAL METHOD Data is gathered or measured from a primary source for Secondary Data
publication. The data are already existing in archives.
4. REGISTRATION Data are coming from the information in compliance with Registration Data
METHOD existing laws.
5. SURVEY METHOD Information is obtained through asking questions. Can be Survey Data
direct (personal interview method) or indirect
(questionnaire method.
5a. PERSONAL INTERVIEW METHOD

An effective data collection where there is person to person
contact between the interviewer and the interviewee. It has
high response rate but can only be administered once.
5b. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

An easiest method of data collection because data
gathering tools is utilized and can be administered to a
large number of respondents simultaneously.
SAMPLING - the act of studying or examining only a segment of the population to represent the whole. The findings
for this segment of the population is generalized to the total population.
I. Advantages of Sampling III. Basic Sampling Design

- cheaper - Non-probability sampling
- faster - Probability Sampling
- better quality of information can be collected IV. Factors that determines
- more comprehensive data may be obtained sample size
- possible method for destructive procedures. - Study designed used.
II. Criteria of Good Sampling design - Magnitude of the parameter
- the sample should be representative of the population. being estimated.
- sample size should be adequate. - Variability of the parameter
- practicality and feasibility of the sampling procedure. being estimated.
- Economy and efficiency of the sampling design. - level of precision desired.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING - is a sampling procedure in which every element in the population has a
known zero chance of being included in the selection of sample.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

- A sampling procedure in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being chosen as a
sample usually in the form of lottery, raffle or the use of random numbers.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
-
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
MULTI-STAGE SAMPLING

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BIOSTATISTICS NOTES

A. Collection of data refers to the different gathering techniques.

IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER:

TWO MAIN DIVISIONS OF STATISTICS

Data are either constant or variable.

DISCRETE QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE CONTINUOUS QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE

METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

5a. PERSONAL INTERVIEW METHOD

5b. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

I. Advantages of Sampling III. Basic Sampling Design

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

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