LESSON 1 Pre-Spanish Literature of the Philippines

Pre-Spanish Literature of the Philippines 21st Century Literature from the Philippines
and the World

PRE/SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

-Before 1521-
The early literary forms of the Philippines were epics, legends, riddles and proverbs
which were told and retold by the natives. The literature of pre-colonial Filipinos bore
the marks of the community. During the Spanish Colonial Period of the Philippines
most of the archipelago underwent a deep cultural, religious transformation.

BAYBAYIN O ALIBATA
"Baybayin" Literary means "spelling" which early Filipinos wrote on bamboo or on
specially prepared palm leaves, using knives and styli.

They used the ancient Tagalog script which had 17 basic symbols:
• 3 vowels a, e/i, o/u;
• 14 consonants ba, ka, da/ra, ga, ha, la, ma, na, nga, pa, sa, la, wa, ya. The kudlit
modified the sound of the symbol into different vowel sounds.

Long before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores,
our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race. Our
ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our
folk stories, old plays and short stories.

A. LEGENDS
Legends are a form of prose the common theme of which is about the origin of a thing,
place, location or name. The events are imaginary, devoid of truth and unbelievable.
Old Filipino customs are reflected in these legends.
Ex: Alamat ng Pinya

B. FOLK TALES
Folk tales are made up of stories about life, adventure, love, horror and humor where
one can derive lessons about life. These are useful to us because they help us
appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities and improve our perspectives
in life.

C. EPIC
Epics are long narrative poems in which a series of heroic achievements or events,
usually of a hero, are dealt with at length.

D. FOLK SONGS
Folk songs are one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-
Spanish period. These songs mirrored the early forms of culture. Many of these have
12 syllables
Literary pieces
 Hele Oroyayi - lullaby
 Tagay (Cebuano and Waray) - Drinking Song
 Kanogan (Cebuano) - Song of lamentation for the dead
 Ambahan (Mangyan) - About human relationships and social entertainment.
 Kalusan (Ivatan) - Work song

1. Epigrams (Salawikain)
These have been customarily used and served as laws or rules on good behavior by
our ancestors. To others, these are like allegories or parables that impart lessons for
the young..

2. Chant (Bulong).
Used in witch craft or enchantment.

3. Riddles (Bugtong) or Palaisipan

These are made up of one or more measured lines with rhyme and may consist of four
to 12 syllables.

 Gaddang: "If he sits down he is high; if he stands up he is low"

 Ilokano: "If I walk in the dark I have no companion; if I walk in the light I have
one."
 Tagalog: "General Negro pass by and eveybody die"
 Bisaya: "A small hill with seven holes"
 Pampanga: "What has many keys, but can't even open a single door?"

DALIT at TANAGA

DALIT
A short form of indigenous Pilipino poetry composed of four lines of eight syllables
each, usually following a rhyming pattern.

Nag-aaral siyang pilit Nang karangala'y makamit Buong buhay syang nag-tiis
Makapagtapos ang nais -Zoren Mercurio

TANAGA
The Tanaga is a type of short Filipino poem, consisting of four lines with seven
syllables each with the same rhyme at the end of each line.

"Ang kanyang tinging titig, Sa sintang iniibig, Ay luksong malalagkit, May alab din
ng init"

Literature of the Pre-Christian Tribes of the Philippines

Philippine literature reflects a diverse group of works which are mostly grounded on
traditional folktales, socio-political histories, and real-life experiences. Some sample
stories are from Tinguian, the Igorot, the Subanun, the Bukidnon, and the Mandaya
indigeneous tribes of the Philippines.
TINGUIANS
The Itneg (exonym "Tinguian" or "Tingguian") are an Austronesian ethnic group from
the upland province of Abra in northwestern Luzon, in the Philippines.

IGOROT
Igorot, (Tagalog: “Mountaineer”) ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon.
All of whom keep, or have kept until recently, their traditional religion and way of life.

SUBANON
The Subanon is an indigenous group to the Zamboanga peninsula area, particularly
living in the mountainous areas of Zamboanga del Sur and Misamis Occidental

BUKIDNON
The Bukidnons is an ethnic tribe in North central Mindanao whose ancestors were the
aborigines of the coastal places of what is now the province of Misamis Oriental

MANDAYA
The name means "the people who live upriver". They are also considered to belong to
the Manobo group. They stand out among the others because of their sharp Spanish
features.

Fay-Cooper Cole
Was a professor of anthropology and founder of the anthropology department His first
important monograph, A study of Tinguian Folklore, compared the old culture
reflectd in Tinguian myths with the culture of present day of Tinguians.

THE SUN AND THE MOON TINGUIAN TRIBE FOLKTALE

In the olden days, like the moon, the sun had also star children which were yellowish
in color, very bright and very hot. The star children of the moon, however, were
reddish and cool. That moon was scared that his star stars would wither and die if they
play with the star children of the sun.
The moon suggested to the sun that they kill thier children who were crowding the
heavens with their number. When the sun had killed her children, the moon merely
hid behind the clouds.
In the evening, when the clouds faded, the moon stars appeared. This angered the sun
so he gave chase to the moon. Thus, when he overtakes the moon, we have the so-
called eclipse. Until now, this chase continues because the moon still continues to
hide from the sun.

The Widow's Son by Mabel Cook Cole Told by The Subanun Tribe (Mindanao)

Mabel Cook Cole Was an anthropologist and author. Her collection Philippine Folk
Tales, published in 1916, was Cole’s attempt to make a thorough compilation of folk
tales from the nation. spent four years with the “wild tribes of the Philippines.” They
were privy to hearing these tales while sitting around a campfire or visiting with
people, and put them down in print for posterity.
LESSON 3 Literature ofthe Philippines During Spanish Colonization

 Graciano Lopez Jaena 1856-1896

 Jose Rizal 1861-1896
 Marcelo H. del Pilar 1850-1896

The main propagandists who used writings and orations as their weapons for change.

Literature ofthe Philippines During Spanish Colonization

The selected texts are satires aimed at the abuses of the friars in the country .
The cry for reporm in the church and in the state from 1872 - 1892 prompted the
second propaganda movement.

Satire
is the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's
stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other issues.

Graciano Lopez Jaena 1856-1896

- He was an orator and was among the great heroes who gave birth to the propaganda
movement to change the colonial status of the Philippines.
- Because of his affiliations with the poorest citizens of the country, he became aware
of the unjust social dilemma and corrupted religious power of the prayle during the
Spanish colonial era.
- As a result, he created Fray Botod at a young age of 18. It is a satirical work against
the Spanish friars who were responsible for the oppression experienced by the
Filipinos for more than 300 years.

"FRAY BOTOD: A CHARACTER SKETCH"

The story of Fray Botod portrayed an early Spanish priest from the colonial era of the
Philippines as greedy, corrupt, hypocrite, gluttonous, and lustful. Fray Botod means
"Big - Bellied Friar," pertaining to the nickname of the main character in the story.

Paglalarawan
- siya ay pandak, bilugan ang mukha parang buwan, bilugan ang pisngi, makapal ang
labi, maliit ang kanyang mata, mapula ang ilong at malaki ang mga butas nito kaya
madali siyang makaamoy
- mamula-mula ang kanyang buhok, bilugan ang ulo kagaya ng bao ng niyog, kunot
ang noo at matalas tumingin, at maikli ang leeg malaki ang kanyang tiyan na nakausli

Ang kwento
- "Nagulat ang Kastila na si Padre Botod dahil sa Espanya, sila ay pinaalis na ngunit
nananatili sila sa Pilipinas, nagmamalabis hindi lamang sa isipiritwal na bagay kundi
sa pamahalaan at sa kalaswaan"
- "sabi ng Kastila ang mga ganyang tao ay dapat lasunin at balang araw, pagbabayaran
nito ang kanyang mga kasalanan"
Paglalarawan
- mas matakaw kaysa kay Heliogabalus (roman emperor)
- isang usurero mas masahol kaysa sa hudyong nagpapahiram ng pera
- mahilig sa babae katulad ng isang sultan
- mayroon siya ng lahat ng gusto niya at masyado siyang nagiindulge sa mga ito

Canding-canding
- sila ay galing sa mahihirap na pamilya at pinangakuang papag-aralin, tuturuan ng
Doctrina Cristiana at catesismo kadalasan sila ay sapilitang binibigay sa kura

LISTAHAN NG MGA CANDING-CANDING

Kikay - mamamaypay
Paula - nangingiliti sa paa
Loleng - naghihilot sa ulo
Titay - nag-aalis ng kuto
Manay - nangingiliti sa tainga
Arang - naghihila ng daliri
Biray - (pinakamaganda) nanghihimas ng tiyan
Calay - bumubulong ng mga istorya sa tainga
Ansay - nag-aalis ng puting buhok

Concubines
- pumapasok ang dalawang middle-aged magagandang babae umuupo sila sa mga
silya malapit sa kama ng kura ay hinihintay itong magising at gawin ang mga utos
nito sila ay ang concubines ng kura

21st CLPW 21st CLPW LESSON 3 PART 2

Marcelo H. del Pilar 1850-1896

- He finished law at the University of Santo Tomas in 1880.
- Also known as Plaridel, founded the Diaryong Tagalog in 1882.
- wrote various anti-clerical pamphlets such as Cai-igat Cayo, Dasalan at Tuksohan,
Kadakilaan ng Diyos, La Soberania Monacal, and La Frailocracia Filipinas.
- In November 1889, del Pilar succeeded Lopez-Jaena as the editor of the reformists’
bi-monthly paper, La Solidaridad, until its closure on 15 November 1895.
- Fatigue, hunger, and lack of proper clothing for the cold weather took a toll on his
health. Plaridel died of tuberculosis on July 4, 1896.

Catechism
- The catechism is a doctrine that is believed to be "Holy" and "Sacred."
- The Spanish imposed Christian principles.

 Ang Tanda ng Cara-i-Cruz (Parody of the Sign of the CROSS)

 Pagsisisi ( Parody of the act of Contrition)
 Ang Amain Namin ( Parody of Our Father )
 Ang aba Guinoong Baria (Parody of Hail Mary)
 Ang Aba Po Santa Baria
Ang Manga Utos ng Fraile (Parody of Ten Commandments)

Ang mga utos nang Prayle ay sampu:

Ang nauna: Sambahin mo ang Prayle na lalo sa lahat.
Ang ikalaua: Huwag kang magpapahamak o manumba ng ngalang deretsos.
Ang ikatlo: Manalangin ka sa Prayle Linggo man at piyesta.
Ang ikapat: Isanla mo ang katauhan mo sa pagpapalibing sa ama’t ina,
Ang ikalima: Huwag kang mamamatay kung wala pang salaping panlibing.
Ang ikanim: Huwag kang makiapid sa kanyang asawa.
Ang ikapito: Huwag kang makinakaw.
Ang ikaualo: Huwag mo silang pagbibintangan, kahit ka masinungalingan.
Ang ikasiyam: Huwag mong ipagkait ang iyong asawa.
Ang ikapulo: Huwag mong itangi ang iyong ari.

LESSON 4 21st CLPW

Literature of the Philippine Revolution 1896

It began in 1896 as a rebellion against brutal Spanish rule that spanned over three
centuries. Spain restricted Filipino religious rights and political participation in their
own governance and enforced harsh trade restrictions.

KKK LEADERS
 Andres Bonifacio 1863 - 1897
 Apolinario Mabini 1864 - 1903
 Pio Del Pilar 1869 - 1956

KKK FLAGS
Gregoria de Jesús Flag bearer
Andrés Bonifacio requested his wife, Gregoria de Jesús, to create
a flag for the society. De Jesús devised a simple red flag bearing
the society's acronym, KKK, in white and arranged horizontally
at the center.

Andres Bonifacio Flag bearer

This flag was first unveiled on August 23, 1896, during the Cry
of Pugadlawin. The flag was used later during the Battle of San
Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896, the first major battle of the
Philippine Revolution.

Mariano Llanera Flag bearer

General Mariano Llanera who fought in the provinces of
Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija used this black flag
resembling the Jolly Roger. Bonifacio referred to the design as
Bungo ni Llanera or Llanera's Skull.

Pio Del Pilar Flag bearer

The flag was called Bandila ng Matagumpay (Flag Of the
Triumphants) and was first used on July 11, 1895. The flag was
also one of the first to depict an eight-rayed sun.
Gregorio Del Pilar Flag bearer
Del Pilar patterned his flag after that of Cuba's, which then was
also revolting Gregorio del Pilar against Spain.

Magdalo Group Flag bearers

A flag reminiscent of the Katipunan flags of the past was used
by a breakaway faction of army officers calling themselves
Bagong Katipuneros, but labeled the Magdalo Group by the
press.

ANDRES BONIFACIO Y DE CASTRO

- born in 1863 Tondo, Manila. He was the SUPREMO of the Katipunan established in
1892.
- After the Spanish arrested Rizal in July 1892, Bonifacio decided that the Philippines
would only achieve independence through revolution.
- Bonifacio Married Gregoria de Jesus who was only 18 then and became involved in
Katipunan. As a keeper of important documents, she was known as "Lakambini".

The Philippines was occupied by Spain for almost three hundred years. During its
duration and power, the Tagalogs were helpless and seemed to remain silent. Many
traditions and cultures were passed down to us by the Spaniards. But the most desired
of all did not achieve our freedom.

 Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas

 “Talumpati ni Gat Andres Bonifacio sa “Talumpati ni Gat Andres Bonifacio sa
Gabi ng Pagkakatatag ng KKK ng Mga Gabi ng Pagkakatatag ng KKK ng Mga
anak ng Bayan” anak ng Bayan”

Both of Bonifacio's literary works Both of Bonifacio's literary works contained

fighting words means to contained fighting words means to incite the katipuneros to
anger which incite the katipuneros to anger which was enough for them to fightfor
was enough for them to fightfor freedom from Spain. freedom from Spain.