1. Criminology- is the body of knowledge regarding.

crime as a social
phenomenon. It includes within. its scope the processes of making laws, of
breaking the laws and the reaction of society towards the breaking of law.
2. Sociology of Law- which of an attempt at scientific analysis of the
conditions under which criminal law influences society.
3. Criminal Etiology- which is an attempt at scientific analysis of the study of
causes of causes or reasons for crime.
4. Penology- concerned with control of crime by repressing criminal activities
through the fear of punishment.
5. Criminalistics - concerns with the collection, identification, and recognition
of physical evidence at the crime scene.
6. The Philippine National Police
Originating from a merging of the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated
National Police, the Philippine National Police (PNP) is the civilian national
police force of the Philippines.
7. Bureau of Fire Protection
The Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) is responsible for the prevention and
suppression of all destructive fires in buildings, houses and other structures,
forests, land transportation vehicles and equipment, ships or vessels docked
at piers or wharves or anchored in major seaports, petroleum industry
installations
8. BUREAU OF JAIL MANAGEMENT AND PENOLOGY
As one of the five pillars of the Criminal Justice System, the BJMP was
created to address growing concern of jail management and penology
problems. Primarily, its clients are detainees accused before a court who are
temporarily confined in such jails while undergoing investigation, waiting final
judgment and those who are serving sentences promulgated by the court 3
years and below.
9. Sociology (Sociological Criminology) - This is the study of crime focused on
the group of people and society as a whole.
10. Psychology (Psychological Criminology) - This is the science of behavior
and mental processes of the criminal.
11. Psychiatry (Psychiatric Criminology -: This is the science that deals with
the study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives.
12. Cesare Lombroso-” Father of Criminology” or the “ Father of Modern
Criminology”, also the “Founder of Criminal Anthropology”. He studies the
remains of executed individuals who have been convicted of crimes
13. Raffaele Garofalo- An Italian nobleman, magistrate, senator, and
professor of law who rejected the classical principle that punishment should fit
the crime, arguing instead that it should fir the criminal.
14. Enrico Ferri- attacked the classical doctrine on freewill, and argued that
criminals should not be held morally responsible for their crimes, because
they did not choose to commit crimes rather, were driven to commit crimes
due to economic, social and political factors.
15. Born Criminal- States those criminals are lower form of life, nearer to their
apelike ancestors than non-criminal in traits and disposition.
16. Moral Anomalies- Criminal behavior can be traced not to criminals
physical features but to criminal’s psychological equivalents.
17. General Law- The law is binding to all persons who live or sojourn in the
Philippines.
18.. Moral Responsibility- Criminals should not be held morally responsible for
their crimes, because they did not choose to commit crimes rather, were
driven to commit crimes due to economic, social and political factors.
19. Registered criminologist - refers to a natural person who holds a valid
certificate of registration and an updated professional identification card as a
criminologist issued by the Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists
and the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) pursuant to this Act.
20. Law – It is the rule of conduct, just and made obligatory by the legitimate
authority for the common observance and benefit. It is symbolically
represented by a blindfolded woman carrying with one hand a sword and the
other a balance.
21. Criminal Law – It is a branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats
of their nature and provides for their punishment.
22. Act No. 3815 – The primary source of criminal law in the Philippines. It is
otherwise known as the Revised Penal Code and it took effect on January 1,
1932. The Code Committee was chaired by Anacleto Diaz, with its members,
namely: Quintin Paredes, Alex Reyes, Mariano de Joya and Guillermo
Guevara.
24. Prospective Law- Criminal law cannot make an act punishable in a
manner in which it was not punishable when committed; it has no retroactive
effect.
25. Objective Approach - Criminal behavior is explained in terms of factors
extraneous to the offender which are social, sociological, cultural and
economic.
26. Subjective Approach- Criminal behavior is explained in terms of factors
within criminal, i.e. physical, biological and mental traits.
27. Biological Approach- It proposes that human beings commit crime
because of internal factors over which they have little or no control.
28. Causal Approach- This is a study of the causal link that exists between the
defendant’s action and the plaintiff’s injury. It is observation of facts in relation
to phenomenon of crime interpreting them in relation to the possible causes of
criminal behaviour.
29. Deficient in Probity Approach- The criminals deficient in probity, says Dr.
Maurice Parmellee, commit crimes against property.
30. Descriptive Approach- It describes the phenomenon of crime and those
who commit it. It covers all aspects such as personal traits of criminals and
the various forms of criminal behaviour.
31. Organically Inferior human traits Approach- This study was carried by
Eavert A. Hootan and William H. Sheldon. Hootan stated that criminals are
organically inferior. Hootan had studied 13,873 male criminals and 3023
persons of control group. The study was conducted in various American
States. To Hootan the criminal is an inadequately developed runty fellow,
while to Sheldon the criminal is husky and athletic type fellow.
32. Endemic Approach- It studies those factors that arise from local conditions
or belong to a particular period of the year, or the specified area that make a
man criminal.
33. Economic Approach- It studies external economic factors.
34. Environmental Approach- It seeks to explain the phenomenon of criminal
behaviour with reference to factors outside the personality of the delinquent.
35. Functional Psychosis Approach- As to mental quality an offender is either
normal or abnormal. The Psychotics are of two types, having psychosis of
organic origin and having psychosis of non-psychosis origin or functional
psychosis.
36. Individualistic Approach - It focuses its attention on the biological, mental
and other characteristics of the offender to explain the cause of his delinquent
behaviour.
37. Physiological Approach - It is an approach to criminology made by
endocrinologists who found that glandular malfunctioning caused the
delinquent behaviour.
38. Social Approach: Man may live in isolation but generally he lives in
society.
39. Therapeutic Approach: This approach is of recent origin. It considers the
criminal as a victim of circumstances and a product of various factors within
the criminal and the society.
40. Twin Research Approach: Violent due to environmental influences as
prejudices of honor, politics and religion, approach.
41. Demo graphical- it believes that population’s composition has a
relationship in the existence of criminality. The more people living in a
particular community, the more possibilities of crime exist.
42. Epidemiological-it believes that crime is transmitted within the population.
That people may also commit crimes that are perpetrated by people among
the population.
43. Ecology- studies criminality in relation to competition, social
discrimination, division of labor, social conflicts and interaction of people in
their environment.
44. Victimology- studies the role of the victim in the crime; it explains how
people are being victimized.
45. The classical school - developed during the Enlightenment in response to
excessive and cruel punishments to crime. Cesare Beccaria argued for more
humanitarian forms of punishment and against physical punishment and the
death penalty. He believed that punishment should fit the crime and not be
excessive.
46. Geographical- it believes that location of a person triggers criminal
behavior.
47. The Neo-classicist school- emerged, in large part, to remedy some of the
problems created by the classical school.
48. The positivist school -opposed the classical school’s understanding of
crime. All people are different, and thus vary in their understanding of right
and wrong; this needed to be a barometer for punishment.
49. Freewill by Cesare Beccaria, which stated that man, is entirely
unrestricted in his ability to choose between good and evil or man has the
capacity to choose what is right and what is wrong.
50. Hedonism that was introduced by Jeremy Bentham. A philosophy where
people choose pleasure and avoid pain.
51. Crime- it refers to an act or omission in violation of public law forbidding or
commanding it.
52. Offense- when it is punishable by Special Laws. Violations of special laws
are generally referred to as malum prohibitum.
53. Felony – when it is punishable by the Revised Penal Code. Violations of
the Revised Penal Code are referred to as malum in se, which literally means,
that the act is inherently evil or bad or per se wrongful.
54. Misdemeanor – when it violated an ordinance.
55. Malum in se (plural mala in se) is a Latin phrase meaning wrong or evil in
itself. The phrase is used to refer to conduct assessed as sinful or inherently
wrong by nature, independent of regulations governing the conduct.
56. Malum Prohibita - is an offense prohibited by statute but not inherently evil
or wrong —often used with a preceding noun (as crime or act).
57. Acquisitive Crime -When the offender acquires something.
58. Extinctive Crime - When the end result of a criminal act is destructive.
59. Seasonal Committed only during a certain period of the year.
60. Situational Those committed only when given the situation is conducive to
its commission.
61. Instant Those committed in the shortest possible time.
62. Episodic Those committed by a series of acts undertaken in a lengthy
space of time.
63. Static Those committed in only one place.
64. Transitory Those are committed in several places.
65. Rational Those committed with intention and offender are sane.
66. White collar Those committed by persons of respectability
67. Blue collar Those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain
their livelihood.
68. Crimes of the upper world - Crimes committed by large scale syndicates.
69. Crimes of the lower world - Crimes committed by amateur
70. Impossible crime - is an act which would be an offense against a person
or property was it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on
account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means.
71. Formal crimes - are crimes which are consummated in one instance. For
example, in oral defamation, there is no attempted oral defamation or
frustrated oral defamation; it is always in the consummated stage.
72. Material crimes - are crimes which undergo stages such as: attempted,
frustrated and consummated. For example: murder, homicide, etc.
73. Consummated Crime - when all the elements necessary for its execution
and accomplishment are present;
74. Frustrated - when the offender performs all the acts of execution which
would produce the felony as a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not
produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.
75. Intent – the actor must have had a guilty mind. Basis: “Actus non facit
reum nisi mens sit rea”
76’. Knowledge – refers to whether the behavior in question was done
knowingly.
77. Freedom – it refers to whether the actor exercises freewill. Basis: “Actus
me invito factus non est meus actus”
78. Consensus View - Criminal behavior is behavior in violation of the criminal
law. It is not a crime unless it is prohibited by the criminal law. The term
consensus implies general agreement among a majority of citizens on what
behaviors should be prohibited by criminal law and henceforth be viewed as
crimes.
79. Conflict View - The definition of crime is controlled by wealth, power, and
position and not by moral consensus or the fear of social disruption. It is a
political concept designed to protect the power and position of the upper
classes at the expense of the poor. The law is a tool of the ruling class, the
law is used to control the lower class, and crime is politically defined.
80. Interactionist View of Crime- Crimes are outlawed behaviors because
society defines them that way and not because they are inherently evil or
immoral acts. Moral entrepreneurs define crime and criminal labels are life-
transforming events.
81. Criminal Psychiatry- It involves the assessment and treatment of mentally
abnormal offenders, as well as the legal aspects of psychiatry which require
knowledge of the law relating to ordinary psychiatric practice, civil law and
issues of criminal responsibility.
82. Criminal Psychology- is a branch of the field of psychology which focuses
on criminals.
83. Physiognomy-it is based upon the ideas that the assessment of the
person’s outer appearance, primarily the face, may give insights into one’s
character or personality.
84. Phrenology- theory which determines character, personality, traits and
criminality on the basis of the shape of the head.
85. Criminal Geography- criminal behavior is correlated to climate, humidity,
wind velocity, atmosphere pressure, rainfall, nature of soil and other
geographical factors.
86. Sociological factors-causes of criminal behavior are the things, place and
people with whom the person comes in contact with and contributes to the
development of criminal behavior.
87. Criminal Anthropology- also called Anthropological criminology. It is based
on perceived links.
88. Id - Pleasure Principle; refers to the impulse or instinct in social drive.
89. Ego - Reality Principle; forms the man’s physical organization between his
sensory stimuli and his motor activities.
90. Superego- Conscience of man; tries to correct or control the ego and
represented by the voice of God.
91. Schizophrenia - mental disorder characterized by the loss of contact with
reality, disturbance of thought and perception, bizarre behavior. Formerly
known as Dementia Praecox.
92. PENOLOGY – refers to the study of punishment of crime or of criminal
offenders. It includes the study of control and prevention of crime through
punishment of criminal offenders. The term derived from the Latin word
“poena” which means pain or suffering.
93. PENAL MANAGEMENT – refers to the manner or practice of managing or
controlling places of confinement as jails or prisons.
94. CORRECTIONS – a branch of the Criminal Justice System concerned
with the custody, supervision and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
95. CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION – the study and practice of a system
management of jails or prisons and other institutions concerned with the
custody, treatment and rehabilitation of criminal offenders.
96. PUNISHMENT - it is the redress that the state takes against an offending
member of society that usually involves pain and suffering.
97. PENALTY - defined as the suffering inflicted by the state against an
offending member for the transgression of law.
98. Theory - a plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of
principles offered to explain phenomena. It is synonymous with the terms
thesis, hypothesis, supposition, and proposition(Merriam-Webster’s
Dictionary).
99. Social theory - defined as the systematic set of interrelated statements or
principles that explain aspects of social life. Theory serves as models or
framework for understanding human behavior and the forces that form it. It is
based on verified social facts or readily observed phenomena that can be
constantly calculated and measured (Siegel, 2007).
100. Speculative - attempts to explain what is happening.