Week 3 - Families of Elements

FAMILY OF ELEMENTS the radioactive element, radium. They are alkali earth metals.
They
exhibit the following characteristics.
Group I Elements
1. They are divalent elements
They are also called alkali metals, consists of the five metals lithium,
2. They are good conductors of heat and electricity
sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium, and the radioactive
3. They are electron donors and form electrovalent
element, francium. They are called alkali metals because they react
compounds.
with water to form alkali. They have the following properties
4. They are strong reducing agents.
1. They are univalent elements. 5. They burn in oxygen or air with characteristic flame colors
2. They elements ionize to form positive ions, and they form to form solid white oxides
electrovalent compounds 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
3. The ease with which these elements lose electrons makes 6. They react with water , but they do so much less
them extremely strong reducing agents, The reducing vigorously than the elements in Group I
property increases down the group.
Ca(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
4. They react with cold water to liberate hydrogen gas from
alkali.The reaction with cold water becomes increasingly 7. Magnesium oxide is insoluble in water, but calcium oxide
vigorous on going down the group. dissolves sparingly in water to form calcium hydroxide
Na(s )+ 2 H 2 O(l) →2 NaOH (aq)+ H 2(g ) solution.
5. Their trioxocarbonate (IV) do not decompose on heating. 8. Their trixonitrate (V) salts decompose on heating to give
6. Their trioxonitrate (V) salt decompose on heating to give oxides, oxygen, and nitrogen (IV) oxide gas.
dioxonitrate (III) salts and oxygen. Ca(NO3 )2 heat CaO+O2 + NO 2
→
NaNO3 (s) heat 2 NaNO 2(s) +O2 (g)
→ 9. Their trioxocarbonate (IV) decompose on heating to give
7. Their oxides react with water to form strong alkalis. oxide and carbon (IV) oxide.
Na 2 O(s) +2 H 2 O(l ) → 2 NaOH (aq) CaCO3 (s) heating CaO+CO 2
→
Group III Elements

Group II Elements Group III elements include boron, aluminium, gallium, indium, and
Group II, also called the alkaline earth metals consists of the five thallium. They exhibit the following characteristics.
metals beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, and 1. They are trivalent
2. They are reducing agent since they are electron donors. 2. Their compounds exhibit two oxidation states +2 and +4.
3. They form electrovalent compounds. The stability of the +2 oxidation state increases down the
4. Aluminium reacts with steam to liberate hydrogen group, while that of the +4 oxidation state decreases down
2 Al (s) +3 H 2 O(g) → Al 2 O3(s )+ 3 H 2 O(g) the group. Carbon and silicon form more state +4 stable
5. Both Aluminium oxide and Hydroxide are amphoteric in compounds, while tin and lead form more stable +2 state
nature compounds.
6. Aluminium trixonitrate (V) decompose on heating to give 3. Group IV elements show trends in changing from non-metal
oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen (IV) oxide. to metal on moving down the group. Carbon is a non-metal,
4 Al (NO 3)3 (aq ) → 2 Al 2 O 3 (s) +3 O 2(g) +12 NO2 (g) silicon and germanium are semi-metals or metalloids while
7. They form both normal and complex salts with acids and tin and lead are metals.
alkalis respectively. 4. Carbon and Silicon form covalent compounds with
Al2 O3(s) +3 H 2 SO 4(aq) → Al 2 (SO 4 )2 (aq )+ 3 H 2 O( g) hydrogen. E.g. CH4, Si2H6, SiH4 etc.
5. Carbon does not react with water, but silicon and tin react
Normal salt
with steam at red heat to form the +4 state oxide and
Al2 O3(s) +2 NaOH (aq) +3 H 2 O(l ) → 2 NaAl (OH )4 (aq)
hydrogen.
Complex salt
Si(s) +2 H 2 O(l) → SiO2(s )+ 2 H 2 (g)
Al(OH )3(aq) +3 H 2 SO 4 (aq) → Al( SO 4 )3(aq) +6 H 2 O(l) Si(s) +2 H 2 O(l) → SnO 2(s) +2 H 2(g )
Normal salt
Al(OH )3(aq) + NaOH → NaAl(OH )4 (aq ) Group V elements
Complex salt Group V elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony,

bismuth. They exhibit the following properties:
1. They are non-metals.

Group IV Elements 2. They show two common valencies of 3 and 5.
Group IV elements include carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, and lead. 3. They are electron acceptor, hence they are also
They exhibit the following characteristics. oxidizing agents.
4. They form various oxides. E.g Nitrogen (V) oxide [N 2O5],
1. They have four valence electrons. Phosphorus (V) oxide [P4O10], Nitrogen (III) oxide [N 2O3].
All these are acid anhydride, they react with water to 3. They exist freely as monatomic gases – they exist as
form acid. individual atoms, for example He, Ne and Ar.
5. Nitrogen and phosphorus form similar hydrides. E.g. 4. They are very unreactive
NH3, PH3, and chlorides NCl3 and PCl3. Uses
1. Argon, the most abundant noble gas in air, is the gas used
Group VI Elements to fill light bulbs since it helps to prevent the oxidation of
bulb filament.
Group VI elements include Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium, 2. A mixture of krypton and xenon is used in the
Polonium. They exhibit the following properties: photographer’s flash tube, for high-speed pictures.
1. They are electron acceptors and therefore are oxidizing in 3. Helium is used in filling balloons, being very light, and does
nature. not support combustion.
2. They are said to be divalent. 4. Neon is used extensively in advertising signs and in lasers.
3. Oxygen is slightly solube in water while sulphur is insoluble 5. Radon is used as a medicine for treating cancer.
in water.
4. Both oxygen and Sulphur combine directly with Hydrogen to
yield water and Hydrogen Sulphide respectively.
2 H 2(g )+O2 (g) →2 H 2 O (l)
2 H 2(g )+ S(g ) → H 2 S(g)
Group O Elements
Group VIII or O elements include helium, neon, argon, krypton,

xenon and the radioactive element, radon, called the noble gases
or rare gases. The have the following characteristics:
1. Their outermost shells are filled up with 8 electrons.

2. They are regarded as inert gases since their valence shell is
filled up.

Week 3 - Families of Elements

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Week 3 - Families of Elements

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FAMILY OF ELEMENTS the radioactive element, radium. They are alkali earth metals.

Group III Elements

Al(OH )3(aq) + NaOH → NaAl(OH )4 (aq ) Group V elements

Complex salt Group V elements include nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony,

1. They are non-metals.

Group VIII or O elements include helium, neon, argon, krypton,

1. Their outermost shells are filled up with 8 electrons.

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