3 Newmont Indo Porphyry Print
3 Newmont Indo Porphyry Print
Jeffrey W. Hedenquist
Ottawa, Canada
Newmont: 2005
1
Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines: 1991
Cataclysmic eruption: 9 hrs, 4 km3 d.r.e.
Sakurajima,
Sakurajima, Japan
Quiescent eruption
2
Satsuma Iwojima,
Iwojima, Japan
Passive degassing
Werner Giggenbach,
Giggenbach,
geochemist, 1937-1997
Condensation of magmatic
vapor with HCl and SO2
generates acidic (pH ~1)
waters, causes leaching of
rocks to leave residual silica:
re-xstal to vuggy quartz or
silicic rock
View: “rhyolite”
rhyolite”, 99.9% SiO2,
i.e. lithocap now forming
3
Satsuma White Pinatubo?
Iwojima Island
(metals?)
4
ORE
Cooling
Critical type
Redmond
et al., 2003
Grasberg
porphyry
Concentration in vapor, ppm
Cu-Au
laser ablation
ICP-MS analysis
5
Ullrich et al., 1999
Grasberg
porphyry
Concentration in vapor, ppm
Cu-Au
Deposition
Bingham Canyon porphyry: detailed mapping/petrography
6
Bingham Canyon porphyry: detailed mapping/petrography
P and/or T cycling:
cycling: Redmond et al., 2004
sulfide deposition by T decrease
B-S electron
Lithostatic to hydrostatic P,
ductile - brittle, qtz precip.
Cooling (or P increase),
qtz dissolution
Cathodoluminescence
7
Sources
Mt. Pinatubo: incursion of oxidized mafic magmas, S, metals?
dacite melt intruded by mafic magma, dacite has late sulfide added
S source (mafic >20x felsic S solubility) from oxidized mafic magma
basaltic
fragments
Hattori &
Keith, 2001
de Hoog et
al., 2004
“Typical”
Typical” porphyry stages
Early:
Early: High T magmatic
• Hypersaline liquid + vapor
• Potassic + adv. arg.
arg. lithocap
• Wavy qtz veins (ductile)
• Metal sulfides (?)
8
“Typical”
Typical” porphyry stages
“Typical”
Typical” porphyry stages
9
(early lithocap, barren)
10
Two origins of adv
argillic assemblages:
(Watanabe and Hedenquist,
2001)
• 1) Vapor condensation
(“lithocap”
lithocap” environ
and roots, alunite-rich)
• 2) Simple cooling
(particularly of sericite 2
stable fluid)
• Deep K/H (magma?) 1
determines abundance
of andalusite (± topaz)
• Cooling also drives fluid
to higher sulfidation
state
Porphyry to
epithermal continua:
sulfide zoning in
porphyry systems
fer
buf
ck
Ro
11
pyroph
kaol-dick
ser-
kaol
ser-
kaol
Main
Stage
QSP
Butte: 1890-1960
326 Mt ore, 7.3 Mt Cu, av 2.25% Cu, 0.24 g Au
- to 1972, 452 Mt, 2.02%
Horsetails: 3 yrs, 2.6 Mt, 3.11% Cu, 10-60 x
100s m, 600-1000 m deep
pyrophyllite
sericite
Damiana exotic
12
Watanabe and
Hedenquist, 2001
13
Watanabe and
Hedenquist, 2001
N S
pyrophyllite
muscovite
and.
14
El Salvador, looking ~SE
Watanabe and
Hedenquist, 2001
15
Watanabe and
Hedenquist, 2001
Watanabe and
Hedenquist, 2001
16
ikes
ebble d
P
(andal)
ition
transoph, Sericite
r
py ck
di overprint
paleosurface?
early qtz-alun
lithocap??
late Q-A
retrograde
pyroph
2M1
Damiana exotic
17
MOST REACTIVE
py-cp-sl
tn-sl py + bn Butte,
cv py Main Stage,
cp tn en (Proffett, 1979)
py-bn- dg +
cp-tn
cv bn sl
sl py + bn cp
cp py-cp-bn
WALL-ROCK
en cp py-cp
py
mt-
py
cp
BUFFER
py
mt-rt
rt-(hm)
mt
-(hm)
tn
mt
+rt
mt
hmpy-mt mt-bn
El Salvador t + -(hm) mt
-cp il mt-il
Early & m
Late Stages + bn mt-il
(Gustafson and Hunt, 1975)
WALL-ROCK BUFFER
Porphyry to
epithermal continua
fer
buf
ck
Ro
18
Porphyry Assemblages I
"Early", higher temp "Late", lower temp
no pyrite pyrite
Batu Hijau bn-cp, cp- py-cp-hm
mt mt-dg-bn
py, cp-hm py-bn
Panguna mt-dg-bn cp-py py-(cp)-hm
mt
py
Endeavour 26N mt mt-dg-bn bn-cp cp-py
cp-mt,
Yerington Mine mt-dg-bn cp-bn, cp py-cp-(hm)
cp-py
Island Copper mt mt-bn-cp py-cp-(hm)
mg + bnss, mg + bn + cp
dominant ore
assemblage Einaudi et al., 2003
Porphyry Assemblages II
‘Early’, higher temp ‘Late’, lower temp
no pyrite pyrite
py-en,
Bingham (bn-cp) dg-bn-cp bn-cp py-cp-(tn)
py-bn
py, cv, dg,
Chuquicamata dg-bn-(cp) (dg-bn)-cp mt-cp
en, cp
Potrerillos (mt)-bn-cp bn-cp cp-py py-cp-tn
mt-bn-cp py-cp-bn,
El Salvador bn-cp py, tn, en
mt-cp-py py-bn
(bn)-cp
Gibraltar (mt-bn-cp) cp-py py-cp
cp-py
(bn)-cp cp-py
Sungun
cp-py
bn-cp, py-hm-(cp)
Ann Mason cp bn-cp
cp-py (SC)
bnss + cp, cp + py
dominant ore assemblage
19
Porphyry-related Base Metal Veins:
central or deep distal or shallow
Butte py, cc, en, py, bn, cc py, cp, tn,
P sl, py, gl Cu
Main Stage cv en, sl rel (bn), sl rel
py, cp, bn, (en) py-cp-bn-(en) early tn
Chuqui P py, dg, cv, en py, dg, cv, (en) late
Cu
py-cp-(tn), py-bn-(en), cp, cp-py py
Rosario P cc-dg-cv Cu
HS Epithermal Gold:
Early paragenetic sequence Late
py-en-lz py-cp-tn-
Lepanto P Au-sl-gl
late (cv) Cu, Au
py-sl-gn- Au,
El Indio py-en-tn
(tn-cp-Au) AuCuTell
Au
La py-tn-cp- py-tn-en, fm, py, en, fm, Au
Mexicana P Au-(sl) Au, (sl, cp) AuTe, Au, cv
cp-tn- cv-lz-en,
Summitville P Au, sl, py
barite-Au Au
(py, sl)
over
porphyry
Quiruvilca,
Quiruvilca, Peru:
Zoned IS bms vein system
Prod. 1987, 8 Mt: Reserves 5.8%
inner stib Calipuy Fm
Zn, 2.0% Pb, 2.8% Cu, 230 g/t Ag
1 km
outer tn-td
outer en
Alto Chicama
Bartos (1987) ~5 km east
20
A multitude of evolutionary paths:
Fluid vs. wallrock control,
cooling, boiling, other processes
determines deposit style?
Einaudi, Hedenquist,
Inan, 2003
21
Surface projections:
Lepanto,
Far Southeast
and Victoria
22
23
Arribas et al., 1995; Sajona et al., 2001, Claveria, 2001, Hedenquist et al., 2001
24
Lepanto, lithocap outcrop, to NNW
To SE
Spanish workings:
outcrop of Lepanto
vein, adv arg halo
25
Low T
Inter. T
High T
26
Early convecting magma,
rapid crystallization =
High-temperature, ductile
conditions at shallow depth
27
Early magmatic fluid =
rapid ascent, hot
Hedenquist &
Richards, 1998
28
Porphyries, zoned base-metal veins, HS epithermal: Continua
o
2 100 T (C) 300 500 800
on
en sati
d
-2 ur con
Sulf +p
o
q z
- Cu t+ ali t e
s
v ein
-6 ph yr y m
P or
al
f ay
erm
etal
epith
cv
e-m
po
-10 dg
n
HS
ir o
+b
n ba s
-14
py cp
y
+ p py
o
t
+p
-18
hm m po
lo
-6 -6 r ph y + p + poF U M ARO
al
PAo
L z
q zt e e
v
erm
ccv g OT H E RM t + t +aqli li t
etal
m ma y a
dd gD R
epith
f ay f
ir p o
HY
-10-10
e-m
oo
p
C
i n
ATI
n
HS
GM
ro
A
ba s
M
n
-14 +bnb
-14 +
py p
py cpc
y o
+pyp p
po
oo
-18 +
+p+p
t
-18 hm mt
l ol o
hm m
3.0 2.0 1000/T (K) 1.0
3.0 2.0 1000/T (K) 1.0
29
Schematic relations: HS and IS epithermal deposits,
with roots to porphyry systems, exception, or the rule?
Sillitoe and Hedenquist, 2003
30
69 o
MARICUNGA
BELT
Geology
La Coipa
0 30 Km
27 o
N
Marte
Lobo
La Pepa
Quaternary
Deposits
Pliocene
Refugio Volcanics
Late Oligocene-
Miocene Volcanics
Mesozoic-
Aldebaran Early Tertiary
Paleozoic-
Triassic Basem ent
Alteration Zone Muntean and
28 o
Normal Fault Reverse Fault Einaudi,
Einaudi, 2001
Sillitoe, 1994
31
10
Casale Hil l
Lobo
0.1
Pancho
Porphyry Gold Deposits Marte
0.01
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Gold (ppm) Muntean and
Einaudi,
Einaudi, 2001
Co. Catedral
Co. Casale
32
J. Muntean, 1997
Alun, 13.5
± 0.5 Ma
33
Schematic section of
“typical”
typical” porphyry Cu
system
Link porphyry to
epithermal environment
34
Muntean and
Einaudi, 2001
Phase
Relationships
in the NaCl-
H2O System
• ~0.2-1.5 km depth
for banded veinlets
(hydrostatic pressure)
• Banded veinlets
form by “flashing” of
A veinlet-forming fluid
during pressure drop
• Sulfur lost to vapor
phase, inhibiting
formation of Cu-
sulfides
Muntean and Einaudi, 2001
35
Phase
Relationships
in the NaCl-
H2O System
• D veins and ore-
bearing quartz-alunite
ledges form after
collapse of isotherms
and change to brittle,
hydrostatic conditions
• Supercritical fluid
needs to cool below
its critical
temperature without
entering the G+L field
Muntean and Einaudi, 2001
1 ?
Magmatic
Brin e
2
D V eins
F aulting
3
? ? ? ?
Supercritical
Magma Magmatic
Flui d
4
0 Approximate Time Range (m.y.) 1
Muntean and Einaudi,
Einaudi, 2001
36