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4.3 Supplementary Problems in Stopping Sight Distance
4.3 Supplementary Problems in Stopping Sight Distance
MSDS
Analysis of Stopping Sight Distance
• The sight distance available depends on
i. Features of the road ahead
ii. Height of the driver’s eyes above the road surface
iii. Height of the object above the road surface
MSDS
Analysis of Stopping Sight Distance
• Total Reaction Time
- Time taken from the instant the object is visible to the driver to the instant the
brakes are effectively applied
MSDS
Analysis of Stopping Sight Distance
1. Perception time
• Time required for a driver to realize that brakes must be applied
MSDS
Analysis of Stopping Sight Distance
• PIEV Theory
P erception
I ntellection (Identification)
E motion
V olition
MSDS
Analysis of Stopping Sight Distance
• Lag distance – travelled during total reaction time
• Braking distance – travelled after application of brakes
MSDS
Stopping Sight Distance
For braking distance, L:
𝑣2
𝐿=
2𝑔𝜇
MSDS
Stopping Sight Distance
• For inclined surface (gradient),
𝑣2
𝑆𝑆𝐷 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝑛
2𝑔 𝜇 ±
100
MSDS
Examples on Analysis of Minimum
Stopping Sight Distance
Highway and Railroad Engineering
CEHWRE30
MSDS
Example
1. Calculate the safe stopping sight distance for design speed of 50
kph for
a.) two-way traffic on a two-lane road
b.) two-way traffic on a single plane road
MSDS
Solution
𝑣2
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡 +
2𝑔𝜇
𝑘𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟∙𝑚 2
𝑘𝑚 1 ℎ𝑟∙𝑚 50 ∙
ℎ𝑟 3.6𝑠𝑒𝑐∙𝑘𝑚
= 50 ∙ ∙ 2.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑚
ℎ𝑟 3.6 𝑠𝑒𝑐∙𝑘𝑚 2∙9.81 ∙0.37
𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 61.295 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
MSDS
Solution
On roads with restricted width or on single lane roads when two-
way movement of traffic is permitted, the minimum stopping sight
distance should be equal to twice the stopping distance to enable both
vehicles coming from opposite directions to stop.
MSDS
Example
2. Calculate the minimum sight distance required to avoid head-on
collision of two cars approaching from the opposite directions at 90
kph and 60 kph. Assume a reaction time of 2.50 seconds, coefficient of
friction of 0.70 and a brake efficiency of 50 percent, in either case.
MSDS
Solution
𝑘𝑚 1000 ℎ𝑟∙𝑚 𝑚
𝑉1 = 90 ∙ = 25
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑘𝑚∙𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑘𝑚 1000 ℎ𝑟∙𝑚 𝑚
𝑉2 = 60 ∙ = 16.667
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑘𝑚∙𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
MSDS
Solution
Stopping Sight Distance of the first car, SSDmin1
𝑚 25 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛1 = 25 ∙ 2.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑚 = 153.515 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2∙9.81 ∙0.35
𝑠𝑒𝑐2
𝑚 16.667 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛2 = 16.667 ∙ 2.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑚 = 82.120 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2∙9.81 ∙0.35
𝑠𝑒𝑐2
Thus, total SSD to avoid head-on collision
MSDS
Example
3. Calculate the stopping sight distance on a highway at a descending
gradient of 2% for a design speed of 80 kph. Assume other data as per
AASHTO recommendations.
MSDS
Solution
AASHTO specifications:
PIEV = 2.50 seconds
Design coefficient friction, μ = 0.35→0.40
So,
𝑘𝑚 1000 ℎ𝑟∙𝑚 𝑚
V = 80 ∙ = 22.222
ℎ𝑟 3600 𝑘𝑚∙𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐
MSDS
Solution
𝑣2
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑆𝑆𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡 + 𝑛
2𝑔 𝜇−100
Say μ=0.35,
𝑚 22.222 𝑚Τ𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
= 22.222 ∙ 2.5 𝑠𝑒𝑐 + 𝑚 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2∙9.81 ∙ 0.35−100
𝑠𝑒𝑐2
= 𝟏𝟑𝟏. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒔
MSDS