ŞİİR VE DÜZYAZI

16.YÜZYIL
The renaissance approximately 1300-1600 was the period that
followed the middle ages. It happened in italy. It was a time of
renewes intrest in things of this world such as:
- Human beings and their conditions.
- Education, art, literature

 Rediscovery of classical greeek and roman culture.

 Humanism – worth of individual
 Secularism- wordly not religious
 Explosion of new ideas and learning
-the term ‘la rinacita’ or ‘rebirth’ was coined by georgia vasari (1511-
74) painter, architect and art historian, in his lives of the artist (1550)
to decribe development.
-the word was eloborated in the 18th century ant 19th centuries.
Voltarie suggested that the era was, the time of italy’s glory.
-jules michelet – ‘the discovery of the world, the discovery of man.’
Humanism: a system of thouht and action concerned with human
interest and values. Humanism is dominant movement of the
renaissance. It puts men in the center.
-catholic church is a powerful force in the middle ages. (skolastik
düşünce) Church says people should spend their lives earning a place
in heaven.
-Every man is a sinner. Women is also tempted in this era man is not a
sinner.
-Cicero’s culturel ideal of Humanitas ‘the art of living well and
blessedly through learning and instruction in the fine arts:
Homo Humanum : a civilised,virtous human being.
Homo barbarus and instead help to create ( the aim)
- The humanists proposed to educate the whole paerson and
placed emphasis not only on intellectual but also physical and
moral development.
- Emphasized the dignity and worth ofindividual.
- Humanists also restored the whole surviving heritage of greek
and latin literature. ( çevirip yeniden basmışlar.)
- Inspired by plato.
- Centered around education.

Reform of the Curriculum

It was a new educational reform for huma humanum.
-humanism was mostly a new educational discipline not a philosophy
of life.
Humanism ;
Celebrated the individual, stimulated the study of greek and roman
literature and culture and was supported by wealthy patrons.
Patron: wealthy land owners, financially support the artist.

Humanist Philosophy Spread Outside

Florence:
1-through travel & trade think
2- printed machine
3- monarch supports humanists
FRANCESCO PETRARCH 1304-1374
- Known for his sonnets and humanists scholarship.
- Assembled greek and roman writing.
- Wrote; Sonnets to laura.
- Considered the father of humanism .
- Made poetics his only profession.
- He had a sentimental and intellectual attachment to Italy because
he viewed Italy as a centralized unity under Rome
and ,influenced by the history of classical times.
- Petrarch believed that the vita solitaria was the supreme standart
for living.
- Petrarch states he had diffuculties while attempting to resolve
the inner conflict between reason and emotion.
- He perfected the petrarchan (or italian) sonnet. His conzeniere –
a love for Laura.
- In conzeniere seeks the absolute, divine and eternal. His
experiences anxiety because he cannot cast off his worldly
concerns, such as fame and glory,and therefore cannot achieve
spiritual peace.
Petrarch Influence on Humanism
Petrarch was concerned with indiviual matters, not general
problems.(politics)
He broke with tradition and completely changed the way people
thought,learned and lived.
Why did the renaissance begin in Italy ?
- It ıs linked to geography. Important trade centers.
- Italy was the core of the former Roman empire and at the
collapse of the Byzantine empire 1453 , become the refuge for
 the intellectuals of Constantinople who brought with them many
of great works of the ancient greek and romans work that had
been lost during the dark ages.
- The third reason is political. Due to various political intrigues,
the holy roman empire had lost power in northern italy. And the
city Naples dominated the south. These freer atmosphere led to
milan : richest city florence: the medici family
venice: trade genoa: trade rautes
major italian cities
all of these cities, has access to trade rautes connecting europe with
middle eastern markets.
How did the Crusades contributes to the Renaissance ?
- Increase demand for middle eastern products.
- Encouraged the use of credit and banking- usury (tefecilik)
- The best reason for italy as the birth place of the renaissance was
the concentration of wealth, power and intellect in the church.
In that time, the church controlled so much of political economic and
intellectual life of europe.

COSIMO di MEDICI – THE GODFATHER OF THE

RENAISSANCE
- He was himself a classical scholar.
- Cosimo di medici established the platonic academy of florence
and appointed the neoplatonist Mosillio Fiorno its first head.
- Platonic love (amor platonicus ‘ the love that transcends the
senses and may also lead man to mystical communion with god.
- Oration on the dignity of man by Pico Dello Mirandala has been
called ‘ the manifesto of renaissance humanism ‘
- In the renaissance period, man became a spiritual individual, and
recognized himself as such.
Why they said golden age ?
In the letter 1492 Marsilio Ficino, renaissance philosopher,
philologist,physician reffered to his own times a golden ages which
has restored to light the liberal arts which were almost extinct.
The liberal arts are now being reawakened an revived declared
Lorenzo Valla decades before Ficino announced a golden age.

EFFECCT of the RENAISSANCE

- Advances in solence and technology led to the european
exploration of the world.
- Secularism led to the protestant reformation.
- Humanism encouraged the growth of democracy.
- Role of the women in society improved.
- Renaissance art led to the age of classical music and art in
europe.

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
- Written The Prince – its ruler back.(öğretici)
- He believed ‘one can make this generalization about men: they
are ungrateful, fickle,liars.
- He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain
control without worrying about conscience.
Machiavelli – the prince
- Better for ruler to be feared than to be loved,
- Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making.
- Politcs as the art of deception.
- The good of the prince must be power.

Renaissance Art
- Produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts philosophy
and literature.
- Renaissance , art and literature focused on individuals and
worldly matters, along with christianity.
- Education become increasingly secular.
- Medivial art and literature focused on the church and salvation.
- Perspective introduced by the artist. Brunelleschi and Alberti
Renaissance painters were able to place realistic figures in
realistic figures in realistic background.
- Light and motion
- Study of human form, the depiction of nudes.
- Emotion and drama
- New subject matter – secularism
- Science and math
- Composition and balance
- Changing perspective of man and his role in the world.
- Unique vision of each artist
- The prolizeration of portraiture and its significance
- Pagan scenes and myths were popular subject with no apologies
to the church.

RENAISSANCE ARTIST
- Rena. Artists embraced some of the ideas greece and rome in
their arts.
- They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on
humanity and emotion.
- New techniques also emerged.
- Frescas: painting done on wet plaster became a popular because
it gave depth to paintings
- Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form.
- Architect reached new heights of design.
- Status of artist elaveted to cultural hero.

Michelangelo: created his masterpiece David in 1504. Nude statue.

(sistine chapel , creation of eve , creation of adam eserlerinden
birkaçı)
La Pieata (1499): marble sculpture
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) : painter, sculptor,architecht,
engineer. (mona lisa , the lust supper)
Raphael (1483-1520) : painter
Jan Van Eyck : portrait of giovanni arnolfini and his wife

NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
- Growing wealth in nothern europe supported renaissance ideas.
- Northern rena. Thinkers merged humnaists ideas with
christianity.
- The movable type printing press and the production and sale of
books.
- Gutenberg bible helped circulate ideas.
Italian vs north
Rome, Florence.Venice Amsterdam, Antwerp, lOndon
Mediterranean trade rhine and thames rivers
De medici family jacob fugger
Michelangelo, de vinci, jan van eyck, brueghel
Raphael
NORTHERN RENAISSANCE WRITERS
Desiderus Erasmus: Dutch humanist
The praise of folly (1511)
- Critical of corrupt church practises.
- Catalyst for protestant reformation
Sir thomas more: english humanist
Utopia(1516)
- Depicts world with perfect social, legal and political.
- Literature also flourished during the renaissance. This can be
greatly attributed to johannes gutenberg. In 1455 gutenberg
printed the first book produced by using moveable type: the
bible.

NEO-PLATONISM
- Platos think about the cosmos, universe
1- Plato approached the idea of creation form mystical and
philosophical point of view.
2- He called the universe ‘the cosmos’ and for him the beginning of
everything is the ‘the one’ . He called the ultimate good or the
ideal one as ENS. So in the beginning of the everything there is
ENS.
3- The world of ENS is suprosensious, beyond the senses. The
notice of ENS is pure virtue and love. ENS desires to create and
respects his quality in begins that derivered from him.
4- The create power of ENS is performed by Animo Mundi the
world of soul. The soul is the projection of ENS and his virtue,
 therefore is without any moral defects, definetely fine and
perfect.
5- The soul is the creative and rational faculty in man. The soul is
also immortal since it is derived from ENS.
6- As the soul moves away from ENS, the influence of ENS
become less and less- gradually decreases. Neoplatonists call
this separation ‘emotion’
7- With the separation the soul enters into the worldof elements,
which is called ‘the material world’ the elements in this material
worls are changavle but the soul is not. ENS ( the ultimate being
– God) wants to multiply by soul and the soul needs a mortal
body and then falls into the material world emotion. Thus soul is
getting away from ENS and his body is liable to temptation.
8- The soul in the material world is sorrunded by a mortal body
which consists of 4 elements.
Earth : dry , cold Water: cold, wet Air: wet, hot
Fire: hot,dry

 There is nothing negative about the ENS.

PLATO IN HIS TIMAEUS: he describes his cosmology and says

that there are three sub wards in the material world:’ world of
man’,’world of plants’, ‘World of animals’ man has both
earthly( body) and heavenly (ratio) qualities.
soul
emonation (descends) ENS
return the ens
(ascends)
material world
Reductio: man undergoes a process of conflict between the fall and
the rise. This conflict occurs from the quality of the soul and the
qualities of the body.
Soul X body > divine X material ---- heavenly X earthly
Unless the soul is educated in virtue ,, it cannot return to its divine
origin. Therefore virtue is the state of mind that enables the soul to
reach its divine origin.
a-Plato argues that with the study of philosophy man can see the
difference between 3 kinds of love and avoid the wrong judgements
of senses :
1- Divine love : heavenly love , the beauty of the soul
2- Procreative love :earthly (human)love , earthly beauty
3- Lust : bestial (animal) love , hellish deformity
b-in relation to these three kinds of love there are three kind of life
corresponding to eachother
1-contemplative to heaven
2- active life earth
3-vegatative life (lust) hell
The man is made up two parts, the soul and his cornal body and
because of the four elements man either becomes a victim. Of his
body or by avoiding it reaches god.
 c- platonic of love : the love through which you celebrate gods
creation of men and through this beauty you reach god.
d- plato in symposium believed that physical beauty was the
outward expression of the inward ; spiritual beauty of the soul.
Neoplatonists and renaissance thinkers starting from this point
believed that this spiritual beauty is a extension of the beauty of the
god himself. (tasavvuf felsefesi- yaradanı severim yaradandan
ötürü)
e- the neoplatonic lover therefore admires and adores the physical
beauty in his mistress thinking that it reflects her soul and her
divine self in order to enjoy and understand this spiritual love and
beauty the lover has to avoid the earthly and physical desires. Such
an attitude is reflected in most of the late mediveal and renaissance.

The English Renaissance (1485-1660)

Introduction to the literary period:
Time line:
- Humanism
- Henry VIII breaks with the church
- The reign of elizabeth I
- The defeat of the spanish armada
- Decline of renaissance

Henry VIII breaks with the catholic church:

- ‘renaissance man ‘ – poet , musician , athlete
- Supported humanism
- Created royal navy-ended foreign invasions, increased englands
power
- Henry closes monastries and protestanism begins in england.

The Reformation in Europe (protestanism)

- Reformers rejected the authority of corrupt church (in various
countries.)
- Reformers rejected the authority of pope and italian church man
Decline of the Renaissance
- James I (jacobeanperiod)
- Charles I
- Oliver cromwell
- During this time renaissance values gradually erode.
- Renaisseance energies gradually give out.

THE OXFORD REFORMERS OF THE PIONEERS OF

ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
1- The english people came into the sprit of renassience through
the ‘Oxford Reformers’ Thomas Linacre , william
grocyn,william lily,john colet.
2- Theye are called oxford reformes because of the outset
humanism (1490-1578) when the religious querrals began in
england , there was the blooming of sprits.

THE SONNET TRADITION

-Most popular form in the renaissance. (poetry)
-poetry witnessed the rise in literature production which took
place during renaissance.
-the sonnet comes from ıtalian word, sonetto meaning ‘little
song’ , origin 13th cc italian court.
-it is a love poem (14 line iambic pentameter) Lentini was the
inventor of the sonnet, Petrarch revived and made form famous.
-origin in italy
-the most popular aim of a sonnet is to praise the beloved.
-italian sonnet more commonly known as Petrarchan sonnet is
divided into 2 parts (stanzas), octave, sestet.
Octave: 8 line stanza consis the first part of the Petrarchan
sonnet and were the argument is introduced.
Sestet:6 line argument falling down between octave and sestet, a
volta or turn occurs to mark a shift in the ongoing argument
(resolution)
-Introduced English literature in the Elizabethan Era with the
influence of Petrarch, through Sir Thomas Wyatt, Henry
Howard, The Earl of Surrey’s adoption of the form and
translations from Petrarch.
-Sir Thomas Wyatt was the first to introduced the Italian sonnet.
(Petrarchan sonnet) into English as mere translated versions of
italian sonnet. English sonnet had a form very similar to the
italian sonnets.
-Henry Howard invented a new poetic form known as ‘Blank
Verse’ , which is defined as poetic lines having metrical patterns,
but lacking rhyme.
-Poetry dominated during the Elizabethan age metaphysical
poetry, parody,blank verse, dramatic poetry and pastoral poetry.
- Traditional sonnet consist of 14 lines.
Italian(Petrarchan)
Abba
Abba
Cdecde
Abba
Abba (octave)
Cdcdcd (sestet)

-Octave(first 8 line)
-argument
-observation
-question

-Sestet(the last 6 lines)

-counter argument
-clarification
-answer to the octave

-Volta: a pause between the octave and the sestet

English(Shakespearean)
Abab
Cdcd (three quadraints)
Efef
Gg (couplet)

-Three quadraints
-argument

-Couplet
-conclusion
-refutation
The Spenserian Sonnet
Abab
Bcbc (three quadraints)
Cdcd
Ee (couplet)

-invented by Edmund Spencer

-Also called ‘linked’ sonnet.

The Miltonic Sonnet

-invented by John Milton
-Structure: octave+sestet
-but no major pause betweenn the 2 units
-also extend the sonnet to include political, religious and
occasional themes.
-The major sources for further developments.

-Petrarch started to sonnet tradition in Italy with his work

‘conzoniere’ which consisted of 366 poems written for Laura
both alive and dead.It was the starting point of sonnet writers in
England.
-Castiglione’s ‘The Book of Courtier’ influenced many works
due to its instructions on courtesy and how to became a courtier,
made tradition popular.
-The sonnet tradition began in England in the mid 16th cc. by Sir
Thomas Wyatt and Earl of Surrey.With their adoptations and
translations from Petrarch, they introduced the sonnet tradition
in England.
-However, Sir Philip Sidney is the poet who really started the
sonnet writing with his Astrophil and Stella. (neden who really
started: kendine özgü şeyler yazmış, wyatt ve Earl gibi çeviri
yapmamış)

The Cult of Cupid:

In the sonnet tradition, love is very important and
personified.Cult of love occurs with the anguish and pain rather
than success and happiness,it extended in the sonnet
tradition.Neoplatonic element is included in the Petrarchan
sonnets in which there is a clash between the heart and the
mind.So, always a conflict is included in the sonnets. – spiritual
vs worldly

Greek:
-presented as an unescapable thing.
-personifies as a tiny naughty creature called eros.
-likes to torture poets, poor poets suffer because of their love and
eros enjoys this

Latin: (roman)
-cupid is mercilles tyrant which comes from the erotic nature
pagan poetry than turned into convention.
-Cupid sits in the eyes or on the forehead of a lady throwing
from there to the lovers, thus causing them to fallin love with
her.

-Two types of lovers in the sonnet tradition:

Reasonable: pure love, no temptation, no cornal desires
Sensual: feels temptation, cornal desires
-Petrarchan Conceit: extended form a metaphor.2 opposing
things are given like freezing fire. This kind of conceit form a
debate between divine and mental state of man.Love is always
described as a warfare; beloved as a castle, and the lover is as a
soldier.
-Frustration is the keyword to the sonnet tradition.

Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)

-educated Cambridge
-entered the service of Henry VIII
-he is a courtier
-become clerk of the king
-he is a diplomat, poet
-influenced by Italian Renaissance
-ınfluenced Petrarch
-imprisoned tower of London because of adultry (Anne Boleyn)

Henry Howard/ Earl of Surrey

-executed
-potential threat for succesion

Sir Philip Sidney

-one of the courtier (Elizabeth)
-Wrote Astrophil ans Stella. (Stella’da Penelope’den
bahsediyor.)
-Relationship with Penelope.
-marriage and love different two things. Marriage is political.
The Long Love that in my Thought doth Harbour
BY SIR THOMAS WYATT

The longë love that in my thought doth harbour

And in mine hert doth keep his residence,
Into my face presseth with bold pretence
And therein campeth, spreading his banner.
She that me learneth to love and suffer
And will that my trust and lustës negligence
Be rayned by reason, shame, and reverence,
With his hardiness taketh displeasure.
Wherewithall unto the hert's forest he fleeth,
Leaving his enterprise with pain and cry,
And there him hideth and not appeareth.
What may I do when my master feareth
But in the field with him to live and die?
For good is the life ending faithfully.

-(divine love concept) – tansition of Petrarch-

-Love as a soldier
-conceit: teslim olma

Farewell Love and all thy Laws for ever

BY SIR THOMAS WYATT

Farewell love and all thy laws forever;

Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more.
Senec and Plato call me from thy lore
To perfect wealth, my wit for to endeavour.
In blind error when I did persever,
Thy sharp repulse, that pricketh aye so sore,
Hath taught me to set in trifles no store
And scape forth, since liberty is lever.
Therefore farewell; go trouble younger hearts
And in me claim no more authority.
With idle youth go use thy property
And thereon spend thy many brittle darts,
For hitherto though I have lost all my time,
Me lusteth no lenger rotten boughs to climb.

-Poet is frustrated.
-He is suffering, hopeless.
-Aşk insanlara nasıl tuzak kuruyor bunu anlatıyor.
-Aşkı oltaya benzetmiş, yemi yutuyorsun ve tuzağa düşüyorsun.
-‘since liberty is lever’ : means being free from love.
-idea at the end love is setting traps.
-farewell love and set me free.
-‘Senec and Plato call me from thy lore’: means conflict between mind
and heart.
-‘thy sharp repulse’: means it has been so painful.

The Soote Season Poem by Henry Howard

The soote season, that bud and bloom forth brings,

With green hath clad the hill and eke the vale;
The nightingale with feathers new she sings,
The turtle to her make hath told her tale.
Summer is come, for every spray now springs,
The hart hath hung his old head on the pale,
The buck in brake his winter coat he flings,
The fishes float with new repaired scale,
The adder all her slough away she slings,
The swift swallow pursueth the flyës smale,
The busy bee her honey now she mings--
Winter is worn that was the flowers' bale.
And thus I see, among these pleasant things
Each care decays, and yet my sorrow springs

-Soote Season means sweet season.

-In the Petrarch version there are references (mitolojik), but this version
there are no references.
-kalbinde ve aklında kışı yaşıyor.Kaybetmenin acısını yaşıyor.
-Nature vs poets life
-Spring has 2 meanings: nature and poets life.
-son iki satırı couplet.

Astrophil(Star lover) and Stella(star)

by Sir Philip Sidney
1-
Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show,
That she, dear she, might take some pleasure of my pain,—
Pleasure might cause her read, reading might make her know,
Knowledge might pity win, and pity grace obtain,—

(This one is strating point.He wants to explain his love.Show his love to
his beloved.Onun aşkından acı çektiğimi görürse belki memnun olur.She
may have pity on me.Maybe I have obtain her grace.)

5-
I sought fit words to paint the blackest face of woe;
Studying inventions fine her wits to entertain,
Oft turning others' leaves, to see if thence would flow
Some fresh and fruitful showers upon my sunburn'd brain.
But words came halting forth, wanting invention's stay;

(Just to let her, his suffering. His brain like sunburned because of his
love.Acısını ifade etmek için doğru kelimeleri arıyor. Aşkını yansıtmak
için önceki şairlerin şiirlerindeki kelimeleri arıyor.

10-
Invention, Nature's child, fled step-dame Study's blows;
And others' feet still seem'd but strangers in my way.
Thus great with child to speak and helpless in my throes,
Biting my truant pen, beating myself for spite,
"Fool," said my Muse to me, "look in thy heart, and write."
 (Başkasının adımlarını takip ederek bunu yapamayacağını anlıyor.He is
hopelessly thinking his emotions.He claimed for originality. Kendi aşkını
ifade etmek için orjinal olması gerektiğini söylüyor. Başklarına
bakmaktansa kendi kalbine bakmalı)

Astrophil and Stella

II

Not at the first sight, nor with a dribbed shot, dribbed- random
Loue gaue the wound, which, while I breathe, will bleede;
But knowne worth did in tract of time proceed,
Till by degrees, it had full conquest got.
I saw and lik'd; I lik'd but loued not;
I lou'd, but straight did not what Loue decreed:
At length, to Loues decrees I, forc'd, agreed,
Yet with repining at so partiall lot.
Now, euen that footstep of lost libertie
Is gone; and now, like slaue-borne Muscouite,
I call it praise to suffer tyrannie;
And nowe imploy the remnant of my wit
To make myselfe beleeue that all is well,
While, with a feeling skill, I paint my hell.

- He says it was not love at first sight.

- Zamanla olmuş bir şey.
- He liked but not love. He is gradually fell in love with stella.
- He lost his freedom because love conquer him.
- Shot means – cult of cupid.
- Muscoite means; if you born as a slave you don’t know what is freedom.
- At the end ; heelish feeling feel in love with like this.(en son cümle)
5

It is most true that eyes are form'd to serue

The inward light, and that the heauenly part

Ought to be King, from whose rules who do swerue,

Rebels to nature, striue for their owne smart.

It is most true, what we call Cupids dart

An image is, which for ourselues we carue,

And, foolse, adore in temple of our hart,

Till that good god make church and churchmen starue.

True, that true beautie virtue is indeed,

Whereof this beautie can be but a shade,

Which, elements with mortal mixture breed.

True, that on earth we are but pilgrims made,

And should in soule up to our countrey moue:

True, and yet true that I must Stella loue.

- Ilk dörtlük için:

Who should be a king?

Spiritual and earthly

- Eyes burada vehicle, iç güzelliği daha iyi görmek için.

- Heavenly part:

King : man (ficino)is a miracle.

Whereof this beautie can be but a shade; shadow of the inner beauty.(neo-
platonism)

He is still cant avoid Stella’s physical beauty.

Conflict of the lover- at the and

10

Reason, in faith thou art well seru'd that still

Wouldst brabbling be with Sense and Loue in me;

I rather wisht thee clime the Muses hill;

Or reach the fruite of Natures choycest tree;

Or seek heau'ns course or heau'ns inside to see:

Why shouldst thou toil our thorny soile to till?

Leaue Sense, and those which Senses obiects be;

Deale thou with powers of thoughts, leaue Loue to Will.

But thou wouldst needs fight with both Loue and Sence,

With sword of wit giuing wounds of dispraise,

Till downe-right blowes did foyle thy cunning fence;

For, soone as they strake thee with Stellas rayes,

Reason, thou kneeld'st, and offred'st straight to proue,

By reason good, good reason her to loue.

71

Who will in fairest booke of Nature know

How vertue may best lodg'd in Beautie be,

Let him but learne of Loue to reade in thee,

Stella, those faire lines which true goodnesse show.

There shall he find all vices ouerthrow,

Not by rude force, but sweetest soueraigntie

 Of reason, from whose light those night-birds flie,

That inward sunne in thine eyes shineth so.

And, not content to be Perfections heire

Thy selfe, doest striue all minds that way to moue,

Who marke in thee what is in thee most faire:

So while thy beautie drawes the heart to loue,

As fast thy vertue bends that loue to good:

But, ah, Desire still cries, Giue me some food.

- He says that I know according to neo platonism, sade onu divine şekilde
sevmeliyim ama onun güzelliğine çekiliyor.(wordly pleasure) he cannot
avoid likes and wants stella.

Amoretti and Epithalamion

Little loves marriage- ın greek tradition ;wedding song

Little cupid

Sonnet 54

Of this worlds Theatre in which we stay,

My love lyke the Spectator ydly sits

beholding me that all the pageants play,

disguysing diversly my troubled wits.

Sometimes I joy when glad occasion fits,

and mask in myrth lyke to a Comedy:

soone after when my joy to sorrow flits,

I waile and make my woes a Tragedy.

Yet she beholding me with constant eye,

delights not in my merth nor rues my smart:

but when I laugh she mocks, and when I cry

she laughes, and hardens evermore her hart.

What then can move her? if nor merth nor mone,

she is no woman, but a sencelesse stone.

Sonnet 64
Comming to kisse her lyps, (such grace I found)
Me seemd I smelt a gardin of sweet flowres:
that dainty odours from them threw around
for damzels fit to decke their lovers bowres.
Her lips did smell lyke unto Gillyflowers,
her ruddy cheekes lyke unto Roses red:
her snowy browes lyke budded Bellamoures,
her lovely eyes lyke Pincks but newly spred,
Her goodly bosome lyke a Strawberry bed,
her neck lyke to a bounch of Cullambynes:
her brest lyke lillyes, ere theyr leaves be shed,
her nipples lyke yong blossomd Jessemynes.
Such fragrant flowres doe give most odorous smell,
but her sweet odour did them all excell.
- Lover is praising, smell, beauty of the beloved.
Sonnet 74
Most happy letters fram'd by skilfull trade,
with which that happy name was first desynd:
the which three times thrise happy hath me made,
with guifts of body, fortune and of mind.
The first my being to me gave by kind,
from mothers womb deriv'd by dew descent,
the second is my sovereigne Queene most kind,
that honour and large richesse to me lent.
The third my love, my lives last ornament,
by whom my spirit out of dust was raysed:
to speake her prayse and glory excellent,
of all alive most worthy to be praysed.
Ye three Elizabeths for ever live,
that three such graces did unto me give.
- Elizabeth ismini 3 kere geçiriyor.
1- His mother
2- Elizabeth II, Queen Sovereign
3- My love-his wife elizabeth
Celebration of his wife,mother and queen.

Sonnet 75
One day I wrote her name upon the strand,
but came the waves and washed it a way:
agayne I wrote it with a second hand,
but came the tyde, and made my paynes his pray.
Vayne man, sayd she, that doest in vaine assay,
a mortall thing so to immortalize.
for I my selve shall lyke to this decay,
and eek my name bee wyped out lykewize.
Not so, (quod I) let baser things devize
to dy in dust, but you shall live by fame:
my verse your vertues rare shall eternize,
and in the hevens wryte your glorious name,
Where whenas death shall all the world subdew,
our love shall live, and later life renew.

On Monsieur’s Departure
BY  QU EE N E LI ZA BE TH I
I grieve and dare not show my discontent,
I love and yet am forced to seem to hate,
I do, yet dare not say I ever meant,
I seem stark mute but inwardly do prate.
I am and not, I freeze and yet am burned,
Since from myself another self I turned.

My care is like my shadow in the sun,

Follows me flying, flies when I pursue it,
Stands and lies by me, doth what I have done.
His too familiar care doth make me rue it.
No means I find to rid him from my breast,
Till by the end of things it be supprest.

Some gentler passion slide into my mind,

For I am soft and made of melting snow;
Or be more cruel, love, and so be kind.
Let me or float or sink, be high or low.
Or let me live with some more sweet content,
Or die and so forget what love ere meant.
-Lover – female
Beloved-male
-Queen elizabeth and french duke of Anjou.
-She is suffering but strong.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
- Summer is associated with ‘’youth’’
- His beloved compare to summer day.
- To praise his beloveds beauty and describe all the ways.
- Shows that the poet sees summer climate as a blow to spring
flowers.(rough ile baslayan)
- The poets portrayes death as a figure who mean ‘’ shade’’
- His beloved’s beauty will last for as long as this poem exist, also
saving his poetry will be eternal.(son iki satır)
Sonnet 20
A woman’s face with nature’s own hand painted
Hast thou, the master-mistress of my passion;
A woman’s gentle heart, but not acquainted
With shifting change as is false women’s fashion;
An eye more bright than theirs, less false in rolling,
Gilding the object whereupon it gazeth;
A man in hue, all hues in his controlling,
Which steals men’s eyes and women’s souls amazeth.
And for a woman wert thou first created,
Till nature as she wrought thee fell a-doting,
And by addition me of thee defeated
By adding one thing to my purpose nothing.
But since she pricked thee out for women's pleasure,
Mine be thy love and thy love’s use their treasure.

Sonnet 30
When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
I summon up remembrance of things past,
I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought,
And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste:
Then can I drown an eye, unus'd to flow,
For precious friends hid in death's dateless night,
And weep afresh love's long since cancell'd woe,
And moan th' expense of many a vanish'd sight;
Then can I grieve at grievances foregone,
And heavily from woe to woe tell o'er
The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan,
Which I new pay as if not paid before.
But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,
All losses are restor'd, and .

Sonnet 60
Like as the waves make towards the pebbl'd shore,
So do our minutes hasten to their end;
Each changing place with that which goes before,
In sequent toil all forwards do contend.
Nativity, once in the main of light,
Crawls to maturity, wherewith being crown'd,
Crooked eclipses 'gainst his glory fight,
And Time that gave doth now his gift confound.
Time doth transfix the flourish set on youth
And delves the parallels in beauty's brow,
Feeds on the rarities of nature's truth,
And nothing stands but for his scythe to mow:
And yet to times in hope my verse shall stand,
Praising thy worth, despite his cruel hand.

Sonnet 130
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun;
Coral is far more red than her lips' red;
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun;
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head.
I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in her cheeks;
And in some perfumes is there more delight
Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks.
I love to hear her speak, yet well I know
That music hath a far more pleasing sound;
I grant I never saw a goddess go;
My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground.
And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare
As any she belied with false compare.

Sonnet 144
 Two loves I have of comfort and despair,
Which like two spirits do suggest me still
The better angel is a man right fair,
The worser spirit a woman coloured ill.
To win me soon to hell, my female evil
Tempteth my better angel from my side,
And would corrupt my saint to be a devil,
Wooing his purity with her foul pride.
And, whether that my angel be turn’d fiend,
Suspect I may, yet not directly tell,
But being both from me both to each friend,
I guess one angel in another’s hell.
Yet this shall I ne’er know, but live in doubt,
Till my bad angel fire my good one out.

- The lovely boy and dark lady explores the relationship between
three people,one good,one evil and one cought in between.
- Religios =christian imagery