Surya - 10 Maths 1 Relations and Functions

CHAPTER

1
RELATIONS AND
FUNCTIONS
I. Ordered Pair and Cartesian Product :
Key Points
99 If A and B are two non-empty sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) such that
a ∈ A, b ∈ B is called the Cartesian Product of A and B, and is denoted by A × B. Thus,
A × B = {(a, b) | a ∈ A, b ∈ B}.
99 A × B is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the elements of A and B such that the first
coordinate is an element of A and the second coordinate is an element of B.
99 B × A is the set of all possible ordered pairs between the elements of A and B such that the first
coordinate is an element of B and the second coordinate is an element of A.
99 If a = b then (a, b) = (b, a).
99 The “cartesian product” is also referred as “cross product”.
99 In general A × B ≠ B × A, but n(A × B) = n(B × A).
99 A × B = φ if and only if A = φ or B = φ.
99 If n(A) = p and n(B) = q then n(A × B) = pq.
99 For any three sets A, B, C we have
(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C) (ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C).

Example 1.1 B × A = {2, 3} × {1, 3, 5}

If A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 3} then (i) find A × B = {(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5)}
and B × A. (ii) Is A × B = B × A? If not why ? (iii) . ..(2)
Show that n(A × B) = n(B × A) = n(A) × n(B).
(ii) From (1) and (2) we conclude that
Solution : A × B ≠ B × A as (1, 2) ≠ (2, 1) and
Given that A = {1, 3, 5} and B = {2, 3} (1, 3) ≠) (3, 1), etc.
(i) A × B = {1, 3, 5} × {2, 3} (iii) n(A) = 3; n(B) = 2.
= {(1, 2), (1, 3), (3, 2), (3, 3), (5, 2), (5, 3)} From (1) and (2) we observe that,
...(1) n(A × B) = n(B × A) = 6;
Surya - 10 Maths 2 Relations and Functions

we see that, n(A) × n(B) = 3 × 2 = 6 and A × C = {2, 3} × {1, 2}

n(B) × n(A) = 2 × 3 = 6 = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
Hence, n(A × B) = n(B × A) = n(A) × n(B) = 6. (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0),
Thus, n(A × B) = n(B × A) = n(A) × n(B). (3, 1)} ∪ {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}

Example 1.2 = {(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
... (2)
If A × B = {(3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)} then find
A and B. From (1) and (2),
Solution : A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C) is verified.
A × B = {(3, 2), (3, 4), (5, 2), (5, 4)} (ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
We have B ∩ C = {0, 1} ∩ {1, 2}= {1}
A = {set of all first coordinates of elements A × (B ∩ C) = {2, 3} × {1}
of A × B}. Therefore A = {3, 5}
= {(2, 1), (3, 1)} ... (3)
B = {set of all second coordinates of ele-
A × B = {2, 3} × {0, 1}
ments of A × B}. ThereforeB = {2, 4}
= {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1)}
Thus A = {3, 5} and B = {2, 4}.
A × C = {2, 3} ×{1, 2}
Example 1.3
Let A = {x ∈ N | 1 < x < 4}, B = {x ∈ W | = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
0 ≤ x < 2} and C = {x ∈ N | x < 3}. (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
Then verify that (i) A×(B∪C)= (A×B) ∪ (A×C) = {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1)} ∩
(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)}
Solution : = {(2, 1), (3, 1)} ... (4)
A = {x ∈ N | 1 < x < 4} = {2, 3}, From (3) and (4),
B = {x ∈ W | 0 ≤ x < 2} = {0, 1}. A×(B ∩ C) = (A ×B) ∩ (A × C) is verified.
C = {x ∈ N | x < 3} = {1, 2} EXERCISE 1.1
(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
1. Find A × B, A × A and B × A
B ∪ C = {0, 1} ∪ {1, 2} = {0, 1, 2}
(i) A = {2, – 2, 3} and B = {1, – 4}
A × (B ∪ C) =
{2, 3} × {0, 1, 2} (ii) A = B = {p, q} (iii) A = {m, n} ; B = φ
= {(2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 2)} Solution:
... (1) (i) Given A = {2, – 2, 3}, B = {1, – 4}.
A × B = {2, 3} × {0, 1} A × B = {(2, 1), (2, – 4), (– 2, 1), (–2, – 4),
= {(2, 0), (2, 1), (3, 0), (3, 1)} (3, 1), (3, – 4)}
 in
Surya - 10 Maths 3 Relations and Functions

A × A = {(2, 2), (2, – 2), (2, 3), (– 2, 2), 4. If A = {5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7}.
(– 2, – 2), (– 2, 3), (3, 2), (3, – 2), (3, 3)} Show that A × A = (B × B) ∩ (C × C).
B × A = {(1, 2), (1, – 2), (1, 3), (– 4, 2), Solution :
(– 4, – 2), (– 4, 3)} Given A = {5, 6}, B = {4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7}
(ii) Given A = B = {p, q}
LHS : A × A = {5, 6} × {5, 6}
A × B = {(p, p), (p, q), (q, p), (q, q)}
= {(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)} ...(1)
A × A = {(p, p), (p, q), (q, p), (q, q)}
B × A = {(p, p), (p, q), (q, p), (q, q)} RHS : B ×B = {4, 5, 6} ×{4, 5, 6}
(iii) A = {m, n}, B = φ = {(4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 4), (5, 5),
If A = φ (or) B = φ, then A × B = φ. (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
and B × A = φ C × C = {5, 6, 7} × {5, 6, 7}
A × B = φ and B × A = φ
= {(5, 5), (5, 6), (5, 7), (6, 5), (6, 6),
A × A = {(m, m), (m, n), (n, m), (n, n)}
(6, 7), (7, 5), (7, 6), (7, 7)}
2. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {x | x is a prime
number less than 10}. Find A × B and ∴ (B × B) ∩ (C × C) = {(5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5),
B × A. (6, 6)} ...(2)
Solution : ∴ From (1) and (2).
Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {x | x is a prime LHS = RHS
number less than 10}.
5. Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5},
B = {2, 3, 5, 7} C = {3, 4} and D = {1, 3, 5}, check if
A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (2, 2), (A ∩ C) × (B ∩ D) = (A × B) ∩ (C × D) is
(2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7)} true ?
Solution :
B × A = {(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2),
(3, 3), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (7, 1), (7, 2), (7, 3)} Given A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 5},
C = {3, 4}, D = {1, 3, 5}
3. If B × A = {(– 2, 3), (– 2, 4), (0, 3), (0, 4),
(3, 3), (3, 4)} find A and B. A ∩ C = {3}, B ∩ D = {3, 5}
Solution : ∴ (A ∩ C) × (B ∩ D) = {(3, 3), (3, 5)} ... (1)
Given B × A = {(–2, 3), (– 2, 4), (0, 3), A × B = {(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3),
(0, 4), (3, 3), (3, 4)} (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5)}
C × D = {(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 1),
∴ B = {– 2, 0, 3}, A = {3, 4}
(4, 3), (4, 5)}
∴ (A × B) ∩ (C × D) = {(3, 3), (3, 5)} ...(2)
∴ From (1) and (2)
LHS = RHS.
Surya - 10 Maths 4 Relations and Functions

6. Let A = {x ∈ W | x < 2}, B = {x ∈ N | 1 < x (iii) (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)

≤ 4} and C = {3, 5}. Verify that A ∪ B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
(i) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
∴ (A ∪ B) × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5),
(ii) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 5),
(iii) (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C) (4, 3), (4, 5)} ...(1)
Solution :
A × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5)}
Given A = {x ∈ W | x < 2} ⇒ A = {0, 1}
B × C = {(2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 3), (3, 5),
B = {x ∈ N | 1 < x ≤ 4} (4, 3), (4, 5)}
⇒ B = {2, 3, 4} ∴ (A × C) ∪ (B × C) = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3),
C = {3, 5} (1, 5), (2, 3), (2, 5)
(3, 3), (3, 5), (4, 3),
(i) To verify :
(4, 5)} ...(2)
A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪ (A × C)
∴ From (1) and (2) LHS = RHS.
B ∪ C = {2, 3, 4, 5}
7. Let A = The set of all natural numbers
∴ A × (B ∪ C) = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5), less than 8, B = The set of all prime num-
(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)} ...(1) bers less than 8, C = The set of even prime
A × B = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2), number. Verify that
(1, 3), (1, 4)} (i) (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)
(ii) A × (B – C) = (A × B) – (A × C)
A × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5)}
Solution :
∴ (A × B) ∪ (A × C) = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4),
Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(0, 5), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)} ...(2)
B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
∴ From (1) and (2) LHS = RHS.
C = {2}
(ii) To verify : A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(i) To verify : (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)
B ∩ C = {3}
A ∩ B = {1, 3, 5, 7}
∴ A × (B ∩ C) = {(0, 3), (1, 3)} ...(1)
∴ (A ∩ B) × C = {(1, 2), (3, 2), (5, 2), (7, 2)}
A × B = {(0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (1, 2),
... (1)
(1, 3), (1, 4)}
A × C = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2),
A × C = {(0, 3), (0, 5), (1, 3), (1, 5)}
(6, 2), (7, 2)}
∴ (A × B) ∩ (A × C) = {(0, 3), (1, 3)} ...(2)
B × C = {(1, 2), (3, 2), (5, 2), (7, 2)} ... (2)
∴ From (1) and (2), LHS = RHS.
∴ From (1) and (2), LHS = RHS.
Surya - 10 Maths 5 Relations and Functions

(ii) To verify : A × (B – C) = (A × B) – (A × C) (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5), (5, 7),
B – C = {1, 3, 5, 7} (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7),
∴ A × (B – C) = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7), (7, 1), (7, 3), (7, 5), (7, 7),}
(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7), A × C = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2), (5, 2),
(6, 2), (7, 2)}
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7),
∴ (A × B) – (A × C)
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7),
= {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7),
(5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5), (5, 7),
(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7),
(6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7),
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7),
(7, 1), (7, 3), (7, 5), (7, 7),}
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7),
A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 7),
(5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5), (5, 7),
(2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (2, 7),
(6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5), (6, 7),
(3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7),
(7, 1), (7, 3), (7, 5), (7, 7),}
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (4, 7),
...(2)
∴ From (1) and (2), LHS = RHS.

II. RELATIONS :
Key Points
99 Let A and B be any two non-empty sets. A ‘relation’ R from A to B is a subset of A × B satisfy-
ing some specified conditions. If x ∈ A is related to y ∈ B through R, then we write it as xRy.
xRy if and only if (x, y) ∈ R.
99 A relation may be represented algebraically eithe rby the roster method or by the set builder
method.
99 An arrow diagram is a visual representation of a relation.
99 A relation which contains no element is called a “Null relation”.
99 If n(A) = p, n(B) = q, then the total number of relations that exist between A and B is 2pq.
Example 1.4 (iii) R3 = {(3, 7), (4, 10), (7, 7), (7, 8), (8, 11),
Let A = {3, 4, 7, 8} and B = {1, 7, 10}. Which of (8, 7), (8, 10)}
the following sets are relations from A to B ? Solution :
(i) R1 = {(3, 7), (4, 7), (7, 10), (8, 1)} A×B = {(3, 1), (3, 7), (3, 10), (4, 1), (4, 7),
(ii) R2 = {(3, 1), (4, 12)} (4,10), (7,1), (7,7), (7,10), (8, 1), (8, 7), (8, 10)}
Surya - 10 Maths 6 Relations and Functions

(i) We note that R1 ⊆ A × B. Thus, R1 is a ∴ A × B = {(1, 3), (1, 0), (1, –1), (1, 7),
relation from A to B.
(2, 3), (2, 0), (2, –1), (2, 7),
(ii) Here, (4, 12) ∈ R2, but (4, 12) ∉ A × B.
So, R2 is not a relation from A to B. (3, 3), (3, 0), (3, –1), (3, 7),

(iii) Here, (7, 8) ∈ R3, but (7, 8) ∉ A × B. So (7, 3), (7, 0), (7, –1), (7, 7)}
R3 is not a relation from A to B. i) R1 = {(2, 1), (7, 1)}
Example 1.5 (2, 1) ∈ R1 but (2, 1) ∉ A × B
The arrow diagram shows a relationship be- ∴ R1 is not a relation from A to B.
tween the sets P and Q. Write the relation in (i)
Set builder form (ii) Roster form (iii) What is the ii) R2 = {(–1, 1)}
domain and range of R. (–1, 1) ∈ R2 but (–1, 1) ∉ A × B
Solution : ∴ R2 is not a relation from A to B.
P Q
iii) R3 = {(2, –1), (7, 7), (1, 3)}
5 3
We note that R3 ⊆ A × B
6
4
7 ∴ R3 is a relation.
8 5 iv) R4 = {(7, –1), (0, 3), (3, 3), (0, 7)}

(i) Set builder form of (0, 3), (0, 7) ∈ R4 but not in A × B.

R = {(x, y) | y = x – 2, x ∈ P, y ∈ Q} ∴ R4 is not a relation.

(ii) Roster form R = {(5, 3), (6, 4), (7, 5)} 2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4 ....., 45} and R be the
relation defined as “is square of” on A.
(iii) Domain of R = {5, 6, 7} and range of
Write R as a subset of A × A. Also, find
R = {3, 4, 5} the domain and range of R.
EXERCISE 1.2 Solution :
Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ........ 45}
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 7} and B = {3, 0, – 1.7),
which of the following are relation from R : “is square of”
A to B ? R = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
(i) R1 = {(2, 1), (7, 1)} Clearly R is a subset of A.
(ii) R2 = {(– 1, 1)}
(iii) R3 = {(2, – 1), (7, 7), (1, 3)} ∴ Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(iv) R4 = {(7, –1), (0, 3), (3, 3), (0, 7)} ∴ Range = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36}
Solution :
Given A = {1, 2, 3, 7}, B = {3, 0, –1, 7}
Surya - 10 Maths 7 Relations and Functions

3. A Relation R is given by the set {(x, y) / y b) Graph :

= x + 3, x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}}. Determine y
its domain and range.
Solution : 4

Given R = {(x, y) / y = x + 3, 3
x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}} (4, 2)
2
x=0⇒y=3
1 (2, 1)
x=1⇒y=4
0
x=2⇒y=5 1 2 3 4 5

x=3⇒y=6 c) a set in roster : z {(2, 1), (4, 2)}

x=4⇒y=7
ii) {(x, y) | y = x + 3,
x=5⇒y=8
x, y are natural numbers < 10}
∴ R = {(0, 3), (1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8)}
a) Arrow Diagram :
∴ Domain : {0, 1, 2, 3,4, 5}
1 1
Range : {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
2 2
4. Represent each of the given relations by 3 3
(a) an arrow diagram, (b) a graph and (c) 4 4
a set in roster form, wherever possible. 5 5
6 6
(i) {(x, y) | x = 2y, x ∈ {2, 3, 4, 5},
7 7
y ∈ {1, 2, 3, 4}
8 8
(ii) {(x, y) | y = x + 3, x, y are natural 9 9
numbers < 10}
Solution : b) Graph :
y
i) {(x, y) | x = 2y, x ∈ {2, 3, 4, 5}, y∈{1, 2, 3, 4} (6, 9)
9
a) Arrow diagram : 8 (5, 8)

7 (4, 7)
y=1⇒x=2 2 1 6 (3, 6)
y=2⇒x=4 3 2 5 (2, 5)

4 3 4 (1, 4)
y=3⇒x=6 3
5 4
y=4⇒x=8 2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

c) a set in roster :
= {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6), (4, 7), (5, 8), (6, 9)}
Surya - 10 Maths 8 Relations and Functions

5. A company has four categories of em- (25000, C2), (25000, C3), (25000, C4),
ployees given by Assistants (A), Clerks (50000, M1), (50000, M2), (50000, M3),
(C), Managers (M) and an Executive Of-
ficer (E). The company provide `10,000, (100000, E1), (100000, E2s).
`25,000, `50,000 and `1,00,000 as salaries b) Arrow Diagram :
to the people who work in the categories
A1
A, C, M and E respectively. If A1, A2, A3,
A2
A4 and A5 were Assistants ; C1, C2, C3, C4
10,000 A3
were Clerks ; M1, M2, M3 were managers
A4
and E1, E2 were Executive officers and if A5
the relation R is defined by xRy, where C1
x is the salary given to person y, express C2
2,0000
the relation R through an ordered pair C3
and an arrow diagram. C4
Solution : 50,000 M1
M2
a) Ordered Pair : M3
1,00,000
{(10000, A1), (10000, A2), (10000, A3), E1
E2
(10000, A4), (10000, A5), (25000, C1),
III. FUNCTIONS :
Key Points
99 A relation f between two non-empty sets X and Y is called a function from X to Y if, for each
x ∈ X there exists only one y ∈ Y such that (x, y) ∈ f. That is, f = {(x, y) | for all x ∈ X,
y ∈ Y}.
99 If f : X → Y is a function then the set X is called the domain of the function f and the set Y is
called its co-domain.
99 If f (a) = b, then b is called ‘image’ of a under f and a is called a ‘pre-image’ of b.
99 The set of all images of the elements of X under f is called the ‘range’ of f.
99 f : X → Y is a function only if
(i) every element in the domain of f has an image.
(ii) the image is unique.
99 If A and B are finite sets such that n(A) = p, n(B) = q then the total number of functions that
exist between A and B is qp.
99 The range of a function is a subset of its co-domain.
Surya - 10 Maths 9 Relations and Functions

Example 1.6 Example 1. 8

Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and If X = {– 5, 1, 3, 4} and Y = {a, b, c}, then which
R = {(1, 2), (2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8)}. Show that R is of the following relations are functions from
a function and find its domain, co-domain and X to Y ?
range ? (i) R1 = {(– 5, a), (1, a), (3, b)}
Solution : (ii) R2 = {(–5, b), (1, b), (3, a), (4, c)}
Pictorial representation of R is given in Fig-
(iii) R3 = {(– 5, a), (1, a), (3, b), (4, c), (1, b)}
ure. From the diagram, we see that for each x ∈
X, there exists only one y ∈Y. Thus all elements Solution :
in X have only one image in Y. Therefore R is a (i) R1 = {(– 5, a), (1, a), (3, b)}
function. Domain X = {1, 2, 3, 4}; Co-domain Y
We may represent the relation R1 in an ar-
= {2, 3, 6, 8, 10}; Range of f = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
row diagram.

(ii) R2 = {(–5, b), (1, b), (3, a), (4, c)}

Example 1.7 Arrow diagram of R2 is shown in Figure.
A relation ‘f ’ is defined by f (x) = x – 2 where, x
2
R2 is a function as each element of X has an
∈ {– 2, – 1, 0, 3} unique image in Y.
(i) List the elements of f (ii) If f a function ?
Solution :
f(x) = x2 – 2 where x ∈{– 2, – 1, 0, 3}
(i) f(–2) = (–2)2 – 2 = 2 ;
f (– 1) = (– 1)2 – 2 = – 1
f(0) = (0)2 – 2 = – 2 ; f(3) = (3)2 – 2 = 7 (iii) R3 = {(– 5, a), (1, a), (3, b), (4, c), (1, b)}
Therefore, f =
{(–2, 2), (–1, –1), (0, –2), (3, 7)} Representing R3 in an arrow diagram.
(ii) We note that each element in the domain of
f has a unique image. Therefore f is a function.
Surya - 10 Maths 10 Relations and Functions

R3 is not a function as 1 ∈ X has two images Yes, f is a function.

a ∈ Y and b ∈ Y.
Since all the elements of domain will be
Note that the image of an element should mapped into a unique element in co-domain.
always be unique. 2. Let X = {3, 4, 6, 8}. Determine whether
Example 1.9 the relation R = {(x, f(x)) | x ∈ X, f(x) = x2
+ 1} is a function from X to N ?
Given f(x) = 2x – x2, find (i) f(1) (ii) f(x+1) (iii)
f(x) + f(1) Solution :
Given X = {3, 4, 6, 8}
Solution :
R = {(x, f(x)) | x ∈ X, f(x)=x2 + 1}
(i) Replacing x with 1, we get
x = 3 ⇒ f(x) = f(3) = 9 + 1 = 10
f(1) = 2(1) – (1)2 = 2 – 1 = 1
x = 4 ⇒ f(x) = f(4) = 16 + 1 = 17
(ii) Replacing x with x + 1, we get x = 6 ⇒ f(x) = f(6) = 36 + 1 = 37
2
f ( x + 1) = 2( x + 1) − ( x + 1) x = 8 ⇒ f(x) = f(8) = 64 + 1 = 65
= 2 x + 2 − ( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = − x 2 + 1 R = {(3, 10), (4, 17), (6, 37), (8, 65)}
(iii) f(x) + f(1) = (2x – x2) + 1 = – x2 + 2x + 1 ∴ The relation R : X → N is a function.

[Note that f (x) + f (1) ≠ f (x + 1). In general f (a 3. Given the function f : x → x2 – 5x + 6,

+ b) is not equal to f (a) + f (b)]. evaluate
(i) f(– 1) (ii) f(2a) (iii) f(2) (iv) f(x – 1)
EXERCISE 1.3
Solution :
1. Let f = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ N and y = 2x} be a re-
Given f : x → x2 – 5x + 6
lation on N. Find the domain, co-domain
and range. Is this relation a function ? ⇒ f (x) = x2 – 5x + 6
Solution : (i) f(–1) = (–1)2 – 5(–1) + 6
Given f = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ N and y = 2x} =1+5+6
Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, ...........} = 12
Co-domain = {1, 2, 3, 4, ..........} (ii) f(2a) = (2a)2 – 5(2a) + 6
Range = {2, 4, 6, 8, ..........} = 4a2 – 10a + 6
1 1 (iii) f(2) = 22 – 5(2) + 6
2 2
3 3
= 4 – 10 + 6
4 4 = 0
5 5
(iv) f(x – 1) = (x – 1)2 – 5 (x – 1) + 6
6 6
7 7 = x2 – 2x + 1 – 5x + 5 + 6
8 8 = x2 – 7x + 12
. .
. .
Surya - 10 Maths 11 Relations and Functions

4. A graph representing the function f(x) is 6. A function f is defined by f(x) = 2x – 3

given in figure it is clear that f(9) = 2. f (0) + f (1)
(i) find
(i) Find the following values of the func- 2
tion (ii) find x such that f(x) = 0
(a) f(0) (b) f(7) (c) f(2) (d) f(10) (iii) find x such that f(x) = x
(ii) For what value of x is f(x) = 1? (iv) find x such that f(x) = f(1 – x).
(iii) Describe the following (i) Domain (ii) Solution :
Range. Given f(x) = 2x – 3
(iv) What is the image of 6 under f ? f (0) + f (1) ( −3) + ( −1)
i) =
2 2
−4
=
2
= −2

(ii) f(x) = 0 ⇒ 2x – 3 = 0
⇒ 2x = 3
3
⇒x=
Solution : 2
(i) a) f(0) = 9 b) f(7) = 6 (iii) f(x) = x ⇒ 2x – 3 = x
c) f(2) = 6 d) f(10) = 0 ⇒ 2x – x = 3
⇒x=3
(ii) When x = 9.5, f(x) = 1.
(iv) f(x) = 1 – x ⇒ 2x – 3 = 1 – x
(iii) a) Domain : {x / 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, x ∈ R}
⇒ 2x + x = 1 + 3
b) Range : {x / 0 ≤ x ≤ 9, x ∈ R} ⇒ 3x = 4
(iv) Image of 6 = f(6) = 5. 4
⇒x=
5. Let f(x) = 2x + 5. If x ≠ 0 then find 3
f ( x + 2) − f (2) 7. An open box is to be made from a square
.
x piece of material, 24 cm on a side, by
Solution : cutting equal squares from the corners
Given f(x) = 2x + 5 and turning up the sides as shown in the
f(x + 2) = 2 (x + 2) + 5 figure. Express the volume V of the box
as a function of x.
= 2x + 9
f(2) = 2 (2) + 5
=9
f ( x + 2) − f ( x) 2 x + 9 − 9
∴ = =2
x x
Surya - 10 Maths 12 Relations and Functions

10. The data in the adjacent table depicts the

length of a woman’s forehand and her
corresponding height. Based on this data,
a student finds a relationship between the
height (y) and the forehand length (x) as
y = ax + b, where a, b are constants.
Length ‘x’ of Height ‘y’
forehand (in cm) (in inches)
Solution : 45.5 65.5
From the given data, it is clear that length l 35 56
= breadth, b = 24 – 2x cm, height = x cm. 45 65
∴ Volume of the box, V = lbh 50 69.5
= (24 – 2x)2 x 55 74
= (576 + 4x2 – 96x) x
(i) Check if this relation is a function.
= 4x3 – 96x2 + 576x
(ii) Find a and b.
∴ Volume is expressed as a function of x.
(iii) Find the height of a woman whose
8. A function f is defined by f (x) = 3 – 2x. forehand length is 40 cm.
Find x such that f (x2) = (f (x))2.
(iv) Find the length of forehand of a
Solution : woman if her height is 53.3 inches.
Given f (x) = 3 – 2x and Solution :
f(x2) = (f(x))2
i) From the table, it is clear that each element
⇒ 3 – 2x2 = (3 – 2x)2
of domain is having a unique image in co-domain
⇒ 3 – 2x2 = 9 + 4x2 – 12x
and hence it is a function.
⇒ 6x – 12x + 6 = 0
2
ii) y = ax + b
⇒ x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
⇒ (x – 1)2 = 0 when x = 55, y = 75 ⇒ 75 = 55a + b
⇒ x = 1 (twice) when x = 42, y = 62 ⇒ 62 = 42a + b
9. A plane is flying at a speed of 500km per Subtracting, 13 = 13a
hour. Express the distance d travelled by a=1
the plane as function of time tin hours.
∴ 75 = 55(1) + b
Solution :
∴ b = 75 – 55 = 20
Given, Speed of the plane = 500 km / h
∴ a = 1, b = 20
time = t hrs
distance = d km
∴ Distance = Time × Speed
∴ d = 500t
Surya - 10 Maths 13 Relations and Functions

iii) When x = 48 ; y = ? iv) When y = 60.54 inches, x = ?

∴ y = ax + b ∴ y = x + 20
⇒ y = x + 20 ⇒ 60.54 = x + 20
when x = 48, y = 48 + 20 ∴ x = 40.54 cm
∴ y = 68
∴ Height of a woman = 68 inches.
IV. REPRESENTATION OF FUNCTIONS AND TYPE OF FUNCTIONS :
Key Points
99 A function may be represented by
(a) a set of ordered pairs (b) a table form (c) an arrow diagram (d) a graphical form
99 Every function can be represented by a curve in a graph. But not every curve drawn in a graph
will represent a function.
99 A curve drawn in a graph represents a function, if every vertical line intersects the curve in at
most one point.
99 Any equation represented in a graph is usually called a ‘curve’.
99 A function f : A → B is called one - one function if distinct elements of A have distinct images
in B.
99 If for all a1, a2 A, f(a1) = f (a2) implies a1 = a2, then f is called one-one function.
99 A function f : A → B is called many-one function if two or more elements of A have same
image in B.
99 A function f : A → B is called many-one if f it is not one-one.
99 A function f : A → B is said to be onto function if the range of f is equal to the co-domain
of f.
99 That is a every element in the co-domain B has a pre-image in the domain A.
99 An onto function is also called a surjection.
99 If f : A → B is an onto function then, the range of f = B. That is f (A) = B.
99 A function f : A → B is called an into function if there exists atleast one element in B which
is not the image of any element of A.
99 The range of f is a proper subset of the co-domain of f.
99 A function f : A → B is called ‘into’ if it is not ‘onto’.
99 If a function f : A → B is both one-one and onto, then f is called a bijection from A to B.
Surya - 10 Maths 14 Relations and Functions

99 A function represented in a graph is one-one, if every horizontal line intersects the curve in at
most one point.
99 A function f : A → B is called a constant function if the range of f contains only one element.
That is f (x) = c, for all x ∈ A and for some fixed c ∈ B.
99 Let A be a non-empty set. Then the function f : A → A defined by f (x) = x for all x ∈ A is called
an identity function on A and is denoted by IA.
99 A function f : A → B is called a real valued function if the range of f is a subset of the set of
all real numbers R. That is, f (A) ⊆ R.
Example 1.10
Using vertical line test, determine which of the
following curves (Fig.1.18(a), 1.18(b), 1.18(c),
1.18(d)) represent a function ?

Fig. 1.18(c)

Solution :
The curves Fig.1.18(a) and Fig.1.18(c) do not
represent a function as the vertical lines meet the
Fig. (1.18(a) curves in two points P and Q.

The curves in Fig.1.18(b) and Fig.1.18(d)

represent a function as the vertical lines meet the
curve in at most one point.

Fig. 1.18(b)
Surya - 10 Maths 15 Relations and Functions

Example 1.11 ordered pair as

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14} be f = {(1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 8), (4, 11)}
two sets. Let f : A → B be a function given by
(iv) Graphical form
f(x) = 3x – 1. Represent this function
In the adjacent xy-plane the points
(i) by arrow diagram
(1, 2), (2, 5), (3, 8), (4, 11) are plotted
(ii) in a table form
(iii) as a set of ordered pairs
(iv) in a graphical form
Solution :
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} ; B = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14} ; f (x)
= 3x – 1
f(1) = 3(1) –1 = 3 – 1 = 2 ; f(2) = 3(2) – 1 =
6–1=5
f(3) = 3(3) – 1 = 9 – 1 = 8 ; f(4) = 4(3) – 1 =
12 – 1 = 11
(i) Arrow diagram Example 1.12
Let us represent the function f : A → B by Using horizontal line test (Fig. 1.35(a), 1.35(b),
an arrow diagram 1.35(c)), determine which of the following func-
tions are one-one.

(ii) Table form Fig. 1.35 (a)

The given function f can be represented in a
tabular form as given below
x 1 2 3 4
f(x) 2 5 8 11
(iii) Set of ordered pairs
The function f can be represented as a set of
Fig. 1.35(b)
Surya - 10 Maths 16 Relations and Functions

Example 1.14
If A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and f : A → B is an onto
function defined by f (x) = x2 + x + 1 then find
B.
Solution :
Given A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and f (x) = x2 + x + 1
Fig. 1.35(c) f (– 2) = (– 2)2 + (– 2) + 1 = 3 ;
f (– 1) = (– 1)2 + (– 1) + 1 = 1
Solution :
f (0) = 02 + 0 + 1 = 1 ;
The curves in Fig.1.35(a) and Fig. 1.35(c)
represent a one-one function as the horizontal f (1) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3
lines meet the curves in only one point P. f (2) = 22 + 2 + 1 = 7
The curve Fig.1.35(b) does not represent a Since, f is an onto function, range of f = B =
one-one function, since, the horizontal line meet co-domain of f.
the curve in two points P and Q. Therefore, B = {1, 3, 7}.
Example 1.13 Example 1.15
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7| and f = {(1, Let f be a function f : N → N be defined by f (x)
4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function from A to B. Show = 3x + 2, x ∈ N
that f is one-one but not onto function. (i) Find the images of 1, 2, 3 ( i i )
Solution: Find the pre-images of 29, 53
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} ; f = {(1, 4), (iii) Identify the type of function
(2, 5), (3, 6)} Solution : f (x) = 3x + 2, x ∈ N
Then f is a function from A to B and for dif- (i) If x = 1, f(1) = 3(1) + 2 = 5
ferent elements in A, there are different images If x = 2, f(2) = 3(2) + 2 = 8
in B. Hence f is one-one function. Note that the
element 7 in the co-domain does not have any If x = 3, f(3) = 3(3) + 2 = 11
pre-image in the doman. Hence f is not onto. The images of 1, 2, 3 are 5, 8, 11 respec-
tively.
A B (ii) If x is the pre-image of 29, then f(x) = 29.
I
1 4 Hence 3x + 2 = 29
5 3x = 27 ⇒ x = 9.
2
6 Similarly, if x is the pre-image of 53, then
3 7 f(x) = 53. Hence 3x + 2 = 53
3x = 51 ⇒ x = 17.
Thus the pre-images of 29 and 53 are 9 and
17 respectively.
Surya - 10 Maths 17 Relations and Functions

(iii) Since different elements of N have different Example 1.17

images in the co-domain, te function f is one-one Let f be a function from R to R defined by
function. f (x) = 3x – 5. Find the values of a and b given
The co-domain of f is N. that (a, 4) and (1, b) belong to f.
But the range of f = {5, 8, 11, 14, 17, ....} is Solution :
a proper subset of N. Therefore f is not an onto
f (x) = 3x – 5 can be written as
function. That is, f is an into function.
Thus f is one-one and into function. f = {(x, 3x – 5) | x ∈ R}

Example 1.16 (a, 4) means the image of a is 4.

Forensic scientists can determine the height (in That is, f (a) = 4
cms) of a person based on the length of their 3a – 5 = 4 ⇒ a = 3
thigh bone. They usually do so using the func-
tion h(b) = 2.47b + 54.10 where b is the length of (1, b) means the image of 1 is b.
the thigh bone. That is, f (1) = b ⇒ b = – 2
(i) Check if the function h is one-one 3(1) – 5 = b ⇒ b = – 2
(ii) Also find the height of a person if the Example 1.18
length of his thigh bone is 50 cms.
The distance S (in kms) travelled by a particle in
(iii) Find the length of the thigh bone if the t2 + t
height of a person is 147.96 cms. time ‘t’ hours is given by S(t) = . Find the
2
distance travelled by the particle after
Solution :
(i) three and half hours.
(i) To check if h is one-one, we assume that
h(b1) = h(b2). (ii) eight hours and fifteen minutes.
Then we get, 2.47b1 + 54.10 = 2.47b2 + 54.10 Solution :
2.47b1 = 2.47b2 ⇒ b1 = b2 The distance travelled by the particle in time
t2 + t
Thus, h(b1) = h(b2) ⇒ b1 = b2. So, the t hours is given by S(t) = .
2
function h is one-one. (i) t = 3.5 hours. Therefore,
(ii) If the length of the thigh bone b = 50, then
the height is (3.5) 2 + 3.5 15.75
S (3.5) = = = 7.875
h(50) = (2.47 × 50) + 54.10 = 177.6 cms. 2 2
(iii) If the height of a person is 147.96 cms, then The distance travelled in 3.5 hours is 7.875 kms.
h(b) = 147.96 and so the length of the thigh bone (ii) t = 8.25 hours. Therefore, S(8.25) =
is given by 2.47b + 54.10 = 147.96.
93.86 (8.25) 2 + 8.25 76.3125
b= = 38 = = 38.15625
2.47 2 2
Therefore, the length of the thigh bone is The distance travelled in 8.25 hours is 38.16
38 cms. kms, approximately.
Surya - 10 Maths 18 Relations and Functions

Example 1.19 For finding f (– 3), we see that x = – 3, lies

If the function f : R → R defined by in the first interval.
2 x + 7, x < −2 Therefore, f (x) = 2x + 7 ; thus, f (– 3) = 2

f ( x) =  x 2 − 2, −2 ≤ x < 3, then find the values of (– 3) + 7 = 1
3 x − 2, x ≥ 3
 f (1) − 3 f (4) −1 − 3(10)
Hence, = = −31
(i) f(4) (ii) f(– 2) (iii) f(4) + 2f(1) f ( −3) 1
f (1) − 3 f (4)
(iv) EXERCISE 1.4
f ( −3)
Solution : 1. Determine whether the graph given below
The function f is defined by three values in represent functions. Give reason for your
intervals I, II, III as shown below answers concerning each graph.

f(x) = 2x + 7 f(x) = x2 – 2 f(x) = 3x – 2

For a given value of x = a, find out the inter-

val at which the point a is located, there after find
f (a) using the particular value defined in that in-
terval.
(i) First, we see that,
x = 4 lie in the third interval.
Therefore, f (x) = 3x – 2 ; Solution :
f (4) = 3(4) – 2 = 10 (i) The curve do not represent a function since
it meets y-axis at 2 points.
(ii) x = – 2 lies in the second interval.
(ii) The curve represents a function as it meets
Therefore, f (x) = x2 – 2 ; x-axis or y-axis at only one point.
f (– 2) = (– 2)2 – 2 = 2 (iii) The curve do not represent a function since
(iii) From (i), f (4) = 10. it meets y-axis at 2 points.
To find f (1), first we see that x = 1 lies in the (iv) The line represents a function as it meets
second interval. axes at origin.
Therefore, f (x) = x2 – 2 ; 2. Let f : A → B be a function define by f
x
f (1) = (1)2 – 2 = – 1 (x) = – 1, where A = {2, 4, 6, 10, 12},
B = {0,21, 2, 4, 5, 9}. Represent f by
So, f (4) + 2f (1) = 10 + 2 (– 1) = 8
(i) set of ordered pairs ; (ii) a table ;
(iv) We know that f (1) = – 1 and f (4) = 10. (iii) an arrow diagram ; (iv) a graph
Surya - 10 Maths 19 Relations and Functions

Solution : 3. Represent the function f = {(1, 2), (2, 2),

(3, 2), (4, 3), (5, 4)} through
x
Given f ( x) = −1 (i) an arrow diagram (ii) a
2
x = 2 ⇒ f (2) = 1 – 1 = 0 table form (iii) a graph
Solution :
x = 4 ⇒ f (4) = 2 – 1 = 1
(i) Arrow Diagram :
x = 6 ⇒ f (6) = 3 – 1 = 2 f
x = 10 ⇒ f (10) = 5 – 1 = 4 1
x = 12 ⇒ f (12) = 6 – 1 = 5 2 2
(i) Set of order pairs : 3 3
f = {(2, 0), (4, 1), (6, 2), (10, 4), (12, 5)}
4 4
(ii) Table :
5
x 2 4 6 10 12
f(x) 0 1 2 4 5 (ii) Table Form :
(iii) Arrow diagram : x 1 2 3 4 5
A B f(x) 2 2 2 3 4
f
2 0 (iii) Graph :
y

4 1 10
9

6 2 8
7

10 3 6
5

12 5 4
3
(5, 4)

(2, 2) (4, 3)
2
(1, 2) (3, 2)
1
(iv) Graph x’ 0
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
y’
y
10
9 4. Show that the function f : N → N defined
8 f (x) = 2x – 1 is one-one but not onto.
7
6 Solution :
5
4
(10, 4) (12, 5) Given f : N → N defined by f (x) = 2x – 1.
3 (6, 2)
2 (4, 1)
x=1⇒ f (1) = 2 – 1 = 1
1 (2, 0)
x
x=2⇒ f (2) = 4 – 1 = 3
x’

y’
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
x=3⇒ f (3) = 6 – 1 = 5
x=4⇒ f (4) = 8 – 1 = 7 ........
Surya - 10 Maths 20 Relations and Functions

It is clear that f is a function from N → N 7. In each of the following cases state wheth-
and for different elements in domain, there are er the function is bijective or not. Justify
different images in co-domain. your answer.
∴ f is one to one function. (i) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 2x + 1
(ii) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 3 – 4x2
But co-domain is N and Range = {1,3,5, 7, ......}
Solution :
∴ Range ≠ Co-domain. (i) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 2x + 1
∴ f is not on-to. Let f (x1) = f (x2)
5. Show that the function f : N → N defined ⇒ 2x1 + 1 = 2x2 + 1
by f (m) = m2 + m + 3 is one-one func- ⇒ 2x1 = 2x2
tion. ⇒ x1 = x2
Solution : ∴ f (x1) = f (x2) ⇒ x1 = x2
Given f : N → N defined by f (m) = m2 + m + 3 ∴ f is 1 – 1 function.
y = 2x + 1
f (m) = m2 + m + 3
∴ 2x = y − 1
m = 1 ⇒ f (1) = 1+1+3=5
y −1
m = 2 ⇒ f (2) = 4+2+3=9 ⇒ x=
2
m = 3 ⇒ f (3) = 9 + 3 + 3 = 15
 y − 1
m = 4 ⇒ f (4) = 16 + 4 + 3 = 23 ............. ∴ f ( x) = 2  +1
 2 
For different elements of domain, there are
∴ f is onto. =y
different images in co-domain.
∴ f is one-one function. ∴ f is one-one and onto
6. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = N. Let f : A → ⇒ f is bijective.
B be defined by f (x) = x3 then, (ii) f : R → R defined by f (x) = 3 – 4x2.
(i) find the range of f Let f (x1) = f (x2)
(ii) identify the type of function 3 – 4x12 = 3 – 4x22
Solution : x12 = x22
Given A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = N x1 = x2 (or) x1 = – x2
f (x) = x3 f is not 1 – 1.
x = 1 ⇒ f (1) = 1 (Example : when x = – 1, f (x) = f (–1) = – 1
x = 2 ⇒ f (2) = 8 when x = 1, f (x) = f (1) = – 1
x = 3 ⇒ f (3) = 27 ∴ Two different elements in domain have
x = 4 ⇒ f (4) = 64 same images in co-domain.
(i) Range of f = {1, 8, 27, 64} Also, any even number in the co-domain is
not image of any element x in the domain.
(ii) f is one-one (diff. elements have diff.
images) and ∴ f is not onto
f is into (Range ≠ co-domain) ∴ f is not bijective.
Surya - 10 Maths 21 Relations and Functions

8. Let A = {–1, 1} and B = {0, 2}. If the func- 10. A function f : [– 5, 9] → R is defined as
tion f : A → B defined by f (x) = ax + b is follows :
an onto function ? Find a and b. 6 x + 1 if – 5 ≤ x < 2
Solution : 
f ( x ) = 5 x 2 – 1 if 2 ≤ x < 6
Given A = {–1, 1}, B = {2, 2} 3 x – 4 if 6 ≤ x < 6

f (x) = ax + b is on to function.
Find (i) f (– 3) + f (2) (ii) f (7) – f (1)
∴ f (–1) = 0 ⇒ – a + b = 0 — (1) 2 f (–2) – f (6)
(iii) 2f (4) + f (8) (iv)
f (1) = 2 ⇒ a + b = 2 — (2) f (4) + f (–2)
Solution :
Solving (1) and (2)
6 x + 1 if – 5 ≤ x < 2
2b = 2 
Given f ( x) = 5 x 2 – 1 if 2 ≤ x < 6
b = 1 3 x – 4 if 6 ≤ x < 9
⇒ a = 1 
∴ a = 1, b = 1 (i) f (– 3) + f (2) (  – 3 ∈ (– 5 ≤ x < 2))
9. If the function f is defined by f (x) = = [6 (– 3) + 1] + [5 (4) – 1] and
 x + 2 if x > 1 = – 17 + 19 2 ∈ (2 ≤ x < 6)

2 if – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 ; find the values of
 x – 1 if – 3 < x < –1 =2

(i) f (3) (ii) f (0) (iii) f (–1, 5) (ii) f (7) – f (1) ( 7 ∈ (6 ≤ x ≤ 9))
(iv) f (2) + f (–2) = [3(7) – 4] – [6(1) + 1] and
Solution :
= 17 – 7 1 ∈ (– 5 ≤ x < 2)
 x + 2 if x > 1
 = 10
Given f (x) = 2 if – 1 ≤ x ≤ 1
 x – 1 if – 3 < x < –1 (iii) 2 f (4) + f (8) ( 4 ∈ (2 ≤ x < 6)

= 2 [5(16) – 1] + [3(8) – 4] and
(i) f (3) = 3 + 2 ( 3 ∈ (1 < x < ∞))
= 2 [79] + 20 8 ∈ (6 ≤ x ≤ 9)
=5
= 158 + 20
(ii) f (0) = 2 ( 0 ∈ (– 1 ≤ x ≤ 1))
= 178
(iii) f (– 1.5) = –1.5–1 ( –1.5∈(– 3 < x < – 1))
= – 2.5
(iv) f (2) + f (– 2) ( 2∈ (1 < x < ∞)
= (2 + 2) + (– 2 – 1) ( – 2∈ (– 3 < x < –1)
=4–3
=1
Surya - 10 Maths 22 Relations and Functions

(iv) 12. The function ‘t’ which maps temperature

in Celsius (C) into temperature in Fahr-
( −2 ∈( −5 ≤ x < 2)
2 f ( −2) − f (6) enheit (F) is defined by t(C) = F where F
6 ∈(6 ≤ x ≤ 9) 9
f (4) + f ( −2) = C + 32, Find,
−2 ∈( −5 ≤ x < 2)) 5
2( −11) − 14 (i) t(0) (ii) t(28) (iii) t(– 10)
=
79 + ( −11) (iv) the value of C when t(C) = 212
−22 − 14 (v) the temperature when the Celsius
=
79 − 11 value is equal to the Farenheit value.
−36 Solution :
=
68 9C
Given t(C) = F = + 32
−9 5
= 9(0)
17 (i ) t (0) = + 32 = 32o F
5
11. The distance S an object travels under 9(28)
the influence of gravity in time t seconds (ii ) t (28) = + 32 = 50.4 + 32 = 82.4o F
5
1
is given by S(t) = gt2 + at + b where, 9( −10)
2 (iii ) t ( −10) = + 32 = −18 + 32 = 14o F
(g is the acceleration due to gravity), a, b 5
are constants. Check if the function S(t)
(iv) When t (c) = 212,
is one-one.
9C
Solution : 212 = + 32
5
1
Given S(t) = gt2 + at + b 9C
2 ⇒ = 180
To check s(t) is one-one, we consider, 5
5
s(t1) = s(t2) ⇒ C = 180 ×
9
1 2 1 ⇒ C = 100 Co
⇒ gt1 + at1 + b = gt2 2 + at2 + b
2 2
1 (v) When Celsius value = Farenheit value,
⇒ g (t12 − t2 2 ) + a (t1 − t2 ) = 0
2 9C
C= + 32
1  5
⇒ (t1 − t2 )  g (t1 + t2 ) + a  = 0
2  ⇒ 5C = 9C + 160
⇒ t1 − t2 = 0 ( 1 2 g (t1 + t2 ) + a ≠ 0 ⇒ −4C = 160

⇒ t1 = t2 ⇒ C = −40o

∴ s(t) is one-one.
Surya - 10 Maths 23 Relations and Functions

V. COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS :
Key Points
99 Let f : A → B and g : B → C be two functions. Then the composition of f and g denoted by
g o f is defined as the function g o f (x) = g (f (x)) for all x ∈ A.
99 Generally, f o g ≠ g o f for any two functions f and g. So, composition of functions is not
commutative.
99 Composition of three fuctions is always associative. That is f o (g o h) = (f o g) o h.
99 A function f : R → R defined f (x) = mx + c, m ≠ 0 is called a linear function. Geometrically
this represents a striaght line in the graph.
 x, x ≥ 0
99 f : R → [0, ∞) defined f (x) = | x | =  is called a modulus (or) Absolute value
 − x, x < 0
function.
99 Modulus function is not a linear function but it is composed of two linear functions x and – x.
99 A function f : R → R defined by f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, (a ≠ 0) is called a quadratic function.
99 A function f : R → R defined by f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, (a ≠ 0) is called a cubic function.
1
99 A function f : R → {0} → R defined by f (x) = is called a reciprocal function.
x
99 A function f : R → R defined by f (x) = c, for all x ∈ R is called a constant function.
Example 1.20 Example 1.21
2
Find f o g and g o f when f(x) = 2x + 1 and Represent the function f ( x) = 2 x − 5 x + 3 as
g(x) = x2 – 2. a composition of two functions.
Solution : Solution :
f (x) = 2x + 1, g (x) = x2 – 2 We set
f o g(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x2 – 2) f2(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 3 and f1(x) = x
= 2 (x2 – 2) + 1 = 2x2 – 3 Then,
g o f(x) = g (f(x)) = g (2x + 1) f ( x) = 2 x 2 − 5 x + 3 = f 2 ( x)
= (2x + 1) – 2 = 4x + 4x – 1
2 2
= f1[ f 2 ( x)]. = f1 f 2 ( x)
Thus f o g = 2x2 – 3, g o f = 4x2 + 4x – 1.
Example 1.22
From the above, we see that f o g ≠ g o f. If f(x) = 3x – 2, g(x) = 2x + k and if f o g = g o f,
then find the value of k.
Solution :
f(x) = 3x – 2, g(x) = 2x + k
Surya - 10 Maths 24 Relations and Functions

f o g(x) = f (g(x)) Example 1.25

= f(2x + k) = 3(2x + k) – 2 = 6x + 3k – 2 Find x if gff (x) = fgg (x), given f (x) = 3x + 1 and
g(x) = x + 3.
Thus, f o g(x) = 6x + 3k – 2.
Solution :
g o f(x) = g (3x – 2) = 2 (3x – 2) + k
gff (x)=g [f {f(x)}] (This mean “g of f of f of x”)
Thus, g o f(x) = 6x – 4 + k.
= g [f(3x + 1)] = g [3(3x+1)+1] = g(9x + 4)
Given that f o g = g o f g(9x + 4) = [(9x + 4) + 3] = 9x + 7
Therefore, 6x + 3k – 2 = 6x – 4 + k fgg(x) = f[g{g(x)}] (This means “f of g of x”)
6x – 6x + 3k – k= – 4 + 2 ⇒ k = –1 = f [g(x + 3)] = f [(x + 3) + 3] = f (x + 6)
Example 1.23 f (x + 6) = [3 (x + 6) + 1] = 3x + 19
Find k if f o f (k) = 5 where f (k) = 2k – 1. These two quantities being equal, we get
9x + 7 = 3x + 19. Solving this equation we obtain
Solution : x = 2.
f o f (k) = f (f (k))
EXERCISE 1.5
= 2 (2k – 1) – 1 = 4k – 3.
1. Using the functions f and g given below,
Thus, f o f (k) = 4k – 3
find f o g and g o f. Check whether f o g =
But, it is given that f o f (k) = 5 g o f.
Therefore 4k – 3 = 5 ⇒ k = 2. (i) f (x) = x – 6, g(x) = x2
2
Example 1.24 (ii) f (x) = , g(x) = 2x2 – 1
x
f (x) = 2x + 3 , g(x) = 1 − 2x and h(x) = 3x . Prove x+ 6
(iii) f (x) = , g(x) = 3 – x
that f o (g o h) = (f o g) o h. 3
(iv) f (x) = 3 + x, g(x) = x – 4
Solution :
(v) f(x) = 4x2 – 1, g(x) = 1 + x
f (x) = 2x + 3 , g(x) = 1 − 2x, h(x) = 3x
Solution :
Now, (f o g)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (1 – 2x) (i) f (x) = x – 6, g(x) = x2
= 2 (1 – 2x) + 3 = 5 – 4x (f o g) (x) = f (g(x))
Then, (f o g) o h (x) = (f o g)(h(x)) = (f o g) (3x) = f (x2)
= 5 – 4(3x) = 5 – 12x ...(1) = x2 – 6
(g o h) (x) = g(h(x)) = g(3x) = 1 – 2(3x) = 1 – 6x (g o f) (x) = g (f (x))
So, f o (g o h) (x) = f (1 – 6x) = 2 (1 – 6x) + 3 = g (x – 6)
= (x – 6)2
= 5 – 12x ...(2)
= x2 – 12x + 36
From (1) and (2), we get f o (g o h) = (f o g) o h. ∴ f o g ≠ g o f
Surya - 10 Maths 25 Relations and Functions

(iv) f (x) = 3 + x, g (x) = x = 4

2
(ii) f (x) = , g (x) = 2x2 – 1
x (f o g) (x) = f (g(x))
(f o g) (x) = f (g(x)) = f (x – 4)

= f (2x2 – 1) = 3 + (x – 4)
2 =x–1
= 2
2x − 1 (g o f) (x) = g (f (x))
(g o f) (x) = g (f (x)) = g (3 + x)
 2 =3+x–4
= g 
 x
2
=x–1
 2
= 2  −1 ∴ f o g = g o f
 x
(v) f (x) =
4x2 – 1, g (x) = 1 + x
8
= x 2 − 1 (f o g) (x) = f (g(x))
∴ f o g ≠ g o f = f (1 + x)

x+6 = 4 (1 + x2) – 1
(iii) f (x) = , g (x) = 3 – x
3 = 4 (1 + x2 + 2x) – 1
( f  g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) = 4x2 + 8x + 3
= f (3 − x) (g o f) (x) = g (f (x))
(3 − x) + 6
= = g (4x2 – 1)
3
9− x = 1 + 4x2 – 1
=
3 = 4x2
( g  f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) ∴ f o g ≠ g o f
 x + 6 2. Find the value of k, such that f o g = g of.
= g
 3  (i) f (x) = 3x + 2, g(x) = 6x – k
x+6 (ii) f (x) = 2x – k, g(x) = 4x + 5
= 3−
3 Solution :
9− x−3 (i) f (x) = 3x + 2 ; g (x) = 6x – k
=
3
6− x Given f o g = g o f
=
3 ⇒ (f o g) (x) = (g o f) (x)

∴ f o g ≠ g o f ⇒ f (g (x)) = g (f (x))
⇒ f (6x – k) = g (3x + 2)
Surya - 10 Maths 26 Relations and Functions

⇒ 3(6x – k) + 2 = 6(3x + 2) – k g  f = ( g  f ) ( x)
⇒ 18x – 3k + 2 = 18x + 12 – k = g ( f ( x))
⇒ – 3k + 2 = 12 – k = g (2 x − 1)
⇒ – 2k = 10 2x − 1 + 1
=
2
−10
⇒ k= = −5 =x
2
∴ f g = g f = x
(ii) f (x) = 2x – k ; g (x) = 4x + 5
4. (i) If f (x) = x2 – 1, g (x) = x – 2 find a, if g
Given f o g = g o f
o f (a) = 1.
⇒ (f o g) (x) = (g o f) (x) (ii) Find k, if f (k) = 2k – 1 and f o f (k) =
⇒ f (g (x)) = g (f (x) 5.
⇒ f (4x + 5) = g (2x – k) Solution :
(i) f (x) = x2 – 1, g (x) = x – 2
⇒ 2 (4x + 5) – k = 4 (2x – k) + 5
Given g o f (a) = 1
⇒ 8x + 10 – k = 8x – 4k + 5
⇒ g(f (a)) = 1
⇒ 10 – k = – 4k + 5
⇒ g (a2 – 1) = 1
⇒ – k + 4k = 5 – 10
⇒ a2 – 1 –2 = 1
⇒ 3k = – 5
⇒ a2 – 3 = 1
−5
⇒ k=
3 ⇒ a2 = 4

x +1 ∴ a = ± 2
3. If f (x) = 2x – 1, g (x) = , show that f
2 (ii) f (k) = 2k – 1
o g = g o f = x.
Solution : ⇒ f o f (k) = 5
x +1 ⇒ f (f (k)) = 5
Given f (x) = 2x – 1, g(x) =
2 ⇒ f (2k – 1) = 5
∴ f  g = ( f  g ) ( x)
= f ( g ( x)) ⇒ 2 (2k – 1) – 1 = 5

 x + 1 ⇒ 4k – 2 = 6
= f
 2  ⇒ 4k = 8
 x + 1 ∴k =2
= 2 −1
 2 
5. Let A, B, C ⊆ N and a function f : A → B
= x +1−1 be defined by f (x) = 2x + 1 and g : B → C
=x be defined by g (x) = x2. Find the range of
f o g and g o f.
Surya - 10 Maths 27 Relations and Functions

Solution : 7. If f : R → R and g : R → R are defined by

f : A → B, g : B → C where A, B, C ⊆ N. f (x) = x5 and g(x) = x4 then check if f, g
are one-one and f o g is one-one ?
f (x) = 2x + 1, g (x) = x2
Solution :
Range of f o g : Given f (x) = x5, g(x) = x4
(f o g) (x) = f (g(x)) Let A be the domain.
= f (x2) B be the co-domain.
= 2x2 + 1 For every element ∈ A, there is a unique
∴ Range of f o g = {y / y=2x + 1, x ∈ N}.
2
image in B. Since f is an odd function
Range of g o f : ∴ f is 1 – 1.
(g o f) (x) = g (f (x)) But g(x) is an even function.
= g (2x + 1) ∴ Two elements of domain will have the
since image in co-domain.
= (2x + 1)2
∴ g is not 1 – 1.
∴ Range of g o f = {y/y = (2x+1)2, x∈ N}.
8. Consider the functions f(x), g(x), h(x) as
6. Let f (x) = x2 – 1. Find (i) f o f (ii) f o f
given below. Show that (f o g) o h = f o (g
of
o h) in each case.
Solution :
(i) f (x) = x – 1, g(x) = 3x + 1 and
Given f (x) = x2 – 1
h(x) = x2
a) f o f = ? (ii) f (x) = x2, g(x) = 2x and h(x) = x + 4
(f o f) (x) = f (f (x)) (iii) f (x) = x – 4, g(x) = x2 and
= f (x – 1) 2
h(x) = 3x – 5
= (x2 – 1)2 – 1 Solution :
= x – 2x + 1 – 1
4 2
(i) Given f (x) = x – 1, g(x) = 3x + 1, h(x) = x2
= x4 – 2x2 To verify : (f o g) o h = f o (g o h)
b) f o f o f = ?
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x))
(f o f o f) (x) = f o f (f (x))
= f (3x + 1)
= f o f (x2 – 1)
= (x2 – 1)4 – 2 (x2 – 1)2 = 3x + 1 – 1
= (x2 – 1)2 [(x2 – 1)2– 2] = 3x
= (x – 2x + 1) (x – 2x – 1)
4 2 4 2
∴ ((f o g) o h) (x) = (f o g) (h(x))
= (x4 – 2x2)2 – 1 = (f o g) (x2)
((a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2)
= 3x2 — (1)
Surya - 10 Maths 28 Relations and Functions

(g o h) (x) = g (h (x)) ∴ ((f o g) o h) (x) = (f o g) (h(x))

= g (x2) = (f o g) (3x – 5)
= 3x2 + 1 = (3x – 5)2 – 4 — (1)
∴ (f o (g o h) (x) = f ((g o h) (x)) (g o h) (x) = g (h (x))
= f (3x2 + 1) = g (3x – 5)
= 3x2 + 1 – 1 = (3x – 5)2
= 3x2 — (2) ∴ (f o (g o h) (x) = f (g o h) (x))
∴ From (1) and (2), (f o g) o h = f o (g o h) = f (3x – 5)2
(ii) Given f (x) = x2, g(x) = 2x, h(x) = x + 4 = (3x – 5)2 – 4
— (2)
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x))
∴ From (1) and (2),
= f (2x)
(f og) o h = f o (g o h).
= (2x)2 = 4x2
9. Let f = {(–1, 3), (0, –1), (2, –9)} be a linear
∴ ((f o g) o h) (x) = (f o g) (h(x))
function from Z into Z. Find f (x).
= (f o g) (x + 4) Solution :
= 4 (x + 4) 2
— (1) Given f = {(–1, 3), (0, –1), (2, – 9)} is a
(g o h) (x) = g (h (x)) linear function from Z into Z.
Let y = ax + b
= g (x + 4)
When x = – 1, y = 3 ⇒
= 2 (x + 4)
3 = – a + b — (1)
= 2x + 8 When x = 0, y = – 1 ⇒ – 1 = 0 + b
∴ (f o (g o h) (x) = f (2x + 8) ∴b=–1
= (2x + 8)2 ∴ (1) ⇒ 3 = – a – 1
= (2 (x + 4))2 ⇒a=–4
∴ a = – 4, b = – 1
= 4(x + 4)2 — (2)
∴ y = – 4x – 1 is the required linear function.
∴ From (1) and (2),
10. In electrical circuit theory, a circuit
(f og) o h = f o (g o h).
C(t) is called a linear circuit if it satis-
(iii) Given f(x) = x – 4, g(x) = x2, h(x) = 3x – 5 fies the superposition principle given by
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x)) C (at1 + bt2) = aC(t1) + bC(t2), where a,
b are constants. Show that the circuit
= f (x2) C(t) = 3t is linear.
= x2 – 4
Surya - 10 Maths 29 Relations and Functions

Solution : 4. If there are 1024 relations from a set A =

Given C(t) = 3t {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} to a set B, then the number
of elements in B is
To Prove : C(t) is linear.
(1) 3 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 8
C(at1) = 3at1, C (bt2) = 3bt2
Hint : Ans : (2)
Adding,
n(A) = 5 = p
C(at1) + C(bt2) = 3at1 + 3bt2 = 3(at1 + bt2)
which is the principle of super position. ∴ No. of relations from A to B = 1024
∴ C(t) = 3t is a linear function. ⇒ 25q = 1024
⇒ (32)q = (32)2
EXERCISE 1.6
⇒ q = 2
Multiple choice questions : ∴ n(B) = 2
1. If n (A × B) = 6 and A = {1, 3} then n(B) 5. The range of the relation R = {(x, x2) | x is
is a prime number less than 13} is
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 6 (1) {2, 3, 5, 7}
Hint : Ans : (3)
(2) {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
n(A) = 2, n (A × B) = 6 ⇒ n(B)
(3) {4, 9, 25, 49, 121}
= n (A × B) / n(A)
(4) {1, 4, 9, 25, 49, 121}
= 6/2 = 3 Hint : Ans : (3)
2. A = {a, b, p}, B = {2, 3}, C = {p, q, r, s} then
Prime no’s less than 13 = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
n[(A ∪ C) × B] is
(1) 8 (2) 20 (3) 12 (4) 16 ∴ Range of R = {4, 9, 25, 49, 121},
Hint : Ans : (3) ( R = {(x, x2)}
A ∪ C = {a, b, p, q, r, s}, B = {2, 3} 6. If the ordered pairs (a + 2, 4) and
(5, 2a + b) are equal then (a, b) is
n [(A ∪ C) × B] = 6 × 2 =12
(1) (2, – 2) (2) (5, 1)
3. If A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and
D = {5, 6, 7, 8} then state which of the fol- (3) (2, 3) (4) (3, – 2)
lowing statement is true ? Hint : Ans : (4)
(1) (A × C) ⊂ (B × D)
a + 2 = 5, 2a + b = 4
(2) (B × D) ⊂ (A × C) ⇒a =3 6+b= 4
(3) (A × B) ⊂ (A × D) ⇒ b = −2
(4) (D × A) ⊂ (B × A)
Hint : Ans : (1)
It is clearly (A × C) ⊂ (B × D).
Surya - 10 Maths 30 Relations and Functions

7. Let n(A) = m and n(B) = n then the total 11. If f : A → B is a bijective function and if
number of non-empty relations thatn can n(B) = 7, then n(A) is equal to
be defined from A to B is (1) 7 (2) 49 (3) 1 (4) 14
(1) mn (2) nm (3) 2mn – 1 (4) 2mn
Hint : Ans : (1)
Hint : Ans : (4)
f : A → B is bijective (1 – 1 and onto) and
Total no. of non-empty relations from
n(B) = 7 ∴ n(A) = 7
A to B = 2n(A) . n(B) = 2mn
12. Let f and g be two functions given by
8. If {(a, 8), (6, b)} represents an identity f = {(0, 1), (2, 0), (3, – 4), (4, 2), (5, 7)}
function, then the value of a and b are re- g = {(0, 2), (1, 0), (2, 4), (– 4, 2), (7, 0)}
spectively
then the range of f o g is
(1) (8, 6) (2) (8, 8) (3) (6, 8) (4) (6, 6) (1) {0, 2, 3, 4, 5} (2) {– 4, 1, 0, 2, 7}
Hint : Ans : (1) (3) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (4) {0, 1, 2}
Hint : Ans : (4)
(a, 8), (6, b) ⇒ identity function
(f o g) (0) = f (g (0)) = f (2) = 0
∴ a = 8, b = 6 (f o g) (1) = f (g (1)) = f (0) = 1
9. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 8, 9, 10}. A (f o g) (2) = f (g (2)) = f (4) = 2
function f : A → B given by f = {(1, 4), (2, 8),
(f o g) (– 4) = f (g (– 4)) = f (2) = 0
(3, 9), (4, 10)} is a
(f o g) (7) = f (g (7)) = f (0) = 1
(1) Many-one function
(2) Identity function ∴ Range = {0, 1, 2}
(3) One-to-one function 13. Let f (x) = 1 + x 2 then
(4) Into function
(1) f (xy) = f (x) . f (y)
Hint : Ans : (3) (2) f (xy) ≥ f (x) . f (y)
Diff. elements of A have diff. images in B. (3) f (xy) ≤ f (x) . f (y)
(4) None of these
1 Hint : Ans : (3)
10. If f (x) = 2x2 and g (x) = , then f o g is
3x
3 2 2 1 f ( x) = 1 + x 2
(1) (2) 2 (3) 2
(4)
2x 2 3x 9x 6x 2 ∴ f ( y) = 1 + y 2
Hint : Ans : (3)
( f  g ) ( x) = f ( g ( x)) ∴ f ( xy ) = 1 + x 2 y 2
 1 f ( x). f ( y ) = (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 )
= f 
 2x 
2 = 1 + x2 + y 2 + x2 + y 2
 1
= 2 
 3x  ≥ 1 + x2 y 2
2
= ≥ f ( xy )
9 x2
∴ f ( xy ) ≤ f ( x). f ( y )
Surya - 10 Maths 31 Relations and Functions

14. If g = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4,7)} is a function  x − 1 x ≥ 1

given by g (x) = ax + b then the values of 3. Given that f (x) =  . Find
a and b are  4 x <1
(1) (– 1, 2) (2) (2, – 1) (i) f (0) (ii) f (3) (iii) f (a + 1)
in terms of a. (Given that a ≥ 0)
(3) (– 1, – 2) (4) (1, 2)
Solution :
Hint : Ans : (3)
 x −1 x ≥ 1
g (x) = ax +b Given f (x) = 
 4 x <1
⇒ 1 = a + b, 3 = 2a + b, 5 = 3a + b
on Substracting, a = 2 ⇒ b = – 1 i ) f (0) = 4

15. f (x) = (x + 1)3 – (x – 1)3 represents a ii ) f (3) = 3 − 1 = 2

function which is iii ) f (a + 1) = a + 1 − 1 ( a ≥ 0
(1) linear (2) cubic
= a ⇒ a +1≥1
(3) reciprocal (d) quadratic
Hint : Ans : (4) 4. Let A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}
f (x) = (x + 1)3 – (x – 1)3 and let f : A → N be defined by f (n) = the
= (x3+3x2 + 3x + 1) – (x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 1) highest prime factor of n ∈ A. Write f as
= 6x2 + 2, a quadratic function. a set of ordered pairs and find the range
of f.
UNIT EXERCISE - 1
Solution :
1. If the ordered pairs (x2 – 3x, y2 + 4y) and Given A = {9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17}
(– 2, 5) are equal, then find x and y.
f : A → N defined by f (n) = highest prime
Solution : factor of n ∈ A.
Given (x2 – 3x, y2 + 4y) = (– 2, 5) f (9) = 3 ( 3 is the highest prime factor of 9)
∴ x 2 − 3 x = −2 y2 + 4 y = 5 f (10) = 5 ( 10 = 5 × 2)
⇒ x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 y2 + 4 y − 5 = 0 f (11) = 11 ( 11 is a prime no.)
⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 1) = 0 ( y + 5) ( y − 1) = 0 f (12) = 3 ( 12 = 3 × 2 × 2)
∴ x = 2,1 y = −5,1 f (13) = 13 ( 13 is a prime no.)
2. The Cartesian product A × A has 9 f (14) = 7 ( 14 = 7 × 2)
elements among which (–1, 0) and (0, 1) f (15) = 5 ( 15 = 5 × 3)
are found. Find the set A and the remain- f (16) = 2 ( 16 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2)
ing elements of A × A.
f (17) = 17 ( 17 is a prime number)
Solution :
Given n(A × A) = 9 and (–1, 0), (0, 1) ∈ A × A f = {(9, 3), (10, 5), (11, 11), (12, 3), (13, 13),
∴ A = {–1, 0, 1} and the remaining (14, 7), (15, 5), (16, 2), (17, 17)}
elements of Range of f = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17}
A × A = {(–1, –1), (–1, 1), (0, –1), (0, 0), (1,
–1), (1, 0), (1, 1)}
Surya - 10 Maths 32 Relations and Functions

5. Find the domain of the function x −1

8. If f (x) = , x ≠ 1 show that f (f(x)) =
f (x) = 1 + 1 − 1 − x 2 . 1 x + 1
– , provided x ≠ 0.
Solution : x
Given f (x) = 1 + 1 − 1 − x 2 Solution :
x −1
Given f (x) =
If x > 1 and x < – 1, f (x) leads to unreal x +1
∴ The domain of f (x) = {–1, 0, 1}  x − 1
f ( f ( x)) = f 
6. If f (x) = x , g(x) = 3x and h(x) = x – 2.
2  x + 1
Prove that (f o g) o h = f o (g o h). x −1 x −1− x −1
−1
Solution :
= x +1 = x +1
Given f (x) = x2, g(x) = 3x, h(x) = x – 2 x −1 x −1+ x +1
+1
(f o g) (x) = f (g (x)) x +1 x +1
= f (3x) −2 −1
= =
= (3x)2 = 9x2 2x x
((f o g) o h) (x) = (f o g) (h(x))
9. The functions f and g are defined by
= (f o g) (x – 2) x−2
= 9 (x – 2)2 — (1) f (x) = 6x + 8 ; g (x) =
3
(g o h) (x) = g (h (x))
(i) Calculate the value of gg  1 
= g (x – 2)  2
= 3 (x – 2) = 3x – 6
(ii) Write an expression for gf (x) in its
∴ (f o (g o h) (x) = f (3x – 6) simplest form.
= (3x – 6)2
Solution :
= (3(x – 2))2 x−2
= 9(x – 2)2 — (2) Given f (x) = 6x + 8, g (x) =
3
∴ From (1) and (2),  1   1 
i) gg   = g  g   
(f og) o h = f o (g o h).  2   2 
7. Let A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 1 
−2
6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}. Verify whether = g 2 
 
A × C is a subset of B × D =? 3 
Solution :  −3 
Given A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6}, = g 
 6
D = {5, 6, 7, 8}
 −1
A × C = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)} = g 
 2
B × D = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5), 1
(2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6), (3, 7), (3, 8), − −2
−5
(4, 5), (4, 6), (4, 7), (4, 8). = 2 =
3 6
Clearly A × C is a subset of B × D.
Surya - 10 Maths 33 Relations and Functions

ii ) gf ( x) = g ( f ( x)) PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

= g (6 x + 8)
1. If A × B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}, then
6x + 8 − 2 find A and B.
=
3
6x + 6 (Ans: A = {a, b}, B = {x, y})
=
3 2. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4}, C = {4, 5, 6},
= 2x + 2 find i) A×(B ∩ C) (ii) (A × B) ∩ (A × C).
= 2( x + 1) (Ans : {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
10. Write the domain of the following real 3. Fnd the Cartesian product of 3 sets.
functions A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4}, C = {x : x ∈ N and
2x + 1 −5 4 ≤ x ≤ 6}.
(i) f ( x) = (ii) p ( x) = 2
x−9 4x + 1
{Ans : {(1, 3, 4), (1, 3, 5), (1, 3, 6), (1, 4, 4), (1,
(iii) g ( x) = x − 2 (iv) h( x) = x + 6 4, 5), (1, 4, 6), (2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 5), (2, 3, 6),
Solution :
2x + 1 (2, 4, 4), (2, 4, 5), (2, 4, 6)}
i) f (x) =
x−9 4. If A = {a, d}, B = {b, c, e}, C = {b, c, f},
If x = 9, f (x) → ∞ then verify A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B) ∪
(A × C).
The domain is R – {9}
−5 5. If n(P) = 3, n(Q) = 4, (r, 4), (g, 1), (w, 3), (r, 9)
ii) f (x) =
4x2 + 1 are in P × Q, find P and Q and also the
remaining elements of P × Q.
If x → c, 4x2 + 1 does not tend to ∞.
(Ans : (r, 1), (r, 3), (g, 3), (g, 4), (g, 9), (w, 1),
∴ The domain is R. (w, 4), (w, 9))
iii) g (x) = x−2 6. Find x and y if (x + 3, 5) = (6, 2x + y).
The function exists only if x ≥ 2 (Ans : 3, – 1)
∴ The domain is [2, ∞). 7. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, R = {(a, b) | b is
iv) h(x) = x + 6 exactly divisible by a}. Find the range of R.
h(x) exists for all real numbers. (Ans : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
∴ The domain is R. 8. If the ordered pairs (x, –1), (5, y) belong to
the set {(a, b) | b = 2a – 3}, find x and y.
(Ans : 1, 7)
9. Express R={(x, y) | x2 + y2 = 25, x . y ∈ N}.
(Ans : (0, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 0)}
Surya - 10 Maths 34 Relations and Functions

10. If n(A) = 3 and B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8}, find the 1

18. If f : R→R be defined by f ( x) = (3 − x3 ) 3 ,
number of relations from A to B.
find (f o f) (x).
(Ans : 218)
(Ans : x)
11. Find the domain of the following
19. If f ( x) = x − 2 , find (f o f o f) (38).
functions:
1 3 (Ans : 0)
(i) f ( x) = (ii) g ( x) =
x−5 2 − x2 20. A function f: [– 3, 7) → R is defined by
(Ans : i) (5, ∞) ii) R – {– 2 , 2} 4 x 2 − 1, −3 ≤ x < 2

12. If A and B are 2 sets having 3 elements in f ( x) = 3 x − 2, 2 ≤ x ≤ 4
common. If n(A) = 5, n(B) = 4, find 2 x − 3, 4 < x < 7

n(A × B) and n[(A × B) ∩ (B ×A)].
(Ans : 20, 9) f (3) + f ( −1)
Find (i) (ii) f (– 2) – f (4)
2 f (6) − f (1)
13. Which of the following relations are 2
, 5)
(Ans :
functions and write them in ordered pairs 3
also. 21. The following table represents a function
from A = {5, 6, 8, 10} to B = {19, 15, 9, 11}
i) {(x, y) : y=x2, x∈{1, 2}, y∈{1,2,4, 6, 8}} where f(x) = 2x – 1. Find a and b.
ii) {(x, y) : y > 2x+1, x{1, 2}, y∈{2, 4, 6}}.
x 5 6 8 10
(Ans : (i) a function (ii) not a function) f(x) a 11 6 19
14. If f : R → R is defined by f (x) = 2x3 – 5, (Ans : a = 9, b= 15)
show that f is bijective.
22. A function f : [1, 6) → R is defined as
15. Prove that the function f : N → N defined by follows :
f (x) = x2 + x + 1 is one-one but not onto. 1 + x , 1 ≤ x < 2
16. If f : R → R is defined by f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2, 
f ( x) = 2 x − 1 , 2 ≤ x < 4
find f o f.  2
3x − 10, 4 ≤ x < 6
(Ans : x4 – 6x3 + 10x2 – 3x) Find (i) f (2) – f (4) (ii) 2f (5) – 3f (1)
4 x − 5, x ≥ 2 (Ans : – 35, 124)
17. Let p(x) =  ,
1 − x , x < 2 23. If f (x) = lx + 5, g(x) = 2x + 3, find l such that
3 x + 7 x ≤ 3 f o g = g o f.
q(x) = 
 7 x>3 (Ans : l = 8)
are functions from R → R, find 1 1
24. Given f ( x) = x + , g ( x) = x + 3 ,
(i) (p o q) (3) (ii) (q o p) (10). 2 2
h(x)=x2, verify that (f o g) o h = f o (g o h).
(Ans : 59, 7)
Surya - 10 Maths 35 Relations and Functions

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1

7. If f ( x) = , g (x) = 1 + x, then g o f is
x2
1. X = {8n – 7n – 1 / n ∈ N}, Y = {49N –49/ 2
(a) (1 + x)2 (b) x
n ∈ N}, then x2 + 1
(a) X ⊂ Y (b) Y ⊂ X 1 x2 + 1
(c) 2 (d)
(c) X = Y (d) X ∩ Y = φ. (1 + x) x2
Ans : (d)
Ans : (c)
8. f : X → Y where X = {– 1, – 2, – 3},
2. If A = {a, b}, B = {c, d}, C = {d, e}, then Y = {3, 4, 5} is given by f (x) = x + 6, x ∈ X,
{(a, c), (a, d), (a, e), (b, c), (b, d), (b, e)} then f is
is equal to
(a) onto (b) many to one
(a) A ∩ (B ∪ C) (b) A ∪ (B ∩ C)
(c) constant function (d) bijective
(c) A × (B ∪ C) (d) A × (B ∩ C)
Ans : (d)
Ans : (c)
9. The range of f : Z → Z given by f (x) = x2
3. If n(A) = 4, n(B) = 3, n(A × B × C) = 24, is
then n(C) =
(a) Q (b) Z (c) W (d) N
(a) 288 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 17
Ans : (c)
Ans : (c)
10. The value of a in order that {(4, 3), (7, a)}
4. If n(A) = 4, n(B) = 5, n(A ∩ B) = 3, then may represent a constant function is
n((A × B) ∩ (B ×A)) is
(a) 7 (b) 4
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
(c) 3 (d) none of these
Ans : (b)
Ans : (c)
5. f : R → R given by f ( x) = x + x 2 is
11. The co-domain of f : A → R where
(a) 1 – 1 (b) onto A = {2, 3, 5}, f (x) = 2x – 1 can be taken as
(c) bijective (d) none of these (a) {3, 5, 7} (b) {3, 5, 9, 11}
Ans : (d) (c) {5, 9} (d) {3, 5}
6 Which of the following functions from z to Ans : (b)
itself are bijections ?
(a) f(x) = x3 (b) f(x) = x + 2
(c) f(x) = 2x + 1 (d) f(x) = x2 + x
Ans : (b)