Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Barr 20221012 A
Barr 20221012 A
Remarks by
Michael S. Barr
at
Washington, D.C.
opportunities and risks of innovation. For the purposes of our discussion today, I will be
in Ann Arbor, so it’s about time that I returned the favor. Since then, we have continued
to see major changes in technologies and the financial services and products they support.
In looking over the materials for that conference, however, I’m struck by how the key
themes have remained constant over, not only the last five years, but arguably for
centuries. Financial innovation has always brought promise and risk, and the urgent need
to get regulation right. In 1610, when Dutch merchants and bankers were otherwise busy
creating global finance, a series of destabilizing bank runs also moved them to establish a
ban on short-selling. Many of the issues we grapple with today are not as new as we
think.
First, let’s start with the promise. Every day, we all have countless interactions
with the financial system—depositing our paychecks, buying groceries, paying rent,
borrowing, saving, and insuring against important risks. The promise of fintech is that it
can make financial products and services better, faster, cheaper, and more available.
spurring competition, creating products that better meet customer needs, and extending
1
I am grateful to Christine Graham, Laura Lipscomb, and John Maggs of the Federal Reserve Board for
their assistance in preparing this text. The views expressed here are my own and do not necessarily reflect
those of the Federal Reserve Board or the Federal Open Market Committee.
-2-
seen through history that excitement over innovative financial products can lead to a pace
of adoption that overwhelms our ability to assess and manage underlying vulnerabilities.
As we saw in the lead up to the Global Financial Crisis, innovative financial products can
mask emerging risks, resulting in significant harms to businesses and households and
vulnerable if they are not coupled with meaningful disclosures and basic protections
against abusive practices. Innovation can lead to disruptions of existing markets, which
Guarding against these risks is one of the jobs of financial regulation and
supervision, and I’ll talk through a few examples of how we are working to do so now.
But I would note with some humility that striking the right balance between creating an
enabling environment that supports innovation and managing related risks to businesses,
households, and the stability of the financial system is no easy task. When regulations
are too prescriptive or regulators too cautious, they run the risk of stifling innovation and
locking in the market power of dominant participants in ways that can raise costs and
limit access. When regulation is lax or behind the curve, it can facilitate risk-taking and a
race to the bottom that puts consumers, businesses, and the economy in danger and
discredits new products and services with consumers and investors. I believe everyone
Crypto-assets have grown rapidly in the last several years, both in market
capitalization and in reach. But recent fissures in these markets have shown that some
-3-
crypto-assets are rife with risks, including fraud, theft, manipulation, and even exposure
supervised banks, requires oversight that includes safeguards to ensure that crypto service
continue to work on this issue from the overriding principle that the same type of activity
should be regulated in the same way. This principle holds even when the activity may
look different from the typical activities we regulate, or when it involves an exciting new
The Board is working with our colleagues at the Office of the Comptroller of the
Currency (OCC) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to ensure that
crypto-asset-related activities banks may become involved in are well regulated and
supervised, to protect both customers and the financial system.2 Many of these activities
pose novel risks, and it is important for banks to ensure that any crypto-asset-related
activities they conduct are legally permissible and that banks have appropriate measures
in place to manage those risks. In August, the Board issued supervisory guidance that
outlines the steps Federal Reserve-supervised banks should take prior to engaging in
crypto-asset-related activities. 3
2
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and Office
of the Comptroller of the Currency, “Joint Statement on Crypto-Asset Policy Sprint Initiative and Next
Steps,” joint press release, November 23, 2021,
https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/files/bcreg20211123a1.pdf.
3
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, SR Letter 22-6/CA-22-6: Engagement in Crypto-
Asset-Related Activities by Federal Reserve-Supervised Banking Organizations, August 16, 2022,
https://www.federalreserve.gov/supervisionreg/srletters/SR2206.htm.
-4-
to amplified stress. While banks were not directly exposed to losses from these events,
these episodes have highlighted potential risks for banking organizations. When a bank’s
deposits are concentrated in deposits from the crypto-asset industry or from crypto-asset
companies that are highly interconnected or share similar risk profiles, banks may
experience deposit fluctuations that are correlated and closely linked to broader
insurance by crypto-asset companies can cause customer confusion and lead to increased
withdrawals at banks providing deposit services to crypto-asset firms and their customers
The Fed is working with the OCC and the FDIC on these issues and highlighting
some of the heightened liquidity risks they may face from certain types of deposits from
crypto-asset companies. This effort is not intended to discourage banks from providing
access to banking products and services to businesses associated with crypto-assets. Our
work in this area is focused on ensuring risks are appropriately managed. Looking ahead,
there are additional types of crypto-asset-related activities where the Fed may need to
provide guidance to the banking sector in the coming months and years.
Regulating Stablecoins
Because crypto-assets have proved to be so volatile, they are unlikely to grow into
money substitutes and become a viable means to pay for transactions. However,
stablecoins, which purport to maintain a stable value, have greater capacity to function as
privately issued money. For this reason, they pose specific, and well-understood risks,
similar to other types of money-like assets. History has shown that money-like assets are
-5-
subject to runs that can threaten financial stability. Stablecoins linked to the dollar are of
particular interest to the Federal Reserve. As Chair Powell said the other day, a central
bank is and will always be the main source of trust behind money. Stablecoins borrow
that trust, so we have an abiding interest in a strong federal prudential framework for
their use.
Over time, stablecoins could pose a risk to financial stability, and it is important
to get the regulatory framework right before they do. Here too, the Fed is working with
other regulatory agencies. The President’s Working Group report on stablecoins that
came out about a year ago called upon Congress to take the necessary action to ensure
that stablecoins, particularly those that serve as a means of payment, are subject to
framework for prudential oversight, and regulators must also use existing authorities.
denominated tokens on distributed ledger networks. The proposals range from issuance
networks. As banks explore different options to tap into the potential of the technology,
it is important to identify and assess the novel risks inherent in those models and whether
those risks are surmountable. For instance, with some models that are being explored,
4
See the President’s Working Group on Financial Markets, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, Report on Stablecoins (Washington: PWG, FDIC, and OCC,
November 2021), https://home.treasury.gov/system/files/136/StableCoinReport_Nov1_508.pdf.
-6-
the bank may not be able to track who is holding its tokenized liability, or whether its
token is being used in risky or illegal activity. While there is work underway on
technical solutions for managing these risks, it remains an open question whether banks
can engage in such arrangements in a manner consistent with safe and sound banking and
in compliance with relevant law. Given these open questions, banks looking to
experiment with these new technologies should do so only in a controlled and limited
manner. As banks experiment, I invite them to engage with their regulators early and
often to discuss the benefits and risks of new use cases, ensuring they are consistent with
Let me mention an example of where I think regulators could play a more active
role in shaping how innovation is changing the financial products landscape. Over the
past decade, digitization of financial services has led to the creation of vast amounts of
secure data sharing between banks and nonbanks. This has served as the foundation for
open banking and the development of new types of financial products and services that
offer consumers greater customization and an end-user experience with less friction,
Jurisdictions around the world have taken different approaches to open banking.
Some, such as Australia, Britain, and the European Union have adopted a regulatory
are built upon the concepts of consumer data rights, data privacy, and competition. So
far, the United States has taken more of a market-driven approach to open banking. The
-7-
consumers access to their financial data, pursuant to Section 1033 of the Dodd-Frank Act.
While this is not an “open banking” rule, it will set the stage for consumers to gain
greater control when it comes to sharing their data with prospective providers. The goal
services, and to provide easier portability of account information from bank to bank as
well as nonbank providers. I look forward to hearing more on this from the CFPB.
So let me now turn to how the Federal Reserve is taking proactive steps to work
with the private sector to support innovation. The Federal Reserve has been working on
modernizing our payment system for a few years now, and we are in the final stages of
creating the FedNow Service, a new platform for digital payments that will safely,
instant payments, making the financial system safer. And it will improve access to the
financial system by reducing payment delays and the high costs associated with those
delays. As I have discussed extensively in my writings and speeches, these costs are
Banks and service providers will be able to build innovative financial products
using FedNow’s real-time, low cost, safe payment rails, benefiting households and
businesses. We plan to launch FedNow between May and July next year.6 It will help to
5
For example, see Michael S. Barr, No Slack: The Financial Lives of Low-Income Americans (Washington:
Brookings Press, 2012).
6
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, “Federal Reserve updates FedNow Service timing to
mid-2023, marks beginning of full-scale pilot testing,” news release, August 29, 2022,
https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/other20220829a.htm
-8-
lower costs, extend access, and improve security for consumers and safety for the
financial system.
central bank digital currencies (CBDC). The Federal Reserve has not made any decisions
about whether to issue a CBDC, and if we believe it makes sense to do so, we would
want the support of Congress and the Administration. In the meantime, we’re doing the
understanding of potential policy tradeoffs, and taking a look at how other countries are
Let me end where I began: We need to get the guardrails right to successfully
responsibility to ensure that regulation and supervision foster innovations that improve
access to financial services, while at the same time safeguarding consumers, financial