This document provides an overview of the 11 body systems and their basic functions. It discusses the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. It also outlines 6 necessary life functions that all living organisms carry out: maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, regulation, and reproduction. The document serves as an introductory chapter to anatomy, covering the major body systems and physiological processes required to sustain life.
This document provides an overview of the 11 body systems and their basic functions. It discusses the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. It also outlines 6 necessary life functions that all living organisms carry out: maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, regulation, and reproduction. The document serves as an introductory chapter to anatomy, covering the major body systems and physiological processes required to sustain life.
This document provides an overview of the 11 body systems and their basic functions. It discusses the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, circulatory, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. It also outlines 6 necessary life functions that all living organisms carry out: maintenance of boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, regulation, and reproduction. The document serves as an introductory chapter to anatomy, covering the major body systems and physiological processes required to sustain life.
The Human Anatomy The human body has 11 systems: Anatomy – the study of the structure and shape of the body and body 1-INTEGUMENTARY parts & their relationships to one ORGANS another. The term anatomy comes Skin from the Greek words meaning to FUNCTIONS cut (tomy) apart (ana) . Waterproofs, cushions, protects - Gross anatomy deeper tissue (macroscopic anatomy) – Excretes salts & urea; pain, pressure the study of large, easily Regulates body temp; synthesize observable structures (by vitamin D naked eye), such as the heart or bone. 2-SKELETAL - Microscopic anatomy ORGANS (cytology, histology) – the Bones, cartilages, ligaments, joints study of very small FUNCTIONS structures, where a Protects & supports body organs magnifying lens or Framework for muscles & movement microscope is needed. Hematopoiesis; store minerals Physiology – the study of how the 3- MUSCULAR body and its parts work or function ORGANS Skeletal muscle (attached to bone) physio =nature, ology = the study of. FUNCTIONS Contraction & mobility (locomotion) Relationship between Anatomy and Facial expression, posture Physiology Produce body heat Anatomy and Physiology are always related. Structure determines what functions 4- NERVOUS can take place. For example, the lungs are ORGANS not muscular chambers like the heart and Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory cannot pump blood, but because the walls receptors of lungs are very thin, they can exchange FUNCTIONS gasses and provide oxygen to the body. Fast-acting central control system Responds to external/internal stimuli Levels of Structural Organization via nerve impulses (electrical The human body exhibits 6 levels of messages) structural complexity: 1- Chemical level, the simplest level of 5- ENDOCRINE structural ladder. At this level atoms ORGANS combine to form molecules such as water, Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, sugar, & proteins adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, 2- Cellular level the smallest units of living ovaries, testes, etc. things. FUNCTIONS 3- Tissue level, groups of similar cells that Slow -acting control system have a common function (4 basic types) Glands produce hormones that regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc.
Eva Marie Gaa, R.N.
1 A&P: Intro to Anatomy
6- Circulatory Regulates water, electrolytes, &
ORGANS acid-base balance of the blood Heart, blood vessels, capillaries &blood 11- REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS ORGANS Carries O2 nutrients, hormones, & Male other substances to and from tissue - Seminal vesicles, cells prostate, penis, vas White blood cells protect against deferens, testis, scrotum bacteria, toxins, tumors Female - Ovaries, mammary 7- LYMPHATIC glands, uterus, vagina, ORGANS uterine tube Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, FUNCTIONS spleen, tonsils Primary function for both sexes is to FUNCTIONS produce offspring Complements circulatory system by Male – testes produce sperm & male returning leaked fluid back to blood sex hormones vessels Female – ovaries produce eggs & Cleanses the blood; involved in female sex hormones; mammary immunity glands for nourishment
8- RESPIRATORY Maintaining Life
ORGANS Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, I-Necessary Life Functions: All living trachea, bronchi, & lungs organisms carry out certain vital functional FUNCTIONS activities necessary for life, including: Keeps blood supplied with O2 & removes CO2 1. Maintenance of boundaries: Carries out gas exchanges through o Every living organism must maintain air sacs in lungs its inside distinct from outside. o All the cells are surrounded by a 9- DIGESTIVE selectively permeable membrane. ORGANS o The body as a whole is enclosed Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and protected by the integumentary small intestine, large intestine, system, or skin, which protects our rectum, anus (liver & pancreas) internal organs from drying out, FUNCTIONS bacteria, heat, sunlight, and Breaks food down into absorbable chemicals. units that enter the blood; indigestible food eliminated as feces 2. Movement: o It includes the activities promoted by 10- URINARY (EXCRETORY) the muscular system, the skeletal ORGANS system provides the bony framework Kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, that the muscles pull on as they urethra work. FUNCTIONS o Movement also occurs when Eliminates nitrogenous waste from substances such as blood, the body (urea & uric acid) foodstuffs, and urine are propelled through internal organs.
Eva Marie Gaa, R.N.
2 A&P: Intro to Anatomy
o - On the cellular level, the muscle regulated largely by hormones secreted by
cell’s ability to move by shortening is endocrine system glands. more precisely called contractility. 6. Excretion 3. Responsiveness or irritability o the process of removing excreta (ek- o is the ability to sense changes skre′tah), or wastes, from the body. (stimuli) in the environment and then o The digestive system rids the body respond to them. of indigestible food residues in o you involuntarily pull your hand away feces. from the painful stimulus. o The urinary system disposes of o When carbon dioxide in your blood nitrogen-containing metabolic rises to dangerously high levels, wastes, such as urea, in urine. your breathing rate speeds up. o Carbon dioxide, a by-product of Because nerve cells are highly irritable cellular respiration, is carried in the and communicate rapidly with each blood to the lungs, where it leaves other via electrical impulses, the the body in exhaled air. nervous system is most involved with responsiveness. However, all body cells are irritable to some extent. 7. Reproduction o making a whole new person which is 4. Digestion the major task of the reproductive o the breaking down of ingested system. foodstuffs to simple molecules that o When a sperm unites with an egg, a can be absorbed into the blood. The fertilized egg forms, which then nutrient-rich blood is then distributed develops into a baby within the to all body cells by the mother’s body. cardiovascular system. o The reproductive system is o In a simple, one-celled organism regulated by hormones of the such as an amoeba, the cell itself is endocrine system. the “digestion factory,” but in the - Because males produce sperm and multicellular human body, the females produce eggs (ova), there is digestive system performs this a division of labor in the reproductive function for the entire body. process, and the reproductive organs of males and females are 5. Metabolism different . o a broad term that includes all o The female’s reproductive structures chemical reactions that occur within provide the site for fertilization of body cells. It includes breaking down eggs by sperm, then protect and substances into their simpler nurture the developing fetus until building blocks (catabolism), birth. synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances 8. Growth (anabolism), and using nutrients and o an increase in size of a body part or oxygen to produce (via cellular the organism. It is usually respiration) ATP, that power cellular accomplished by increasing the activities. number of cells. However, individual Metabolism depends on the digestive and cells also increase in size when not respiratory systems to make nutrients and dividing. For true growth to occur, oxygen available to be distributed constructive activities must occur at throughout the body. Metabolism is a faster rate than destructive ones
Eva Marie Gaa, R.N.
3 A&P: Intro to Anatomy
and the fluid base for body
secretions and excretions. o Water is obtained chiefly from II- Survival Needs ingested foods or liquids and is lost This includes: from the body by evaporation from the lungs and skin and in body 1. Nutrients excretions. o taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for 4. If chemical reactions are to continue energy and cell building. at life-sustaining rates, normal body Carbohydrates are the temperature must be maintained. major energy fuel for body o As body temperature drops cells. below 37°C (98.6°F), metabolic Proteins, and to lesser reactions become slower and extent fats, are essential for slower, and finally stop. building cell structures. o When body temperature is too Fats also provide a reserve high, body proteins lose their of energy-rich fuel. characteristic shape and stop Selected minerals and functioning. At either extreme, vitamins are required for the death occurs. chemical reactions that go on o Most body heat is generated by in cells and for oxygen the activity of the muscular transport in the blood. The system. mineral calcium helps to make bones hard and is 5. Atmospheric pressure required for blood clotting. o the force that air exerts on the surface of the body. 2. Oxygen o Breathing and gas exchange in the o All the nutrients in the world are lungs depend on appropriate useless unless oxygen is also atmospheric pressure. At high available. Because the chemical altitudes, where atmospheric reactions that release energy from pressure is lower and the air is thin, foods are oxidative reactions that gas exchange may be inadequate to require oxygen, human cells can support cellular metabolism. survive for only a few minutes Notice: The mere presence of without oxygen. these survival factors is not sufficient o Approximately 20% of the air we to sustain life. They must be present breathe is oxygen. in appropriate amounts; excesses o It is made available to the blood and and deficits may be equally harmful. body cells by the cooperative efforts For example, the food we eat must of the respiratory and cardiovascular be of high quality and in proper systems. amounts; otherwise, nutritional disease, obesity, or starvation is 3. Water likely. o accounts for 60–80% of body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. o It provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions