The Institution of Structural Engineers

The Institution of Civil Engineers

MARCH 2000

Manual for the design

of reinforced concrete
building structures to EC2

Published for the Institution of Structural Engineers

Constitution
D J Lee CBE BScTech DIC FEng FIStructE FICE Chairman, (until April 1995)
(previously G Maunsell & Partners)
R S Narayanan BE(Hons) MSc DIC FEng FIStructE Chairman, (from May 1995)
(S B Tietz & Partners)
Professor A W Beeby BSc(Eng) PhD CEng MIStructE MICE
(University of Leeds)
P G Cobb CEng MICE
(Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons Ltd)
R F D Povey CEng FIStructE
(Mitchell McFarlane & Partners)
S S Ray BSc CEng FICE
(Robert Benaim & Associates)
R T Whittle MA CEng MICE
(Ove Arup & Partners)
K R Wilson MA CEng MICE
(G Maunsell & Partners)
R J W Milne BSc, Secretary to the Task Group
(The Institution of Structural Engineers)

Editorial Panel
The final version was prepared by an Editorial Panel consisting of:
R S Narayanan, Chairman
K R Wilson
R J W Milne, Secretary
be contacted at 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London SW1X 8BH.
Contents
Foreword

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.1 Aims of the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.2 Eurocode system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
1.3 Scope of the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
1.4 Contents of the Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

2 General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.2 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.3 Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
2.4 Movement joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
2.5 Fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

3 Design principles – reinforced concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

3.1 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.2 Limit states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.2.1 Ultimate limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.2.2 Serviceability limit states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
3.3 Material and design stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

4 Initial design – reinforced concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
4.2 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
4.3 Material properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.4 Structural form and framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.5 Fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.6 Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.7 Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.7.2 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.7.3 Width of beams and ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.7.4 Sizes and reinforcement of columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
4.7.5 Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
4.7.6 Shear in flat slabs at columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
4.7.7 Adequacy of chosen sections to accommodate the reinforcement . . . . . . . .23
4.7.7.1 Bending moments and shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
4.7.7.2 Provision of reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.8 The next steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
4.9 Reinforcement estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

5 Final design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
5.1.1 Checking of all information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27
5.1.2 Preparation of a list of design data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
5.1.3 Amendment of drawings as a basis for final calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
5.1.4 Final design calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 3

 5.2 Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
5.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
5.2.2 Fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
5.2.2.1 Fire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
5.2.2.2 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
5.2.3 Bending moments and shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
5.2.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
5.2.3.2 One-way spanning slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
5.2.3.3 Two-way spanning slabs on linear supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
5.2.3.4 Flat slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
5.2.4 Section design – solid slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
5.2.4.1 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
5.2.4.2 Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
5.2.4.3 Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5.2.5 Span/effective depth ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5.2.6 Section design – ribbed and coffered slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5.2.6.1 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5.2.6.2 Span/effective depth ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42
5.2.6.3 Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
5.2.6.4 Beam strips in ribbed and coffered slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
5.2.7 Notes on the use of precast floors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
5.3 Structural frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
5.3.1 Division into subframes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
5.3.2 Elastic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
5.3.3 Redistribution of moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
5.3.4 Design shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
5.4 Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
5.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
5.4.2 Fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
5.4.2.1 Fire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
5.4.2.2 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5.4.3 Bending moments and shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
5.4.4 Section design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
5.4.4.1 Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
5.4.4.2 Minimum and maximum amounts of reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . .52
5.4.4.3 Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
5.4.5 Span/effective depth ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.5 Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
5.5.2 Slenderness, fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
5.5.2.1 Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
5.5.2.2 Fire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
5.5.2.3 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
5.5.3 Axial loads and moments – non-slender columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
5.5.4 Axial loads and moments – slender columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
5.5.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
5.5.4.2 Calculation of first-order moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
5.5.4.3 Calculation of the ultimate deflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
5.5.5 Section design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
5.5.6 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

4 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual

 5.6 Walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
5.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
5.6.2 Slenderness, fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
5.6.2.1 Slenderness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
5.6.2.2 Fire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
5.6.2.3 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66
5.6.3 Axial load and moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.6.3.1 In-plane bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.6.3.2 Bending at right-angles to the walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.6.3.3 Slender walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.6.4 Section design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.6.4.1 Walls not subject to significant bending at right-
angles to the wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
5.6.4.2 Intersecting walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
5.6.5 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
5.6.6 Openings in shear and core walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
5.7 Staircases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5.7.2 Fire resistance, durability and concrete grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5.7.3 Bending moments and shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5.7.4 Effective spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5.7.4.1 Stairs spanning between beams or walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5.7.4.2 Stairs spanning between landing slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
5.7.4.3 Stair with open wells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.7.5 Span/effective depth ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.7.6 Section design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
5.8 Design of non-suspended ground floor slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
5.9 Guidance for the design of basement walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
5.9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72
5.9.2 Bending moments and shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.9.3 Section design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.9.4 Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.9.5 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.10 Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
5.10.2 Durability and cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5.10.3 Types of foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5.10.4 Plan area of foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
5.10.5 Design of spread footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
5.10.5.1 Axially loaded unreinforced pad footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
5.10.5.2 Axially loaded reinforced pad footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
5.10.5.3 Eccentrically loaded footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.10.6 Design of other footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.10.6.1 Strip footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.10.6.2 Combined footings and balanced footings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.10.7 Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
5.10.8 Design of rafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
5.10.9 Design of pile caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
5.10.10 Reinforcement in pile caps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
5.11 Robustness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 5

 5.11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
5.11.2 Tie forces and arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
5.12 Detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
5.12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
5.12.2 Bond conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
5.12.3 Anchorage and lap lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
5.12.4 Transverse reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
5.12.5 Additional rules for high-bond bars exceeding 32mm in diameter . . . . . .80
5.12.6 Curtailment of bars in flexural members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
5.12.7 Corbels and nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87

6 Design principles – prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
6.2 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
6.3 Limit states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
6.3.1 Ultimate limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
6.3.2 Serviceability limit states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
6.4 Materials, prestressing components and design stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92

7 Initial design – prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
7.2 Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97
7.3 Material properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
7.4 Structural form and framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98
7.5 Fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
7.6 Stiffness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
7.6.1 Slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
7.6.2 Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
7.7 Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
7.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
7.7.2 Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
7.7.3 Width of beams and ribs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
7.7.4 Punching shear in flat slabs at columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
7.7.5 Adequacy of chosen sections to accommodate the tendons and
reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
7.7.5.1 Bending moments and shear forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
7.7.5.2 Provision of tendons and reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102
7.8 The next step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
7.9 Reinforcement estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

8 Final design – prestressed concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
8.2 Fire resistance and durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
8.2.1 Fire resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
8.2.2 Durability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
8.3 Flexural design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
8.3.1 Tendon profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
8.3.2 Tendon force profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
8.3.2.1 Initial force (Pn,o) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
8.3.2.2 Final force (Pn,oo) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

6 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual

 8.3.3 Analysis of the structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
8.3.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
8.3.3.2 Beams and one-way solid slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
8.3.3.3 Two-way solid slabs on linear supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
8.3.3.4 Flat slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
8.3.3.5 Ribbed slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
8.3.4 Serviceability limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
8.3.4.1 Concrete stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
8.3.4.2 Crack control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117
8.3.4.3 Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
8.3.5 Ultimate limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
8.3.5.1 Bonded tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
8.3.5.2 Unbonded tendons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
8.3.5.3 Minimum reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
8.3.6 Tendon spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
8.4 Shear design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
8.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
8.4.2 Standard method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
8.4.3 Variable-strut inclination method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
8.4.4 Shear in flat slabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
8.4.5 Detailing of shear reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
8.4.5.1 Minimum reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
8.4.5.2 Maximum spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
8.4.5.3 Arrangement of links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
8.4.5.4 Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
8.5 Anchorage zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
8.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
8.5.2 Pretensioned members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
8.5.3 Post-tensioned members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
8.5.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
8.5.3.2 Bursting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
8.5.3.3 Overall equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
8.5.3.4 Spalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
8.5.4 Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .139
8.6 Tendon extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
8.7 Robustness and detailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Appendix A Reinforcement quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Appendix B Design data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Appendix C Exposure classes related to environmental conditions . . . . . . . . . . .147
Appendix D Column design charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148
Appendix E Foundations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 7

8 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual
Foreword
The Eurocode for the Design of Concrete Structures (EC2) is likely to be published as a
Euronorm (EN) in the next few years. The prestandard (ENV) for EC2 has now been avail-
able since 1992. To facilitate its familiarisation the Institution of Structural Engineers and
the Institution of Civil Engineers decided to prepare a Manual.
This Manual follows in the footsteps of influential guides published by the Institution of
Structural Engineers and uses the format of the green book (Manual for BS 8110). As with
the green book the scope of the Manual covers the majority of concrete building structures
and has now been extended to cover slender columns and prestressed concrete. An appen-
dix for the structural design of foundations using limit state philosophy (as foreseen by
ENV EC7), has also been included. It is hoped that this extended scope will be welcomed
by practitioners. It is a helping hand not a substitute for the greater range in EC2.
The mandate to our Task Group was to produce a Manual, the results of which would
comply with ENV EC2 and the UK National Application Document (NAD) – these are
explained in Section 1 of the Manual. This latter requirement imposed certain constraints.
Thus we had to use the UK boxed values (see section 1), refer to BS loading codes and use
BS 8110 for fire design. During the drafting period, further ENV standards have been pub-
lished, in particular for loading (EC1) and for fire design (EC2, Part 1.2). The designer can
use this Manual in conjunction with these standards, but it should be noted that these ENV
prestandards have their own NADs, which should be followed.
Designers should find this Manual concise and useful in practical design. This Manual
is laid out for hand calculations, but the procedures are equally suitable for computer appli-
cation.
Special thanks are due to all the members of the drafting Task Group (and their organi-
sations) who have given their valuable time voluntarily, in particularly difficult economic
circumstances in the industry. I am also grateful to Bob Milne of the Institution, for acting
as my secretary with characteristic enthusiasm. Many members had commented on an ear-
lier draft and these have contributed to its improvement. Users of this Manual should for-
ward their comments to the Institution so that they can be taken into account in the next
revision.
In 1992 the Committee started work under the chairmanship of David Lee who joins me
in commending this Manual to the industry.

D. J. Lee
Chairman (until April 1995)

R. S. Narayanan
Chairman (since May 1995)

IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 9

10 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual
1 Introduction and scope

1.1 Aims of the Manual

This Manual provides guidance on the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete build-
ing structures. Structures designed in accordance with this Manual will normally comply
with DD ENV 1992-1-1: 19921 (hereinafter referred to as EC2).

1.2 Eurocode system

The structural Eurocodes were initiated by the European Commission but are now pro-
duced by the Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN) which is the European standards
organization, its members being the national standards bodies of the EU and EFTA coun-
tries, e.g. BSI.
CEN will eventually publish these design standards as full European Standards EN
(Euronorms), but initially they are being issued as Prestandards ENV. Normally an ENV
has a life of about 3 years to permit familiarization and trial use of the standard by mem-
ber states. After formal voting by the member bodies, ENVs are converted into ENs tak-
ing into account the national comments on the ENV document. At present the following
Eurocode parts have been published as ENVs but as yet none has been converted to an EN:

DD ENV 1991-1-1: Basis of design and actions on structures (EC1)

DD ENV 1992-1-1: Design of concrete structures (EC2)
DD ENV 1993-1-1: Design of steel structures (EC3)
DD ENV 1994-1-1: Design of composite steel and concrete structures (EC4)
DD ENV 1995-1-1: Design of timber structures (EC5)
DD ENV 1996-1-1: Design of masonry structures (EC6)
DD ENV 1997-1-1: Geotechnical design (EC7)
DD ENV 1998-1-1: Earthquake resistant design of structures (EC8)
DD ENV 1999-1-1: Design of aluminium alloy structures (EC9)

Each Eurocode is published in a number of parts, usually with ‘General rules’ and ‘Rules
for buildings’ in Part 1. The various parts of EC2 are:

Part 1.1 General rules and rules for buildings;

Part 1.2 Supplementary rules for structural fire design;
Part 1.3 Supplementary rules for precast concrete elements and structures;
Part 1.4 Supplementary rules for the use of lightweight aggregate concrete;
Part 1.5 Supplementary rules for the use of unbonded and external prestressing tendons;
Part 1.6 Supplementary rules for plain or lightly reinforced concrete structures;
Part 2.0 Reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges;
Part 3.0 Concrete foundations;
Part 4.0 Liquid retaining and containment structures.

All Eurocodes follow a common editorial style. The codes contain ‘Principles’ and
‘Application rules’. Principles are general statements, definitions, requirements and some-
times analytical models. All designs must comply with the Principles, and no alternative is
permitted.
Application rules are rules commonly adopted in design. They follow the Principles and

IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 11

satisfy their requirements. Alternative rules may be used provided that compliance with the
Principles can be demonstrated.
Some parameters in Eurocodes are designated by | _ | , commonly referred to as boxed
values. The boxed values in the Codes are indicative guidance values. Each member state
is required to fix the boxed value applicable within its jurisdiction. Such information would
be found in the National Application Document (NAD) which is published as part of each
ENV.
There are also other purposes for NADs. NAD is meant to provide operational infor-
mation to enable the ENV to be used. For certain aspects of the design, the ENV may refer
to national standards or to CEN standard in preparation or ISO standards. The NAD is
meant to provide appropriate guidance including modifications required to maintain com-
patibility between the documents. Very occasionally the NAD might rewrite particular
clauses of the code in the interest of safety or economy. This is however rare.

1.3 Scope of the Manual

The range of structures and structural elements covered by the Manual is limited to build-
ing structures that do not rely on bending in columns for their resistance to horizontal
forces and are also non-sway. This will be found to cover the vast majority of all reinforced
and prestressed concrete building structures. In using the Manual the following should be
noted:
• The Manual has been drafted to comply with ENV 1992-1-1 together with the UK NAD
• Although British Standards have been referenced as loading codes in Sections 3 and 6,
to comply with the UK NAD, the Manual can be used in conjunction with other load-
ing codes
• The structures are braced and non-sway
• The concrete is of normal weight
• The structure is predominantly in situ
• Prestressed concrete members have bonded or unbonded internal tendons
• The Manual can be used in conjunction with all commonly used materials in construc-
tion; however the data given are limited to the following:
– concrete up to characteristic cylinder strength of 50N/mm2 (cube strength 60N/mm2)
– high-tensile reinforcement with characteristic strength of 460N/mm2
– mild-steel reinforcement with characteristic strength of 250N/mm2
– prestressing tendons with 7-wire low-relaxation (Class 2) strands
• High ductility (Class H) has been assumed for:
– all ribbed bars and grade 250 bars, and
– ribbed wire welded fabric in wire sizes of 6mm or over
• Normal ductility (Class N) has been assumed for plain or indented wire welded fabric.
For structures or elements outside this scope EC2 should be used.

1.4 Contents of the Manual

The Manual covers the following design stages:
• general principles that govern the design of the layout of the structure
• initial sizing of members
• estimating of quantities of reinforcement and prestressing tendons
• final design of members.
12 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual
2 General principles

This section outlines the general principles that apply to both initial and final design of
both reinforced and prestressed concrete building structures, and states the design param-
eters that govern all design stages.

2.1 General
One engineer should be responsible for the overall design, including stability, and should
ensure the compatibility of the design and details of parts and components even where
some or all of the design and details of those parts and components are not made by the
same engineer.
The structure should be so arranged that it can transmit dead, wind and imposed loads
in a direct manner to the foundations. The general arrangement should ensure a robust and
stable structure that will not collapse progressively under the effects of misuse or acciden-
tal damage to any one element.
The engineer should consider site constraints, buildability2, maintainability and decom-
missioning.
The engineer should take account of his responsibilities as a ‘Designer’ under the
Construction (Design & Management) Regulations.3

2.2 Stability
Lateral stability in two orthogonal directions should be provided by a system of strong-
points within the structure so as to produce a braced non-sway structure, in which the
columns will not be subject to significant sway moments. Strongpoints can generally be
provided by the core walls enclosing the stairs, lifts and service ducts. Additional stiffness
can be provided by shear walls formed from a gable end or from some other external or
internal subdividing wall. The core and shear walls should preferably be distributed
throughout the structure and so arranged that their combined shear centre is located
approximately on the line of the resultant in plan of the applied overturning forces. Where
this is not possible, the resulting twisting moments must be considered when calculating
the load carried by each strongpoint. These walls should generally be of reinforced con-
crete not less than 180mm thick to facilitate concreting, but they may be of 215mm brick-
work or 190mm solid blockwork properly tied and pinned up to the framing for low- to
medium-rise buildings.
Strongpoints should be effective throughout the full height of the building. If it is essen-
tial for strongpoints to be discontinuous at one level, provision must be made to transfer
the forces to other vertical components.
It is essential that floors be designed to act as horizontal diaphragms, particularly if pre-
cast units are used.
Where a structure is divided by expansion joints each part should be structurally inde-
pendent and designed to be stable and robust without relying on the stability of adjacent
sections.

2.3 Robustness
All members of the structure should be effectively tied together in the longitudinal, trans-
verse and vertical directions.

IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 13

 A well-designed and well-detailed cast-in situ structure will normally satisfy the detailed
tying requirements set out in subsection 5.11.
Elements whose failure would cause collapse of more than a limited part of the structure
adjacent to them should be avoided. Where this is not possible, alternative load paths
should be identified or the element in question strengthened.

2.4 Movement joints

Movement joints may need to be provided to minimize the effects of movements caused
by, for example, shrinkage, temperature variations, creep and settlement.
The effectiveness of movement joints depends on their location. Movement joints
should divide the structure into a number of individual sections, and should pass through
the whole structure above ground level in one plane. The structure should be framed on
both sides of the joint. Some examples of positioning movement joints in plan are given in
Fig. 2.1.
Movement joints may also be required where there is a significant change in the type of
foundation or the height of the structure.
For reinforced concrete frame structures in UK conditions, movement joints at least
25mm wide should normally be provided at approximately 50m centres both longitudinal-
ly and transversely. In the top storey and for open buildings and exposed slabs additional
joints should normally be provided to give approximately 25m spacing. Joint spacing in
exposed parapets should be approximately 12m.
Joints should be incorporated in the finishes and in the cladding at the movement joint
locations.

2.5 Fire resistance and durability

For the required period of fire resistance (prescribed in the Building Regulations), the
structure should:
• have adequate loadbearing capacity
• limit the temperature rise on the far face by sufficient insulation, and
• have sufficient integrity to prevent the formation of cracks that will allow the passage
of fire and gases.

Fig. 2.1 Location of movement joints

14 IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual

 The design should take into account the likely deterioration of the structure and its com-
ponents in their environment having due regard to the anticipated level of maintenance.
The following inter-related factors should be considered:
• the required performance criteria
• the expected environmental conditions
• the composition, properties and performance of materials
• the shape of members and detailing
• the quality of workmanship
• any protective measure
• the likely maintenance during the intended life.

Concrete of appropriate quality with adequate cover to the reinforcement should be

specified.
The above requirements for durability and fire resistance may dictate sizes for members
greater than those required for structural strength alone.

IStructE EC2 (Concrete) Design Manual 15