Reviewer
Reviewer
WEEK 4
POWER is the ability to influence or outright control the behavior of people. Power can be seen as evil or unjust.
Power is the ability of a person to influence another person or group to performan act.
Nature of Power
• Power can be defined in many ways. Most simply, it is the ability to get what you want, or as scholar Kenneth Boulding said,
power is "the ability to change the future."
• "Power over" is the ability to dominate another person or group--as in "I have power over him. This means, "I have the ability
to make him do what I want him to do." Power-over usually comes from force and threat. If the subordinate fails to do what
he or she is asked to do, the dominant person will use force to make the subordinate person comply.
• "Power to" is the ability to do something on one’s own--it refers to one’s abilities. Sources of this kind of power are intellect,
resources, knowledge, stamina, etc. These resources give some people the power to accomplish things that others cannot.
• "Power with" is similar to "power to" in that it reflects ability, but "power with" is the ability to work with others to get
something done by cooperation. This is the power of consensus—the power of people working together to solve a common
problem.
Dimensions of Power
The real decision-making power, the power to vote on legislation, introduce new bills rests with political actors. However they
are influenced by a number of other factors such as their constituents, lobbyists and pressure groups and I think that this view
of power fails to highlight how the political agenda can be controlled or manipulated. Power is often exercised in a much more
subtle way that the one dimensional view suggests.
• Steven Lukes defines the concept of power by saying that “A exercise power over B when A affects B in a manner contrary to
B’s Interests.”
• He describes power as having three dimensions and has divided power into three distinct faces’, each focusing on a specific
aspect of power.
1. Decision-making Power
• ‘open face of power’
• The ability to control or influence in an open and direct way.
• In the classical idea of political power, meaning the government has the power to make decisions on behalf of the people.
2. Agenda-setting Power
• “power is exercised behind closed doors”
• This is because you can decide or limit what will be discussed and more importantly what cannot be discussed, effectively
controlling the situation.
• Power is not just about decision making, it is about preventing decisions being made or reducing the choices which can be
made.
3. Ideological Power
• Power to shape desires
• It seeks to identify “ the means though which power influences, shapes and determines conceptions of necessities,
possibilities and strategies of challenge in situation of conflict.”
Types of Power
Power has been an important aspect of human civilization since time immemorial.
Power might be physical, political or social. In the context of business as well, power dynamics tend
to influence decisions and people transactions heavily.
• Coercive Power- This kind of power involves the usage of threat to make people do what one desires. In the organizational
set up, it translates into threatening someone with transfer, firing, demotions etc. it basically forces people to submit to one’s
demand for the fear of losing something.
• Reward Power- As the name suggests, this type of power uses rewards, perks, new projects or training opportunities, better
roles and monetary benefits to influence people. However, an interesting aspect of this type of power is that, it is not powerful
enough in itself, as decisions related to rewards do not rest solely with the person promising them, because in organizations, a
lot of other people come into play like senior managers and board.
• Legitimate Power- This power emanates from an official position held by someone, be it in an organization, bureaucracy or
government etc. The duration of this power is short lived as a person can use it only till the time he/she holds that position, as
well as, the scope of the power is small as it is strictly defined by the position held.
• Expert Power- This is a personal kind of power which owes its genesis to the skills and expertise possessed by an individual,
which is of higher quality and not easily available. In such a situation, the person can exercise the power of knowledge to
influence people. Since, it is very person specific and skills can be enhanced with time; it has more credibility and respect.
• Referent Power- This is a power wielded by celebrities and film stars as they have huge following among masses, who like
them, identify with them and follow them. Hence, they exert lasting influence on a large number of people for a large number
of decisions; like from what car to buy to which candidate to choose for a higher office in the country.
Consequences of Power
The consequences of using coercive power
No one likes to be threatened. Department members may do what the head wants if they are threatened with political, social,
financial – or even physical (!) – retribution if they do not, but coercion is also likely to cause anger and alienation. As a
consequence, even if department members appear to agree to a head's demand, they may follow the letter but not the spirit of
a new policy, refuse to enact it when no one is watching them, sabotage it, and be less willing to accept the head's influence in
the future.
Week 5-6
Globalization as a Context of Relations among Nation States
State
A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government Is a political community that has
sovereign jurisdiction over a clearly defined territory and exercises authority through several institutions including the
government.
FIVE FEATURES OF A STATE:
1. It is a sovereign 2. Its institutions are public 3. It is an instrument of domination 4. It is a territorial association
FOUR ELEMENTS OF A STATE:
1. SOVEREIGNTY 2. GOVERNMENT 3. TERRITORY 4. PEOPLE
SOVEREIGNTY
Refers to both jurisdiction ( the ability of a state to exercise its authority over its territory and people)
and independence( the freedom from external control).
GOVERNMENT
Is the machinery of the state through which the people’s will is formulated and carried out.
TERRITORY
Includes all the land, sea and airspace the state exercises jurisdiction on.
PEOPLE
Is the organization of human beings living together as a community.
TYPES OF STATES
A. EFFECTIVE B. WEAK C. FAILED
EFFECTIVE • The state controls and taxes the entire territory • Laws are mostly obeyed.
• The state provides general welfare and security • There exists only minor corruption
WEAK • Crime has penetrated politics • Government is weak in fighting lawlessness, corruption and poverty
• Justice is bought and elections are often rigged • Government revenues go to private pocket
FAILED • No national government exists • The state is ruled by warlords, private army and militia
• “Gun” is the law. • Education and health standards decline
Week 7-8
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000
years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested. Negrito groups first inhabited the isles. Groups of Austronesians later
migrated to the islands.
Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying
degrees of economic specialization, social stratification, and political organization. Some of these settlements (mostly those
located on major river deltas) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered
early states. This includes the predecessors of modern-day population centers such as Maynila, Tondo, Pangasinan, Cebu,
Panay, Bohol, Butuan, Cotabato, Lanao, and Sulu as well as some polities, such as Ma-i, whose possibly location are still the
subject of debate among scholars.
These polities were either influenced by the Indian Hindu religion, language, culture, literature and philosophy from India
through many campaigns from India including the South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I, Islam from Arabia or were
Sinified tributary states allied to China. These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium. These kingdoms traded
with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. The remainder of the settlements were
independent barangays allied with one of the larger states.
The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan. He sighted Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and
landed the next day on Homonhon Island, now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar. Spanish colonization began with the arrival of
Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition on February 13, 1565 from Mexico. He established the first permanent settlement in
Cebu. Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule, creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines.
Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity, the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia. The
Philippines was ruled under the Mexico-based Viceroyalty of New Spain until Mexican independence. After which, the colony
was directly governed by Spain. Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War. The
Philippines then became a territory of the United States.
American rule was not uncontested. The Philippine Revolution had begun in August, 1896 against Spain, and after the defeat of
Spain in the Battle of Manila Bay began again in earnest, culminating in the Philippine Declaration of Independence and the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic. The Philippine–American War ensued, with extensive damage and death, and
ultimately resulting in the defeat of the Philippine Republic.
The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines.
In 1907, the elected Philippine Assembly was convened as the lower house of a bicameral legislature and in 1916 the U.S.
Federal Government formally promised independence in the Jones Act. The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935,
as a 10-year interim step prior to full independence. Before independence, World War II began and Japan occupied the
Philippines.
After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established an independent Philippine Republic. In 1972, Philippine President
Ferdinand Marcos imposed martial law. Following theassassination of Ninoy Aquino, Marcos held snap elections in 1986 and
subsequently fled the country during the People Power Revolution which installed Cory Aquino as president and reestablished
democracy.
The Pre-Spanish Government
The early Filipinos had a government which they called “balangay”. Rajah or Datu is called for those head or leader. There were
three social classes at that time namely: The Maharlika (Nobles), The Timawas (Freemen) and the Apilin (Slaves). Visavan
Famire was established with a seat in Sumatra about the 7th century, and extended to the places now known as Java, Sumatra,
the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Celebes, the Moluccas, and the Philippine Islands. At the end of the 13th century a new empire
called Majapahit was founded in Java, which absorbed the Shri-Visayan kingdom. At about the end of the 14th century, this
new empire comprised all the territories controlled by the Shri-Visayan empire as well as Siam, French Indo-China, Borneo and
New Guinea.
The culture which predominated in these two empires was Hindu. The greatest pre-Spanish influence on the Philippines was,
therefore, the Hindu influence. Hindu culture had given the early Filipinos a system of writing, a mass of religious ideas and
practices, though not a well-defined religion, and a general culture far superior to that of the aborigines, the Negritos. It had
taught them some mechanical and industrial art such as metal working} but it had not greatly changed the structure of society,
nor had it brought in ideas of a welldefined national political organization. "At the time of the Spanish discovery according to H.
Otley Beyer not only were the more civilized Filipinos using the Indian syllabaries for writing, but their native mythology, folk-
lore and written literature all had a distinct Indian cast.
The same was true of their codes of laws and their names for all sorts of political positions and procedure. The more
cultured Philippine languages contain many Sanskrit words, and the native art a noticeable sprinkling of Indian design. A strong
Brahmanistic religious element was also certainly introduced, though it seems to have affected chiefly a limited class, while the
mass of the people still clung to their more ancient pagan worship." Time and again scholars have affirmed that the Filipino
people did not gain as great material benefits from the Spanish occupation as they did spiritual ones.
Government in the Philippines under the Spanish rule
During the Spanish period, the people of the Philippines were governed indirectly by the King of Spain through the Viceroy of
Mexico. In theory, he was highest government official in the country, in practice though frailocracy “rule of the friars”. Mexico,
the former colony of Spain, gained her freedom in 1821 and ruled directly by Spain until 1898.
The Government during the American Regime
Americans started the military rule in the Philippines on August 14, 1898.
President of US delegated his authority to the military governor who exercised all powers of the government (as long as the war
lasted) -executive, legislative and judiciary.
The Government under the Japanese Occupation
Japanese military administration was Establish in Manila on January 3, 1942. Philippine
Executive Commission is the civil government established with Jorge B. Vargas as Chairman.
Ultimate source of authority was the Japanese administrators. It was dissolved on August 17, 1945.
It’s Sessions
• Regular Session • Special Session • Joint Session
Powers of Congress
1. Appointment of Public Officials 2. Legislative inquiry and investigation
3. Declare the existence of a state of war 4. Ratify the country’s international treaties (Senate)
5. Authorize limited emergency powers for the President 6. Approve the government budget
7. Undertake projects under the CDF 8. Propose, review, and adopt bills for enactment into law
9. Overturn a Presidential veto with respect to proposed legislation 10. Allow for referenda
11. Propose amendments to the constitution and call for a constitutional convention.
Legislative Limitations
Congress may not:
1. Increase appropriations recommended by the executive branch
2. Pass tax exemptions without the concurrence of a majority of its members
3. Grant titles of nobility 4. Pass ex post facto bills 5. Pass bills of attainder
Trends reviewer
Week 1
Trend => it’s effective, has more than a year experience, has high popularityand long term popularity, socially constructed,
recurrent phenomenon sustained over time and has a high market demand.
Characteristics of trends
=> Duration of time => The lifespan of product or ideas that become trend do not dissappear quickly. Trends have long staying
power and enjoy a long period of popularity.
=> Acceptability => Trends are usual popularly accepted by many industries and people.
=> Culture Basis => A trend is rooted on the people’s cultural traditions, belief, and values. It continues becaause people see it
as part of society.
=> Transitory Increase or Decrease => a trend shows a transitory increase or decrease of a particular idea, event, or
phenomenon.
Types of Trend
Micro Trend – These are the little things that happen all around us. Trends that are so common we get used to it.
Macro Trend - These are the trend that can endure for surprisingly a long time. It also a trend that affect the Society.
Mega Trend – These are the trend that can stay healthy foe a decade or last for 10 more years.
Giga Trend – These are the trend that go on for half a century or more. A trend that are so general, they affect most areas of
human life.
Week 2
FAD AND TREND
FAD Short time > Quick > Not flexible > Single Use > Not endorse by big companies
TREND Long time > Slow > Flexible > Innovate > Endorsed by big companies
Difference between Trend and Fad
Fad – appears suddenly and can become popular that everyone will talk about it, but only for a short period of time.
Trend – appears suddenly and can become popular that everyone will talk about it, and it changes and develops that can lasts
for a long period of time or maybe never dissapears.
Week 3
Strategic Analysis
> ANTICIPATE > THINK CRITICALLY > INTERPRET > DECIDE > ALIGN > LEARN >
Anticipate the problem or the struggle
Think critically SWOT ( STRENGTH, WEAK, OPPORTUNITY, THREAT)
Interpret options to solve the problem ( A,B,C,..)
Decide your best solution ( in your opinion)
Align was you problem solved or not? Why? (analysis)
Learn Life lesson that you learn to your problem and solution.
Week 4
Global Migration => movement of a person or group of people from one place to another with the purpose of relocating their
residence, either temporarily or permanently
TWO TYPES OF MIGRATION
INTERNAL MIGRATION > Moving within a state or country
EXTERNAL MIGRATION > Moving to different state or country
People move for * safety *political conflict * economic betterment * family *Career * Education
Week 5
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. This shift may be natural, such as through
variations in the solar cycle. But since3 1800’s human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to
burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas.
Effect of climate change
> hotter temperature (rising temperature) > increase drought > melting graciels > lost of species >warming rising oceans
> more severe storms > more health risk > not enough foods > poverty and displacements.
Solutions to stop climate change
> bike more, drive less > educate > volunteer > 3r > conserve water > shop wisely > etc.