The urinary system filters waste from the blood and regulates fluid balance. The kidneys filter waste which is stored in the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter the blood, reabsorbing useful molecules while secreting waste into urine. Together, these organs work to maintain homeostasis by regulating waste removal and fluid balance.
The urinary system filters waste from the blood and regulates fluid balance. The kidneys filter waste which is stored in the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter the blood, reabsorbing useful molecules while secreting waste into urine. Together, these organs work to maintain homeostasis by regulating waste removal and fluid balance.
The urinary system filters waste from the blood and regulates fluid balance. The kidneys filter waste which is stored in the bladder via the ureters. When full, the bladder contracts to expel urine through the urethra. The kidneys contain nephrons which filter the blood, reabsorbing useful molecules while secreting waste into urine. Together, these organs work to maintain homeostasis by regulating waste removal and fluid balance.
• Kidneys carry out – Filter nitrogenous wastes, toxins, ions, etc. from blood to be excreted as urine. – Regulate volume and chemical composition of blood (water, salts, acids, bases). – Produce regulatory enzymes. • Renin – regulates BP/ kidney function • Erthropoeitin – stimulates RBC production from marrow. – Metabolism of Vitamin D to active form. ORGANS • Two Kidneys: Perform all functions except actual excretion. • Two Ureters: Convey urine from Kidneys to Urinary Bladder. • Urinary Bladder: Holds Urine until excretion. • Urethra: Conveys urine from bladder to outside of body. The Kidneys • Lie against posterior abdominal. • Right kidney is lower than left kidney due to the shape of the liver. • Lateral surface of kidney is convex while medial is concave. – Concave side has a cleft – Renal Hilus – Inside hilus is Renal sinus where kidneys receive renal vessels and nerves. Kidney Component • Renal arteries and veins • Renal cortex • Renal medulla • Nephron • Renal pyramids (6-10) • Renal papilla • Calyx (ces) • Renal pelvis Mammalian Kidney • Are paired kidneys. • Each kidney has a medial indentation (hilus), where the renal artery, renal vein, and ureter are seen. • Each kidney is enclosed in a tough fibrous capsule. • A longitudinal section of a kidney reveals an outer cortex, deeper medulla, and medial pelvis. - Calyces surround the tips of medullary pyramids and collect urine draining from them. Nephrons Blood processing unit which serves to produce urine. • 1 million per kidney • Consists of a glomerulus and tubules • Are structural and functional units of the kidneys. • Each nephron consists of a glomerulus (a tuft of blood capillaries) and renal tubule. -The renal tubule is Subdivided into: - Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) - Proximal convoluted tubule - Loop of Henle - Distal convoluted tubule. Reabsorption and Secretion • 180 L of water leaves the blood and enters the glomerular filtrate • Most of the water and dissolved solutes that enter the glomerular filtrate must be returned to the blood by reabsorption • Water is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle, and collecting duct The Ureters – 25 cm long – Enters on the floor of bladder • Are slender tubes running from each kidney to the bladder. • Carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. • Begin as a continuation of the renal pelvis in the kidney. The Bladder • Is a muscular sac posterior to the pubic symphysis. • The function of the bladder is to store urine. • A collapsible muscular sac that store urine. • Lies on the pelvic floor, posterior to the pubic symphysis. • As urine accumulates, the walls distend and stretch. There is no increase in internal pressure until there is about 300mL of accumulated urine. – Average bladder volume is 500 ml – Max capacity is 700-800 ml The Urethra • Is a tube that leads urine from the bladder to the body exterior. In females, it is 3-4 cm long and conducts only urine. • In males, it is 20 cm long and conducts both urine and seminal fluid. The internal sphincter of smooth muscle is at the bladder-urethra junction. The external sphincter of skeletal muscle is located more inferiorly. • In males, the prostate gland surrounds its urethra. – Three regions: • Prostatic urethra – 2.5 cm • Membranous urethra – 0.5 cm • Penile urethra – 15 cm Micturition
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