HSL1
HSL1
VISAKHAPATNAM
(The First ISO 9001 shipbuilding company in India – ministry of Defense undertaking)
Telephone : 0891_2577404/437
Fax : 0891_2577502/356
Preface
This project report is prepared during the summer internship undertaken at
“HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED, VISAKHAPATNAM “.
The theories which we have studied in different subjects do not provide sufficient
knowledge and particularly for the engineering students. This internship has
provided a good opportunity to the students to learn practical knowledge and to
gain some experience as well as skills. Now a days safety and productivity are two
sides of the coin and every industry has been giving first priority to the safety. This
report is designed with the objective of gaining knowledge on hazards and safety
precautions of the task, equipment and workplace in Hindustan Shipyard Limited,
Visakhapatnam.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Taking internship at HSL had been a great learning experience for us. The
theoretical knowledge we gained in nit Trichy had been completed effectively due to
the guidance and support provided by HSL employers and employees.
I would like to acknowledge S. Sivaji Ganesh sir, DGM, Safety department, HSL,
for allowing us to complete our training at HSL under knowledgeable training
guides.
My sincere thanks to Punith Goyal sir, Safety Officer, Safety department, HSL,
for helping and guiding me in industrial safety.
I would like to thank k. Nageswara Rao sir and Raja Ramesh sir, safety
supervisors, Safety department, HSL, who have taught safety precautions in ship
building and at other workplaces.
Finally, I would thank to my college and my department for making us to take this
internship and for providing us the opportunity to visit HSL.
DECLARATION
I, RAGIPINDI AMARNATHA REDDY, Student of National Institute of
Technology, Tiruchirappalli studying MTech in industrial safety engineering
and here by declare that the 4 weeks industrial internship has been
successfully completed at Hindustan Shipyard Limited, Visakhapatnam
from 01/06/2022 to 30/06/2022.
Date: ____________
Place: Visakhapatnam
Signature of mentor
Signature of DGM
(Safety department) (Safety department)
ABSTRACT
In this report, we will see definition, classification, prevention and protection of fire. Fire and
explosion are unanticipated states. Most of the industries are likely to fire and explosion. so, this
report is thoroughly explained about fire.
And this report contains requirements for practices and procedures to protect employees in industry
from the hazards of entry into permit-required confined spaces. And this section discussed about
welding types and their hazards especially pertaining to confined space.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3 About Safety 8
4 Fire safety 9
9 Suggestions 38
International Level:
Shipbuilding is a global industry. China, South Korea and Japan currently
control approximately 90% of the total market share measured in dead
weight tons (DWT). The Indian shipbuilding industry is small by global
standards, and currently accounts for less than 1% of the global
shipbuilding industry. The Structure of the Indian shipbuilding industry
can be divided into three distinct segments via public sector shipyards,
Defense shipyards and Private shipyard.
Domestic Level:
Recent economic growth and wider trade patterns have resulted in
longer voyages, and increased tonnage per mile, and that has caused a
shortage of ships to develop with consequent increases in freight rates.
The increase in freight rates has encouraged ship owners to place orders
for more new ships. The increase in new vessel orders during the period
from 2004 to 2006 has included all the main categories of commercial
ships, including the Panamax bulk carriers. The higher levels of
placement of global new vessel orders in 2006 has continued into 2007,
but from last three to four years i.e., from 2011 shipping industries has
been affected by Global recession.
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2. ABOUT HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LIMITED
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established at the present place of HSL later it was taken over by late Sri
Walchand Hirachand, who opened a boat building Company with the
collaboration of M/S. Sir Alexander & partners consulting engineers in U.K.
The keel of the ship names "JALA USHA" was launched on 14th March 1948
by late Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru our first PM.
BACKGROUND:
The shipyard has built and delivered so far over 137 ships aggregating over
1.27 million DWT. The shipyard has built big ships, small crafts, tugs,
dredges, naval vessels, passenger ships, training ship, drill ship, off shore
patrol support-cum-stand by vessels etc. of different designs for owners.
HSL has undergone modernization at a cost of approximately 100 crores.
The shipyard is at present capable of building bulk carriers up to 80,000
DWT.HSL with expertise skill, sound technology and a host of hull
engineering back up facilities also offers excellence ship repairs and dry
dock services.
The recent orders were MOT, Research vessels, A&N administration for
barges, utility boards. Tour ships of 30,000 DWT cargo’s for GEMI and
acquiring repairs for Indian Navy of INS Sindukranti division. Now, one of
the main ship building industries in India is going to emerge into Indian
security forces for Indian Navy Wing as efficient work and faster outputs.
HSL is awarded as ISO-9001 certified industry by LLOYD’s register of
quality assurance (LRQA) London for construction.
INFRASTRUCTURE DETAILS:
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at Hamburg, Germany. Seven, 27000WT bulk carriers of this design were
built for various costumers. HSL’s design capability embraces a wide
spectrum of general and special purpose vessels like medium size bulk
carriers up to 70,000 DWT, Product tankers, container vessels, dredgers,
passenger’s vessels, survey vessels, etc. it is backed up by latest CAD/CAM
software a part from AUTOKON with independent work stations.
THE ORGANISATION:
Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, A public sector understanding under the
administrative control of ministry of Shipyard Govt. of India.
HSL has following divisions:
SHIPBUILDING DIVISIONS:
• Capacity to construct vessels up to 50,000tonnes DWT.
• Two slipways (164*24m) have capacity for construction of vessels up
to 30,000tonnes DWT
• One slipway (140*22.7m) for small crafts.
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• Building Dock (247*53*11.25m) has capacity up to 50000tonnes dead
weight.
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE:
A well-defined organization with horizontal and vertical linkage taken care of
all activities, operations functions of the HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD. Senior
management persons in the ranks of executive directors, General Managers,
Deputy Managers and Chief Manager placed in change of various groups
and divisions, the objective behind the division is to make to heads more
accountable and responsible for their decision as well as to raise the output
of each team group under their control divisions.
TRANSPORTATION OF PANELS/UNITS:
There are two self-elevating and propelling low bed trailers (KAMAG make
from Germany). One of 100 T and other of 150T for transporting the units
from Prefabricate shops to slip ways jetty and building docks. These trailers
are provided with most sophisticated Electronic multi-layer Hydraulic
Steering gear system. A coupling arrangement is provided for random
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operation of both the trailers for transporting units of order of 200T to 250T
with one operator from 150 T trailer.
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3. ABOUT SAFETY
Safety is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected from harm
or other danger.
In general, health and safety laws apply to all businesses, no matter how
small. As an employer, or a self-employed person, we are responsible for
health and safety in our business. We need to take the right precautions to
reduce the risks of workplace dangers and provide a safe working
environment.
Health and safety management should be a straightforward part of
managing your workplace as a whole. It involves practical steps that protect
people from harm and at the same time protect the future success and the
growth of our business. Good practice in health and safety makes sound
business sense.
Commitment of safety, health and environment in HSL:
To ensure safety and health of all employees including contractor’s workmen
while at work so far as is reasonably practicable
To adhere and comply strictly with all applicable statutory Acts, Rules &
Regulations of State and Central governments concerning safety, health and
environment.
To integrate safety and health in all areas of production activity commencing
from plant layout, production flow, purchase of plant & equipment and
selection, training & placement of personnel.
To impart training in occupational health, safety and environment to all
employees so that the employees are enabled to possess the required
knowledge, information and understanding to carry out with responsibility
of their jobs without endangering themselves, other employees, plant
equipment environment & products.
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4. FIRE SAFETY
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a material (the fuel) in the exothermic chemical
process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products.
A fire cannot take place in absence of any one of these three factors (fuel, oxygen,
heat)
For extinguishing a fire – break any one of the arms in this triangle
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➢ Heat is transferred by conduction, convection, radiation, and direct
flame contact.
➢ Conduction is the transfer of heat by direct contact through a solid
body – Wood is a poor conductor of heat whereas metals are good
conductor of heat.
➢ Convection is the transfer of heat caused by changes in density of
liquids and gases. When liquids or gases are heated, they become less
dense and will expand and rise.
➢ Radiation is the transfer of heat by infrared radiation (similar to travel
of light). No material substance is required for radiative heat transfer.
Radiant heat flux is absorbed, reflected or transmitted through a
body.
Flash & Fire point:
➢ Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel can vaporize to
form an ignitable mixture in air.
➢ It is used to quantify the flammability hazard of the fuel
➢ Flash point for diesel fuel is > 55 °C while for gasoline is usually very
low, −45 °C.
➢ Adding a more volatile liquid like gasoline to diesel fuel can depress
the flash point and dramatically increase the flammability hazard.
➢ Fire point is the temperature at which the fuel vapours will continue
to burn.
➢ For same product, fire point is higher than flash point
➢ Auto-ignition temperature is the temperature at which spontaneous
ignition can takes place. It is the temperature at which a substance
should reach before it ignites in the absence of flame.
Classification of fires
US Classification
Class of fire Type of fire
A Ordinary combustibles: wood, paper, rubber, fabrics,
and many plastics
B Flammable Liquids and Gases: gasoline, oils, paint,
lacquer, and tar
C Fires involving Live Electrical Equipment
D Combustible metals or combustible metal alloys
K Fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible
cooking media: vegetables or animal oils and fats
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UK Classification
Class of fire Type of fire
A Wood, paper, plastic, fabric, and most kind of trash.
B Flammable liquids (for example gasoline)
C Burning gases (for example: natural gas)
D Combustible metals* such as magnesium,
potassium, titanium, and zirconium.
*Exception of the metals that burn in contact with air
or water (for example sodium)
E Fires involving potentially energized electrical
equipment.
F Unsaturated cooking oils in well insulated cooking
appliances located in commercial kitchens.
IS 2190: 2010
Class of fire Type of fire
A Fires involving solid combustible materials of organic
nature such as wood, paper, rubber, plastics, etc.,
where the cooling effect of water is essential for
extinction of fires.
B Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids
or the like where a blanketing effect is essential.
C Fires involving flammable gases under pressure
including liquefied gases, where it is necessary to
inhibit the burning gas at fast rate with an inert gas,
powder or vaporizing liquid for extinguishment.
D Fires involving Combustible metals such as
magnesium, potassium,
Sodium, titanium, and zirconium, etc., when the
burring metals are reactive to water and water
containing agents and in certain cases carbon di
oxide, halogenated hydrocarbons and ordinary dry
powders.
Note: it is important to decide selection and use of extinguisher on live
electrical installations. The extinguisher that has passed electrical
conductivity test should only be used.
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IS 15683: 2018
Class of fire Type of fire
A Fires involving solid combustible materials of organic
nature such as wood, paper, rubber, plastics, etc.,
where the cooling effect of water is essential for
extinction of fires.
B Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids
or the like where a blanketing effect is essential to
extinguish the fire.
C Fires involving flammable gases under pressure
including liquefied gases, where it is necessary to
inhibit the burning gas at fast rate with an inert gas,
powder or vaporizing liquid for extinguishment.
D Fires involving Combustible metals such as
magnesium, potassium,
Sodium, titanium, and zirconium, etc., when the
burring metals are reactive to water and water
containing agents and in certain cases carbon di
oxide, halogenated hydrocarbons and ordinary dry
powders.
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Passive fire protection system:
❖ Passive fire protection system Allowing the occupants to escape and
fire fighters to do their job.
❖ PFP are passive in normal conditions and acts on during a fire
incident.
❖ PFP measure such as fire walls and fire doors are tested to determine
the fire resistance rating of the final assembly and is expressed in
terms of hour of fire resistance (1/3, 3/4, 1, 2, 4 hours).
❖ PFP system has the ability to maintain the area to be protected at or
below 140°C (for walls, floors and electrical circuits) or 550°C (for
structural steel).
Active fire protection system:
❖ Different categories of AFP systems:
▪ Detection – using sensors to detect heat, smoke, or flame and
send signal to alarms throughout the building.
▪ Suppression – anything that can put out a fire through direct
action either manually or automatically with indirect or direct
release systems.
▪ Ventilation – keeping evacuation routes smoke free with fire-
resistant fans
❖ Some Common AFP systems include
▪ Fire Blanket
▪ Fire extinguisher
▪ Sprinklers
▪ Fire detection system (smoke alarms)
Fire Extinguisher
❖ Fire Extinguisher is a portable device used to suppress small fire
❖ Commercially, there is no fire extinguisher which can be used for
tackling all classes of fire
❖ Different types of fire extinguisher used to tackle different classes of
fire are
▪ Water
▪ Foam
▪ Dry powder
▪ Carbon dioxide
❖ In case of a fire, use the extinguisher and remember PASS Method
▪ Pull the pin.
▪ Aim the nozzle or hose at the base of the fire from the
recommended safe distance.
▪ Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguishing
agent.
▪ Sweep the nozzle or hose from side to side until the fire is out
starting at the recommended distance.
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Fire Extinguisher Types:
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5. EOT CRANE HAZARDS AND CONTROL
MEASURES
Rated Lifted Load: The rated lifted load from the mechanism design
considerations shall mean the external load lifted and handled by the crane
and shall include in addition to the safe working load, weight of rope and
lifting tackles such as magnets, grabs, lifting beams, book blocks, but shall
exclude wind load.
Safe Working Load: The maximum external load excluding the weight of the
lifting tackles under specified conditions for which the crane may be used.
This may be a variable quantity for a jib crane. If the grab forms an integral
part of the suspended gear, then the weight of the gear shall also be
included in the safe working load.
Recommendation:
S. HAZARDOUS POTENTIAL HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES
No CONDITION
1 Lack of ID. Plate with Overloading may ID plate to be provided
SWL. occur which leads to with following details
fall of material, crane Safe working load,
failure may occur. identification number,
date of inspection.
2 Wear, tear and Hook can be broken, Periodically inspection
throat opening more lifting gear may come of hook and proper
than permissible out from jaw and load maintenance to be
limit of hook. can fall floor. performed.
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3 Lack of safety latch/ Lifting gear can came Safety latch to be
Safety latch is not out from hook jaw, provided in
working larger effort is needed working condition,
to attach or remove periodic
lifting gears so riggers inspection to be
helpers are expose to performed,
back injury, holding, training to be given to
pushing and personal of manual
frustration. lifting.
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9 Electrical condition Electrically poor Periodically inspection
such as conditions such as of electrical
1. Ear thing not naked wires, poor components to be
provided earthing, lack of performed, proper ear
2. Open wires or rubber mats can thing to be provided,
cable cause fire or burn fire extinguisher to be
3. Lack of rubber injury, electric shock, provided near control
mats near control arc etc. panel, PPE’s to be
panel provided to workers.
4. Weather
protection of electric
components
5. Canopy of all
motors are not
satisfactory
10 Emergency stop not If emergency stops Daily checklist
working or not are not working crane inspection shall be
available collide with another performed by operator,
crane can be occur, operators should be
material can fall, trained, and brakes are
property damage, effective, preventive
fatal injury can be devices.
occurred.
11 Failure of limit Failure of any type of Operator should be
switch/lack of limit limit switch can trained Daily
switch cause to fall of inspection of crane
material, crane operation Preventive
component failure, maintenance EOT
property damage, cranes, brake should
fatal accident, injury. be in operative
condition, buffers
stopper to be installed
12 End fitting of wire Wire rope end fittings End fitting should be
rope are not proper or according to standard
loose which can and at proper distance
result to fall of hook should be periodically
block, property inspected.
damage
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structure, so that no person working or walking over the
passage –way may be struck by any part of the crane.
• There should be railings at a height of at least 90 c. m. from the
floor of the passage –way on the both the side, with at least two
rail and with a toe board at a height of at least 10 cm. from the
floor.
• Safe access ladders with hand rail shall be provided at
convenient places and at suitable frequent intervals so that’s
the crane driver or any other person going up the crane or crane
track may not have to walk long distances on the passageway.
• Following display should be provided on the EOT cranes:
S. Type of board CONTENTS WHERE TO
No PLACE
1 Name Plate Safe Working Load, Manufacturer Both outer of the
Name & Year of Manufacturing bridge girders
2 Inspection Last date of inspection, Due date Outer side hand
Date’ Board of inspection & done by – (Due railing of one of
date: After 1 year) (As per Factory the girders
Act)
3 ‘Caution’ a) Unauthorized persons are not Crane gantry
Board allowed on the crane gantry approach stair
b) Use Safety Helmet, Safety shoe, case hand railing
Safety goggles, safety jackets,
Safety belt and other required
PPE’s while going to crane gantry
4 Do’s & Don’ts Do’s & Don’ts for Crane operator Inside the
Board operator cabin
5 Do’s & Don’ts Do’s & Don’ts for maintenance Near the panels
Board crew and on the girder
6 Important Following minimum telephone a. In crane
Telephone number should be displayed: Fire operator’s cabin
numbers Brigade Ambulance Security Shift b. Near control
Safety Control room of that area panel/E-room
Line managers of that area Head
of that area
7 Hazards on 1. Gas hazards if any a. Near the
the particular 2. Fire hazards entrance of the
crane 3. Slip, trip, fall on same level and crane
from height b. Both sides of
4. Clearance between fixed point Girder c. Any
other suitable
location
Note: S. No. 1&2 shall be painted in bold letters on the crane in such size
and clarity, that it is easily visible, readable from Floor Level
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• Sick bay/Maintenance Bay/Hospital Bay shall be provided if there is
more than one crane in the same track.
• Anti-collision system shall be provided to detect the other crane in the
same track which in-turn shall slow and stop the crane along with
Audio-Visual alarm in the operator’s cabin.
• Portable CO2 fire extinguisher of 4.5Kg is to be kept in the crane
operator’s cabin, both sides of electric panel area/E-room & both side
Girder of the crane. Crane having two Girder and no electrical room
may have only near both sides of control panels.
• It must be possible to clean the both sides of windows of the
operator’s cabin without any risk.
• Operator cabin shall be designed so that the driver has a clear view of
all work areas or so that he may adequately follow all operations with
the aid of suitable equipment (e.g., camera)
• One calling bell shall be provided at the entrance of the crane for
communicating with the crane operator before enter or exit to or from
the crane. Minimum One system shall be provided in the both side of
the crane gantry.
• Safe access ladders with hand rails shall be provided at convenient
place for the crane operator or any other person going to or coming
out from the crane. All the ladders should be provided as far as
possible in the centre of the end tie/end carriage to avoid risk of
falling to zero meters. If it is not possible to shift the ladder at the
centre, Side protection with hand post for ladder at end side should be
provided. The entire ladder should have wider steps to avoid slip from
the ladder. Other than this, ladder shall be provided in the following
location also:
▪ Crane walkway to the gantry
▪ Crane walkway to power collector inspection platform
▪ Trolley floor to crane walkway
▪ Besides these, ladders shall be provided wherever found
necessary
• Staircase should be provided in place of ladder as far as possible for
easy and safe access to different location e.g., access to the cabin from
the bridge girder platform shall be via a staircase. Minimum width of
staircase shall be 600 mm and inclination to the horizontal shall not
be more than 48 degrees. For special case it can be ± 10 deg.
• Foot operated Switch shall be provided in the crane operators cabin to
stop the Long Travel motion during emergency condition.
• Operator’s cabin shall be provided with clear head room of not less
than 2000mm and shall be fitted with a guard rail of at least 1.0M
height.
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6. CONFINED SPACE IN SHIP
Confined space: As defined by NFPA 350, a space is considered to be a
confined space if it meets all of the following conditions:
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is not permitted under this certificate as the Competent Analyst has only
gas tested for oxygen levels.
Certificate for hot work:
This is the gas free certificate for hot work that is issued once the
Competent Analyst has passed the confined space free of all flammable
and explosive gases and or vapours, the HSE Advisor will then confirm
this prior to any permit being issued for hot work.
Confined space procedure:
• For all confined space work the person in charge of the job must
raise a PTW at the relevant Permit Control Centre.
• A task-based risk assessment is required that will determine the
type of permit required: hot, cold, electrical or painting.
• The Safety Advisor will ensure a space assessment is carried out by
both the Supervisor (and his tradesmen) for the physical hazards,
and a Competent Person for atmospheric hazards and that these
are annotated to the permit.
• Supervisor will agree upon all safety controls listed on the permit,
communicate these and the findings of the space assessment to all
entrants and ensure that all controls are in place before anyone
enters the confined space.
• The name(s) of all persons involved in the task will go onto the
permit.
• All Confined Space work is located by a numbered pin on the
displayed general arrangement drawing of the vessel. The pins
correspond to the work listed on the Confined Space Log which
identifies the trade, location and the name of the top man.
• The Standby Man takes a two-way radio to remain in contact with
the Health & Safety and Security Departments and also a tank
entry register (right) that is completed at the space and kept
updated throughout the task. A designated channel is kept for
these communications, with the option to utilise another channel
for 2-way communications between entrants and Standby Man
where required.
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Roles & Responsibility of standby Man/Sentry:
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7. STUDY OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENTS (PPE’s)
Introduction:
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must select PPE’s and require employees to use it, communicate your PPE’s
selection decisions to your employees, and select PPE’s that properly fits
your workers.
PPE’s is required wherever the following conditions are encountered that are
capable of causing injury or impairment by being absorbed, inhaled, or
physically contacted hazards of processes:
• Physical hazards
• chemical hazards,
• mechanical irritants
• radiological hazards
We must also train employees who are required to wear PPE’s on how do the
following:
TYPES OF PPE’s:
HEAD PROTECTION:
Protective hats for head protection against impact blows must be able to
withstand penetration and absorb the shock of a blow. In some cases, hats
should also protect against electric shock. Recognized standards for hats
have been established by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
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suspension also provides space of approximately 30 mm (1.2 inch) between
the helmet’s shell and the wearer’s head, so that if an object strikes the
shell, the impact is less likely to be transmitted directly to the skull. Some
helmet shells have a mid-line reinforcement ridge to improve impact
resistance. IS 2925:1984 specifies the Indian standards for industrial safety
helmets. Helmets shall be in sizes 520, 530, 540, 550, 560, 570, 580, 590
and 600 mm. These sizes may be generated out of one or more shells or one
or more headbands. The shell shall be dome-shaped. There shall not be any
metallic component passing through the shell. It shall be provided with a
brim with or without a peak. The brim and peak (where provided) shall be
integral part of the shell and these shall have no sharp edges as in fig.
Other international standards for safety helmets, each hard hat is specified
by both Type and Class:
I. Types:
b. ANSI Type II / CSA Type 2 hard hats meet both vertical and
lateral impact and penetration requirements and have a foam
inner liner made of expanded polystyrene (EPS).
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II. Classes:
Safety shoes:
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Requirements of safety shoes includes,
• Toe protection (SB): Toes are a very vulnerable part of your body,
especially in a work place. Toe protection must withstand a 200-joule
impact. Something heavy falling from a low height could have a lot
less energy than something lighter from a much higher height. As well
as impacts the toe area must withstand a resting mass of well over
1000kg. Most people have heard of steel toe cap boots but the
protection doesn't have to be steel. In fact, there are advantages to
alternatives. Non-metallic protection can be equally as strong but
lighter.
• Antistatic protection (A): Clothing, seating materials, and climate
factors can cause a build up a static charge of electricity in the body
• Energy Absorption (E): Energy Absorption in the heel region.
• Water Resistant Upper (WRU): Water resistant upper, not used on all
rubber or polymeric footwear.
• Heat Resistant (HRO): Heat resistant Outsole: To resist 300°C for 60
seconds.
• Insulation against Cold (CI): Insulation against cold: tested for 30
minutes at 1 -20°C.
• Insulation against heat (HI): Insulation against heat: tested for 30
minutes at 150°C.
• Electro-Static Discharge (ESD): ESD footwear is designed for the
electronics and explosives industry and has to meet ESD CEI
EN61340-5-1 standard.
• Non-metallic footwear: Safety footwear containing no metal parts is
ideal for workplaces with metal detectors like airports eliminating the
hassle of removing them.
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EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
Injured workers surveyed indicated that eye and face protection was not
normally used or practiced in their work areas or it was not required for the
type of work performed at the time of the accident.
Protection should be based on kind and degree of hazard present and
should: 1) be reasonably comfortable, 2) fit properly, 3) be durable, 4) be
cleanable, 5) be sanitary, and 6) be in good condition.
Eye injuries can happen through a variety of means. Most eye injuries occur
when solid particles such as metal slivers, wood chips, saw dust, sand or
cement chips get into the eye. Smaller particles in smokes and larger
particles, such as broken glass also account for particulate matter causing
eye injuries. Blunt force trauma can occur to the eye when excessive force
comes into contact with the eye. Chemical burns, biological agents, and
thermal agents, from sources such as welding torches and UV light also
contribute to occupational eye injury. Eye protection includes,
I. Safety glasses
II. Eye shields
III. Safety Goggles (chemical)
IV. Face shields
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Fig: Various parts of Goggles
HEARING PROTECTION
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preformed earplugs. Clean earplugs regularly, and replace those you cannot
clean. Hearing protectors are required to be tested according to the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) acoustical testing
standard, ISO 4869 Part 1 and the Single Number Rating (SNR) or
High/Middle/Low (HML) ratings are calculated according to ISO 4869
Part2. An SNR is a single number rating system determined according to
International Standard ISO 4869. The tests are carried out by commercial
laboratories that are independent of the manufacturers. Like NRRs, SNRs
are expressed in dB and are used as a guide for comparing the potential
noise reduction capability of different hearing protection devices
Molded earplugs are usually made of plastic or silicone rubber. They are
available in a variety of shapes and sizes and are usually characterized by
one or more ribs or contours. They are considered multiple use; therefore,
they must be cleaned and properly stored after each use.
Custom molded plugs are generally made of plastic and are designed from
a molded wax insert of the wearer’s ears. They are considered multiple use
but cannot be switched ear to ear.
Self-molded earplugs are generally made of mineral down or plastic foam
and are molded or formed by the wearer. Generally, one size fits all and they
may be either single or multiple use.
Earmuffs are designed to be multiple use and may be designed to be worn
with the harness over or behind the head, or below the chin. They are
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generally more comfortable, but usually provide less noise reduction, thus
less protection, than ear plugs.
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ARM AND HAND PROTECTION
TORSO PROTECTION
Many hazards can threaten the torso: heat, splashes from hot metals and
liquids, impacts, cuts, acids, and radiation. A variety of protective clothing is
available: vests, jackets, aprons, coveralls, and full body suits. Fire
retardant wool and specially treated cotton clothing items are comfortable,
and they adapt well to a variety of workplace temperatures. Other types of
protection include leather, rubberized fabrics, and disposable suits.
Body protection
It includes
• Temperature protective
• Hot splashes from molten metal
• Hazard from tools
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• Surgical gown
• Full body suit
RESPIRATOR PROTECTION
Information on the requirements for respirators to control of occupational
diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dusts, fogs,
fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays, and vapors is available from various
researches. Proper selection of respirators should be made according to the
guidance of ANSI Practices for Respiratory Protection.
Respirators serve to protect the user from breathing in contaminants in the
air, thus preserving the health of one’s respiratory tract. There are two main
types of respirators. One type of respirator functions by filtering out
chemicals and gases or airborne particles from the air breathed by the
user. Gas masks and particulate respirators are examples of this type of
respirator. A second type of respirator protects users by providing clean,
respirable air from another source. This type includes airline respirators
and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). OSHA’s Respiratory
Protection Standard 29 CFR 194.134 gives the standards for major
requirements of respiratory protection standards. Fit tests are required to be
conducted to ensure the compatibility with users.
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8. WELDING HAZARDS AND CONTROL
MEASURES
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This can be dangerous to the ears can result in permanent hearing
loss.
• Pneumonia
• Occupational asthma
• Cancer
• Metal fume fever
• Fire and explosion: Fire and explosions happen because hot work
has taken many lives. Hot metal parts, sparks, and drops of molten
metal can easily start a fire.
Before starting welding works you should always look out for:
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• Any kind of flammable material nearby.
• Proper use of fire-retardant cloth to cover welding work
zone.
• Availability of fire-extinguisher nearby welding job.
• Removal of any kind drum that may contain (even in
small amount) oil, paint, spirits etc.
A confined space is a place with a limited access point with no airflow and
ventilation. Adequate ventilation and airflow regulation is the most
important thing during work in confined space. In confined space, the
dangerous concentration of toxic fumes and gases is easy to accumulate
because of the small space that can make a person unconscious or even
death because of suffocation.
All welders who enter in confined space either on regular basis or for some
emergency situation must follow the following precaution for their safety:
• Always use proper ventilation and local exhaust of fumes and gases
from welding zone.
• Report any concerns and welding related hazards immediately to
supervisors.
• Fire and electric resistance cloths, face shield, hand gloves, aprons
and boots must to use.
• Always keep a suitable class of fire extinguisher while doing welding.
• No flammable material should be there nearby welding zone.
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• Always use fire retardant cloth of resist hot metal droplets and spark.
• Always use inspect welding tools and machineries. Before use check
for any faulty wire and welding holders on daily basis.
• Proper use of IR and UV filter glasses to save your eye.
• Don’t leave workplace instantly after welding job completion. Stay
some time there until welding metal get cold.
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9. SUGGESTIONS
• Gas detecting and sensing alarms should be used in confined spaces.
• Purging should be carried out by inert gas in diesel tanks before going to work
• Side railings should be used in manholes
• Housekeeping must be maintained daily
• When block or panel is been erected, side railing should be used
• Ladders openings should be guarded with railing
• More than 1 joint in gas hoses per 20meter gas hoses should not be used
• in confined space, both blowers and exhausters should be used
• earthing resistance should be checked monthly and maintained it below
1 ohm.
• Dos and don’ts should be placed in crane operator cabin
• EOT cranes must have alarms and buzzers
• All ropes and slings should be removed from crane when not in use
• Life jackets should be provided to the workers while working on sea side
of the ship.
• Lifting plan should be used while operating with cranes
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10. CONCLUSION
This industrial training about safety at Hindustan Shipyard Limited has
helped us gain a vast amount of practical knowledge and the real
difficulties associated in the ship building. In this industry I have learnt
safety precautions in the confined space in ship building. I have learnt
safety tips through safety motivating programs conducted in HSL. It has
taught me how to interact with workers and how to motivate the workers.
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Safety Manual of Hindustan Shipyard Limited
2) HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION OF EOT CRANES AND THEIR CONTROL MEASURES By
Rahul Patil and Vivek Shukla, Research Scholar and Assistant Professor, Fire & Safety
Engg. Dept., SKSITS Indore, M.P, India.
3) Factories Act, 1948.
4) Confined Space Advisor: OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146
5) https://www.allaboutpiping.com/welding-hazards-and-control-measures/
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