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    E1 - Gas Properties - Methane vs. Ethane

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    Heli Solanki

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    E1 - Gas Properties - Methane vs. Ethane

    Uploaded by

    Heli Solanki
    63 views11 pages

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    E1_Gas Properties_Methane vs. Ethane

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    63 views11 pages

    E1 - Gas Properties - Methane vs. Ethane

    Uploaded by

    Heli Solanki

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11

    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS

    WÄRTSILÄ®
    For training use only

    1 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Gas properties

    Natural gas is mostly methane (CH4).


    Methane contains the higher amount of
    hydrogen per unit of energy than any other
    fossil fuel.
    Carbon to hydrogen ratio 1 / 4 (gasoline: 1
    / 2.25).
    Lower CO2 emissions.
    Natural gas is:
    Non-toxic
    Colourless
    Odourless
    Lighter than air

    Fig. name: Methane and ethane molecules

    2 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Gas composition
    The composition of the natural gas varies substantially between the various production
    fields.
    Property Volume
    Methane CH4 70 – 90 %
    Ethane C2H6 0–7%
    Propane C3H8 0–2%
    Butane C4H10 0 – 0,5 %
    Hydrogen H2 Traces
    Carbon dioxide CO2 0 – 10 %
    Oxygen O2 0 – 0.2 %
    Nitrogen N2 0 – 15 %
    Hydrogen sulphide H2S 0 – 10 ppm
    Trace amounts of chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, hydrogen
    sulphide, particles.

    Table name: Composition of natural gases (by volume)

    3 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Other properties of pure methane

    Density 0.7175 kg/m3 @ 1.01325 bar and 0 °C


    Boiling point - 161.5 °C
    Lower heating value 48,0-50,0 MJ/kg
    Explosion limits 5 – 14 % mole
    Auto-ignition temperature 630 °C
    Methane Number(Knock Resistance) : 100
    Reference values for auto-ignition temperatures of other gases:
    Ethane (C2H6) 515 °C
    Propane (C3H8) 480 °C
    Butane (C4H10) 420 °C

    4 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Other properties of pure ethane

    Density 1.282 kg/m3 @ 15 °C gas, 1 atm


    Boiling point - 89 °C
    Lower heating value 61,0-63,0 MJ/kg
    Explosion limits 3 – 13 % mole
    Auto-ignition temperature 515 °C
    Methane Number(Knock Resistance) : 43
    Reference values for auto-ignition temperatures of other gases:
    Methane (C2H6) 630 °C
    Propane (C3H8) 480 °C
    Butane (C4H10) 420 °C

    5 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    LEAN-BURN
    PROPERTIESCONCEPT
    OF FUEL GAS

    MIXTURES OF GAS AND AIR: definition of lambda ( )

    GAS AIR

    Methane (CH4 ) 10.0 m3/m3 stoichiometric: = 1.0

    Ethane (C2H6) 17.5 m3/m3


    Propane (C3H8) 25.0 m3/m3

    GAS AIR EXTRA AIR = 2.0

    Combustion formula :
    7 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only
    LEAN-BURN
    PROPERTIESCONCEPT
    OF FUEL GAS
    Lean-burn combustion

    Enables high
    compression ratio:
    Operating
    Increases engine Detonation

    Misfiring
    window
    efficiency
    46,9%
    Reduces peak
    temperatures
    Reduces NOX
    emissions.

    Thermal efficiency (%)

    NOX (g/kWh)
    < 1,3 g/kWh

    0F02X0005_01en

    7 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Methane number (MN)

    Is a scale for evaluation of the knock (auto-ignition) resistance of the fuel.

    Higher MN means better knock resistance.

    Can be calculated, when gas composition is known.

    Higher amount of heavier hydrocarbons decrease MN.

    Higher amount of carbon dioxide and nitrogen increase MN.

    If MN is too low, the engine derating is required.

    8 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Methane number (MN)
    Methane number (MN) is calculated with a computer program)

    MN is as a measure for knock sensitivity, like Octane numbers (RON and


    MON) for petrol fuel.
    - CH4 (methane) has MN = 100, H2 (hydrogen) has MN = 0.
    - Heavier hydrocarbons decreases MN.
    - Inert gases (CO2 and N2) increases MN.

    Wärtsilä derating rules are based on MN.

    9 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Hydrogen

    Increases the risk of pre-ignition during a compression stroke.

    Decreases density, MN and LHV (volume basis) of natural gas.

    Sets new challenges to the controlled combustion process.

    Increases explosion risk.

    10 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only


    PROPERTIES OF FUEL GAS
    Lower heating value

    Lower Heating Value corresponds to the energy content of the gas.


    If the LHV is lower than specified above, the engine output has to
    be adjusted or a higher gas pressure to the engine is needed.

    To compensate low heating value:

    Higher gas feed pressure

    Derating of engine output

    11 © Wärtsilä 29 April 2016 For training use only

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