60

The Impact of Cigarette Smoking in Health to

Ages 14 to 17 in Natumolan, Tagoloan

A Research Paper Presented to

The Basic Education Faculty

St. Mary’s Academy of Tagoloan, Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements in

English 10

MARK JADE R. HANDUGAN

KRISTOFFER LORENZ B. INDINO

PRINCESS KYLA L. FERNANDEZ

RHEA MAE B. GALOLA

(APRIL, 2021)
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Acknowledgement

First and foremost, praise and thank God, the Almighty, for His

showers of blessings throughout our research study to finish the research

successfully.

The success of this endeavor is not possible with these people who

have been instrumental to the work of the researchers. To express their

gratitude, the following are acknowledge: The teacher of SMAT for their

dedication in teaching us. The RVM Sister for their prayers. All parents who

are understanding, their continuing support to complete this research work

and above all to God.

“No one who achieves success does so without acknowledging the

help of others. The wise and confident acknowledge this help with gratitude” –

Alfred North Whitehead

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Dedication

The research study is dedicated to our Almighty God who is the source

of wisdom and skills to accomplish this study.

“Determination is nothing without dedication and hard work.” – Eshraq Jiad

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Abstract

Adolescence is the period of transition between childhood and

adulthood. It includes some big changes –to the body, and to the way a young

person relates to the world. Understanding what to expect at different stages

can promote healthy development throughout adolescence and into early

adulthood (Healthy Children Org 2019). The aim of this study is to improve

health, contribute to the youth, society, and the world, and know the big

impact of cigarette smoking in an individual’s health.

Keywords: Adolescence,Health
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgement

Dedication

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Conceptual Framework

Statement of the Problem

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitation of the Study

Definition of Terms

Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Literature and Studies in Foreign Setting

Literature and Studies in Local Setting

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design
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Participants of the Study

Research Instruments

Data Gathering Procedure

Scoring Procedure

Statistical Treatment

Chapter 4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA

Problem 1

Problem 2

Problem 3

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

Findings

Conclusion

Recommendation

References

Appendices

A. Research Instrument

B. Sample Research Instrument in Google Forms

C. Letter of Permission to Conduct Survey

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List of Tables

Table No. Table Page No.

3 Students perception that shows the impact of cigarette 27

smoking ages 14 to 17

4 Students perception that shows the effect of cigarette 28

smoking ages 14 to 17

5 Students perception of Do respondents view healthy tips as 29

helpful in quitting smoking

List of Figures

Figure No. Content Page No.

1 The Conceptual Framework for The impact of cigarette 9

smoking in health to ages 14 to 17.

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

INTRODUCTION

Smoking, the act of breathing and breathing out the fumes of a burning plant

material. Cigarette, a thin cylinder of finely cut tobacco curled in paper for

smoking. Smoking Cigarettes is one of the human race’s piece of work,

especially with those teenagers that can’t stand themselves on having no

smoking in a single day, which guide their body to harm or much particularly

their cause of demise. The harmful disadvantages where you can draw in a

single piece of cigarettes are cancer of the lung, liver, oesophagus, larynx,

and in addition of having cardiovascular diseases, and as well as oral cavities.

The matter is not only the main smoker will be suffering by what they acted

but also those the ones who inhaled it or what we termed the 2nd hand

smokers that are more than affected by the main smoker, as well as our world

will also be damaged because of the smoke that came from those used

cigarettes that can barely help to destroy the ozone layer that leads us to

planetary heating. There are myriad reasons to not smoke. Cigarettes are not

the ones an individual can rely upon for the remains of their lifespans.

Cigarettes were on the other hand gradually killing and poisoning the insides

of a human body. Smoking has never sorted out any of an individual’s

problems, but yes of course smoking helps people loosen up but that’s just

that. There are many reasoning about why a person starts to smoke. In a

small group of friends, in a family or a household member, and all the people
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we pass by walking. One of them or most of them starts smoking cigarettes

during their adolescent years. In a small group of friends, they would be

influences or may feel pressure from their friends. In a family or a household

member, one of them will get to the rebel part of their lives. The researchers

seek to achieve the solution for this study for the purpose of improving one’s

health and the existence of the teenager. The purpose also of this study is to

find if there is an impact of cigarette smoking on ages 14 to 17. This research

will contribute to the youth, society, and the world. It may prevent teenagers to

try smoking. The focus is on the positive effects and benefits of being a non-

smoker. A child’s thinking will continually be influenced or affected by their

friends and community. They believe that everyone else is smoking and that

they should, as well. The aim of this research is to observed how many

teenagers 14-17 years old are smoking in Natumolan, Tagoloan Misamis

Oriental. Smoking habit starts because of friends or family. Between the age

group of 14 to 17 years old, a teenager is most likely to get attracted and

become a habit.
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

In this section, this will show the conceptual paradigm to present the figure of

the study:

The Impact of Cigarette The Health of Ages 14 to

Smoking 17

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework for The impact of cigarette

smoking in health to ages 14 to 17.

The figure shows the concept of this research entitled “The impact of cigarette

smoking in health to ages 14 to 17”. The independent variable is “The Impact

of Cigarette Smoking”. Health is essential in a human body. The dependent

variable is the The Health of Ages 14 to 17.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research study aimed to determine the impact of cigarette smoking to

ages 14 to 17, it addresses the following research questions:

1. What is the impact of cigarette smoking on the health of ages 14 to 17 in

Natumolan, Tagoloan?

2. How cigarette smoking affects the health of ages 14 to 17 in Natumolan,

Tagoloan?

3. Do respondents view healthy tips as helpful in quitting smoking?

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study seeks the impact of cigarette smoking in health to ages 14 to 17 in

Natumolan, Tagoloan. Hence, the findings of this study will be beneficial to

the following:

Teenagers

Through this study, the researchers can assure that those teenagers who

is/are planning on smoking cigarettes will not do it anymore, because of this

study, the researchers can prevent it by giving them a warning and orientation

about how cigarette smoking harms their bodies, outside and insides. And as

well, the researchers can help them in preventing their body harm because of

cigarette smoking.

Parents

Through this study, the researchers can help those parents experiencing

difficulties in controlling their children on cigarette smoking, where they will not

be conscious and worry anymore about their child’s health of having a bad

habit which is smoking cigarettes.

Vendors

Through this study, the researchers can prevent those vendors from being

jailed or having penalties because according to Republic Act No. 9211, also

known as the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003, it is the policy of the State to

protect the populace from hazardous products and promote the right to health

and instill health consciousness among them. It is also the policy of the State,
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consistent with the Constitutional ideal to promote the general welfare, to

safeguard the interests of the workers and other stakeholders in the tobacco

industry. For these purposes, the government shall institute a balanced policy

whereby the use, sale and advertisements of tobacco products shall be

regulated in order to promote a healthful environment and protect the citizens

from the hazards of tobacco smoke, and at the same time ensure that the

interests of tobacco farmers, growers, workers and stakeholders are not

adversely compromised. And cigarettes are not suitable for minors 18 years

old below.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study limits the impact of cigarette smoking on health among youth ages

14 to 17 in a community, Natumolan in the Municipality of Tagoloan province

of Misamis Oriental, during 2021.

Determining the factors of the impact of cigarette smoking in health of those

teenage male/female ages 14 to 17 years old was the main focus of this

research. The information needed will be gathered using interviewing every

teenage age 14-17 yrs. Old, surveys and research-made questionnaire. All of

the information and conclusions that gathered in this study came from every

teenage age 14-17 yrs. old that proved to smoking cigarette.

This study covers how cigarette smoking can impact the health of ages 14 to

17, and for all the individuals know that this will damage the human's health,

physically and mentally, this will also damage the insides of a human body.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS

Significant terms and used in this study are delineated for the purpose of

facilitating the comprehension of a certain concept presented in the form of

elucidation.

World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations

responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution, which

establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main

objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of

health.

Tobacco

Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the Nicotiana genus and

the Solanaceae family, and the general term for any product prepared from

the cured leaves of the tobacco plant. More than 70 species of tobacco are

known, but the chief commercial crop is N. tabacum.

Tobacco smoke

Tobacco smoke contains many chemicals that are harmful to smokers and

non-smokers. Breathing even small amounts of tobacco smoke can be

harmful. Of the more than 7,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke, at least 250 are

known to be harmful, including hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and

ammonia.
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Cigarette

A cigarette is a narrow cylinder containing psychoactive material, typically

tobacco, that is rolled into thin paper for smoking.

Prevalence

In epidemiology, prevalence is the proportion of a particular population found

to be affected by a medical condition at a specific time.

Determinants

A broad range of social, environmental, psychological, and genetic factors

have been associated with tobacco use, including gender, race and

ethnicity, age, income level, educational attainment, geographic location, and

disability.

Systematic Review

A systematic review is a review of a clearly formulated question that

uses systematic and reproducible methods to identify, select and critically

appraise all relevant research, and to collect and analyse data from the

studies that are included in the review.

Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple

scientific studies. Meta-analysis can be performed when there are multiple

scientific studies addressing the same question, with each

individual study reporting measurements that are expected to have some

degree of error.
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Adolescents

Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological

development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal

adulthood. Adolescence is usually associated with the teenage years, but its

physical, psychological or cultural expressions may begin earlier and end

later.

Nicotine

Nicotine is a chiral alkaloid that is naturally produced in the nightshade family

of plants and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic. As a

pharmaceutical drug, it is used for smoking cessation to relieve withdrawal

symptoms.

Health

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not

merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Antidepressants

Antidepressants are medications that can help relieve symptoms of

depression, social anxiety disorder, anxiety disorders, seasonal affective

disorder, and dysthymia, or mild chronic depression, as well as other

conditions.

Therapeutic

A therapeutic is a drug or treatment for an illness or condition.

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Drug abuse

Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals for the

purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain.

Self-administration

Self-administration is, in its medical sense, the process of a

subject administering a pharmacological substance to themself. A clinical

example of this is the subcutaneous "self-injection" of insulin by a diabetic

patient.

Department of Community Health and Preventive Medicine

Community Health and Preventive Medicine diagnoses health problems at

the community level and works with the community to develop a treatment

plan.

Critical international issue

Smoking represents a critical international issue for public health policy

makers and strategists. According to the World Health

Organisation, tobacco is the second major cause of death and the fourth most

common risk factor for disease, worldwide.

Public health policy

Public health policies are needed that reduce the barriers to physical activity

participation such that everyone can reap the benefits of physical activity.
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Primary health care

Primary healthcare is the first contact a person has with the health system

when they have a health problem. Primary healthcare is the provision

of health services, including diagnosis and treatment of a health condition,

and support in managing long-term healthcare, including chronic conditions

like diabetes.

Physicians

Physicians are doctors who offer non-surgical health care to patients. They

diagnose medical problems and monitor the patient's health until these

problems are resolved or stabilized. Their role also involves educating

patients on medical conditions and regarding preventative care.

International Labour Office

The International Labor Organization (ILO) is devoted to promoting social

justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights, pursuing its

founding mission that labour peace is essential to prosperity.

Republic Act No. 9211

An act regulating the packaging, use, sale, distribution and advertisements of

tobacco products and for other purposes

Industry

In macroeconomics, an industry is a branch of an economy that produces a

closely related set of raw materials, goods, or services. For example, one

might refer to the wood industry or the insurance industry.

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Policy

A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve

rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a

procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body

within an organization.

Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS)

The GYTS is a school-based survey designed to enhance the capacity of

countries to monitor tobacco use among youth and to guide the

implementation and evaluation of tobacco prevention and control

programmes. 

Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized

community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition,

government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. 

Tax

A tax is a compulsory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed on

a taxpayer (an individual or legal entity) by a governmental organization in

order to fund government spending and various public expenditures. A failure

to pay, along with evasion of or resistance to taxation, is punishable by law.

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Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the study of how a drug affects a biological system and how

the body responds to the drug. The discipline encompasses the sources,

chemical properties, biological effects and therapeutic uses of drugs. These

effects can be therapeutic or toxic, depending on many factors.

Toxicology

Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry,

pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of

chemical substances on living organisms and the practice of diagnosing and

treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.

Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These

harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as

volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or

runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and

land.

Global Tobacco Surveillance System

The purpose of the GTSS is to enhance the capacity of countries to design,

implement and evaluate their national comprehensive tobacco action plan and

to monitor the key articles of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco

Control (WHO FCTC).

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CDC

As the nation's health protection agency, CDC saves lives and protects

people from health threats. To accomplish our mission, CDC conducts critical

science and provides health information that protects our nation against

expensive and dangerous health threats, and responds when these arise.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the Literature and Studies in Foreign and Local Setting.

Literature & Studies in the Foreign Setting

World Health Organization Response (WHO)

According to the World Health Organization reports (WHO), 22% of the

world's population aged over 15 years are smokers and approximately six

million people die from tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke. Studies in

Iran show that about 26% of the Iranian men and 3.6% of the women

participating in the study are current smokers. Unfortunately, the prevalence

of smoking between college students is higher than in the general population

in Iran. The high prevalence of smoking (42.5%) among university students

was also reported by other investigators in the Middle-East countries.

Cigarette use among medical students is of particular concern because

medically educated persons play a leading role in the development of overall

public health policy and the prevention of tobacco use in the society. In some

studies, on medical students in the developed countries, the smoking rate was

16-21%. On the other hand, a multi-country survey in the developing countries

revealed a smoking prevalence rate of 11%, 6.7%, 10.6%, 17.8% and 17.4%

among medical students of Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh,

respectively. Although many researches are conducted in different countries,

there have been few researches on cigarette smoking in Iran. The authors
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reported that 16.79% of males and 0.69% of females were smokers. The

internship students showed the highest prevalence of smoking (17%) among

the medical students. The preliminary studies highlight the need for

performing more investigations on the prevalence and determinants of

tobacco use and developing effective cessation interventions for health

professional students.

2.2 Foreign Literature

Current Cigarette Smoking and Its Predictors among School-Going

Adolescents in East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Africa 2019 - In developing countries, tobacco smoking has its own

contribution to the burden of noncommunicable causes of morbidity and

mortality. Studies estimated the burden of cigarette smoking among school-

going adolescents in different geographical areas of East Africa. However,

due to discrepancies found among those different findings, there is no

representative data about the burden of smoking in the continent. Objectives.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled

prevalence of current cigarette smoking and its associated factors among

school-going adolescents in East Africa. Methods. PubMed, Google Scholar,

and the Web of Science Library were searched to access included articles. A

weighted inverse-variance random-effects model was used to estimate the

prevalence of current cigarette smoking. Variations in the pooled estimates of

the prevalence were adjusted through subgroup analysis according to the

specific country, where the study was conducted. Funnel plot and Egger’s
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regression test were used to check publication bias. STATA version 14

statistical software was used for meta-analysis. Results. A total of 26,875

school-going adolescents were included. The pooled prevalence of current

cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in East Africa was found

to be 9.02% (95%CI: 6.34-11.70). Based on the subgroup analysis, current

cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents was estimated at 9.8% in

Kenya, 7.72% in Ethiopia, 10.83% in Uganda, 13.6% in Sudan, and 4% in

Tanzania. Conclusions. This meta-analysis revealed that the prevalence of

current cigarette smoking is increasing among school-going adolescents in

East Africa. Therefore, countries have to realize sale prevention policies,

establishing and/or strengthening antismoking campaigners designed for

school-going adolescents, and providing training for teachers to be

antismoking campaigners. Tobacco smoking is one of the notable public

health threats killing more people than HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in

the world. It is projected that by the end of 2030, the number of deaths would

increase by 8 million per year and could account for 10% of the total global

mortality by 2020, killing nearly one billion people. Moreover, in developing

countries, tobacco smoking has been responsible for an increasing burden of

noncommunicable causes of deaths and diseases. Evidence shows that

sustained tobacco use leads to different health consequences due to

exposure to nicotine. For instance, major depression, anxiety, periodontal,

peripheral, vascular, and heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease, pneumonia, and lung cancers have been recorded among cigarette

smokers. Moreover, smoking also exposed smokers to many risky behaviors,

like fighting and unprotected sex. In the world, many adults mostly begin to
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smoke at the age of adolescence, the period at which young people are

usually exposed to tobacco experimentation and/or smoking their first

cigarettes. Today, more than 600,000 and 3 million middle- and high-school

students have experienced smoking cigarettes, respectively. Worldwide,

sustainable development goals have been planned to reduce cigarette

smoking by implementing different strategies like advertising restrictions,

changing policies, and implementing school health education and community

advocacy programs. For example, a school-based program can reduce short-

term smoking prevalence in the range of 30%-70%. This program can save

approximately between 2,000 and 20,000 US$ per QALY in contrast with the

total cost needed for other interventions, which ranges from 16,400 to

580,000 US$. Despite the implementation of adolescent-focused strategies,

cigarette smoking was reported as 51% in southern Brazil, 10.7% to 14.7% in

Taiwan, and 15.5% in Africa. The easy accessibility of tobacco, traditions and

moderate pricing, peer and family influence, and tobacco company

advertisements and promotional activities are some of the predisposing

factors to cigarette smoking among adolescents. Besides, male sex, age, type

of school, alcohol use, no exposure to antismoking media messages, lack of

attention at schools, exposure to the movies with smoker actors, and smoker

teachers are identified associated factors from previous studies. Investing on

the prevention of young people from smoking is the sole strategy to mitigate

the health consequences. According to research, East Africa falls in the range

of 4% to 32% by the magnitude of school-going adolescent smokers although

there have been no continent-based representative data. Therefore, this study

aimed to estimate the overall prevalence of current cigarette smoking and its
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associated factors among school-going adolescents in East Africa in order to

contribute to a continent-based policy formulation.

2.3 Foreign Study

According to Nazary et al. (February 16,2010) - the prevalence of smoking

among 320 male medical sciences students (174 studying for a medical

degree, 95 a bachelor degree and 51 an associate degree) in Semnan,

Islamic Republic of Iran. A self-administrated, anonymous questionnaire was

used. The prevalence of smoking was 14.4%; 45.6% of the smokers started

smoking between the ages of 18 and 20 years, 43.5% starting at university.

There was no significant difference in the prevalence between students

undertaking different college degrees and also those having different types of

accommodation. However, the smoking behavior of friends and family was

significantly correlated with smoking in the students. Smoking amongst

medical sciences students, who will become the health professionals of the

future, needs to be addressed. And also studied the prevalence of smoking

among male students in Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, and

found a smoking rate of 14.4%.

2.4 Foreign Study

In another study, according to Ahmadi J. (September 6c,2001) - the

prevalence of cigarette smoking among students of Shiraz University of

Medical Sciences. The authors reported that 16.79% of males and 0.69% of

females were smokers. The internship students showed the highest

prevalence of smoking (17%) among the medical students. The preliminary

studies highlight the need for performing more investigations on the

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prevalence and determinants of tobacco use and developing effective

cessation interventions for health professional students.

2.5 Foreign Study

According to Almerie MQ and the medical students. (September 12,2008) -

Previous studies in other cities of Iran revealed that prevalence of smoking

was 9%, 6%, 11% and 7.4% in Shiraz, Golestan, Kerman and Ardabil

Universities of Medical Sciences, respectively. Therefore, it seems that the

prevalence of smoking among Iranian health professional students is

approximately in the range of 6% to 11%. Regarding the other countries in the

Middle-East, approximately similar prevalence (11%) was found by Almerie et

al. among the medical students of Syria.

2.6 Foreign Study

According to Griffiths S. (January 1-3,2009) In total, 313 medical students

participated in this study (response rate 44.7%). Only 7.2% [95% confidence

interval (CI) 4.3-10.1] reported having ever smoked and 0.7% (95% CI 0-

1.6%) were current smokers. ETS exposure at home was reported by 19.3%

(95% CI 14.9-23.8) of students, but the proportion of ETS exposure in public

places was much higher (61.6%, 95% CI 56.2-67.1%). More than 85% of

students had positive attitudes towards tobacco control, but 30.8% (95% CI

25.6-36.0) disagreed with banning smoking in disco/bars/pubs. Although the

majority (93.1%, 95% CI 90.3-96.0) of students thought that health

professionals should receive specific training for counselling on smoking

cessation, only 38.0% (95% CI 32.5-43.5) reported having received any

formal training in this area.

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2.7 Foreign Study

According to Linda G. Haddad. (November 2002) - They estimated the

prevalence of smoking and describe the habits, attitudes, and practices

related to smoking among students of Jordan University of Science and

Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan. Students (n = 650) were recruited in

randomly selected, cluster samples drawn from the medical and engineering

colleges of JUST. They were made familiar with a modified Arabic version of

the World Health Organization Smoking Questionnaire and the Attitudes

towards Smoking Questionnaire to study their habits, attitudes, and beliefs in

relation to smoking. The study revealed that the prevalence of smoking was

28.6% (50.2% among males and 6.5% among females). Friends, not family,

were the main source of the first smoking, and this most often occurred after

15 years of age (82.3%). Males preferred smoking in the cafeteria, females in

the bathroom. The main advantage of smoking for males was calming down,

while for females it was independence. Non-smokers chose not to smoke

because of health and hatred of the habit. The non-smokers had more

positive attitudes against smoking and were more aware of the adverse

effects of smoking. The reasons smokers gave for starting smoking were

pleasure, followed by stress and curiosity. Two-thirds of smokers intended to

quit smoking in the future. Some smokers disagreed with some criticisms

against smoking, and reasons why they did not want to quit included social

attitudes, addiction, and not knowing how to quit. Results of this study may

provide baseline data to develop an anti-smoking program in the university

and encourage policy makers to limit smoking in the university by

strengthening the policies against smoking.

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2.8 Foreign Study

According to La Torre G. (October 9,2011) - In total, 2249 subjects entered

the study (overall response rate 92%). The overall prevalence of smoking

among medical students was 29.3% (95% confidence interval 28.1-34.7), with

percentages ranging from 28% in Germany to 31.3% in Italy. This study found

that more than two-thirds of medical students believe that health professionals

are role models for patients, with different beliefs in Poland (89.6%) and

Germany (77.7%) vs Italy and Spain (57.2% and 54.4%, respectively) (P <

0.001). Smoking cessation training at medical school was only reported by

16.5% of students (lowest proportion in Italy, 3.5%) (P < 0.001). In terms of

smoking cessation methods, the vast majority (89.8%) of medical students

were aware of nicotine patches and gum (highest prevalence in Spain,

96.3%), and 24.4% were aware of the use of antidepressants (highest

prevalence in Germany, 33.6%).

2.9 Foreign Study

In other studies, according to Mohammad Hossein Boskabady (January 7-9

2011) - In total, 1435 individuals were interviewed including 999 males and

436 females. The number of smokers among the interviewed individuals was

183 (12.7%) including 172 male (17.2%) and 11 females (2.5%). The results

showed that all values of PFTs in smokers were reduced. There were

significant negative correlations between smoking duration and rate as

pack/year and values of PFT (p<0.05).

3.0 Foreign Study

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According to Ohida T, Kamal AA (April 2001) - Over the 1-year period, the

prevalence of smoking among nursing students increased by 10% for

students at the vocational schools of nursing (n = 224) and by 3% for students

at the nursing colleges/universities (n = 222). The average score for nicotine

dependence for students who were daily smokers at both time points rose

from 3.6 to 4.4 (P < 0.05). Two factors found to significantly predict smoking

behavior were having friends who smoke and living alone.

3.1 Foreign Study

According to Ylli Vakefllui (March 2002) - In the first and fifth years of

medical school, 149 (68.5% women) and 185 (55% women) students,

respectively, completed the questionnaire, with overall response rates of 82

and 92%. Tobacco smoking prevailed among males. The smoking rates

among first-year medical students were 34% among men and 5% among

women. Among fifth-year students, 55% of the men and 34% of the women

smoked. The percentages of occasional smokers were 29 and 49%,

respectively, among the first- and fifth-year students who smoked. Most

medical students reported knowing the health hazards of tobacco. Most

students in both groups believed that smoking should be restricted in

hospitals. Slightly more than half of the students stated that they will regularly

advise smokers against smoking in their future jobs.

3.2 Foreign Study

According to Antonieto Espelimburgo and Lester Baylon- A drug has been

defined as any substance that when absorbed into a living organism may

modify one or more of its physiological functions. The term is generally used
 59

in reference to a substance taken for a therapeutic purpose and as well as

abused substances. Drug abuse has also been defined as self-administration

of drugs for non-medical reasons, in quantities and frequencies which may

impart inability to function effectively and which may result in physical, social

and/or emotional harm. Another author has defined it as the unspecified use

of a drug other than for legitimate purposes. Using this latter definition,

substances that have been abused in Kenya would include antibiotics, anti-

diarrhea, laxatives and pain-relieving drugs. Why do so many students use

cigarettes to under age? We all know need to be of age to use cigarettes must

have aged the use of cigarettes. If minor smoking. abused the student under

the age so many dying under the proper age. What should you do to avoid

smoking students and How can we stop smoking student and in what way to

stop smoking student? You cannot stop smoking student. No time not

restricted smoking students. If we help to prevent smoking students can find a

student who restrained them smoke. and conform to ever lose that cigarette in

the Philippines to life. and not allow the government to use and purchase of

cigarettes and none of dying early deaths student. Most people who become

smokers start in their teens. Tobacco companies are desperate to get teens

hooked; as hundreds of thousands of adult smokers die off and quit, tobacco

companies need teens to start smoking, so the tobacco companies can stay

in business. Teens need to know how tobacco companies are targeting them,

so they can fight back. Each day, between 82,000 and 99,000 young people

around the world start smoking. Smoking rates for youth climbed in the early

1990s, but have been slowly declining. Almost 20 per cent of Philippian teens

(aged 12-19) currently smoke (daily or occasionally). In Philippines the

 60

smoking rates are generally higher among males than females. On average,

males smoke more cigarettes a day than females. Youth smokers make more

attempts to quit smoking than adult smokers.

3.3 Foreign Study

According to Suzzanne L. Tyas and Linda L. Pederson - Department of

Community Health and Preventive Medicine, Morehouse School of

Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA- In

recent years, increasing efforts have been made to reduce the prevalence of

tobacco use and the exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in both the

United States and Canada. These efforts have been somewhat successful:

the prevalence of smoking in the general population has declined by over

15% in the past 25 years. The reduction seen in adults, however, has not

been noted in adolescents particularly young females in addition, the stable

rates of the recent past have changed in the past two years and now indicate

a rise in smoking among young people. The argument for smoking prevention

among adolescents is based on the observation that, if smoking does not start

during adolescence, it is unlikely ever to occur and on data indicating that the

probability of cessation among adults is inversely related to age at initiation.

Even infrequent experimental smoking in adolescence significantly increases

the risk of adult smoking. Once smoking has begun, cessation is difficult and

smoking is likely to be a long-term addiction. For example, it has been

estimated that the median cessation age, for those born from 1975 through

1979 who begin smoking in adolescence, is 33 years for men and 37 years for

women. Based on a median initiation age of 16 to 17 years, the predicted

duration of smoking is 16 and 20 years for 50% of the males and females
 59

respectively. Prevention of the onset of adolescent smoking is thus an

essential component of efforts to reduce the overall prevalence of smoking

and its attendant morbidity and mortality. Although there are educational

programmed available with demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the

prevalence of adolescent smoking over the short term, the longer-term

evaluations are not as encouraging. The differences in smoking levels

between treated and control groups appear to dissipate over time, and

disappear completely after six years. Further evaluations of these educational

efforts are warranted, with consideration given to methodological problems

inherent in such studies (such as potential bias resulting from losses to follow

up, and possible effects of interventions other than the one being evaluated).

There is, however, also a need to continue to examine research on an

etiology of smoking in young people. Research and theory must be directed

toward understanding why some individuals smoke and others do not.

3.4 Foreign Study

According to Eva J. Salber, M.D., and Brian MacMahon, M.D., F.A.P.H.A,

November, 1959- a questionnaire on tobacco smoking patterns was

administered to the students of the public high schools (grades 7 through 12)

in Newton, Mass. Among other things, information was sought on students'

smoking patterns, parental smoking habits, and parental occupation. The

present report presents data on smoking patterns in relation to social class, as

measured by parental occupation, and on the relationship between parental

and student smoking. These relationships are examined using information

from the single comprehensive senior high school, which houses grades 10,

11, and 12, corresponding approximately to ages 15, 16, and 17. The student
 60

body of this high school has approximately 80 per cent of the Newton

population of appropriate age. Details of this survey will be reported

elsewhere, but it should be pointed out that the questionnaires were

completed in school time under supervision of the school teachers. The

questionnaires were signed by the students but were sealed by them and not

opened until they reached the study staff. The students were assured that

their answers would not become known to teachers or parents. The

questionnaires were completed by 92 per cent (2,891) of the school's student

body. The missing students included those absent from school or excused by

the housemaster because of duties elsewhere. One questionnaire had to be

excluded because of unstated sex, and five because of unstated smoking

habits. In the present analysis an additional 62 questionnaires had to be

excluded because of lack of information on parental occupation. The basis of

this report is the 2,823 completed questionnaires that remained.

3.5 Foreign Study

According to Derek R. Smith and Peter A. Leggat(2007) - Smoking

represents a critical international issue for public health policy makers and

strategists. According to the World Health Organization, tobacco is the second

major cause of death and the fourth most common risk factor for disease,

worldwide. If current trends continue it will be causing around 10 million

deaths each year by 2020, with approximately 650 million fatalities overall.

Smoking also represents a key issue in the medical profession, as physicians

play a leading role in tobacco usage prevention in the community, and a key

position in the development of overall public health policy. Medical

professionals are on the frontlines of primary health care, and research has
 59

shown that medical interventions can be effective in helping patients to quit

smoking. In this role, physicians are widely viewed as exemplars by the

community, their patients and their colleagues. Indeed, the physicians' office

and hospital should be a model of non-smoking behavior, and, as early as

1976, it was suggested that physicians could best persuade patients to quit if

they themselves did not smoke. Aside from its significant impact on patients'

health, tobacco usage also represents an important occupational health issue

in the medical profession. According to the International Labour Office (ILO),

the promotion of smoke-free environments forms a key part of any healthy

and safe workplace. Interestingly, some of the first epidemiological research

demonstrating the adverse health effects of tobacco smoking was actually

conducted among a cohort of British physicians. So important was Doll and

Hill's 1954 study of British doctors that it was republished by the British

Medical Journal 50 years later and remains a milestone in public health to this

day. Further research from the United States (US) also supported the

preliminary British findings with regard to smoking hazards. Although the

dangers of smoking are now well-known throughout the medical profession,

physicians have not always set a good example for patients. In the 20 th

century for example, some physicians even advertised cigarettes. Smoking

rates among them were also quite high. Some of the earliest large-scale

epidemiological research from the United States revealed that around 40% of

physicians were smokers in 1959, a figure which had fallen to 21% by the mid

1970s. By the mid 1980s, around 17% of US physicians were still smoking

cigarettes and 8% smoking pipes or cigars. A large prospective study

undertaken by the American Cancer Society in 1982 revealed a smoking

 60

prevalence rate of around 25% among physicians. Subsequent National

Health Interview Surveys found that the national smoking rate for physicians

in the US had fallen dramatically between 1987 and 1994, and was below

10% by the mid 1990s. Similar downward trends were also seen in

Scandinavia and the Netherland during the latter half of last century. Although

these investigations suggest that physicians' smoking rates are probably

declining in many parts of the world, international trends have not been clearly

elucidated. Furthermore, few, if any, researchers have comprehensively

reviewed tobacco-smoking habits in the medical profession from a global

perspective. This represents an unfortunate oversight in the literature, as data

on physicians' smoking habits has at least two direct benefits for health care

policy makers. Firstly, it can help predict how effective any potential anti-

smoking campaigns in the wider community might actually be. Secondly, and

perhaps most importantly, contemporary tobacco usage data allows public

health policy makers to determine how soon their overall community

prevalence rate might decline. Given such clear benefits, the aim of our

investigation therefore, was to undertake a comprehensive review of

international tobacco smoking surveys, which have been conducted among

physicians over the past 30 years. The main research question was, what

proportion of physicians are smoking in what countries, and how have their

habits changed over time.

 59

Literatures & Studies in the Local Setting

Republic Act No. 9211, Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 by the

Government Law

Philippines, June 23,2003 - The Government approved an act regulating of

the packaging, usage, selling, distribution and advertisement of any Tobacco

products for the safety and other purposes. It is the policy of the State to

protect the populace from hazardous products and promote the right to health

and instill health consciousness among them. It is also the policy of the State,

consistent with the Constitutional ideal to promote the general welfare, to

safeguard the interests of the workers and other stakeholders in the tobacco

industry. For these purposes, the government shall institute a balanced policy

whereby the use, sale and advertisements of tobacco products shall be

regulated in order to promote a healthful environment and protect the citizens

from the hazards of tobacco smoke, and at the same time ensure that the

interests of tobacco farmers, growers, workers and stakeholders are not

adversely compromised.

This policy that has been approved is not so effective because there are some

vendors that are so hardheaded that still selling cigarettes to minors in the

name of money, even those there is a policy about it. This situation will never

occur if the local Government is taking care of it, because some of the local

Governments they didn’t mind and some mind it but lack of monitoring and

observation so that those minors will never be tempted on buying cigarettes,

that they can’t harm their selves of it because they did not smoke cigarettes

and those vendors will not sale anymore to minors.

 60

3.7 Local Literature

14% of Filipino youth found smoking

Philippines June 29, 2016 - MORE than one in every eight Filipino aged 13–

15 years old have been found to be puffing tobacco products, according to the

Youth and Tobacco in the Western Pacific Region: Global Youth Tobacco

Survey (GYTS) 2005-2014 report of the World Health Organization (WHO).

According to the latest GYTS report of the WHO Western Pacific Regional

Office (WPRO), 13.7 percent of those aged 13 to 15 years old in the

Philippines are using tobacco products. This makes the Philippines rank 15th

among the highest out of the 22 countries subjected to the GYTS, said the

report. Leading the pack of having the highest number of youth smokers in the

region is Papua New Guinea with 47.7 percent of their youth using tobacco

products. Rounding out the top 10 are Pacific countries Palau (45.4%);

Micronesia (43.3%). Solomon Islands (40.2%); Kiribati (37.1%); Tuvalu

(36.4%); Tonga (35.7%); Cook Islands (35.1%); Marshall Islands (25.9%); and

Vanuatu (25.6%). According to the GYTS, overall estimates of 8.2 percent of

the region’s youth (or 5.3 million students) are found to be using tobacco

products. “Most smokers start using tobacco at a young age and continue

throughout adulthood. As a consequence, a significant proportion will

experience tobacco-related illness and death,” said WHO Regional Director

for the Western Pacific Dr Shin Young-soo in a statement. The WHO, then,

called on member-states to put more attention in protecting the youth from

tobacco harms. This, the WHO official said, is especially important since most

smokers start using tobacco at a young age and continue throughout

adulthood. “We must remain vigilant to ensure that the future of our youth
 59

won't be marred by tobacco's deplorable harms. To use the youth as today's

tobacco customers is unacceptable," said Shin. Tobacco use has been

proven to result to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic respiratory

disease, further resulting in premature disease and death. The WHO noted

how, globally, tobacco claims six million lives each year with 30 percent of all

tobacco-related deaths occurring in the Western Pacific Region.

3.8 Local Study

According to Emer Rojas, a cancer survivor and the president of the

antismoking group New Vois Association of the Philippines, said he hoped the

new measure would significantly reduce smoking in a country where it is

common to see adults and children smoking on the street. He said the

national smoking ban could also save thousands of Filipinos — smokers and

those around them, who endure secondhand smoke — from cancer and other

illnesses.

“More will be saved from debilitating diseases and premature deaths, and this

executive order supports other tobacco control initiatives, such as the graphic

health warning law,” Mr. Rojas said.

Strict enforcement of a prohibition on tobacco sales to minors has been a

challenge for the government. The World Health Organization’s Global

Tobacoo Epidemic report in 2015 estimated that 11.8 percent of Filipinos

ages 13 to 15 used tobacco. Small neighborhood stores in the Philippines

commonly sell single cigarettes even to minors, who often say they are

running errands for their elders. In its report, the W.H.O. said higher taxes on

tobacco products should accompany antismoking laws. It said that only a few
 60

governments appropriately taxed tobacco products, a “proven, low-cost

measure to curb demand. "The W.H.O. estimates that the average pack of 20

cigarettes costs almost 27 pesos (54 cents) in the Philippines, with more than

74 percent of that attributed to taxes.

3.9 Local Study

According to Makalinao, R. Awang Department of Pharmacology and

Toxicology, University of the Philippines College of Medicine, Philippines/

National Poison Centre, University Sains Malaysia. (2003)

The majority of studies on the hazards of cigarette smoking in children are

linked to secondhand smoke. However, very little is said about the dangers of

smoking initiation at an early age and the multiple triggers involved and

nicotine addiction. Studies from NIDA have shown that addiction is a result of

a combination of environmental factors, genetic differences, and the unique

susceptibility of the target population. Thus, it would be interesting to find out

the knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of young children with regards to

cigarette smoking. This paper aims to provide an overview of smoking in

children using data gathered separately from the Philippines and Malaysia

representing the same geographical location but with diverse cultural and

religious backgrounds. The Philippine study consisted of children aged 6–14

years. By 7.67 + 1.36 years, 80 percent knew what cigarettes were. Their

main sources of information were television, parents, and neighbors. Within

their lifetime, 9.5 percent were offered cigarettes either by friends and

neighbors or their parents. The mean age of smoking initiation was 11.11 +

1.05 years (range = 6 –13 years). Even if 84 percent of the children believed
 59

that cigarette smoking will make you sick, 4.1 percent still tried smoking.

Curiosity, peer pressure, and loneliness were the top three reasons given for

trying cigarettes. Fortunately, 48 percent still do not like to smoke because

their parents prohibit it. While 37 percent and 40 percent of the children do not

like to try marijuana and methamphetamine respectively because the law

prohibits its use, only 10–11 percent think that the law prohibits cigarette

smoking. Among the variables included in this study, the following were found

to be statistically significant risk factors for cigarette use among children: (1)

Mean age between user (11.11 years) and non-users (10.35 + 1.2) with a p

value <. 002, (2) Male sex with an Odd’s ratio (OR) = 1.99 and 95 percent CI

(0.83, 4.84), and (3) Being offered a cigarette with an OR= 14 (5.96, 36.98).

Results from a survey conducted during “World NO Tobacco Day” in three

states in Malaysia, 20 percent of the 10–12-year-old respondents claimed

they were smoking while 42percent, 29 percent, and 25percent of the

respondents aged 13–15, 16–18, and 19–20 respectively were already

smoking. In each age group, more boys smoked with 25 percent smoking by

10–12 years and 56 percent by age 13–15. Based on an adult survey

conducted simultaneously, 14.75 percent claimed smoking before age 10 and

13.11 percent by age 10–15 years. The study showed a positive association

between parents who smoke and children who smoke. Different logos of

cigarette brands were shown to the children to find out the impact of direct

advertising versus brand stretching. Responses to popular brands showed

that the children associate them with cigarettes, while those who do not

smoke associate them with fashion, sports, music, and vacation, among

others. Interestingly, both smokers and non-smokers can correctly identify the
 60

logo of a cigarette that sponsored a sports event on national television. While

the variables focused on by these two studies were different, one can see that

for both races, even in early adolescence (10–12 years) or younger children

already smoked. In the Philippines and Malaysia, parents may play a pivotal

role either in deterring or influencing smoking initiation. Media advertising

either directly or indirectly is another important factor in smoking initiation.

Regardless of race, religion, or creed, we need to focus on our children as

industry documents show that they are the present targets for nicotine

addiction.

4.0 Local Study

LA TRINIDAD, Benguet, Dec. 12 (PIA) -- According to Medical Officer

Meliarazon F. Dulay of the Provincial Health Office. The damage that

smoking does to the environment is unquantifiable, according to “Tobacco

and the Environment, an Action on Smoking and Health (ASH) Factsheet,

Dulay explained during the recent Health and Environment Summit

spearheaded by the Municipal Health Services and the Municipal

Environment and Natural Resources Office. The cigarette contains 7,000

chemicals which are toxic when ingested by children and eaten by mistake

among household pets and animals including fish and other marine life. The

sight of cigarettes and packages disappearing into a storm and drain may

ease the guilt of a litterer but those often find their way into bodies of water,

and subsequently, the stomachs of marine wildlife. The cigarette butt, the

most littered worldwide, is non-biodegradable composed of cellulose acetate,

a plastic that may disperse into smaller pieces. It said that smoking releases

about 2.6 billion kilograms of carbon dioxide in the air worldwide every year
 59

which is not good for the health. It also releases about 5.2 billion kilograms of

methane every year which is a toxic substance. Its effect to the environment

in quantifiable amount is dangerous to second hand smoke and also air

pollution. Ninety percent of the smoke from a cigarette is released into the air

creating side stream or the emission of smoke from the lighted end of a

cigarette or cigar. It is also the main source of indoor pollution. In addition,

tobacco curing directly contributes to global warming. It contributes to

deforestation as millions of hectares of trees are being cut down for its

plantation. Consequently, it causes soil erosion, desertification, making the

land unfit for agriculture. Tobacco plants use more nutrients than several

crops which quickly degrades the surrounding soil. As to cigarette production,

Dulay said a tree is cut down for every 300 cigarettes. Trees are also used to

process tobacco leaves, produce paper to package and wrap the cigarettes.

Green tobacco sickness is also experienced among farmers and workers

exposed to tobacco production. The manifestations are nausea, vomiting,

weakness, headache, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, abdominal cramps,

changes in heart rates and blood pressure. They are exposed to nicotine

especially when in direct skin contact to wet tobacco leaves. On the structural

and physical consequences, one-third of fire incidences around the world are

caused by careless smoking. Dulay stressed the need to cooperate in order to

lessen the impact of cigar and cigarette smoking for better physical health and

a better environment to live in.

4.1 Local Study

According to Helena B. Florendo- Cigarette smoking is always harmful since

it is one of the primary reasons for human death, however, smoking can be
 60

prevented. In the Philippines, there are dearth of studies conducted that deal

with cigarette smoking and anxiety among college students. The main

purpose of the study is to find out the cigarette-smoking behavior among

college students and its correlates to anxiety. The researcher used of

questionnaires, standardized test and interviews to gather data. Likewise,

descriptive-correlational method, purposive sampling and SPSS were utilized.

Out of 1,866 freshman students surveyed in Isabela State University Main

Campus, Philippines, 286 were current smokers. Findings revealed that most

of the participants are in their adolescence stage, male dominated, received

minimal allowance, have parents with high educational attainment, and their

parents’ jobs require physical labor. Results showed that peer, familial, mass

media, environmental factors respectively except for the teacher factor had

considerable impact on the smoking behavior of the participants. Findings

indicated that most of the smokers have a high level of anxiety. Anxiety is

significantly related to the developmental stage when one started smoking

and sticks he/she consumed per day. An intervention program aimed at

reducing anxiety and cigarette smoking among students need further

research.

4.2 Local Study

By Santos Digal- 30% of girls between 13- and 15-years old smoke regularly.

90% of women say they are aware of the risks of smoking, but aren't quitting.

At the university hospital of Manila, a strict anti-smoking rule is in effect: those

who are caught smoking are suspended. According to a recent study

conducted by the Southeast Asia Tabacco Control Alliance, 18.7% of Filipino

young women between the ages of 13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The numbers
 59

go up if the sample is restricted to teenagers between 13 and 15: 3 out of 10

already have the smoking habit. Among female smokers, 60% say that they

smoked their first cigarette at the age of 18, while the remaining 40% say they

started when they were still very young. They continue to smoke despite the

fact that they are aware of the risks connected to smoking: nine girls out of ten

know that smoking can cause lung cancer, infertility, early menopause,

osteoporosis, and hysterectomy. For this reason, the country has begun an

anti-smoking campaign supported by the local Catholic Church: the first

initiatives include that of putting warning labels on packaging. Sister Tina

Aguilar, director of the University of Santo Tomas Hospital, focuses attention

on parents and teachers, who "must be the first to monitor minors and their

behavior." The Catholic university center welcomes more than 40,000

students, and has implemented a strict ban on smoking. The anti-tobacco

campaign is inflexible: before being admitted, every student must sign a

document declaring that he or she will not smoke or take drugs. The health

services of the university also provide for surprise checkups among students,

to verify that the agreement is being respected. Those who test positive are

suspended, and cannot attend classes.

4.3 Local Study

By M Miguel-Baquilod, MD, Philippines Dept of Health. B Fishburn, MPP,

J Santos, MPH, Western Pacific Regional Office, World Health

Organization, Manila, Philippines. NR Jones, PhD, CW Warren, PhD,

Office of Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease

Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. - Tobacco use is one of the major

preventable causes of premature death and disease in the world. A

 60

disproportionate share of the global tobacco burden falls on developing

countries, where an estimated 84% of the world’s 1.3 billion current smokers

live. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), part of the Global Tobacco

Surveillance System (GTSS) initiated by the World Health Organization

(WHO) and CDC, was developed to monitor youth tobacco use, attitudes

about tobacco, and exposure to tobacco smoke, and has been completed by

approximately 1.4 million students in 133 countries. A key goal of GTSS is for

countries to conduct the GYTS every 4 years. This report presents findings

from the GYTS conducted in the Philippines in 2000 and 2003, which

revealed substantial declines in the proportions of students aged 13-15 years

who currently smoked cigarettes, currently used other tobacco products, were

likely to start smoking in the next year, or were exposed to secondhand

smoke in public places. The findings also indicated an increase in the

proportion of students who supported bans on smoking in public places, had

learned about the dangers of tobacco use in school, and had seen

antitobacco messages in media and advertising. Public health authorities in

the Philippines should evaluate their current tobacco-control programs and

enhance or expand them to further reduce youth smoking. GYTS is a school-

based survey that collects data from students aged 13-15 years by using a

standardized methodology for constructing the sample frame, selecting

participating schools and classes, and processing data. GYTS uses a two-

stage, cluster-sample design that produces representative samples of

students in grades associated with ages 13-15 years. In the Philippines, this

age range is covered by the second, third, and fourth years of secondary

school; the GYTS sampling frame included all secondary schools containing
 59

these grade levels. At the first sampling stage, the probability of selecting a

school was proportional to the number of students enrolled in the specified

grades. At the second stage, classes within the selected schools were

randomly selected. All students attending school in the selected classes on

the day the survey was administered were eligible to participate. In 2000, a

total of 11,630 students completed the GYTS, and in 2003, a total of 7,478

completed the survey. The school response rate was 90.0% in 2000 and

99.3% in 2003; the student response rates were 88.7% and 85.4%,

respectively; and the overall response rates (i.e., school rate multiplied by

student rate) were 79.7% and 84.8%, respectively. This analysis compared

the 2000 and 2003 survey results by using several indicators of tobacco use.

The indicators included lifetime cigarette smoking, age of initiation of cigarette

smoking, current cigarette smoking, current use of other tobacco products,

likelihood of never smokers to initiate smoking in the next year, exposure to

secondhand smoke, tobacco education, exposure to tobacco images in media

and advertising, cessation efforts, and access to tobacco. All differences

noted are statistically significant (p<0.05) with nonoverlapping 95%

confidence intervals. In both years, approximately four in 10 students in the

Philippines reported ever smoking cigarettes (i.e., even one or two puffs):

42.8% in 2000 and 41.9% in 2003. Adolescent boys were significantly more

likely than adolescent girls to have ever smoked. Approximately one in eight

students who had smoked cigarettes reported smoking their first cigarette

before age 10 years: 12.9% in 2000 and 12.7% in 2003, with no significant

difference between adolescent boys and girls. Current tobacco uses and likely

initiation of smoking among never smokers declined significantly from 2000 to

 60

2003. The percentage of students who reported being current cigarette

smokers or currently using other tobacco products declined significantly.

Among adolescent boys, the percentage of current smokers declined by

approximately one third, from 32.6% in 2000 to 21.8% in 2003. Among

adolescent girls, the decline was similar, from 12.9% in 2000 to 8.8% in 2003.

Current use of other tobacco products declined by nearly half for both

adolescent boys and adolescent girls, from 18.3% in 2000 to 10.9% in 2003

for adolescent boys and from 9.5% in 2000 to 5.7% in 2003 for adolescent

girls. The percentage of students who had never smoked but were likely to

initiate smoking in the next year also decreased by nearly half, from 26.5% in

2000 to 13.8% in 2003. Changes in current tobacco use were mirrored by

other results that indicated an increase in antismoking sentiment in the

Philippines. Although the percentage of students who reported that their

parents smoked did not change (approximately 56% in both 2000 and 2003),

the percentage of students reporting exposure to secondhand smoke in public

places declined from 74.6% in 2000 to 59.0% in 2003. In addition, support for

bans on smoking in public places more than doubled, from 39.2% of students

in 2000 to 88.7% in 2003, and the percentage of students who reported

learning in school about the health hazards of tobacco use increased from

58.6% in 2000 to 68.0% in 2003. A greater percentage (90.3%) of students

reported seeing an antitobacco message in the media in 2003 than in 2000

(83.4%). The percentage of current smokers who were not refused purchase

of tobacco products because of their age increased from 46.6% in 2000 to

62.8% in 2003. The percentage of students who reported being offered free

cigarettes decreased from 17.6% in 2000 to 13.9% in 2003. In addition, a

 59

small but significant increase was observed in the percentage of students who

reported seeing tobacco advertising on billboards (84.4% in 2000 versus

87.6% in 2003).

4.4 Local Study

According to Gabriel Garcia, November 2010 - Philippines has one of the

highest cigarette smoking rates in Southeast Asia, yet few studies have been

published on the smoking patterns and behaviors of Filipinos. The purpose of

this study is to identify environmental, demographic, cognitive, lifestyle, and

personal health factors associated with smoking cigarettes among Filipinos in

the Philippines. METHODS: This study analyzed the 2000 Adult Philippine

Behavioral Risk Factor Survey. Both bivariate and multivariate analyses were

conducted to identify factors associated with being a never smoker, current

smoker, and former smoker for both Filipino men and women. Using STATA,

data were weighted and results were adjusted to reflect the general Philippine

adult population. RESULTS: Approximately 53% of men and 9% of women

are current smokers. Factors independently associated with smoking among

men include being married and employed in agriculture or blue-collar industry,

while factors associated with smoking among women include having less than

a college degree and being older. Drinking alcohol and the interaction effect of

living in an urban community and having negative attitude toward anti-

smoking policies were associated with smoking for both men and women.

CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the factors associated with smoking

cigarettes among Filipinos are gender specific. They also show that there is a

significant interaction between one's type of community and one's attitudes

toward anti-smoking policies. Tobacco prevention and control efforts should

 60

not be a one-size-fits-all approach. Program planners should develop

interventions within the context of the male and female perspective and the

type of community they live.

 59

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the following methodology to be used in this

study. Specifically, it discusses the following: research design, respondents of

the study, research instruments to be used in gathering data, scoring and

statistical treatments.

Research Design

This study will employ the use of the descriptive style of research to

determine the impact of cigarette smoking to ages 14 to 17 in Natumolan,

Tagoloan. The descriptive type of research design was being utilized in this

research in order to get the data and findings. It can answer what, when,

where, and how questions, but not why questions Shona McCombes (2020).

This is also a quantitative method where survey will be utilize to describe the

impact of cigarette smoking to ages 14 to 17 in Natumolan, Tagoloan.

This quantitative research is a systematic process that collects data to

determine the impact of cigarette smoking in health to ages 14 to 17 in

Natumolan, Tagoloan. Quantitative research design is a formal, objective,

systematic process in which data are used to obtain and gather information

about the research topic.

 60

Participants of the Study

This study shall employ the use of simple random sampling. Simple

random sampling is a type of probability sampling in which the researchers

randomly selects a subset of participants from a population. Each member of

the population has an equal chance of being selected (Scribbr 2020). Since

the study is intended to the impact of cigarette smoking to ages 14 to 17 in

Natumolan, Tagoloan, the researchers chose to do the research to the

random selected participants since the current situations nowadays is new

normal.

Research Instruments

The research instrument used in this research is a survey type

questionnaire. There are two (2) parts of the research instrument. Part I of the

research instrument consists of the items which gathers respondent’s profile

such as gender and age, any further personal information is not included. Part

II of the research instruments is composed of 15 questions which can be

answered by yes or no. The survey questionnaire requires a minimum of five

(5) minutes and a maximum of twenty (20) minutes to answer.

 59

Data Gathering Procedure

After the validation of the research instrument, the researchers ask

permission to the subject teacher to conduct a survey to gather data that is

useful for the research. The researcher conducts the survey after the approval

of the teacher. The researchers also ask the respondent the permission in

conducting the research. Due to the situation today that the people

experiencing the health risks due to the CORONA VIRUS, maximum health

protocols must be met. In order to keep everyone safe, face to face

transactions is not encourage. The researcher conducts the survey through

online using the Google forms. The researcher instructed the respondent on

what to do before answering the questionnaire. The respondents answer it

with all their honesty and to the best of their knowledge. It is also added to the

respondents that their answers will remain confidential.

Statistical Treatment

The response made by the respondents of the research includes their

age and gender. Through the survey questionnaires given by the researcher,

questions regarding the impact of cigarette smoking in health ages 14 to 17

were answered by the respondents based on their perspective and

understanding. In providing the overall picture of the results of the survey,

summary of presentation will also presented.

The 31 population of the participants in Natumolan, Tagoloan replied to

the online questionnaire by a statistical analysis of the study’s data

requirements. Participants of the study analyzed using frequency, standard

deviation and percentage, where participants or the students who experience

 60

the issues or problem under this study. We researchers typically send out

instruments for individuals to complete, such as in survey research. In these

days’ there a lot of people smoke a cigarette, and especially to those

teenagers ages 14 to 17. The value of knowing the possible effects of

smoking a cigarette are not helpful because they are ignoring the awareness

of the possible effects of smoking a cigarette.

 59

CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data with their analysis and interpretation. It

discusses. The profile of ages 14 to 17 if grouped according to gender. The

results are presented according to the outlined research questions in chapter

1.

Problem 1. What is/are the impact of cigarette smoking on health of ages 14

to 17 in Natumolan,Tagoloan?

Table 1 – Students perception that shows the impact of cigarette smoking

ages 14 to 17

ITEM YES NO

1 to 5 F % F %

1.Do you smoke? 1 3% 30 97%

2.Do you want to try smoking 1 3% 30 97%

3. Do you have friends? 31 100% 0 0%

4. Do your friends wants you to try smoking? 5 16% 26 84%

5. Have you ever tried smoking? 3 10% 28 90%

N= 31

The table 1 – Show the responses of the participants in Natumolan,Tagoloan

to the impact of cigarette smoking ages 14 to 17. That “No” is the highest

scale from the data gathered. It only means that there are some are using

cigarette and there are some are not.

 60

Problem 2. How cigarette smoking can affect the health of teenagers ages 14
to 17 in Natumolan Tagoloan?

Table 2 - Students perception that shows the effect of cigarette smoking ages
14 to 17
ITEM YES NO

6 to10 F % F %

6. Do you think that you will try a 2 6% 29 94%

cigarette soon?

7. If one of your friends were to offer 1 3% 30 97%

you a cigarette, would you smoke?

8. Do you believe that cigarette 14 45% 17 55%

companies try to get young people

under 18 to use cigarette products?

9. Is it good for you to smoke as a 2 6% 29 94%

teenager

10. Were you taught in any of your 4 13% 27 87%

classes about why you should not use

cigarette products?

N= 31

The table 2 – Show the responses of the participants in Natumolan,Tagoloan,

what is the effect of cigarette smoking ages 14 to 17. “No” is the highest scale

presented from the information gathered. It shows that the participants in

Natumolan,Tagoloan are concerned about their health.

 59

Problem 3. Do respondents view healthy tips as helpful in quitting smoking?

Table 3 - Students perception of do respondents view healthy tips as helpful

in quitting smoking?

Tips Yes No

11 to 15 f % f %
11. Do exercise daily to avoid
smoking? 23 77% 7 23%

12. Eating too much to distract

self from starting to smoke? 21 70% 9 30%

13. Find a hobby?

29 97% 1 3%
14. Eat healthy fruits instead of
smoking? 30 100% 0 0%

15.Do recreational activities?

29 97% 1 3%

N= 30

The Table 3 – Show the responses of the participants in

Natumolan,Tagoloan. From the data gathered, the highest scales is “Yes” this

indicate that the participants in Natumolan,Tagoloan ages 14 to 17 saying that

this tips are helpful in quitting smoking.

 60

Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary and conclusion derived in the conduct of

the study which is to identify the impact of cigarette smoking in health to ages

14 to 17 in Natumolan, Tagoloan. It can also provide recommendations that

can help to stop and prevent youths to smoke a cigarette.

The study was conducted at Natumolan, Tagoloan. The respondents were the

youths, the students in Saint Mary’s Academy of Tagoloan (SMAT). They

were selected using simple random sampling. It employed quantitative

research. Data, Information, were obtained through Survey Questionnaires

using Google Form. The statistical tool used were mean, percentage,

frequency, median, and mode.

Findings

The findings of the study were summarized according to the statement of the

problem stated in Chapter 1.

1. What is the impact of cigarette smoking on the health of ages 14 to 17 in

Natumolan, Tagoloan?

Cigarette smoking causes diseases and severe illness. It may not occur

directly but it will show up when you’re old. In this generation there's a lot of

teenagers neither boy or girl influence by smoking cigarettes. They are being

hooked up and being tempted by these acts through seeing it to their own

parents which, it leads them to imitate or try what did their parents do which is

smoking cigarettes.
 59

2. How cigarette smoking affects the health of ages 14 to 17 in Natumolan,

Tagoloan?

Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema

and chronic bronchitis. Smoking also increases risk for tuberculosis, certain

eye diseases, and problems of the immune system, including rheumatoid

arthritis (CDC). It also affects the health those who inhaled the smoke of a

lighted cigarette, it can cause severe respiratory problems and it can trigger

some sensitive part of your body. There are some barangays are not that very

strict on avoiding those teenager's smoke, which by this lack of guidance and

insecurity those teenagers can freely do what they want to do just like

cigarettes smoking.

3. Do respondents view healthy tips as helpful in quitting smoking?

Here are some tips to stop ages 14 to 17 in their bad habit which is smoking

cigarettes: Do exercise daily to avoid smoking, Eating too much to distract self

from starting smoke, Find a hobby, Eat healthy fruits instead of smoking, and

Do recreational activities. Choosing proper and good friends is the best thing

to do in order to make yourself away from anything bad, most specially

smoking cigarettes. Judging not only in appearance, we should be really

aware on making new friends with in our certain barangay or town/place so

that no one will tempt and force us to do things that’s harmful to our lives.
 60

Conclusion

Based on the indicated findings, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The respondents of the survey are aware of the impact of cigarette

smoking. The respondents are fully aware of the circumstances that will follow

if prolonged to smoking, weither first or second. Because of the given survey

we have analyzed the possibility of smoking standards throughout the area in

questioned thus we can say that they specifically the respondents are fully

aware.

2. The findings revealed that the effects of cigarette smoking will lead you to

death. The findings clearly states that smoking can lead to severe diseases

and illnesses just like cancer or worse death. As cigarette is full of nature's

narcotics its no wonder of its effect to a living human being, symptoms may

not show for the first years of usage but it is assured that diseases will follow.

3. The results of doing the tips to stop ages 14 to 17 in their bad habit which is

cigarette smoking may be effective but it will be hard to avoid the temptations.

Helping out first oneself is the most important thing on resisting and avoiding

temptations just like smoking cigarettes. Because if you think others are

helping you, no, they didn’t, they are just giving you commands or options that

it’s up to you to follow or to you to decide your own path. Come to think of it

that they are just the map and you are the adventurer, they are giving you way

but it’s up to you if you will follow the same or make your own.

The researchers conducted that all the youths are aware of the impact of

cigarette smoking in health. In this strategy, they have a chance to change

and improve their health, live healthy or die early.

 59

Recommendations

The study revealed the impact of cigarette smoking in health to ages 14 to 17

in Natumolan, Tagoloan, and the following recommendations are hereby

presented:

1. Since the impact of cigarette smoking has been proven, people, friends,

family should discipline smokers to maintain a good health for youths and help

them to have a good life with no health problems.

2. Implementation of cigarette smoking as a threat to health in youths, society,

people, and the world should be encouraged by the government, family,

friends, parents and disciplined by the people around the environment in an

effort to continually improves an individual’s health.

 60

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Appendices

A. Research Instrument

The research instrument used in this research is a survey type

questionnaire. There are two (2) parts of the research instrument. Part I of the

research instrument consists of the item which gathers respondent’s profile

such as gender and age; any further personal information is not included. Part

II of the research instruments is composed of 15 questions which can be

answered by yes or no. The survey questionnaire requires a minimum of five

(5) minutes and a maximum of twenty (20) minutes to answer.

B. Sample Research Instrument in Google Forms

1. Do you smoke?

2. Do you want to try smoking?

3. Do you have friends?

4. Do your friends wants you to try smoking?

5. Have you ever tried smoking?

6. Do you think that you will try a cigarette soon?

7. If one of your friends were to offer you a cigarette, would you smoke?

8. Do you believe that cigarette companies try to get young people under 18

to use cigarette products?

9. Is it good for you to smoke as a teenager

10. Were you taught in any of your classes about why you should not use

cigarette products?

11. Do exercise daily yo avoid smoking?

 60

12. Eating too much to distract self from starting to smoke?

13. Find a hobby?

14.Eat healthy fruits instead of smoking?

15. Do recreational activities?

C. Letter of Permission to Conduct Study

Dear S. Adeih,

Good Morning/Evening, Praise be Jesus and Mary.

We are one of the student researchers from Grade 10 Our Lady of Perpetual

Help under the advisory of Mr. Genesis Taban. We are conducting our

research intitled “The Impact of cigarettes smoking to ages 14-17 years old in

Natumolan, Tagoloan” for our English subject. I and my fellow researchers

would like to request your permission to conduct our survey questions

to our fellow Grade 10 schoolmates. We will need the students' truthful

answers and all of the information gathered will be kept and respected. This

will help us our research project gains another step forward to soon to be

accomplished.

Your permission approval will be highly and very much appreciated. Thank

you!

Yours Sincerely,

Group 4 of Our Lady of Perpetual Help