PARAS, Mark Heinrich B.

Paras, Mark Heinrich B.
September 18, 2022

BSN 1E First Semester
Biochemistry CHEM 40 (Lecture)
Exercise 3: Lipids
Biochemistry CHEM 40 BSN 1E

1. DRAW THE SKELETAL STRUCTURES FOR THE PRODUCTS FORMED WHEN
BEESWAX UNDERGOES BASE-CATALZYED HYDROLYSIS (SAPONIFICATION). (10
PTS)
Beeswax formed product called myricyl palmitate when undergoes base-catalyzed hydrolysis or
saponification.
Myricyl Palmitate has the chemical formula as shown below:
o
CH3(CH2)14C-O-CH2(CH2)28CH3
Skeletal Structure:
CH3
H3C o
o
2. WHAT ARE ‘FAKE FATS’ AND HOW DO THEY AFFECT THE HUMAN BODY? DISCUSS
BRIEFLY BUT CONCISELY. SHOW STRUCTURES AND REACTIONS IF APPLICABLE.
LIMIT TO 2 PARAGRAPHS ONLY. (15 PTS.)
Fake Fat is a unique chemical which reportedly adds no fat or calories to food or also
known as Olestra which has marketed with trade name “Olean”. Various food snacks such as
potato chips, crackers, and tortilla chips include Olestra Vegetable oil and sugar were combined
to create it, which retains the flavor and texture of a fatty product while not being digested or
absorbed by the body. Hence, consumers eating products containing olestra could eat the
delicious fatty foods their bodies craved while consuming fewer calories. In either case,
consuming items containing olestra causes significant anal leaks, severe gas, vomiting, and week-
long diarrhea in addition to impeding the body's ability to absorb certain fat-soluble vitamins and
nutrients. Three thousand persons who consumed either ordinary or Olestra chips for six weeks
had minimal difference in their digestive experiences, according to a study done by some
institutes.
Dietary snacks typically contain some form of synthetic fat or sugar because it is believed
that doing so will aid in weight loss, which it doesn't appear to do. Olestra may cause gain weight
for the reason of the way the substance interferes with food digestion or metabolization. Two
groups of rats were used in an experiment by Purdue University researchers. One group received
regular, high-fat potato chips along with their rat diet, and the other half of each group alternately
received conventional chips and olestra-based, low-calorie lite chips. Rats given Olestra potato
chips for a while ended up gaining weight when they started eating ordinary fats again. There are
still some items sold in the United States of America that include Olestra, which causes
symptoms in humans such cramps, diarrhea, oily discharge, and fecal incontinence. However, an
ester synthesis procedure is used to link six to eight fatty acids to the hydroxyl or alcohol groups
on sucrose, resulting in Olestra.
3. DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.

(20 PTS)
Transport across the cell membrane has two major types; active and passive transport.
Active transport, which permits a cell to move a material despite its gradient, requires energy
input from a cell in the form of ATP. In order to maintain homeostasis, cells use active transport
to obtain the chemicals they need, regardless of the concentration gradient. On the other hand,
Passive transport is an energy-free biological activity that involves the transportation of
biochemicals through tissues and cell membranes. It has four types which are Osmosis, Simple
diffusion and Facilitated diffusion and Filtration. In addition, in the osmosis process, water and
other molecules move across a membrane that is selectively permeable in order to balance the
concentration of other substances. This process is influenced by temperature and the
concentration gradient. Simple diffusion, an important mechanism necessary for various
biological activities, happens in liquids and gases because of the particles' random movement
from one location to another. By simple diffusion, the chemicals migrate from a higher
concentration to a lower concentration inside the cells. Moreover, it is crucial to note that in
facilitated diffusion, the cell membrane is only permeable to a restricted number of smaller, non-
polar molecules. In the filtration process, solids are separated from liquids and gases, and the cell
membrane only allows materials that are soluble and easily flow through its pores. For example,
kidneys as a biological filter wherein blood is filtered by the glomerulus and the necessary
molecules are reabsorbed. Furthermore, active transport requires energy input while Passive
transport does not require energy input. Hence, transport across cell membrane is essential for
cellular life abled transport molecules in and out of itself.
4. TAY-SACHS DISEASE: DISCUSS ITS SYMPTOMS, CAUSES AND CURES BRIEFLY BUT
PRECISELY. SHOW STRUCTURES AND REACTIONS IF APPLICABLE. LIMIT TO 2
PARAGRAPHS ONLY. (15 PTS.)
Tay-Sachs Disease or also known as TSD is caused by mutation of a gene on

chromosome 15, which codes for lysosomal enzyme called beta-hexosaminidase A or Hex- A. It
is a lysosomal storage disorder which is happens in neurons at central nervous system. In
addition, it affects those people such as infantile (three to six months old), juvenile (two to five
years old), chronic (ten to twenty years old), and late-onset (twenty to thirty years old) which has
symptoms namely; seizures, motor delay, low muscle tone, and rapid degeneration of Nervous
System.
Moreover, enzyme assays and DNA sequencing are diagnosis being arise. Individuals
with TSD or to any variants are said to have no cure but has major treatments amongst infantile,
juvenile, chronic, and late-onset such as supportive therapy and reproductive counseling
including neurologists, gastroenterologist, surgeons, nutritionist and occupational/ physical
therapist. Furthermore, cherry red spot in eye resulting GM2 build up in the retinal cells around
the macular area is one of TSD symptoms.
Below are the structures and reactions of TSD (shown as figure or picture):
Reaction of TSD
Cherry red spot in eye
Structure of TSD
References:
Anonymous. (2022). Fake Fats. Natural Health is Our DNA Encognitive.com Retrieved from FAKE
FATS | ENCOGNITIVE.COM
Anonymous. (1996). FDA Says Proctor & Gamble Free to Use Fake Fat. MedicineNet, Washington.
Retrieved from Olestra, Fake Fat (medicinenet.com)
Melnick, M. (2011). Study: How ‘Fake’ Fats Can Make You Really Fat. TIME USA, LLC. Retrieved
from Study: How ‘Fake’ Fats Can Make You Really Fat | TIME.com
Anonymous. (2021). Olestra (Exemplars). LibreTexts Chemistry. Retrieved from Olestra (Exemplars) -
Chemistry LibreTexts
Anonymous. (2022). Passive Transport. BYJU. Retrieved from Passive Transport - An Overview, Types
and Examples at BYJU’S (byjus.com)
Osmosis. (2019). Tay-Sachs disease- causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. Youtube.com.
Retrieved from Tay-Sachs disease - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology - YouTube
C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D., et. al (2016). Tay-Sachs disease. WikiDoc. Retrieved from Tay-Sachs
disease - wikidoc
Anonymous. (2022). What is Tay-Sachs Disease? Genetrace Laboratory. Retrived from What is Tay-
Sachs Disease? – Jewish Disease DNA

PARAS, Mark Heinrich B. - Exercise 3 - Lecture Biochemistry CHEM 40 BSN 1E

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September 18, 2022

Biochemistry CHEM 40 BSN 1E

3. DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.

Tay-Sachs Disease or also known as TSD is caused by mutation of a gene on

Cherry red spot in eye

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