Chemistry IGCSE P6 IMPORTANT NOTES

PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, JEDDAH (ES)
Notes
Ions and Gas Identification
Apparatus Labelling
Chromatography
The following table shows the flame tests for metal ions (cations):
The following table shows the tests for aqueous cations:
1
The following table shows the tests for anions:
Identification of Gases
Bleaches
2
3
4
Paper Chromatography:
Chroma: Colour Graph: Picture

An experimental technique used for separation and identification of components of a mixture
for example: mixture of dyes or inks.
 was earlier used for coloured mixtures only

 is now applied to colourless mixtures too for example: mixture of amino acids or simple sugars
PROCEDURE FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION

 Setting up the chromatographic chamber:
A beaker or gas jar is filled with a suitable solvent. The mouth of the chamber is covered (with a petri-
dish) to prevent the solvent vapours from escaping.
 Preparing the Chromatography paper:

A horizontal line is drawn in pencil about 2–3 cm from the bottom of the chromatography paper strip. It is
called the start line or baseline or line of origin.
 In paper chromatography, the starting line must be drawn with the help of pencil because the
pencil lead does not dissolve in solvent, thus it will not affect the separation.
 Samples of each ink are spotted on to a pencil line drawn on a sheet of chromatography paper.
Some of the ink from the message is dissolved in the minimum possible amount of a suitable
solvent, and that is also spotted onto the same line. Spotting the sample.
 The mixture to be separated is spotted on the baseline using a capillary tube or a dropper with a
fine bore. The spotting is done 2–3 times on the same spot with drying in between.
 Running the chromatogram.

The chromatography paper is then suspended in the solvent from a rigid support such that the solvent
level is below the baseline. As the solvent moves up the paper, the sample is carried with it and begins to
separate. The separation is continued till the solvent reaches more than ¾ ths of the paper. The
chromatogram is removed from the chamber and air-dried.
INTERPRETING SIMPLE CHROMATOGRAMS

• 1 spot after separation → the substance spotted is a single substance (pure), not a mixture
• More than 1 spot after separation → the substance spotted is a mixture (impure)
• Number of spots → number of components in the mixture
• Spot doesn’t move from baseline → sample insoluble in the chosen solvent, no separation occurs
5
LOCATING AGENTS
Locating agents are chemical reagents that react with the separated (colourless) spots to form a coloured product.
PURITY OF A SUBSTANCE
A pure substance has a unique melting point / boiling point.
For example, the melting point of pure water (ice) is 0°C and the boiling point is 100°C. The presence of impurities
• lowers the melting point

• increases the boiling point
The melting point of impure water (ice) < 0°C and the boiling point > 100°C. The purity of a substance can therefore
be assessed by determination of its melting point / boiling point. For example, to test is a water sample is pure,
determine its boiling point. If impure, it will boil over a range of temperatures higher than 100°C. If pure, it will boil
at a fixed temperature, that is, 100°C.
Fractional Distillation:
 Used to separate a pure liquid from a mixture of liquids ▪ Works when the liquids have different
boiling points
 Commonly used to separate ethanol from water
 Sequence of events in distillation is as follows: heating -> evaporating -> cooling -> condensing
The function of the thermometer in distillation is to measure the temperature of the vapor that is about

to be condensed. You want to measure the condensation temperature, because that is the boiling point
of the fraction that is condensed and collected at that time.
6
IMPORTANT:
1. For organic compounds we DO NOT use Bunsen burner for heating. We use heaters in
fractional distillation of organic compounds as organic compounds are flammable.
2. For burette and thermometer readings please make sure that NOW you all have to
write values in atleast one decimal place e.g 40.0 or 18.5 or 52.1
3. Group 1,2 and 3 salts are white in solid state and their solutions are colorless
whereas for transition metals the color of salt and their solution will remain same e.g
if Cu salt is blue in color it’s solution will also be blue.
4. For planning questions quantity for independent variable will be constant and
mention the quantity also and for dependant variable please correlate it with the
independent variable. If planning question is related to temperature so mention
initial and final temperature both.
QUESTIONS:
0620/s20/qp62
7
PLEASE NOTE: questions like part e(ii) practice such questions a lot.
8
QUESTION:
0620/s20/qp62
9
1. 0620/63/O/N/20
10
Brown
White precipitate
No change or no precipitate
Brown Precipitate
No change or no precipitate
11
Carbon dioxide
Copper Carbonate
12

Chemistry IGCSE P6 IMPORTANT NOTES

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chemistry IGCSE P6 IMPORTANT NOTES

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PAKISTAN INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, JEDDAH (ES)

The following table shows the tests for aqueous cations:

Chroma: Colour Graph: Picture

 was earlier used for coloured mixtures only

PROCEDURE FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION

 Preparing the Chromatography paper:

 Running the chromatogram.

INTERPRETING SIMPLE CHROMATOGRAMS

• lowers the melting point

The function of the thermometer in distillation is to measure the temperature of the vapor that is about

You might also like