HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS

- The history of the various political entities created by the THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM
human race throughout their existence and the way these
states define their borders. There are four main characteristics of world politics nowadays.
First, there are countries or states that are independent and
International Relations The study of political interaction and govern themselves. Second, these countries interact with each
relations between states with international organizations and other through diplomacy. Third, there are international
certain subnational entities.
organizations, like the UN, that facilitate these interactions.
Why it is important? Fourth, beyond facilitating meetings between states,
international organizations take on lives of their own.
1. Promotes successful trade policies between nations
2. Encourages related to business, tourisms and The UN, for instance, houses task-specific organizations:
immigration, providing people with opportunities to
enhance their lives * World Health Organization (WHO)
3. Allows nations to cooperate with one another, pool
resources, and share information as a way to face WHO works internationally to advance health, ensure global
global issues that go beyond any particular country or security, and assist the weak.
region.
4. advances human culture through cultural exchanges, Their objective is to ensure that a further billion people have
diplomacy and policy development access to universal health coverage, that another billion are
shielded from medical emergencies, and that a third billion
Internationalization enjoy better health and wellbeing.

- Represents a process of developing products and * International Labour Organization in addition to serving as
services, to bring about expansion into the foreign a venue for meetings of presidents and other heads of state
market. (ILO).
Why is it important? To develop products in a manner which is
capable of fulfilling the requirements of costumers of different The International Labor Organization is a specialized arm of
countries. the UN that works to advance social justice and widely
accepted labor and human rights.
It includes activities such export, import, relocation of the
business to a different country, and foreign direct investment. It International labor standards are developed by the ILO in the
increases a firm’s trade and dealings at an international level.
form of Conventions and Recommendations, which establish
What are the results? minimum requirements for fundamental labor rights such as
freedom of association, the right to organize, collective
Internationalization it increases the presence of the
bargaining, the elimination of forced labor, equality of
enterprise and pushes the world economy towards
opportunity and treatment, and other standards governing
globalization.
conditions across the full range of work-related issues.
Where is it focus on?
It aids in the growth of independent employers' and workers'
The expansion of the business. organizations by giving them training and advising services.
What is the difference between Internationalization and The ILO has a distinct tripartite organization within the UN
Globalization? system, with governments, employers, and employees all
engaging equally in the activities of its governing organs.
Internationalization is the process of developing adaptable
products so that the products can be viewed, distributed, Where did this system come from? Unpacking what is
purchased and consumed by a people belonging to different meant by a "country," sometimes known as the nation-state, is
cultures, which facilitates expansion. On the other hand,
a good place to start. This idea is more complicated than it first
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among
the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a appears. In human history, the nation-state is a comparatively
process driven by international trade and investment and aided recent occurrence; individuals did not always group
by information technology. themselves into states. People have identified with smaller
political categories like "Christendom" at various points in the
history of humanity, but they have also identified with larger 3. Government- is powerful machinery that enforces rules and
political categories like villages and tribes at other times (the regulations through common law of the land.
entire Christian world).
4. Sovereignty- a state must have supreme power and
NATION-STATE authority to act.

 Internal Authority- no individuals or groups can

 A nation state is a political unit where the state and nation
operate in a given national territory by ignoring the
are congruent.
state.
 Is a system of organization in which people with a common
 External Authority- state’s policies and procedures
identity live inside a country with firm borders and a single
are independent of the interventions of other states.
government.
Nation
 History of humanity:
 People have identified with units as small as their - According to Benedict Anderson, nation is an “imagined
village or their tribe community.”
 People see themselves as members of larger
political categories – “Christendom” (the entire - A nation is a community of people united by a common race,
Christian World) a shared culture, language, religion and historical experience.
 Composed of two non-interchangeable terms. 7 Attributes of Nation
1. Not all states are nations
2. Not all nations are states 1. Common Descent- persons inhabiting a nation
Example: usually have a common origin and descent.
2. Geographical Boundaries- a nation which is at the
 Nation of Scotland – has its own flag and same time a state has clear-cut geographical
national culture but still belongs to a state the boundaries. People that form a nation may live within
United Kingdom a defined territory.
 Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing in the 3. Government- most nation-states have their own
Philippines but recognizes the authority of the political institutions that comes together to form a
Philippine State. government.
 If there are states with multiple nations, there are also 4. Common Language- inhabitants of a nation have a
single nations with multiple states. common language.
Example: 5. Infrequent Internal Ethnic Conflicts- conflicts and
 The nation of Korea has the states, North and disagreements are not as pronounced as is the case
South Korea. in diverse and heterogeneous states.
 Arab Nation has 22 states, some of them are 6. Common Religion- people inhabiting the nation tend
Egypt, Iraq, Jordan and Kuwait. to have a common religion.
7. Same Cultural Practices- people of a nation usually
CHARACTERISTICS OF NATION AND STATE have common customary or traditional practices.

State
THE INTERNSATE SYSTEM
-refers to a country and its government according to Layman’s
terms. The origins of the present-day concept of sovereignty can be
-a political unit that has the power of enforcing laws within a traced to the Treaty of Westphalia
• The Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden and the
certain well-defined territory and over a group of people.
Dutch Republic System designed that the treaty signers
4 Attributes of States exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear
not to meddle in each other’s affairs.
1. Population or people- a state must have people governed •Westphalian provided stability for the nations of Europe until it
by the government. faced the first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte.
2. Territory- referred to as “boarder” which is a mark that Napoleon Bonaparte
symbolizes the end of one state and where another begins •believed spreading the principles of French Revolution
from. >Liberty
>Equality
>Fraternity  believed that objective global legislators should aim to
•The Napoleoni War lasted from 1803-1815 propose legislation that would create “the greatest
•French implemented the Napoleonic Code happiness of all nations taken together”
Giuseppe Mazzini
Napoleonic Code  believed in a Republican government
-forbade the birth privileges  a major critic of the Metternich system
-encourage freedom or religion - was a series of meetings among the more powerful
-promote meritocracy in every government European nations between the Napoleonic War and
•Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the World War I
Battle of Waterloo in 1815  proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with
•Latter’s mission to Spread Liberal Code across Europe each other to create an international system
 a free, independent states would be the basis of a free,
The Concert of Europe cooperative international system
-alliance of great powers Woodrow Wilson
-Maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries  influenced by the thinking of Mazzini, he saw nationalism
and spheres of influence. as a prerequisite for internationalism
-restore the world of monarchial, hereditary and religious  forwarded the principle of self- determination
privileges of time before the French Revolution and the - the belief that the world’s nations had a right to a free,
Napoleonic Wars
and sovereign government
 created the League of Nations which the US was not able
Metternich System
to join due to a strong opposition of its senate
-named after the Austrian Diplomat Klemens von Metternich
 at the end of World War I in 1918, he pushed to transform
Klemen von Metternich the League into a venue for the for conciliation and
-systems main architect arbitration to prevent another war which he was then
-the center of European affairs to three decades as the Autrian awarded a Nobel Price for it
Empire’s Foreign Minister (1890) and Chancellor(1821) until  The league was unable to prevent World War II with one
Liberal Revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation. side being the Axis Powers that had disdain for
internationalism and violently imposed their dominance
 Despite its failure, international organizations were born
INTERNATIONALISM
- Ex.: World Health Organization and the International
Labour Organization
 The Westphalian and Concert systems divided the world Karl Max
into separate sovereign entities but still countries still had  believed that any form of internationalism should
the desire for greater cooperation and unity among states. deliberately reject nationalism
 Instead, he placed a premium on economic quality and
2 Broad Categories of internationalism:
divided the world into classes
 Liberal Internationalism
 Capitalist Class
- an approach to international relations aiming to spread
- owners of factories, companies, and other “means of
liberal democracy throughout the world in order to bring
production”
an end to conflicts
 Proletariat Class
 Socialist Internationalism
- includes those who did not own the means of
- seeks to establish democratic socialism
production, but instead, worked for the capitalist
Immanuel Kant
They opposed nationalism because they believed it did not unify
 first major thinker of the liberal internationalism workers but they instead identified with the capitalists.
 He argued that without a form of world government, the Socialist International (SI)
international system would be chaotic  established by Marx’s followers
 “establish a continuously growing state consisting of  a union of European socialist and labor parties which
various nations which would ultimately include the nations sought to establish democratic socialism
of the world” Achievements:
Jeremy Bentham a. Declaration of May 1 as Labor Day
 advocated the creation of the “international law” that b. International Women’s Day
would govern the inter-state relations  collapsed during World War I as the member parties were
- a collection of rules governing relations unable to join the internationalist effort of the war
between states. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 emerged during the Russian Revolution of 1917
 Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and replaced by the leader whites are the best in the world so it’s their
of the Bolshevik Party, Vladimir Lenin burden to spread it to the lower breads
 the Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power for the
working class through elections rather they obtained power Why is it important? Imperialism allows relatively
by using communistic approaches like methods of terror small countries with limited resources to grow into
Communist International (Comintern) great powers on the world stage. Example: England
 established in 1919 to encourage these socialist revolution was a relatively small island nation off the coast of
across the world Europe, but through its pursuit of imperialism, it
 served as the central body for directing Communist parties forged a worldwide empire so extensive that it was
all over the world often said that the sun never set upon the British
 less democratic because it followed closely the top-down Empire.
governance of the Bolsheviks
 the Comintern were feared believing that it was secretly Colonialism - Traditionally defined as conquering
stirring up revolutions in different states. and settling occupied or unoccupied territory.
 In 1941, during World War II the Soviet Union joined the It occurs when one nation subjugates another,
Allied Powers but a problem arose. conquering its population and exploiting it, often
- the US and United Kingdom did not trust them in their while forcing its own language and cultural values
fight against Germany. upon its people.
- to appease his allies, Lenin’s successor, Jose Stalin
dissolved the Comintern in 1943 Why is colonialism important? Colonial
Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) governments invested in infrastructure and trade
and disseminated medical and technological
 the re-established Comintern by Stalin after the war
knowledge. In some cases, they encouraged
 took over the countries in Eastern Europe when the US and
literacy, the adoption of Western human rights
Great Britain divided the war-torn Europe and helped direct
standards, and sowed the seeds for democratic
communist parties in Eastern Europe
institutions and systems of government. Some
 collapsed in 1991
former colonies, like Ghana, experienced a rise in
 In 1951, the SI managed to re-establish itself but its nutrition and health with colonial rule, and colonial
influence remained in Europe European settlement has been linked to some
Postwar Period development gains.
 liberal internationalism ascended
- ex.: rise of the United Nations as the center of global
governance

HEGEMONIC INTERNATIONALISM
– instance when one nation has power over another
nation. It is believed that in reality, it is one nation
pursuing its own national interests at the expense of
other nation.

Imperialism is the dominance of one political

community over another political community.

Causes:

 Economic Motives – they needed raw

materials as nations were undergoing
industrialization
 Nationalism Concept – they feel good about
themselves
 Balance of Power – their neighbor countries
were also gaining power so they also need to
gain power to stay safe
 The Concept of White Man’s Burden – a
racist concept, where they believed the
 Imperialism and Colonialism

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The Interstate System

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