Current Electricity 2022
Current Electricity 2022
3rd
03
ND
ELECTRICITY
Current net
The
charge flowing throughscaler
the area
SI unit (A)
ampere
-
.
section is
If the net
changeit that flows
through a cross -
☒ current
Iavg Average
= →
Instantaneous Current
Iinst d¥
= →
some
more
of
within
the electrons are
called conductors
are
electric
, develops electric current in
them when an
field is
applied .
• Metal has free electrons ,
ions
Electrolytes has and
•
+ re -
ve
,
•
semiconductor has free electrons and holes
as
charge carriers
Nole :
electric
(1) In the absence
of thermal field , free electrons
this
During
snores due to
energy
.
particular
electrons
direction will be
equal to the no .
of
there is no
moving net in the
opposite
electric current
direction So
in
.
the
conductor .
Illustrations
in orbit
: In
hydrogen
a
radius
atom
"
,
an
with
electron
speed of
moves
of find 5×10 a
-
an m
2×106
equivalent current
-1
2. ms .
.
"
Solution 106ms '
-
r 5×10 m v 2.2 ✗
-
-
= =
e = 106 ✗ 10 -19C
s
it 202 ✗ 106
frequency 202×106
,
V=
÷ =
21T ✗ 5 X 10
-11
✓ = 7- ✗ 1015 s
-1
I = 1.12 ✗ 10-3 A
through
the wire
during this time .
I (A)
0 5 10 Tls )
Ques 2.25×1020 electrons wire in
2
If
.
pass through
current
a
one minute ,
find the
wire ? magnitude of the
flowing
through the
Current conductor
throughdifference is
directly proportional
to
potential across ends conductor
of
provided temperature is
kept constant .
Y Y ✗ I
I V = IR
•
length of conductor
Area of section
cross
•
•
Temperature
material
SIunit - 0hm ( r )
conductor
Resistance is
defined as
opposition offered by
to flow of charge .
R ✗ l and Rx 1
A-
9¥ is the
resistivity
• '
R where 5 the
•: =
of
material depends on
temp .
11 = is e
A-
Current
unit
Density cross-sectional
density Current
area
is
defined as current
per
.
I
J =
Consider
across it
an
,
11
electric
=
E. L
field E in a conductor ,
then
potential
Ohm 's Law
Then
from
y =
Iast
E.
i. SL
L =
→E=Js of Material
>
resistivity
J→=rE→
>
conductivity - =
}
Current density is a vector
Quantity .
Area A
J=÷n= AÉos②
-
→
> > I
I >
> lo
'
A→
>
I = JA Cos ③
>
' I = J→•A→
ñ
-
SI unit :
ampere per square
-
metre ( Am )
"
directed
Note : is
along current and is also
-
parallel to E.
the number of
Illustration discharge
2: tube In a
,
the
the no
direction
of electrons
.
drifting
another across
in
opposite
section is lots cross -
2. 7- ✗
I = he + np e
=
[2.7×1018+1.0×1018] 1.6×10-19
=
307 ✗ 106 ✗ 10-1
I =
00592 A
Effective Resistance ,
R = 11 = 230
I 0.592
Resistance
is the %
change in ?
Solution -
In both cases , volm remains same
,
' '
V = A l =
Al
^¥ =
l
l
.
=
£2 = 2
Stina
' '
o ? R
R
=
g
e
=
# Aa ✗
.
=
12×12 =
I
'
4h
¥
R R
¥ 16
=
= ✗ =
"
= 12 ✗ 100
16
= 7-5 %
in .
A metallic wire
lengththe ratio of its initial
is streaked to
Ques 2 .
of
calculate
9- m
double its
length
.
resistances
and
final assuming that there is no
change
in its
density on
stretching
.
material
of
1. a mm and the
specificthe resistance
of its is
of in the
t Find number turns
2 X lo rm
-
coil .
Drift Hd )
velocity PYQ 2016,2012
there is no current .
Free electron
direction
moves
randomly
in all with
speed
( n 106m / s ) .
Then
average speed
is
equal to zero .
U
,
+ Uz -1 Uz -1 - - -
+ Un =
O
n
In this case
F→=qE→
chargeso particle is
subjected to a
steady)
force the
.
v. u + at . and acct
Em 9÷
=
= =
,
Uz =
Uz -1 Atz
Uz =
Uz + at }
ti , tz +3 tn are time
! , ,
- - -
In =
Unt atn
so
,
to find average velocity of electron
Vd = the 1- V2 -1 Us -1 - - -
+ Un
n
=
( Uit at , ) +
flat at a) + - - - - - - -
+ ( Un + atn )
n
=
@ • + Us
n
-1 - - - + Un
) -1 a
Citta -1
n
- - - -
+ tn
)
Vd = 0 +
IMEI where T is the
b/w two successive
averagecollision
time
or relaxation time
Vd = CE T
m-
and directed
Therefore , drift velocity
direction
is a vector
electric
quantity
field
opposite of .
Mean
speed of electron inside the conductor when
electric is called
external
field is
applied across it
drift velocity of electron .
Important Noles : -
•
drift velocity of electron is slow C- 10 mls )
-
very
• .
switch
• When we on a
flashlight eight comes
electric
,
immediately
on . The reason is that the
field is set
up
in the wire with
speed
startapproaching
a
the
speed of lightwire at and electrons to
more all
along the
very nearly
the same time .
As the increases
temperature velocity of each electron
•
• current
called
in the
opposite direction of motion of electron is
conventional current .
flown
time •
Total no .
of electrons =
not ( Ud dt )
dQ nAHddt)e
charge =
¥ =
not Vd . e
I = ne AND
concentrate of
St we
Idt = ne A
e÷ e ist
nemitz . E
J=⇐I E) E
In vector form
Es
# e)
=
where
÷Ye
is a constant called
conductivity r .
Similarly we know
5=÷=nm÷
= -
E→
Illustration
conduction electrons
4 :( a Estimate the
in average drift
wire
velocity
of a
copper of cross1.5A
sectional
Assume that
area
each
1.0×10-7 m2
atom
carryingcontributes of
,
a current .
copper
conduction electron
roughly
is
one .
Density isof
copper
and its atomic
103kg 's
3
9 ✗ m
-
mass 65 u .
Take
Avogadro number
•
6×1023 Mol
-
-
.
b
Compare the drift velocity obtained aboveatwith
4) thermal
speeds atoms
of copper ordinary
temperatures .
E) speed of carrying the and electrons current
Ciii ) speed
the
of
conductor propagation
which of electric
field
the along
motion .
drift causes
Solution : Mass 9- m3
a
of of Cu
= 9 ✗
103kg =
911106g
As No is 6.0×1023 and atomic is 63.5
Avogadro mass
. u
,
So 9×100 contains
g of Cee
= 8.5×1028 atoms
No .
of conduction electrons ,
•
°
. Ud = I = 105
en A 1. 6×10-19 ✗ 8.5×1028×10-7
Vd
=
15
16 ✗ 85×10
9- 9- ✗ 10 -3ms o
Vd = -
•
copper mass
of M is
given by
terms = 3. KBT
I M
But
ordinary temperature T 300k
-
,
"
Boltzmann constant ,
KB = 1038×10-23 Jk
Mass atom
of copperM
a
,
6305 -3
63 5 ✗ 10
kg
= =
9
•
6 ✗ 1023
23
6 ✗ 10
Proms =
/ 3×1038×10 -23×300×6.0×1023
6305 ✗ 10-3
-1
= 342.57 Ms
% Vd ( electrons ) =
I. 9- ✗ 10-3 = 3021×10-6
342.57
Vnmslcuatoms)
in
(F) The maximum KE
Imrie of electron copper
corresponding to a
temp .
To = 105K
KBT
tgmvp
=
Vf = LKBT
\ Mr
Vp =
1. 7- I ✗ 106ms - I
%
Vd (e- ) =
/ •
1×10-3 = 10-9
Vf ( e- ) 1074 ✗ 106
conductor with
Ciii ) An
the
electric
speed of
field propagates
an EM along
Wave
a
i. e. 3×10 8ms -1
,
Val electron ) =
I. 1×10-3
speed of propagation ofE→ 3×108
= 10-11 .
the electrons
the
average drift velocity of compare
.
it with
conductivity of copper
the thermal
,
velocity
0=5.81
at 27°C
107rem ✗
"
.
Given
and no .
Solution Electric
field E
Ie 100=100 Vm
: -1
= =
1m
As J= TE =
enrol
% Vd = TE = 5-81×107 ✗ 100 = 0.43ms
-1
en 106×10-19 ✗ g. 5 ✗ , ozg
electron at 27°C
Now thermal
velocity of ,
Vqms 3K BT -23
=
= 3 ✗ 1038 ✗ 10 ✗ 300
1 Me I 9.1 ✗ to -31
Vrms =
1017 ✗ 105ms -1
Vd = 0 .
43 = 3067 ✗ 10-6 .
Ques 1 .
A
copper
wire has a resistance
of 10s and
section 9- mm2 potential
an area
of cross A
-
Ques Estimate
2. the
average drift speed of conduction
electrons in a copper
wire cross-sectional area
of current
carrying
-7
m2
of
2. 5 ✗ 10 a 2.7A Assume
.
conduction
the
density of electrons to be 9111028m -3 .
Ques 3. When 5V
potential difference is
applied across a
m/s If If
-
. s .
calculate
density in the wire is 8×1028 the
resistivity
-3
me
,
material wire
of of
the .
Mobility
unit
defined
is
electric field
as
.
the
magnitude of drift velocity per
¥dl_
unit
•
: may sa
-
-
M
-
n
:( Eli)¥
u =
Em
Limitations of Ohm's Law
11 ceases to be
(1)
proportional to I .
of 11
signcertain
•
In other words , if I is the current for a
direction
its
11 , then
reversing
fixed does
the of 11
current
keeping
of
magnitude ,
not
produce a
direction
the same
magnitude as I in the
opposite .
Diode
eg
. .
eg
.
GaAs ( Gallium Arsenide ) .
(1) for
conduction
good (2) for Diode (3) for GaAs
constantan
Alloyused
like
to make wiremanganin
,
nichrome
bound resistor
,
etc are
i. e. their
resistive ties does not
changes with
change in
temperature
.
Resistivity of NICHROME Sn as a
function of temperature .
2. Carbon Resistor
made
Resistors
in the
higher
range
are
mostly from
carbon Carbon resistors
.
are compact inexpensive and ,
a colour code .
given using
The first two bands from the end indicate the first
two significant figures of the resistance in ohms . The
third band represents the decimal multiplier sometimes .
MNEMONIC to
remember the
colors
¥ R = 4- I ✗ 101-1=5-1 .
,
go
5 %
Temperature dependence of resistivity
•
Metals
increases with
For metals ,
the
resistivity temperature .
DR ✗ Ro
DR ✗ AT
AR ✗ Ro AT
•
• .
DR = ✗ Rob -1
Rt Ro - - ✗ Ro AT
Rf = Roll 1- ✗ AT )
]
Similarly So -11
5, = + ✗ DA
•
Semiconductor
For semiconductor
with increase
,
resistivitythis
decreases
is
in temperature
because Sis directly proportional to no .
increases with
the
change
decrease in
therefore the
resistivity
the T
,
when temperature increases .
ice and
resistance thermometer at the
point 5 r
is
at steam point is 5023s .
When the thermometer
inserted in hot bath , the resistance the platinum
is
a
Calculate the
of the bath
wire 5079552
temp of
.
. .
Solution -
Ro = 5 r
,
R too
= 5.2352
,
Rt =
5 •
795s
As Rt = Roll + ✗ DT )
Rt -
Ro = Ro ✗ DT
Roo -
Ro = Rot 100
on
dividing 41
by 1. we
get
Rt-Ro_ =
t
Roo -
Ro 100
t =
Rt -
Ro ✗ 100
Rico -
Ro
= 5.795 -5 ✗ 100
5- 23 -5
= 00795 ✗ 100
0.23
t =
345.65°C
electrons
drift
is
velocity of
5. 6
electrons
✗ 10 -6
m2
,
V - l
s -1
.
the
mobility
Solution -
As we know ,
u= Vd
E
Vy
✗
Vd ms
-
=
= U .
=
E 0012
-4
Vd
-1
= 2.8 ✗ 10 ms
Ques 1. A POD .
fallen to 5A ,
the applied voltage being same as
234
Quesz . The
temp uefficient
Find the
of
resistance
resistivity
.
of copper
is
0.004°C
of long copper
'
.
5m a
diameter 0.2mm
resistivity of
wire at 100°C if the
of at 0°C is 107×10-8 rm ,
copper
.
Electrical And Power
Energy
external conductor force and more
In
But
an
electrons do
field
not
,
accelerate
experiences with
a .
they as
the collide
more a
with each
fined As
,
.
a
result
they
shared with the
fined atoms and the atoms start
conductor
vibrating more
vigorously i. the
e. heats so
heat upthe
.
a
part of the
energy
is dissipated as in conductor
during the time interval At is -
AKI = Ill At
The
energy dissipated per
unit time is the
power dissipated
P
/
AW At
=
Also we have
P = IV
11 =
IR ,
we
get
P = IZR = v2
R
Combination Of Resistors
(1) Series combination
Ra Ra
mm mm
consider two resistor Ra and Ra
connected in Series . Current in
y,
< > < ×, > series remains same from both the
I. ^ resistors and the potential difference
across R is 11 and P D across Rz is V2
, ,
. . .
11 = 11 ,
+ V2
Using get
11 ohm's law we
,
IR = I , Ri t Iz R2
Rnet = R, + Rz
121 Parallel combination
Rr
I.
mm
consider two resistors R . and Ra
connected in parallel In parallel
y←
.
I I, t Iz
I
=
11 Using get
Ohm's Law ,
we
Ri Ra
cells ,
EMF ,
Internal Resistance PYQ 2020,18 16,15 13,12 , ,
a T
The sketch
of an
electrolyte
cell with positiveterminal P
and
negative terminal N .
electrodes
EMF (E) The
when
potential difference across the
of a cell no is
current drawn from it is called
the EMF (E) Of the cell .
Also ,
EMF is the work done in complete circulation of a
unit positive charge .
SI Unit : -
volt (4) Or JC
- •
Relation between r
,
E ,
V : consider a cell
of emf E
and internal resistance or connected to an external resistance
constant current
R as shown .
Suppose a
I. flows
through
mm
this circuit .
By definition of emf
R
,
I ^ ' I
- - - - - -
:B
E- work done
-
by the cell in
carrying
the closed
, Mi
unit
a
circuit
charge along
tell
1- E ? !
unit
e. w.is in
carrying
chargeresistance
a
.
from against
A to B
unit
external
R iii. + in
carrying
D. a
E = 11 + Y
• : E = IR + In = I CR tr )
I = E
Rt r
=(RE+n)R
11 = IR
'
Also I = E -
V
,
V =
E -
In
• : a = E- 4
I
= E- "
VIR
=(E; )R "
series .
Mr Mt Mr M
<
E, R'
> a
Ez
th
> C
Ers 93
7C
E ?}
V V3 ✓
, V2 y
< >
y
: .
11 , = E, -
In , Also ,
V2 =
Ez -
In , Y = V ,
+ V2 + V3 + Vq
Ez I E In , +
Ez In + Es Ihs
V3
=
93
- -
=
- -
, z
Va =
Ey -
I try + Ey -
I Ry
Es -
Ins =
(E ,
+ Eat Estey ) -
I ( r , that
rz try ) .
Es = E ,
+ Eat Est Ey
kg = hi +
hat rz try
Ii rn = E, - V
< 11 > <
I
⑤
=Ei
win <
Is -
Ez 92 Iz
similarly Ia =
Ez÷ ②
-
11 =
Ep -
I
rp
Ip=EPn_÷ dap Fy
OR = -
In the circuit ,
we can write
Ip= I, t Iz
:p :-p ÷ ¥ :-. ÷
-
-
- - -1 -
, , .
:p Ip % % ( d. d.)
- = + - " +
.
,
and
E÷p= ¥ ¥ ,
+
, ;p-
=
÷ ,
+
÷
Illustration 8 : find the value
of current I in the
circuit shown •
>
I A
30N 3 Or
2V
°
B
zor
Solution -
RAB =
Rac +
RCB
=
30 -130 = 605L
RAB = 605L
✓
Sue = to 7- ✗ 10 -8dm
a
& AL = 2.6 ✗ 10 -852m
Find the resistance the combination between the
ends .
of
Solution : following
The
figure
parallel combination
represents two -
rods in
RAL =
SAL l AL And Rae =
Scu low
Aa , Acu
)¥f
act Scu
AL t Sue)A
Rnet =
7- 7- ✗ 10-352
•
each resistor
voltage drop VAB HBC and
.
(c) the
,
• ~ 122
V. CD
B
.
A C D
> • •
12
As 62
In
1611
41-4 12-16
= 2 + I + A
Rnet = 7- r
A > B >
C D
> • • >
I I
> 12 >
Iz Is It 62
e > c > < >
v, ✓z V3
V4 ,
c
In
§
1611
Potential Across both resistance btw A and B is same .
:O I, 4 =
Iz 4
I, = I z
At
point A ,
I = I, + Iz
:O Ii = Iz = 9- A
12 Iz = 6 Iq
2I 3
= I4
and I 2
z t Iy =
Iz 1- 2
Iz = 2
Iz and Ia
3- A IgA
= =
(c) The
voltage drop Across AB is
UAB =
Ip ✗ 4 = I ✗ 4 = 44
Also the
UBC =
voltage drop
2A 1.2 ✗ =
across
211
BC is -
CD is
Finally the
drop
voltage Iz across .
Yep = 12 ✗
12 811
2-3
= ✗ =
My Vq 1×2 211
•
= = .
each
current
through
.
Calculate the
Ques 3 .
35h
effective resistance between A and B .
E W D
3N R
M Gr
m3
f N GR C
q6r& W
8
3. r
3h M
A B
3s
KRICHOFP 'S LAW PYQ 2019 , 18,15 ,
14,13 12,11 ,
1. Law or
At junctionis
anyjunction
the sum
of the currents
entering
leaving
,
the
equal to the sum of the currents
the
junction This . is based on the law
of conservation
of
because when
chargeaccumulation current is
steady ,
there is no
wire
of charges at junction
anycurrent
or at
any
point in the . Thus total ,
total current
flowingout
in
mint be
equal to the
flowing
.
I'
→ L I
,
+
Iz + Iz -
In + Is =
O
Ir
TIED CHEY)
Z N
junction
•
m , me .
How 3
' ' Ii + Is -1 Is =
It 1- Is
g.
second Law
2.
Kiriakoff 's or
loop rule PYQ 2014
The
algebric
closed
sum
changes of
in potential
resistors and
around any
the
loop
loop is involving
zero This. is based on
the
the
cells
Law
in
of
energy
.
convection
sign
Potential in direction
•
across a resistor is -
ve the
of
current .
I
VB -
VA = -
IR
• •
B A
V13 -
VA = IR
B
%
I
Illustration 11 :
If R ,
= 2h
,
Rz = Ar ,
R 3=652 ,
determine
the electric current flows in the circuit below .
Ri R2
Solution : First , choose the
E
direction of the current - You
negative
that ✓
difference so =
IR .
because
of the
charging of energy
from high
at the
emf .
because the
emptying of
the
of energy
at
emf
source .
clockwise of rotation
as
of
.
-
IR ,
+ E, -
IRZ -
I Rz -
E 2=0
-
2 I +9 -
4 I - 6 I -3 = 0
-
12 I 1- 6 =
0
I =
-
6
-
12
I = 0.5
Solution -
Each branch has
with unknown current
assigned
.
In loop ADCA ,
0=10 -
4 I ,
-
Iz +2 Iz -1 Iz -
I, -
In
1
7- I -
6 Iz -
21--3 = 9-0 1
,
In ABCA
loop ,
10 -
4 Iz -
2 Iz + Iz
-
I, = 0
In + 6 Iz +2 Iz = 10 2
In
loop BCDEB ,
5- 2 Iz +
Iz -
2 Iz + Iz -
I, = 0
2 I 1
-
4 Iz -
4
Iz =
-
5 3
AB
IgA
CA
52 A DEB
÷ A
- = =
CD
A
52A
AD = =
0A Bc =
Problem
for Practice
>
E,
um
R
11 >
iz
r
iz n e z
e, = RzZ § R3
18s
Mr
^ 1=2^36 r n
911 -1 33 r
,
Iz
-
311 -
Wheatstone
Bridge PYQ2015,2
It is of four resistance used to determine
arrangement
one of these
an
resistance in terms of
remaining
three
resistance .
A sensitive
galvanometer
between B and D .
•B Ig
§ Kirchoff 's
Applying in
-
,
Law
P '
Q
W Ig by
loop ABDA
I>
,
I
>
A. 7 It h I
I• P
IgG + IZR 0
-
-
=
✓
I2
2h
S NOR I, P +
IGR
= Iz R -
9-
• Ñ I 2-1 Ig
loop BCDB
( I, Ig ) Q + (Iz +
Ig ) s +
IgG = 0
-
-
( I , Ig )Q
- =
( Iz + I
g) s +
IgG 2
balanced condition
In
Ig = 0
Putting Ig -0 in a- and a
I P Iz R
3g
= -
,
I
, Q =
Iz S
Dividing by it
get
3 we
,
F- Is =
Meteor
Bridge ( slide wire bridge ) PYQ 2020 , 19,17 , 13,11
It is an
based on the
arrangement
principle
of balanced Wheatstone
bridge
contain
. This
two
arrangement
R
resistance
and in which R is
S
wire .
length everywhere
RAD = l, r
Risc =
( 100 -
l,
)h
bridge condition
Using Wheatstone balance
R = RAD_
g- Rpc
l
Rs =
1100
.
-
r
e.) r
e,
Rs =
100 -
e,
R = s .
l .
100 -
l,
resistor
current
flows through
5 r
11
.
611
✗ 18 r
m m
z5r
my N
2s
Gr
solution resistor
As No current
flows through 5s
-
• : The circuit
✗ =
2
represents balanced a Wheatstone
bridge .
18 6
✗ = 6s
Illustration
bridge arrangement
13 : In a Wheatstone the
, ,
balanced when R
interchanging Q
is = 500s . On
,
the value R
of the for ratio
balancing
is 505 r .
Find the value
of
and
Ig
✗ .
p =
R bridge ,
g X
P 500
= g-
9
In the
first case R soon a
interchanged
=
,
Op =
505
✗
2
equation and
Multiplying a- a
,
I = 500 ✗ 505
2
✗
✗ = 50205
Problem Practice
for
clues Calculate the current drawn
from
1 . the
battery by
the network
9- R
of resistors Shawn .
fig ⑨I
?
un por 10h
B W
•^I , G
og
•r
€7 60k¥ ;D
I
Fig 2
11 (1)
g
Fig
44
In meter
bridge point
the null is
Ques 3 .
, found at a
5 r is
distance
of 60cm
from A- Sf now a resistance
of
connected in series with S ,
the null point occurs at 50cm .
(1)
Fig Fig 12
Clues to
Figure
When the two
(2) shows experimental setup of
resistances ✗
a metre
bridge
. unknown and Y
☐ is obtained
are
end A. when
inserted ,the null point is connected
Aocm
from
in
the resistance 1- or
of
a
series with ✗ ,
the null point shifts by 10cm . Find the
position
instead of the null
connected
point
in
when the
series with
lo r resistance is
resistance Y ' Determine
•
.
11 = RI
11 =
5¥ .
I where S is
resistivity
11 ✗ I
p plication of Potentiometer
(1) To
compare emf of two
primary cell .
(1) To
compare emf of two given cells .
E, ✗ l,
E, = Kl , where K is
potential
I
gradient
when 2 and 3 are connected
Ez
,
la
found
✗
the null
point is at
compare emf of
This two cells
E÷= ¥ way
and
we
even
can
calculate the emf of one
(2)
Calculating internal resistance of a cell PYQ 2010
A rheostat crh )
battery B ,
a
is
and
connected
a
key
across
K
the end A
and B of the potentiometer
wire such that positive terminal
is connected to
of battery point
A.
Now
key ka is left open and
the
position of null
deflection
is obtained at
lengthen from A.
Ea e,
E = K lo 9-
sliding wire
'
K' is closed
Now
key and Jockey is over
and null
deflection is obtained across
length la
11 ✗ la
11 = K lz 2
from 1 and 2
G- ¥ =
- 3
from definition
11 E- = In
Ir = E - V
r =
E -
V =
E -
V
I YR
(9 1)
a- -
R
,
di I R
n = -
12
dvantage :
of potentiometer
Advantagevalue .
~ it
gives
draws
the
actual
of potential as it no
current
from the
measured
voltage
.
source that is
being
Voltmeter and Potentiometer
voltmeter
measured
using
When emf is These be some
other mayhand
.
error in
reading the
deflection On the .
for
measuring the emf by potentiometer only
a ,
null point is to
be read which involve less error .
Thus
potentiometer is better instrument than voltmeter .
Senslivity of Potentiometer
To increase the
sensitivity of Potentiometer the value
of Potential
gradient K is kept least possible .
be increased
senetioity can
by :
by decreasing current
using
Rheostat
• .
Illustration figure
14 : In
long ,uniform potentiometer
a
is
having
wire AB a constant
two cells
emfs
connected of in
the
and
primary
Ez
E. the
manner shown are obtained at a
distance 120cm
of A. and 300cm from
the end Find 1 E, and
E-
iiposition of null point for the
cell Er .
1
E ,
+ Ez =
300K
Ep
-
Ez =
120k 2
solving 1
E, =
and 2.
210k
we
get
Ez =
90K
En 7-
Hence , =
Ez 3
ii As E, = 210K
%
Balancing length for cell Er is
la = Es = 210cm
K
Ques section of
long of uniform
1 . A 10 meter wire cross -
is used
20 A resistance as
potentiometer wire .
This connected
wire is in series with battery ofa
54
,
calculate 4)
and lii)
the
potential
value
gradient potentiometer
of unknown the
wire the
of the
emf E.