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Dpco Unit 3,4,5 QB
Dpco Unit 3,4,5 QB
1. Define Computer.
A computer can be defined as a fast electronic calculating machine that can accept
digitized data as input, process the data and produce information as output.
2. List down the Eight Great Ideas in Computer Architecture.
Design for Moore‘s Law
Use Abstraction to Simplify Design
Make the Common Case Fast
Performance via Parallelism
Performance via Pipelining
Performance via Prediction Hierarchy
of Memories Dependability via
Redundancy
3. How will you improve performance via parallelism?
Computer architects have offered designs that get more performance by
performing
operations in parallel. Use multiple jet engines of a plane for parallel
performance.
4. what is the need for Hierarchy of Memories?
Programmers want memory to be fast, large, and cheap. The hierarchical
arrangement
of storage in current computer architectures is called the memory hierarchy. It is
designed to
take advantage of memory locality in computer programs. Each level of the
hierarchy is of
higher speed and lower latency, and is of smaller size, than lower levels.
5. List the Components of a Computer System.
The underlying hardware in any computer performs the same basic functions:
inputting data, outputting data, processing data, and storing data. The five classic
components
of a computer are
Input
Output
Memory
data path and
control (with the last two sometimes combined and called the processor)
6. What you meant by Operating System?
An operating system interfaces between a user‘s program and the hardware and
provides a variety of services and supervisory functions.
7. Define Moore’s Law.
Moore's law is the observation that, over the history of computing hardware, the
number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles approximately every 18 to 24
months.
The law is named after Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore, who described the trend
in his 1965 paper.
8. What you meant by Redundancy?
Redundancy is the duplication of critical components or functions of a system with
the intention of increasing reliability of the system.
9. Define pixel.
The smallest individual picture element. Screens are composed of hundreds of
thousands to millions of pixels, organized in a matrix.
10. What is the use of data path and control?
The processor logically comprises two main components: data path and
control, the
respective brawn and brain of the processor. The data path performs the
arithmetic
operations, and control tells the data path, memory, and I/O devices what to do
according to
the wishes of the instructions of the program.
11. What are the main functions of memory unit and its types?
The functions of memory unit are to store programs and data. There are two classes
of
storage, they are Primary storage and Secondary storage.
12. Define RAM.
Memory in which any location can be reached in a short and fixed amount of time
after
specifying its address is called random-access memory (RAM).
13. What is memory access time?
The time required to access one word is called memory access time.
14. What are system software and there functions?
System software is a collection of programs that are executed as needed to perform
functions such as Receiving and interpreting using commands.
Entering and editing application programs and storing them as files in secondary
storage devices.
15. List Technologies for Building Processors and Memory
16. What you meant by transistors?
A transistor is simply an on/off switch controlled by electricity. The integrated circuit
(IC) combined dozens to hundreds of transistors into a single chip.
17. Define the terms silicon and semiconductor.
The manufacture of a chip begins with silicon, a substance found in sand.
Because silicon
does not conduct electricity well, it is called a semiconductor. With a special
chemical process, it is possible to add materials to silicon that allow tiny areas to
transform into one of three devices:
Excellent conductors of electricity (using either microscopic copper or aluminum
wire)
Excellent insulators from electricity (like plastic sheathing or glass) Areas
that can conduct or insulate under special conditions (as a switch)
18. Describe the process of manufacturing Integrated circuits.
The process starts with a silicon crystal ingot, which looks like a giant sausage.
Today, ingots are 812 inches in diameter and about 1224 inches long. An ingot is
finely sliced into wafers no more than 0.1 inches thick. These wafers then go
through a series of processing steps, during which patterns of chemicals are placed
on each wafer, creating the transistors, conductors, and insulators.
19. What you meant by die?
The individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer, more informally
known as chips.
20. How will you calculate the cost of an integrated?
21. Define the terms response time and throughput.
The response time is the time between the start and completion of a task also
referred to as execution time.
The throughput or bandwidththe total amount of work done in a given unit of
time.
22. How will you maximize the performance of computer?
To maximize performance, we want to minimize response time or execution time for
some task. Thus, we can relate performance and execution time for a computer X:
23. Can you compare the performance of two different computers quantitatively?
Yes, we can relate the performance of two different computers quantitatively as Below
Then we could say the X is n times faster than Y.
24. Compare user CPU time and system CPU time.
user CPU time system CPU time
The CPU time spent in a program itself The CPU time spent in the operating
system performing tasks on behalf of the program
25. What is the difference between uniprocessor and multiprocessor?
Uniprocessor:
- A type of architecture that is based on a single computing unit. All operations
(a d d i t i o n s , multiplications) are done sequentially on the unit.
Multiprocessor:
- A type of architecture that is based on multiple computing units. Some of the
operations ( not all, mind you ) are done in parallel and the results are joined afterwards.
26. Define MIPS.
MIPS is an instruction execution rate, MIPS specifies performance inversely to
execution time; faster computers have a higher MIPS rating.
27. Define the Term WORD.
The natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 32 bits;
corresponds to the size of a register in the MIPS architecture.
28. What are called data transfer instructions?
MIPS must include instructions that transfer data between memory and registers.
Such instructions are called data transfer instructions. To access a word in
memory, the instruction must supply the memory address. Memory is just a large,
single-dimensional array, with the address acting as the index to that array, starting
at 0.
29. Which is called alignment restriction?
In MIPS, words must start at addresses that are multiples of 4. This requirement is
called an alignment restriction
30. Give the format of MIPS R-type instruction.
op: Basic operation of the instruction, traditionally called the opcode.
rs: The first register source operand.
rt: The second register source operand.
rd: The register destination operand. It gets the result of the operation.
shamt: Shift amount.
funct: Function. This field, often called the function code, selects the specific
variant of the operation in the op field.
PART B
1. Explain about the functional units of a computer.
2. Explain about Eight Great Ideas in Computer Architecture.
3. Describe the role of system software to improve the performance of a
computer.
4. What are the special registers in a typical computer? Explain their purposes in
detail.
5. What are addressing modes? Explain the various addressing modes with
examples.
6. Briefly explain about Technologies for Building Processors and Memory.
7. Explain about measuring and improving the performance of computer?
8. Describe about different types of operands in MIPS . Give examples
9. Explain about the various logical operations performed in MIPS with suitable
examples.
10. Explain about the various decision making operations performed in MIPS
with suitable examples.
11. Explain in detail about the various MIPS Immediate addressing modes .
12. Explain how to represent instructions in the computer with suitable
examples
13. List the advantages of multiprocessor over uniprocessor.
27. In conforming to the IEEE standard mention any four situations under which a
processor sets exception flag.
Underflow: If the number requires an exponent less than -126 or in a double
precision, if the number requires an exponent less than -1022 to represent its
normalized form the underflow occurs.
Overflow: In a single precision, if the number requires an exponent greater than -
127 or in a double precision, if the number requires an exponent greater than +1023 to
represent its normalized form the underflow occurs.
Divide by zero: It occurs when any number is divided by zero.
Invalid: It occurs if operations such as 0/0 are attempted.
28. Why floating point number is more difficult to represent and process than
integer?
An integer value requires only half the memory space as an equivalent. IEEE double
precision floating point value. Applications that use only integer based arithmetic
will therefore also have significantly smaller memory requirement
A floating-point operation usually runs hundreds of times slower than an equivalent
integer based arithmetic operation.
29. Define chopping.
Chopping is a simple way to truncate or remove the guard bits and make no changes
in the retained bits.
30. Define Half adder and full adder.
The logic circuit that performs the addition of two binary digits is known as half
adder. The circuit that performs the addition of three binary digits is known as full
adder.
PART B
1. Briefly explain about Binary Addition and Subtraction in MIPS architecture.
2. Explain about Sequential Version of the Multiplication Algorithm and
Hardware.
3. Compare the operations of first and revised version of refined version of the
multiplication hardware.
4. Explain about division algorithm and hardware with neat diagram.
5. Compare the operations of first and revised version of refined version of the
division
hardware.
6. Briefly explain about Floating Point operations.
7.Illustrate Booth Algorithm with an example.
8. Explain about the representation of floating point numbers with suitable examples.
PART B