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Linguistics (Trường Đại học Ngoại ngữ- Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội)
A. Organizing Concepts
· What is a nation?
A nation is a country when thought of as a large group of people sharing the same culture.
National identity is one's sense of belonging to one nation. It is the sense of a nation as a
cohesive whole, as represented by shared experiences and history.
· What is a state?
A state is a country when thought of as a large group of people living in a territory sharing the
same politics.
· What is a nation-state?
A nation-state is a specific form of sovereign state that is guided by a nation. The nation state
implies that a state and a nation coincide, which means a state (a political entity) has chosen to
adopt and endorse a specific cultural group.
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· Distinguish nation-state from other forms of social organization such as tribe, city-state,
empire, theocracy, etc.
· When did the Victorian era start and end? 1837 – 1901
(1) Scientific and technological development; Impressive economic development, the Industrial
Revolution;
· Name the major debate that motivated the American Civil War.
In 1860, 11 states left the Union and declared to be independent nation; the Civil War began.
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· During what years was the Civil War fought? 1860 – 1965
· What were the two opposing forces in the American Civil War?
· What was the name of the secessionist faction of the Civil War?
· Who was the President of the United States of America at that time?
Abraham Lincoln
· The Civil War resolved two matters that vexed Americans since 1776. What are they?
World War I
World War I (WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All
Wars, was a global war originating in Europe. It was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved
the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. Unresolved
rivalries still extant at the end of the conflict contributed to the start of the World War II only twenty-
one years later.
Britain and Belgium had a treaty to support each other if they were attacked. In 1914, Germany
attacked France by moving through Belgium. Britain told Germany to retreat, but Germany
didn't listen; therefore, Britain declared war on Germany.
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In 1914, World War I erupted in Europe; President Woodrow Wilson urged a policy of strict
American neutrality. Germany’s declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare against all ships
bound for Allied ports caused the US to enter WW I.
· What is the significance of the Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace
Conference, in 1920?
The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the
victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I, to set the peace terms for the
defeated Central Powers. The main decision was the creation of the League of Nations.
No.
Roaring Twenties
The Roaring Twenties was a period of sustained economic prosperity with a distinctive cultural edge in
the US and Western Europe, particularly in major cities such as Berlin, Chicago, London, Los Angeles,
New York City, Paris, and Sydney.
· What war ended right before the start of the Roaring Twenties?
The age of jazz and spectacular silent movies and such fads as flagpole-sitting and goldfish-
swallowing.
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· In the US, what style of music became popular during the Roaring Twenties?
Jazz
World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was the most
widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries.
The war led to the formation of two opposing military alliances, the Allies and the Axis, and a new
world order.
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Since Great Britain had pledged military
support to Poland if it were attacked by the Germans, it subsequently declared war against
Germany on September 3, 1939, hence beginning World War II.
Neville Chamberlain
The bombing of Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii by the Japanese in December 1941 brought
the US into the war.
· What happened to the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945,
respectively?
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The two major accomplishments of the conference were the creation of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).
· What is the significance of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference or, more formally, the Washington
Conversations on International Peace and Security Organization in 1944?
The United Nations was formulated and negotiated among international leaders
· What does the phrase “a city upon the hill” refer to?
A city upon the hill refers to an idea community which enjoys an indisputable superiority in
wealth and military power. It hence sets a model for other nations to follow. It also refers to
exceptionalism. (see question 3)
The American Dream is a national ethos of the United States, the set of ideals (democracy,
rights, liberty, opportunity and equality) in which freedom includes the opportunity for
prosperity and success, as well as an upward social mobility for the family and children,
achieved through hard work in a society with few barriers.
The American Dream is rooted in the Declaration of Independence, which proclaims that "all
men are created equal" with the right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."
The first is that American history is inherently different from that of other nations. It stems from
the American Revolution, becoming “the first new nation” and developing the uniquely
American ideology of “Americanism” based on liberty, egalitarianism, individualism,
republicanism, democracy, and laissez-faire economics.
The second is that the US has a unique mission to transform the world. American has a duty to
ensure that “government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the
Earth.”
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The third is that the US history and mission gives it a superiority over other nations.
D. Political Systems
· Describe the political systems of the UK & the US in terms of constitution, form of government,
branches of government, political parties, and election.
The UK
No written constitution.
Form of government: constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy
Branches of government: House of Commons, House of Lords
House of Commons: MPs are elected every 5 years at General Election. 650 MPs. Roles: to help
make laws and to scrutinize the work of the government or investigate issues.
House of Lords: “hereditary peers” (the holder of an inherited aristocratic title) and “life peers”
(the distinguished retired politicians). 675 peers. Roles: a forum for public discussion, discuss
proposals for new laws in great detail, delay new laws as short as six months.
The US
- Constitution: defines the power of national and state governments, the functions and
framework of each branch of governments and the rights of individual citizens.
- Form of government: representative democracy
- Branches of government: Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Legislative: make laws. Congress consists of 2 houses: the House of Representatives and
the Senate
o The House: 1 representative per district (435 representatives). 2-year term.
o The Senate: two senators per state (100 senators). 6-year term. ⅓ Senators stand for
election every two years.
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· What is a constitution?
A constitution is a set of basic laws and principles that a country is governed by. The US
constitution defines the powers of national and state governments, the functions and framework
of each branch of governments and the rights of individual citizens.
A country whose government is controlled by a parliament which has been elected by the people.
A government in which the citizens elect representatives to a legislative branch and then in a
separate election, citizens elect the executive branch.
All government power rests ultimately with the people, who direct policies by voting for
government representatives.
Powers are divided between the central government and the individual states. The federal
(national) government has powers over areas of wide concern. Each state has its own executive,
legislative and judicial institutions. There are concurrent powers which both share.
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“Separation of powers” refers to the fact that power is divided among three branches –
legislative, executive and judicial. Each branch has a separate function.
· What is a bill?
A bill is a proposed legislation which afterwards will be taken into consideration by both houses
of Congress. When two houses reach a compromise, it is sent to the president for his signature.
At this point, the bill becomes a law.
E. Economic Systems
· Name four or five economic activity sectors that are usually present in descriptions of a
nation’s economy.
Manufactory sector
Service sector
Agriculture sector
Industrial sector
· What can be said about the shift in the growth pattern of economic sectors during the end of
the 20th century in the UK and the US?
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· In the context of the UK, the decline of which sector is a major concern? Why?
Manufactory sector
Why:
· Describe the shifts of how the government in the UK has intervened in economic life. When
did the state become much more involved in economic planning and nationalize industries?
When did the trend start going in the other direction?
· A nation’s economy can be divided into the public sector and the private sector. Describe the
current pattern of mixed economy of public and private sectors in the UK.
- Public sector: includes the remaining state-run industries and public services, which now
amount to under one-third of the economy.
- Private sector: belongs to people who have a financial stake in a company.
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It consists of small businesses owned by individuals; companies whose shares are sold to
the public through the Stock Exchange; and large companies whose shares are not
offered for sale to the public. (most companies are small or medium-size)
They are crucial to the economy and generate 50% of new jobs.
UK:
Context: between 2007 and 2010, worst global recession since the Great Depression
(1929). Individual consumers took out large personal loan and incurring debts they were
unable to repay
Labour government bailout off banks that remained partly state-owned.
The costs of this exercise: budget deficit was 178 billion pounds.
Political parties and economists disagreed on measure to reduce this number
The government initiated a mixture of payment: cuts in public spending + high taxation
band of 50% on incomes à 2014: 80 billion pounds
US:
Every year since 1930, the government has been spending more money than it has taken
in à leads to inflation, high interest rates, and unemployment (Ex: high value of American
dollar)
Solution: Gramm Rudman deficit reduction plan (adopted in December 1985) = Yearly
spending cuts of $36 billion until balance in 1991
Reason: sudden stock market crash in October 1987 which caused a drop in markets
globally
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· When did the global financial crisis happen? What have been some of the symptoms/
consequences of the global financial crisis?
· Consequences:
F. Education Systems
· What is educationalization?
Can be used as the general concept to identify the overall orientation or trend toward thinking
about education as the focal point for addressing or solving larger human problems
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· According to David Labaree (1997), what are the three goals of the American education
system? Illustrate each goal with examples of educational practices in the US .
Democratic equality: is the perspective of the citizen, from which education is seen as a public
good, designed to prepare people for political roles. Students are given the freedom of choice
over their schools, the course and subjects as well as the classes. They are allowed to question
teachers’ teaching
Social efficiency: is the perspective of the taxpayer and employer, from which education is
seen as a public good designed to prepare workers to fill structurally necessary market roles.
At school, students are taught subjects (3 Rs) to equip themselves with the common
knowledge (calculating, read and write) to make a living.
Social mobility: is the perspective of the individual educational consumer, from which
education is seen as a private good designed to prepare individuals for successful social
competition for the more desirable market. For example, at school, beside the common
subjects, students are allowed to choose vocational subjects (cooking, science, IT…)
· How did the 1944 Education Act Change the education system in Britain ?
Under the EAC, state schooling became free and compulsory up to the age of 15 and was divided
into 3 stages: primary, secondary and further post-school training. Before this Act, schools were
only made compulsory until the age of 10. 2 types of schools resulted from the Act: county
(provided by LEAs) and voluntary (founded by religious and other groups).
Most state secondary schools were divided into grammar schools, secondary modern schools and
technical schools. The placement of students to these schools depended upon eleven-plus
examination (including linguistic, math and general knowledge) result.
From 1964 until now, the debate between comprehensive (no test) and selective (11+ exam) has
been going on.
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Overturned the provision of 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which had allowed for separate but
equal public facilities as Brown v. Board of Education helped break the back of state-sponsor
segregation and provided a spark to the American civil rights movement.
PART 2
Part 2 mobilizes your in-depth understanding of a socio-political and cultural phenomenon in the UK
or the US and your capacity to produce clear and effective written English.
Essay Question 1
Democracy is a Western concept, generally understood as the power or the rule of the people. It has
found its way into modern systems of government that are formed by the whole population or all the
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eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. To prevent dictatorship, the
separation of powers is another principle built in the constitution of democracies. Democracies
function on the rule of law, the legal principle that law should govern a nation, as opposed to being
governed by decisions of individual government officials. However, it is also important acknowledge
that democracy is not only about how a political system is organized but also about how the people can
make visible their collective power whether they are allowed by the state. Write an essay of 300 words
to elaborate on how different aspects of democracy work in the UK or the US. Your essay should
include examples of real-life democratic practices in the country.
ESSAY 1 OUTLINE:
A. Introduction:
· This essay will discuss how different aspects of democracy work in the UK and the US.
B. Body:
- How it works: the people, through fair election, vote for particular groups of politicians to
make decisions on their behalves.
- Examples:
In the US, the people elect the president (though through the Electoral College), members
of the Congress, local officials, etc. while in the UK, the citizen votes for MPs.
The free and fair election:
This mechanism helps to ensure the political participation of the people.
- How it works: The government responsibilities is divided into distinct branches to limit any
one branch from exercising the core functions of another à prevent dictatorship and provide
for checks and balances.
- Examples:
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In the US, this means three separate and equal branches: Legislative, Executive and
Judicial. Each branch has a clear role and with an equal claim to legitimacy. The Congress
makes the laws, the Supreme Court interprets them with reference to the Constitution,
and the president implements them.
In the UK: there Is no absolute doctrine of Separation Of Powers. However, there is also a
system of Checks and Balances to prevent abusive of power.
- How it works:
- Examples:
C. Conclusion:·
Essay Question 2
It is often said that the end of the Cold War in 1991 marked the beginning of a post-political era where
people’s major concern was shifted from politics to economics. However, politics is understood, on the
basis that politics and economics entwine, the claim is questionable. Nevertheless, it may draw our
attention to the rise of neoliberalism on a global scale during the last decades. Neoliberalism elevates
self-interests over a common social organization that works for all. It goes with free trade and
immigration policies that favor capitalist interests and has been considered a synonym for globalization.
Globalization does not benefit everyone. This could be seen in arguments in support of Brexit in the UK
and Trump’s presidency in the US. As many (not all) supporters of Brexit or Trump care about how their
nation and they themselves are performing economically, they think strict national borders should be
maintained so as to protect their group’s economic interests. This prompt invites you to write an essay
of 300 words on the extent to which advocacy for Brexit or Trump’s presidency has been influenced by
economic reasoning as well as implicates identity politics and nationalism.
OUTLINE
A. Introduction:
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This essay will discuss not only how advocacy for Brexit or Trump’s presidency has been influenced by
economic reasoning but also implications of identity politics and nationalism.
B. Body:
The case of Trump: Trump’s Immigrant Policies (Travel ban and US-Mexico border wall) as an
attempt to prevent immigrants, drugs and terrorism so as to save the national industries and
workers.
The case of Brexit: Brexit as an attempt to impdede EU immigrants and to protect the national
economy.
Identity Politics: a tendency for people of a particular religion, race, social background, etc., to form
exclusive political alliances.
- TRUMP:
The white seemed to have lost their superior status due to several historical and cultural
developments like mass immigration, the election and re-election of a black president.
This triggered white identity politics.
To win votes, Trump exploited white identity politics by making promise to restrict immigration
and “make American white again”.
C. Conclusion:
Essay Question 3
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The education system is seen as both the result of and solution to social problems. Use examples from
the course to elaborate your understanding of the statement.
OUTLINE
Introduction
- This essay will briefly explain my understanding of the statement before providing some typical
examples found in both British and American education.
Body
(1) The surge of immigration to America after 1865 leads to the increasing assimilation through
education
1865-1900: people from Europe (Germany, Ireland, Italy…) and Asia (Russia, Serbia…) flock to
America with a view to leading a better life with freedom, liberty and job opportunities.
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=> These newcomers must be immediately Americanized to fit the lifestyle, beliefs and values
in the US society.
=> The curriculum must include English, principles of American democracy and the skills
needed for the workplace.
Social problems caused by immigration like unhealthy tenement housing, child labor
Context: Before 1954, students attended school near their houses => blacks and whites study
in different school districts.
Solution: bussing students to other districts to reach racial balance.
Conclusion
PART 3
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