Definition of terms

Hazard ● Vulnerability has been related to the following

Is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, factors:
human activity or condition that may cause
• loss of life; (a) Social integration -
• injury or other health impacts; Ethnicity,
• property damage; Age,
• loss of livelihood and services; Gender,
• social and economic disruption or Location,
environmental damage. Status,
• Each hazard is characterized by its Wealth,
location, intensity, probability and likely Income,
frequency. Education
family type
The hazards of concern to disaster risk reduction
are hazards that arise from a variety of (b) Psychological and Physiological
geological,meteorological, hydrological, locus of control,
oceanic, biological, and technological sources, Disability,
sometimes acting in combination. coping style,
individual’s perception,
Crisis Lifestyle,
Is an event or series of events Agility,
representing a critical threat to the health, mobility and experience
safety, security or wellbeing of a community,
usually over a wide area. Emergency
Armed conflicts, epidemics, famine, A sudden occurrence of demanding
natural disasters, environmental emergencies immediate action that may be due to epidemics,
and other major harmful events may involve or to natural, to technological catastrophe, to strife
lead to a humanitarian crisis or other man-made causes.

Risks Disaster
is the probability of harmful • A serious disruption of the functioning of a
consequences, or expected losses (deaths, community or a society causing widespread
injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity human, material, economic or environmental
disrupted or environment damaged) resulting losses that exceed the ability of the affected
from interactions between natural or community or society to cope using its own
human-induced hazards and vulnerable resources.
conditions.
Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability. • A disaster is a function of the risk process. It
results from the combination of hazards,
Vulnerability conditions of vulnerability and insufficient
● The conditions determined by physical, social, capacity or measures to reduce the potential
economic and environmental factors or negative consequences of risk.
processes, which increase the susceptibility of a
community to the impact of hazards. Classification of Disasters

● Defined as the characteristics and

Natural Technologica Environmenta
circumstances of a community, system or asset l l
that make it susceptible to the damaging effects
Natural Represent Degradation of
of a hazard. Vulnerability is a set of prevailing or
phenomena that danger the environment
consequential conditions arising from various may lead to a originating from concerns
physical, social, economic and environmental disaster and that technological or processes induced
can be classified industrial by human
factors which increase the susceptibility of a according to accidents, behavior and
community to the impact of hazards. origin dangerous activities
procedures, (sometimes
Vulnerability also comprises various physical,
infrastructure combined with
social, economic, political and environmental failures or natural hazards)
factors that affect the ability of communities to certain human that damage the
activities, which natural resource
respond to events. may cause the base or adversely
 loss of life or alter natural 3) Disaster Response
injury, property processes or 4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery,
damage, social ecosystems.
and economic Potential effects
disruption or are varied and -- the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
environmental may contribute to Management Council (NDRRMC).
degradation an increase in
vulnerability and
the frequency and ▫ By law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates
intensity of
and implements the NDRRMP and ensures that
natural hazards
the physical framework, social, economic and
Examples: Examples: Examples: environmental plans of communities, cities,
Geological industrial Land degradation;
hazards, pollution, Deforestation; municipalities and provinces are consistent with
hydrometeorologi nuclear activities Desertification; such plan.
cal hazards and and Veld fires; Loss of
biological hazards radioactivity, biodiversity;
toxic wastes, Land, water and ▫ The NDRRMP is consistent with the National
dam failures; air pollution; Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
transport, and Climate change;
industrial or Sea level rise; and Framework (NDRRMF), which serves as “the
technological Ozone depletion principal guide to disaster risk reduction and
accidents
(explosions,
management (DRRM) efforts to the country....”
fires, spills)
▫ The Framework envisions a country of “safer,
adaptive and disaster-resilient Filipino
communities toward sustainable development.”
Disaster Risk
● the potential (not actual) disaster losses, ▫ It conveys a paradigm shift from reactive to
in lives, health status, proactive DRRM wherein men and women have
● livelihoods, assets and services, which increased their awareness and understanding of
could occur in a particular community or DRRM, with the end in view of increasing
society over some specified future time people’s resilience and decreasing their
period. vulnerabilities.

Disaster Risk Reduction Geographical Hazards and Disaster Risk Profiles

• Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) aims to of the Philippines
reduce the damage caused by natural ● Due to its geographical location, the
hazards like earthquake, floods, droughts Philippines is exposed to high incidents of
and cyclones through an ethnic hazards such as typhoons, floods, storm surges,
prevention. floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic
• There is no such thing as “natural eruptions, landslides and droughts.
disaster” only “natural hazards”. ● Volcanic eruptions and tsunamis are related to
the continental plate activity around “the Ring
Republic Act No. 10121 of Fire”. Because it is one of the most
● An act strengthening the Philippine geologically active areas, it is nicknamed “The
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management, Ring of Fire”.
providing for the national disaster risk reduction
and management framework and Ring of Fire
institutionalizing the national disaster risk This is a circular arm of active volcanoes that
reduction and management plan, appropriating surrounds the Pacific Ocean basin. This area in
funds therefore and for other purposes. the Pacific Ocean covers nearly 25,000 miles
from the southern tip of South America, to the
Overview of the Philippine Disaster west coast of North America, across the Bering
Management System and Concepts Strait, through Japan, and into New Zealand.
● The National Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfills the • On average, about 20 tropical cyclones enter
requirement of RA No. 10121 of 2010, which the Philippines waters each year, with
provides the legal basis for policies, plans and approximately eight or nine making landfall
programs to deal with disasters. (ESCAP/WMO, 2009; Bankoff, 2003).

The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas: • Of all the disasters, cyclones and the
1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation accompanying landslides, storm surges and
2) Disaster Preparedness floods have caused the largest losses of life and
property (Huigen & Jens, 2006; Bankoff, 2003),
mostly because majority of the population is ▫ Local governments are not always aware of the
living within 60km from the coast. issues on climate change and disaster risks and
existing programs are not adequate or able to
• Based on vulnerability studies, the most cope with the scale of the need.
vulnerable regions to tropical cyclones in the
country are the National Capital Region (NCR), Four Key Roles and Opportunities for LGUs to
Southern Tagalog, Cagayan Valley, Central Reduce Reduction Risks
Luzon, the Cordillera Administrative Region, and Build awareness
Bicol Province (Cruz, et al., 2017). ● increase knowledge, understanding and
general awareness of the many issues about
• Visayas and Mindanao are likewise becoming disaster risk reduction
more at risk due to an increasing number of ● build capacity in the LGU with persons who
tropical cyclones entering the southern part of learn and teach others about DRR and climate
the country. change adaptation options

Why are disaster impacts increasing? Know the Risks

• Increase in population ▫ The need to know local risks and
• Climate change vulnerabilities. This is at the very heart of any
• Increase vulnerability due to: disaster risk reduction strategy.
-demographic changes ▫ very heart of any disaster risk reduction
-environmental degradation strategy
-poverty
-rapid urbanization and unplanned Maintain Infrastructure
development ▫ Maintaining and upgrading of critical
infrastructure; while local governments are
Vulnerability of the Urban Environment responsible for a variety of critical infrastructure
o Nearly half of the population is residing in (such as water, drainage, sewage, schools,
urban centers, 25% of which in the capital alone. hospitals), investments.

o Massive urban sprawl has expanded the Leadership

metropolis of Manila into the Greater Manila ▫ long-term political commitment is crucial to
Area, now covering parts of the neighboring successfully implement DRR programs over time
provinces as well
▫ strong leadership at the top of the local
o An estimated one third of the inhabitants of government and this may mean providing on
Metro Manila reside in informal settlements, up-to-date information on DRR
where inadequate housing and lack of
infrastructure are often highlighted as the most COMPONENTS OF DRR AND MANAGEMENT
prevalent issues (Morin, et al., 2016). PRE-EVENT
PREVENTION
o The urban poor are also often highly The outright avoidance of adverse impacts
vulnerable to natural hazards, partly due to rapid of hazards and related disasters. Prevention
urban growth and lack of tenure which have expresses the concept and intention to
forced many to inhabit hazard-prone areas such completely avoid potential adverse impacts
as flood plains, riverbanks, the coasts and on through action taken in advance. Can be in the
steep slopes (Swiss NGO DRR Platform, 2014). form of proper land use of using suitable
engineering design.
Risk Reduction and Preparedness
Local Government and Disaster Risk MITIGATION
▫ Common disaster risk reduction issues for local The lessening or limitation of the adverse
governments have to do with not enforcing the impacts of hazards and related disasters. While
implementation of building codes resulting in the adverse impacts of hazards often cannot be
unsafe buildings, including schools, offices, prevented fully, their scale of severity can be
houses, hospitals and public infrastructure. substantially lessened by various strategies and
actions.
▫ Residents then become extremely vulnerable to
the risk of injury and death from collapsing ADAPTATION
buildings, particularly in urban areas.
 The adjustment in natural or human
systems in response to actual or expected
climatic stimuli or their effects, which
moderates harm or exploits beneficial
opportunities

POST-EVENT
RESPONSE
The provision of emergency services or
public assistance during or immediately after a
disaster in order to save lives, reduce health
impacts, ensure public safety, and meet the basic
subsistence needs of the people affected.
Disaster response is predominantly focused on
immediate and short-term needs and is
sometimes called “disaster relief.”

Recovery
The restoration, and improvement, where
appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living
conditions of disaster affected communities,
including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.
The recovery task and rehabilitation and
reconstruction begins soon after the emergency
phase has ended, and should be based on
pre-existing strategies and policies that
facilitate clear institutional responsibilities for
recovery action and enable public participation.

Hands-only CPR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcJ4nnkX7
_Y
 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

in accordance with the "building back better

REPUBLIC ACT No. 10121 principle.

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE Overview of the Phil. Disaster Management

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND System and Concepts
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM, PROVIDING FOR THE By law, the Office of Civil Defense
NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND formulates and implements the NDRRMP and
MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND ensures that the physical framework, social,
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE NATIONAL economic and environmental plans of
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND communities, cities, municipalities and provinces
MANAGEMENT PLAN, APPROPRIATING FUNDS are consistent with such plan.
THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
The NDRRMP is consistent with the
Overview of the Phil. Disaster Management National Disaster Risk Reduction and
System and Concepts Management Framework (NDRRMF), which
serves as "the principal guide to disaster risk
The National Disaster Risk Reduction and reduction and management (DRRM) efforts to
Management Plan (NDRRMP) fulfills the the country…”
requirement of RA No. 10121 of 2010, which The Framework envisions a country of
provides the legal basis for policies, plans, and "safer, adaptive and disaster-resilient Filipino
programs to deal with disasters. communities toward sustainable development."

The NDRRMP covers four thematic areas It conveys a paradigm shift from reactive
to proactive DRRM wherein men and women have
1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation increased their awareness and understanding of
DRRM, with the end in view of increasing people's
2) Disaster Preparedness resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities.
The NDDRMP goals are to be achieved by
3) Disaster Response 2028 through 14 objectives, 24 outcomes, 56
outputs, and 93 activities. The 24 outcomes, with
4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, their respective overall responsible agencies, are
-- the National Disaster Risk Reduction and summarized below.
Management Council (NDRRMC).
Thematic Area 1: Disaster Prevention and
Safer, adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino Mitigation
communities towards sustainable development Overall responsible agency: Department of
Science and Technology (DOST)
DISASTER PREVENTION AND MITIGATION
Avoid hazards and mitigate their potential
OUTCOME LEAD AGENCY(IES)
impacts by reducing vulnerabilities and exposure
and enhancing capacities of communities. 1. DRRM and CCA Office of Civil Defense
mainstreamed and (OCD)
DISASTER PREPAREDNESS integrated in national,
sectoral, regional and
Establish and strengthen capacities of
local development
communities to anticipate, cope and recover policies, plans and
from the negative impacts of emergency budget
occurrences and disasters.
2. DRRM and Department of
CCA-sensitive Environment and
DISASTER RESPONSE
environmental Natural Resources
Provide life preservation and meet the basic
management (DENR)
subsistence needs of affected population based
on acceptable standards during or immediately 3. Increased resiliency Department of Public
after a disaster. of infrastructure Works and Highways
systems (DPWH)
DISASTER REHABILITATION AND RECOVERY
Restore and improve facilities, livelihood and
living conditions and organizational capacities of 4. Enhanced and OCD
affected communities, and reduced disaster risks
effective prompt assessment of Reduction and
community-based needs and damages Management Councils
scientific DRRM and at all levels (DRRMCs), OCD and
CCA assessment, DSWD
mapping, analysis and
monitoring
14. Integrated and Department of
5. Communities access Department of coordinated Search, National Defense
to effective and Finance (DOF) Rescue and Retrieval (DND), DILG,
applicable disaster (SRR) capacity Department of Health
risk financing and (DOH)
insurance
15. Safe and timely Local government
6. End-to-end Department of evacuation of affected units (LGUs)
monitoring Science and communities
(monitoring and Technology (DOST)
response), forecasting
and early warning 16. Temporary shelter DSWD
systems are needs adequately
established and/or addressed
improved

Thematic Area 2: Disaster Preparedness

Overall responsible agency: Department of 17. Basic social DOH
Interior and Local Government (DILG) services provided to
affected population
7. increased level of Philippine Information (whether inside or
awareness and Agency (PIA) outside evacuation
enhanced capacity of centers)
the community to the
threats and impacts of 18. Psychosocial needs DOH
all hazards of directly and
indirectly affected
8. Communities are Department of population addressed
equipped with Interior and Local
necessary skills and Government (to 19. Coordinated, DSWD
capability to cope with coordinate) and OCD integrated system for
the impacts of (to implement) early recovery
disasters implemented

Thematic Area 4: Disaster Rehabilitation and

9. Increased DRRM DILG Recovery
and CCA capacity of Overall responsible agency: National Economic
Local DRRM Councils, and Development Authority (NEDA)
Offices and Operation
Centers at all levels 20. Damages, losses OCD
and needs assessed
10. Developed and DILG and OCD
implemented 21. Economic activities Agency to be
comprehensive restored, and if determined based on
national and local possible strengthened the affected sectors
preparedness and or expanded
response policies,
plans, and systems

11. Strengthened DILG 22. Houses rebuilt or National Housing

partnership and repaired to be more Authority (NHA)
coordination among resilient to hazard
all key players and events; safer sites for
stakeholders housing

Thematic Area 3: Disaster Response 23. Disaster and DPWH

Overall responsible agency: Department of climate
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) change-resilient
infrastructure
12. Well-established Department of Social constructed/reconstru
disaster response Welfare and cted
operation Development (DSWD)
24. A psychologically DOH and DSWD
13. Adequate and Disaster Risk sound, safe, and
 8. Development and Implmentation of DRRM and
secure citizenry that is
protected from the CCa activities using 5% of government agency’s
effects of disasters is allocation from the annual national budget or
able to restore to General Appropriations Act (GAA);
normal functioning
after each disaster 9. Hazard and risk mapping in the most high-risk
areas in the country (e.g., community-based
NDRRMP Priority Projects DRRM and CCA risk mapping in the municipalities
of Kitcharao and Santiago in Agusan del Norte
1. Development of the following Plans: and Butuan City)
• Joint workplan for DRRM and CCA
• Local DRRM plans 10. Institutional capability program on DRRM and
• National Disaster Response Plan (to CCA for decision makers, public sector
include a system for Search, Rescue and employees, and key stakeholders
Retrieval SRR; scenario-based
preparedness and response plans) 11. Mainstreaming DRRM and CCA (e.g.,
• Risk financing Esperanza Municipality in Agusan del Sur in
CARAGA and in San Francisco Municipality in
2. Development of IEC and advocacy materials Camotes Island)
on RA 10121, DRRM and CCA
12. PDNA capacity building for national
3. Development of guidelines on government agencies, regional line agencies, and
• Communications and information local offices.
protocol before, during and after disasters
• Creation of DRRM teams 13. Review, amend and/or revise the following:
• Criteria/standards for local flood early • Building Code and integrate DRRM and
warning systems CCA
• Evacuation
• Infrastructure redesign and/or •Executive Order No. 72 s. 1993, which
modifications provides for the preparation and
• Manual of operations of disaster implementation of the CLUPS of local
operations centers government units

4. Development of tools on •Implementing Rules and Regulations of

• DRRM and CCA mainstreaming in the RA No. 10121
national and local-level planning
• Damage and Needs Assessment (DANA) • Various environmental policies (ie, EO No.
and Post-DANA 26, etc) to integrate DRRM and CCA
• Psychosocial concerns
Geographic Hazards & Disaster Risk Profiles of
5. Establishment of the Philippines
• DRRM Training Institutes Due to its geographical location, the
• Local flood early warning systems Philippines is exposed to high incidents of
(through integrated and sustainable hazards such as typhoons, floods, storm surges,
management river basins and water sheds floods, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic
- like the Cagayan River Basin (CRB) in eruptions, landslides and droughts.
Region 2 Volcanic eruptions and tsunamis are
• End-to-End Early Warning Systems in related to the continental plate activity around
Provinces of Bulacan, Leyte, Albay, "the Ring of Fire". Because it is one of the most
Municipality of Kitcharao and Santiago, geologically active areas, it is nicknamed "The
Agusan del Norte and Butuan City Ring of Fire".

6. Establishment of local DRRM Councils and Ring of Fire

Offices and their operations centers, as • This is a circular arm of active volcanoes that
prescribed by RA 10121 surrounds the Pacific Ocean basin. This area in
the Pacific Ocean covers nearly 25,000 miles from
7. Conduct of Inventory of existing DRRM and the southern tip of South America, to the west
CCA resources and services coast of North America, across the Bering Strait,
through Japan, and into New Zealand.
 On average, about 20 tropical cyclones existing programs are not adequate or able to
enter the Philippines waters each year, with cope with the scale of the need.
approximately eight or nine making landfall
(ESCAP/WMO, 2009; Bankoff, 2003). Four key roles (opportunities) for LGUS to
reduce disaster risks:
Of all the disasters, cyclones and the
accompanying landslides, storm surges and Build awareness
floods have caused the largest losses of life and • increase knowledge, understanding and general
property (Huigen & Jens, 2006; Bankoff, 2003), awareness of the many issues about disaster risk
mostly because majority of the population is reduction
living within 60km from the coast • build capacity in the LGU with persons who
Based on vulnerability studies, the most learn and teach others about DRR and climate
vulnerable regions to tropical cyclones in the change adaptation options
country are the National Capital Region (NCR),
Southern Tagalog, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Know the risks
the Cordillera Administrative Region, and Bicol • The need to know local risks and vulnerabilities.
Province (Cruz, et al.,2017). This is at the very heart of any disaster risk
Visayas and Mindanao are likewise reduction strategy.
becoming more at risk due to an increasing • very heart of any disaster risk reduction
number of tropical cyclones entering the southern strategy
part of the country.
Maintain infrastructure
Vulnerability of the Urban Environment • Maintaining and upgrading of critical
infrastructure; while local governments are
Nearly half of the population is residing in urban responsible for a variety of critical infrastructure
centers, 25% of which in the capital alone. (such as water, drainage, sewage, schools,
hospitals), investments
Massive urban sprawl has expanded the
metropolis of Manila into the Greater Manila Leadership
Area, now covering parts of the neighboring • long-term political commitment is crucial to
provinces as well successfully implement DRR programs over time
• strong leadership at the top of the local
An estimated one third of the inhabitants of government and this may mean providing on
Metro Manila reside in informal settlements, up-to-date information on DRR
where inadequate housing and lack of
infrastructure are often highlighted as the most EXAMPLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT
prevalent issues (Morin, et al. 2016). (LGU) RESPONSE TO COVID-19

The urban poor are also often highly vulnerable CDRRMC Pasig
to natural hazards, partly due to rapid urban a. Established Mobile Palengke to the following
growth and lack of tenure which have forced areas: Brgy San Joaquin-All Villas (Ulilang
many to inhabit hazard- prone areas such as Kawayan), Brgy Bambang-Basketball Court, Brgy
flood plains, riverbanks, the coasts and on steep Sagad - E. Angeles St., near Brgy Hall, Brgy
slopes (Swiss NGO DRR Platform 2014) Rosario- Ramos Compound/Buenmar, East Bank
Road, and Brgy Sta. Lucia Tawi-Tawi, Brgy
Risk reduction and Preparedness Palatiw N. Cruz St., Corner Sandoval Avenue,
Brgy. Caniogan Pasig Bliss/ Col Licsi Street
Local Governments and Disaster Risk (Barracks), Brgy. Pineda Purok 3 MRR near Manila
Common disaster risk reduction issues for Water STP, and Brgy. San Miquel Damayan Dela
local governments have to do with not enforcing Paz. Phase 24
the implementation of building codes resulting in b. Received a donation from Caritas Manila thru
unsafe buildings, including schools, offices, Sto Nino Parish amounting to P400,000 worth of
houses, hospitals and public infrastructure. gift check for 1,000 families in Barangay Sto.
Niño.
Residents then become extremely vulnerable to c. Distributed food vouchers to families of public
the risk of injury and death from collapsing school students.
buildings, particularly in urban areas. d. Allocated financial assistance for market
vendors.
Local governments are not always aware of the
issues on climate change and disaster risks and
Definition of Terms response organizations, communities and
Crisis. individuals to anticipate and respond effectively
Is an event or series of events representing a to the impact of likely, imminent or current
critical threat to the health, safety, security or hazard events or condition.
wellbeing of a community, usually over a wide
area. Relief / Response
Armed conflicts, epidemics, famine, natural Relief / Response: The provision of assistance or
disasters, environmental emergencies and other intervention during or immediately after a
major harmful events may involve or lead to a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic
humanitarian crisis. subsistence needs of those people affected.

Disaster Resilience
A serious disruption of the functioning of a The capacity to absorb stress or destructive
community or a society causing widespread forces through resistance or adaptation; to
human, material, economic or environmental manage or maintain certain basic functions and
losses that exceed the ability of the affected structures during disastrous events; and to
community or society to cope using its own recover or "bounce back” after an event.
resources.
A disaster is a function of the risk process. It Contingency planning
results from the combination of hazards, a management tool used to analyze the
conditions of vulnerability and insufficient impact of potential crises so that adequate and
capacity or measures to reduce the potential appropriate arrangements are made in advance
negative consequences of risk. to respond in a timely, effective and appropriate
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological way to the needs of affected populations.
disruption, loss of human life or deterioration of a tool to anticipate and solve problems
health and health services on a scale sufficient to that typically arise during a humanitarian
warrant an extraordinary response from outside response.
the affected community or area.

Emergency
A sudden occurrence demanding immediate
action that may be due to epidemics, to natural,
to technological catastrophes to strife or to other
man- made causes

Vulnerability
The conditions determined by physical, social,
economic and environmental factors or
processes, which increase the susceptibility of a
community to the impact of hazards.
The degree to which a population or an individual
is unable to anticipate, cope with, resist and
recover from the impact of a disaster.

Hazard
Any phenomenon that has the potential to cause
disruption or damage to people and their
environment.

Risk
The probability of harmful consequences, or
expected losses (deaths, injuries, property,
livelihood, economic activity disrupted or
environment damaged) resulting from
interactions between natural or human-induced
hazards and vulnerabilities.

Preparedness
Preparedness: The capacities and knowledge
developed by governments, professional
 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND PROTECTION

● the interaction of the community (living

BASIC CONCEPT AND LAWS GOVERNING components) and the non-living
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION environment.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9512 states that
“Environmental education shall encompass
environmental concepts and principles, ALL FORMS OF LIFE ARE IMPORTANT (THUS,
environmental laws, the state of international and THE NEED FOR BIODIVERSITY)
local environment, local environmental best ● All organisms have a role in the ecosystem.
practices, the threats of environmental
degradation and its impact on human well-being
the responsibility of the citizenry to the EVERYTHING MUST GO SOMEWHERE (THUS,
environment and the value of conservation, TOO MUCH CAN CAUSE POLLUTION)
protection, and rehabilitation of natural resources • Waste Management
and the environment in the context of sustainable • Environmental Management Systems
development.
OURS IS A FINITE EARTH (THUS, NEED FOR
CONSERVATION)
● theoretical and practicum modules • Trends in paradigm
● comprising activities, projects, and
programs NATURE KNOWS BEST (THUS, THE NEED FOR
● not limited to, tree planting ECOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY)
● waste minimization “Nature must be obeyed first before it can
● segregation, recycling and composting be commanded”
recycling and composting ● Humans should first understand nature and
● freshwater and marine conservation follow its laws
● forest management and conservation ● Humans should not go against natural
● relevant livelihood opportunities and processes if we want a sustained yield of
economic benefits natural resources.

Natural Processes Disruption

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
NATURE IS BEAUTIFUL AND WE ARE STEWARDS
BASIC CONCEPT AND LAWS GOVERNING OF GOD
ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ● Divinity in all forms of life.
● Religion is one of the most influential
Section 4. Environmental Education and Activities aspects that affect values and environment.
as Part of National Service Training Program. –
The CHED and the TESDA shall include EVERYTHING CHANGES
environmental education and awareness programs ● Linear change- evolution of species
and activities in the National Service Training ● Cyclical change- influenced by time such as
Program under Republic Act No. 9163, as part of seasons
the Civic Welfare Training Service component ● Random change- eruption of volcanoes
required for all baccalaureate degree courses and
vocational courses with a curriculum of at least CLIMATE CHANGE
two (2) years. • A change in the pattern of weather, and related
changes in oceans, land surfaces and ice sheets,
Section 5 - Declaration of Environmental occurring over time scales of decades
Awareness Month. – Pursuant to the policy set forth
in this Act, the month of November of every year • due to natural processes (Sun’s radiation,
shall be known as the “Environmental Awareness volcanoes or internal variability in the climate
Month” throughout the Philippines. system)

SEVEN ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES •due to human influences such as changes in the

EVERYTHING IS CONNECTED TO EVERYTHING composition of the atmosphere or land use
ELSE
ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ECOSYSTEM • the systematic administration of activities
● the basic functional unit of nature
• provide for segregation at source, segregated REUSE
transportation, storage, transfer, processing, ● Consider reusable products. Maintain and
treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other repair durable products. Reuse bags,
waste management activities which do not harm containers, and other items.
the environment. ● Borrow, rent, or share items used
infrequently.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE ● Sell or donate goods
A. COMPOSTABLE WASTES
• Compostable wastes are biodegradable RECYCLE
wastes such as food waste, garden waste, ● Choose recyclable products and containers
animal waste and human waste. and recycle them.
• undergo biological degradation under ● Compost yard trimmings, Food scraps and
controlled conditions and can be turned into other biodegradable wastes.
compost (soil conditioner or organic ● Do not burn.
fertilizer) by mixing them with soil, water, air
and biological additives/activators CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
• The Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act
No. 8749) outlines the government’s measures to
B. RECYCLABLE WASTES reduce air pollution and incorporate environmental
● any waste material retrieved from the waste protection into its development plans.
stream and free from contamination that
can still be converted into suitable beneficial ● sets emission standards for all motor
it may be transformed into new products in vehicles and issues pollutant limitations for
such a manner that the original products industry
may lose their identity ● rules and regulations shall apply to all
● it may be transformed into new products in industrial emissions and other
such a manner that the original products establishments which are potential sources
may lose their identity of air pollution

C. RESIDUAL WASTES WAYS TO IMPROVE ENVIRONMENTAL

● solid waste materials that are AWARENESS
non-compostable and non-recyclable
● should be disposed ecologically through a cleanup program
long-term disposal facility or sanitary • help to teach residents about recycling and about
landfill activities that will reduce the neighborhood's
carbon footprint
D. SPECIAL WASTES
● refer to household hazardous wastes GARDENING
• produce oxygen

WASTE AVOIDANCE AND THE THREE R’s OF TREE PLANTING

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ● providing oxygen,
● improving air quality,
AVOIDANCE ● Climate amelioration,
● Avoid disposable goods such as throwaway ● conserving water
razors, pens, diapers, etc. ● preserving soil
● Eliminate household toxic waste from the ● Supporting wildlife
garbage stream
● Avoid products that are made from “Environmental education provides important
non-renewable resources opportunities for students to become engaged in
real-world issues that transcend classroom walls.
REDUCE
● Reduce the amount of unnecessary Environmental education
packaging. • They can see the relevance of their classroom
● Adopt practices that reduce waste toxicity studies to the complex environmental issues
confronting our planet and they can acquire the
skills they’ll need to be creative problem solvers
and powerful advocates.”
Ms. Campbell, California’s Superintendent of
San Mateo County Schools
 COMPELLING ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Loss of Biodiversity and Extinction

WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
• The systems that sustain all life on Earth, • Tamaraws are endemic forest buffalo found only
including human life, are dependent on biodiversity on the island of Mindoro in the Philippines.
to function properly. Numbering only about 600, they are considered
• It is the resource upon which families, critically-endangered by the IUCN. Only around
communities, nations and future generations 600 tamaraw are left worldwide, most found in four
depend. isolated areas in Mindoro.

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY? SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR

• The ever-increasing demand for resources such as BIODIVERSITY AND EXTINCTION
energy, food, fiber, water, and land has resulted in
substantial costs to the systems of the world. Sustainable Development Goal
• The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are
WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? being developed as part of the post-2015
Biodiversity faces a wide number of threats, development agenda. They will integrate the
including economic, social and environmental dimensions of
1. Land and Sea use change sustainable development and will apply to all
2. Pollution countries.
3. Species overexploitation • SDGs could provide the framework that helps
4. Climate change nations achieve the transformations necessary to
5. Invasive species. eradicate poverty and ensure sustainability.

• Biodiversity is essential for sustainable

WORLDWIDE VIEW development and human well-being. It underpins
• WWF’s 2020 Living Planet Report held some the provision of food, fibre and water; it mitigates
alarming news: The world has seen an average 68% and provides resilience to climate change; it
drop in mammal, bird, fish, reptile, and amphibian supports human health, and provides jobs in
populations since 1970. agriculture, fisheries, forestry and many other
•In the latest report, it covered 20,811 populations sectors.
of 4,392 species across the world.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR
NATIONWIDE VIEW BIODIVERSITY AND EXTINCTION
BIODIVERSITY IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. SDG 2: Zero Hunger
• The Philippines is considered as one of the world’s 2. SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation
megadiverse countries with almost 75% of the 3. SDG 14: Life below Water
world’s biodiversity found in the country. However, 4. SDG 15: Life on Land
in recent years, the country has faced great
challenges in protecting, conserving and SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER
developing its biodiversity. - Biodiversity is a key factor for the achievement of
food security and improved nutrition.
•The Philippines is a hotspot of biodiversity and - All food systems depend on biodiversity and a
endemism, but it is a region that also suffers from broad range of ecosystem services that support
an extremely high level of deforestation, habitat agricultural productivity, soil fertility, and water
degradation, and wildlife exploitation. quality and supply.
• In addition, many people depend on food
•Habitat loss, one of the reasons for deteriorating gathered from natural ecosystems, such as forests,
biodiversity, can be attributed to several factors as grasslands, oceans and rivers.
identified in the Philippine Biodiversity Strategy
and Action Plan. TARGET FOR SDG 2: ZERO HUNGER
• Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated
ENDANGERED SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES plants and farmed and domesticated animals and
• It is considered to be one of the largest and most their related wild species, including through
powerful among forest raptors. They are also listed soundly managed and diversified seed and plant
as critically endangered by the International Union banks at the national, regional and international
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with an levels.
estimated number of only 400 pairs left in the wild.
•Promote access to and fair and equitable sharing TARGETS OF SDG 15: LIFE ON LAND
of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic • The Specific target for SDG 15 are:
resources and associated traditional knowledge, as • Promote the implementation of sustainable
internationally agreed. management of all types of forests, halt
deforestation, restore degraded forests and
SDG 6: CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION substantially increase afforestation and
• Ecosystem reforestation globally.
• provide reliable sources of freshwater.
• Function as natural water infrastructure, costing • Ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems,
less than technological solutions. including their biodiversity, in order to enhance
their capacity to provide benefits that are essential
•For instance, wetlands regulate flooding, and for sustainable development.
healthy soils increase water and nutrient
availability for crops and help reduce off-farm • Take urgent and significant action to reduce the
impact. degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of
biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent the
TARGET FOR SDG 6: CLEAN WATER AND extinction of threatened species.
SANITATION
• Improve water quality by reducing pollution, • Introduce measures to prevent the introduction
eliminating dumping and minimizing release of and significantly reduce the impact of invasive
hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the alien species on land and water ecosystems and
proportion of untreated wastewater and control or eradicate the priority species.
substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse
globally. - Protect biodiversity and natural habitats
- Prevent invasive alien species on land and in
• Protect and restore water-related ecosystems, water ecosystems
including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers,
aquifers and lakes.

FOR SDG 14: LIFE BELOW WATER

• to conserve and use the oceans, seas and marine
resources in a sustainable manner.
• to prevent and reduce marine pollution of all
kinds, to minimize and address the effects of ocean
acidification and to regulate fisheries, among
other objectives.
• The sustainable development of the oceans
requires us to take care of marine conservation
areas. These areas protect the most vulnerable
species and ecosystems, ensuring biodiversity.
• In December 2019, over 17 % of the waters under
national jurisdiction were recognized as protected
areas (having more than doubled since 2010).

The specific targets set for 2030 are:

• Sustainable management of marine and coastal
ecosystems.
• Prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution
of all kinds.
• Address the effects of ocean acidification and
regulating fishing.
• Stop poaching and trafficking of protected
species and preventing the introduction of toxic
and invasive species.

SDG 15: LIFE ON LAND

• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss.