EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS Part 2

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
PART 2
3) LOGARITHMS
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE CONCEPT OF LOGARITHM
Logarithm is another word for the word index or exponent or even power.
Now,
23 = 8
i.e. 3 is the index or exponent to which the base 2 must be raised to obtain 8.
Or 3 is the logarithm which, with base 2, gives 8.
This is simply written as
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 8 = 3.
3.2 Definition.
If 𝑟 is any positive real number, then the unique exponent 𝑡 such that
𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑟 is called the logarithm of 𝑟 with base 𝑏 and is denoted by 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟.
N.B.
 In the definition above it is apparent that the exponent t is equal to 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟,

or 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟 = 𝑡.
This should be read as:
“The logarithm of 𝑟 with base 𝑏 is 𝑡 “.
 The exponential form 𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑟 is equivalent to the logarithmic form 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟 = 𝑡.
3.3 CONVERSIONS BETWEEN LOGARITHMIC FORMS AND EXPONENTIAL FORMS.
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟 = 𝑡 ↔ 𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑟
Or 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟 = 𝑡 is equivalent to 𝑏 𝑡 = 𝑟
EXAMPLE ONE
Express in logarithmic form each of the following:
a) 53 = 125
b) 102 = 100
c) 45⁄2 = 32
1 −3
d) ( ) = 125
5
1
Solution:
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125 = 3
b) log 100 = 2
5
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 32 = 2
d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 125 = −3
5
EXAMPLE TWO
Express in exponential form each of the following:
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 625 = 4
b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 27 = −3
3
Solution:
a) 54 = 625
1 −3
b) ( ) = 27
3
EXAMPLE THREE
Evaluate:
a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64
b) log 1000
c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 3
d) 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 0.5
e) 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 9
f) 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 5
g) log 0.001
5
√27
h) 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 ( )
3
Solution:
a) Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64 = 𝑚
 4𝑚 = 64
 4𝑚 = 43
 𝑚=3
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 64 = 3.
b) Let log 1000 = 𝑚
 10𝑚 = 1000
 10𝑚 = 103
 𝑚=3
 ∴ log 1000 = 3.
2
c) Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 3 = 𝑚
 9𝑚 = 3
 32𝑚 = 31
1
 𝑚=2
1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 3 = 2.
d) Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 0.5 = 𝑚
 8𝑚 = 0.5
 23𝑚 = 2−1
1
 𝑚 = −3
1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 0.5 = − 3.
Answer the rest of the problems.

EXAMPLE FOUR
2
Solve 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑥 = 3
Solution:
2
Given 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 𝑥 = 3 (In logarithmic form)
 82⁄3 = 𝑥
3 2
 𝑥 = ( √8) = 22 = 4.
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
Logarithms have an appeal on mathematicians due to their inherit properties, which are
useful in solving various problems. You are greatly encouraged to master them so that
you will be able to apply them appropriately in problem solving.
Property 1
𝑰𝒇 𝒃 > 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏,
i. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒃 = 𝟏
ii. 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝟏 = 𝟎
Proofs:
i. Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑚
 𝑏𝑚 = 𝑏
 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑏1
 𝑚=1
3
 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑚 = 1
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1 .
ii. Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 𝑚
 𝑏𝑚 = 1
 𝑏 𝑚 = 𝑏 0 (Since 𝑏 0 = 1)
 𝑚=0
 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 𝑚 = 0
∴ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0 .
Property 2
𝑰𝒇 𝒃 > 𝟎 , 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 > 𝟎

b logb r  r
Therefore, according to property 2 , we can write:
10log10 72  72, 3log3 85  85 , and 2 log2 x  x .
Property 3
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒃, 𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

logb rs  logb r  logb s
Proof:
Let logb r  m and logb s  n . Now convert each of these equations from logarithmic
form to exponential form:
logb r  m becomes b m  r or r  b m ,
logb s becomes b n  s or s  b n .
Thus, the product 𝑟𝑠 becomes:

𝑟𝑠 = 𝑏 𝑚 . 𝑏 𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑚+𝑛 or 𝑏 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑟𝑠.
Now, changing 𝑏 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑟𝑠 back to logarithmic form, we obtain:
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟𝑠 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑠

∴ logb rs  logb r  logb s .
4
N.B:
 By property 3, the logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of two separate

logarithms.
Thus, logb rs  logb r  logb s .
But, the logarithm of the sum or difference does not simplify.
In general, logb r  s   logb r  logb s .
Property 4
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒃, 𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

r
logb    logb r  logb s
s
Proof: To be done by students themselves.

EXAMPLE FIVE
If log5 36  2.2265 and log5 4  0.8614, evaluate log5 9 .
Solution:
36
Here, note that 9 = , thus we can proceed as follows:
4
 36 
log5 9  log5  
 4
Now, we proceed as:
 36 
log5    log5 36  log5 4  2.2265 0.8614  1.3651 (Property 4 has been applied here).
 4
∴ log5 9 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟓𝟏.
Property 5
𝑰𝒇 𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒑 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓,
𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓𝒑 = 𝒑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓
Proof:
Let 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓𝒑 = 𝒎 (logarithmic form)
 𝒃𝒎 = 𝒓𝒑 ( converting to exponential form)
𝟏 𝟏⁄
 (𝒃𝒎 ) ⁄𝒑
= (𝒓𝒑 ) 𝒑
𝒎
 𝒃 ⁄𝒑 = 𝒓
5
𝒎
 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓 = (converting back to logarithmic form)
𝒑
𝒎
 𝒑 × 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓 = 𝒑 × 𝒑
 𝒑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓 = 𝒎
 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓𝒑 = 𝒎 = 𝒑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓
∴ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓𝒑 = 𝒑 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒓
EXAMPLE SIX
If 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 5 = 2.3219 and 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3 = 1.5850, evaluate 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 15.
Solution:
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 15 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (3 × 5) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 5
= 1.5850 + 2.3219 = 3.9069
EXAMPLE SEVEN
𝑥
Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 √𝑦𝑧 in terms of the logarithms of 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧.
Solution:
𝑥 𝑥 1⁄2 1 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 √𝑦𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑦𝑧) = 2 {𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑦𝑧)}
1
= 2 {𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦𝑧}
1
= 2 {𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑧)}
1
= 2 {𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑧}
EXAMPLE EIGHT
1
Express 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 z as a single logarithm.
Solution:
1
2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑧 1⁄2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 √𝑧
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 √𝑧
𝑥2𝑦3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 ( )
√𝑧
6
Property 6: Change of base.
𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒃𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏. Then

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒂
Proof:
Let 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑚 (logarithmic form)
 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑥 (Exponential form)…(1)
 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 (Applying both sides of ( 1) the logarithm with base 𝑏 )
 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
 𝑚 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑎
𝑏
Property 7: Special change of base formula

𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙
According to property 6: 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃𝒂 …(2)
𝒃
Now, replacing b by x in (2) , we obtain:

𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙 𝒂
7
8

EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS Part 2

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EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS Part 2

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EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

 In the definition above it is apparent that the exponent t is equal to 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟,

Answer the rest of the problems.

𝑰𝒇 𝒃 > 𝟎 , 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 > 𝟎

Therefore, according to property 2 , we can write:

10log10 72  72, 3log3 85  85 , and 2 log2 x  x .

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒃, 𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

Thus, the product 𝑟𝑠 becomes:

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟𝑠 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑟 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑠

 By property 3, the logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of two separate

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒃, 𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔, 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏

Proof: To be done by students themselves.

If log5 36  2.2265 and log5 4  0.8614, evaluate log5 9 .

= 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 √𝑧

𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒂, 𝒃 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒙 𝒃𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒔𝒖𝒄𝒉 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃 ≠ 𝟏. Then

Property 7: Special change of base formula

Now, replacing b by x in (2) , we obtain:

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