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Hadiths 01-10

(a) Main Teachings : [2] marks

• The key words in this Hadith Nasihah which means sincere advice.
• Islam is based on sincerity which means to follow the faith of Islam fully and with dedication.
Prophet said, “Indeed sincerity leads to piety and indeed piety leads to paradise.”
• Sincerity to Allah means that Muslims should have firm belief in the Oneness of Allah and to reject
shirk. Sincerity to His Book means believing that the Quran is the scared word of Allah. Being sincere
to Prophet (P.B.U.H) is acknowledging him as the last Prophet (P.B.U.H) of Allah.
• Sincerity to the leaders of the Muslims means following their leadership and not creating disorder.
Sincerity to common people means to help others in difficulties and not to cause discomfort to
anyone.

(b) Action: [2] marks

• Muslims can put into practice the teachings of this Hadith by showing sincerity towards Allah by
implementing His Sharia (Law) in their lives and by fulfilling the obligations of Islam such as being
punctual in their prayers, fasting in Ramadan and paying Zakat etc.
• Sincerity to the Quran can be shown by acting on and respecting its content by explaining the Quran
to other, helping by obeying the Prophet (P.B.U.H) and following his example of mercy, justice,
honesty, religious tolerance and more of his noble traits.
• A practical example of the implementation of the Hadith is the example of the companions of the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) standing by him through all the hardships inflicted by the Makkans.
• Sincerity to Common people can be practiced by helping and guiding them, showing them kindness
and respect and living in harmony with each other for example friends at school or colleagues at
work.

(a) Main Teachings : [2] marks

• This hadith teaches to have concern for others around us. Concern for others’ welfare is a cardinal
part of Muslim’s faith. It can be regarded as a sign of sincerity to the teachings of Islam.
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• The Prophet stressed upon brotherhood and instructed Muslims to show care and concern for
others, especially the less fortunate ones. It keeps the jealousy away and promotes goodwill,
brotherhood and peace.
• It also teaches all Muslims to be a source of good for one another. Both God and His Prophet (pbuh)
have commanded Muslims to work for the welfare of others.
• The bond of brotherhood between Muslims is established by God Himself. Quran says, “Believers
are a single brotherhood.”(49:10)

(b) Action: [2] marks

• The teaching of this hadith can be applied practically by wanting the best for others, wishing well
for everyone and being happy for others in their joyous times and genuinely sorry for them when
something bad befalls them.
• The application of this hadith is not confined to choosing the same material things that one chooses
for oneself but rather genuinely responding to the needs of others. for instance, if one wishes good
health for one’s own family the same should be wished for others.
• A Muslim should never take pleasure in another’s misfortune rather he/she should be always willing
to come to the aid of all fellow Muslims and humanity at large.
• When Prophet (pbuh) established brotherhood, the Ansaar preferred their Muhajirin brothers over
themselves. An example of the implementation of this Hadith in present time could be of countries
giving refuge to people who have left their country on account of political strife, discrimination or
war etc. On a personal level Muslim could contribute towards the fund being raised for the refugees
or give their zakat to Muslim charities to help them and others in need.

a) Main teachings: [2] Marks

The teaching of this Hadith focuses on the manners of social conduct being a part of Muslim
community. Actions of controlling one’s speech, being kindly to neighbours and showing hospitality
to guests.
The emphasis is on the words ‘let him who believes in Allah and the Last day’ before every action
signifying that noble and good actions are an outcome of one’s belief.
Islam is religion of peace and it teaches believers that one should try and maintain peace harmony
and goodwill in the community and the wider world and be a source of benefit to others by showing
kindness generosity and mercy to others at all times.
One’s speech can do much good as well as much harm. The Quran says, ‘Not a word does he utter
but there is a watcher by him who records it’. (50:18) Prophet links faith directly with speech by
saying “ Muslim is he, from whose tongue and hands other Muslims are safe”

(b)Action: [2] marks

The hadith above emphasizes the importance of rights of others on a believer and a Muslim’s duties
towards other people by making sure that they use their speech responsibly.
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They must not use it to backbite or slander anyone or to curse any individual. Muslims today can
follow his examples and remain calm when in a difficult situation and use their speech to resolve
issues and conflicts for example mediating between class fellows or people at work place to resolve a
dispute. Similarly, rights of neighbours may be looked after by sharing food and not causing
discomfort for them.
It is a sunnah of the Prophet to accompany the guest to the door when he leaves. The Prophet’s
companion Abu Talha and his wife welcomed a hungry immigrant into their home and even though
they had barely enough food for their children. They offered him whatever they had. In recognition
of the act of theirs, the following verse was revealed, “They give preference to other first.
Whoever is saved from the greed of his own soul will be successful.” (59:9)

(a) Main Teachings : [2] marks

This hadith teaches that Islam is a very simple religion and to gain Allah’s pleasure and reach
paradise one has to simply follow the basic principles of Islam.
Allah has laid down clear rules about what is lawful and unlawful and He expects man to be obedient
to Him. By following these rules Muslims can gain Allah’s pleasure and thus paradise and this is
what the Prophet confirmed. He said, “Avoid What I have forbidden you to do, and do your
utmost what I have ordered you to do.”
Fulfilling the rights of Allah by performing prayer and observing fast and to have the knowledge of
religion to differentiate between Halal (lawful) and Haram(unlawful) is obligatory on every Muslim.
Zakat and Hajj are two pillars that are compulsory only on those Muslims who have the means of
fulfilling them, hence have not been mentioned in the hadith.

(b)Action: [2] marks

Muslims can act upon the teachings of this hadith by obeying Allah wholeheartedly and by practicing
the pillars of Islam e.g by performing 5 daily prayers in congregation within the prescribed time
which will develop piety and bring them closer to Allah.
Being regular and punctual in one’s prayers and performing them sincerely and on time regulates our
lives. Fasting in the month of Ramzan makes us conscious of the hardships of the poor and develops
sympathy.
Muslims must be conscious of what is allowed and not allowed in Islam at all times e.g. they should
be fair in trading, not take riba etc. Similarly, Cheating, smuggling, adulteration, drinking wine, lying
and oppression are obstacles to a peaceful society and success in the hereafter.
Other acts of worship like waking up to say tahajud prayers following the Prophet (P.B.U.H) Sunna
and fasting in addition to Ramzan on Mondays and Thursdays etc, bring Muslims closer to Allah
and earn them greater rewards. During Prophet’s life time when azaan was announced all worldly
activities were suspended.
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(a) Main Teachings : [2] marks

In this Hadith the Prophet has given Muslims a few examples of act of charity that they should
perform on a daily basis.
Charity here does not refer only to the act of giving money in the Allah’s way but in fact it is used
comprehensively to include any act or gesture that would help the community and would increase
awareness of Allah and His bounties.
Islam teaches Muslims to reflect upon even the smallest of Allah’s favors which are often taken for
granted such as the smooth and proper functioning of our joints and organs in the body. In return it
asks believers to be humble and thankful to Allah by being kind helpful and charitable towards others
in the society regardless of their faith and culture. Prophet (pbuh) said, “The best amongst people is
the one who is a source of benefit for the people.”
worship of Allah is not restricted to acts like salat or sawm but it includes every day acts of kindness to
help and support the community such as those listed in the Hadith.

(b) Action : [2] marks

Muslims today must perform all their actions with the intention of benefiting others as it one of the
fundamental principles of Islam. Social responsibility is the essence of this Hadith and Muslims can
practise it by greeting others with a smile, giving correct advice when asked, feeding the hungry etc.
In social life, a positive role can be played in different ways e.g by Settling disputes with justice,
helping people mount on their conveyance or carrying their belonging, removing any hindrance from
the road.
Even the smallest deeds of righteousness must be given importance as they may carry the greatest
reward; e.g helping the blind to cross the road.
Prophet (pbuh) was kind and helpful even to his enemies as he helped and served the old woman who
regularly pelted him with rubbish on his way to prayer. He used to share his meals with guests,
supported orphans and helped poor.

Hazrat Abu Bakr’s(R.A) Caliphate

Election:
While the final rites of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) were in progress it was brought to the attention of
Hazrat
Umar that a meeting had been called by Ansar at the Saqifa Banu Saida to elect a successor to the Holy
Prophet (P.B.U.H). Hazrat Umar hurried to the place accompanied by Hazrat Abu Bakr and Hazrat Abu
Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah. The Ansar had almost declared the leader of the Khazraj tribe, Saad bin Ubada has
the caliph.
Hazrat Abu Bakr at this point made a persuasive speech on why a Qurasih should now lead the Muslims. He
reminded them a Hadith of the Prophet (pbuh) in which he commanded that according to Arab tradition,
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the next leader after him should be chosen from Quraish. On hearing this convincing argument another
leader of the Ansar Khubaib ibn Mundhar put forward the proposal for two state solution one led by
Madinan and one by a Makkan. At this point hazrat Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah said
“O Ansar! you were the first to uphold Islam. Do not be the first to sow the seeds of dissention in it.” On
hearing this, the Ansar quickly withdrew their claim.
Hazrat Abu Bakr put forward the names of Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Ubaydah bin Jarrah as caliph but Hazrat
Umar nominated Hazrat Abu Bakr as the political leader of a unified Muslims state based in Madina. Taking
Hazrat Abu Bakr’s hand Hazrat Umar took the pledge of loyalty to him. After Hazrat Umar and Hazrat Zaid
ibn Sabit (from Ansar) took the oath of loyalty, people from all sides rushed to pledge their loyalty to
Hazrat Abu Bakr as the Holy Prophet’s (P.B.U.H) vicegerent. The next day at Masjid al Nabvi a general oath
of loyalty was taken by the Muslims. Hazrat Abu Bakr thus became the first Caliph of Islam.
When Abu Bakr was elected he said“ O people! I have been selected as your Leader, although I am
not better than anyone of you. If I am right, obey me. If I am misguided, set me right. The weakest
among you is powerful in my eyes, until I do not get him his due. The most powerful among you is the
weakest in my eyes, until I do not make him pay due rights to others. I ask you to obey me as long as I
obey Allah and His Messenger. If I disobey Allah and His Messenger, you are free to disobey me”. He
adopted the title of “the successor of the messenger of Allah.”
Expedition to Syria
After assuming the Khilafat the first issue that Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A had to decide was whether or not the
expedition to Syria, should be sent. The Holy Prophet (P.B.H.H) had directed to send this expedition under
the command of Usamah. The circumstances had changed following the death of Holy Prophet (P.B.H.H).
At that critical stage in history most of tribes had apostatized from Islam, that is, they had abandoned their
belief in Islam. Madinah was surrounded by hostile tribes. It was suggested to Hazrat Abu Bakr R.A that it
was not advisable to send the army outside the country. Hazrat Abu Bakr said that according to the wish of
Holy Prophet (P.B.H.H), the army should be sent to Syria. He said “Who am I to withhold the army that the
Prophet (P.B.H.H) had ordered to proceed? Come what may, let Madinah stand for fall; the Khilafat live
or perish, the command of the Holy Prophet (P.B.H.H) shall be carried out”.
Abu Bakr then directed the army to depart on this mission. He bade farewell to the army and addressed
them in the following terms:
“Do not kill children, women and old men. Do not cut down any trees wherein there is food for men and
beasts. Do not molest the monks in the churches”.
Towards the close of June 632 A.D, three weeks after the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) demise the army of
Usamah left. After ten days march the Muslim army attacked the border tribes. The Byzantine forces
avoided this confrontation, as they were no match for the Muslims. They were defeated and offered
allegiance to the authorities at Madinah. The expedition proved to be a great success. It secured the safety
of the frontier with the Byzantines and averted the threat of any attack from them. It made the hostile
tribes release that the Muslims were strong enough to meet any emergencies. Victorious, Usamah’s army
returned to Madinah. It demonstrated the strength and unity of the Muslims even in the absence of the
Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) thus paving the way for the subsequent conquests of the Syrian and Egyptian
regions both of which were conquered during Usamah’s lifetime.
Refusal to pay Zakat
At that time, many tribes such as Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Banu Abbas, Banu Murrah and other
surrounded in Madina. After the conquest of Makkah when other tribes in Arabia accepted Islam, These
tribes also offered allegiance to Islam. This allegiance was based on diplomacy rather than on faith and
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conviction of heart. They regarded Islam as a matter of personal allegiance to the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H)
which ended with his death.
These tribes sent a deputation to Hazrat Abu Bakr with the proposal that with the passing away of
the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), their agreement with Islam had ended and it was necessary that the authorities
at Madina should make a fresh agreement with them. They said that they would remain on friendly terms
with the authorities at Madinah provided they were relieved of the obligation to pay Zakat.
Abu Bakr was very strict on this point. He argued that Zakat being a fundamental injunction of Islam had to
be paid. Addressing the delegates, he said, “If with reference to Zakat, you withhold even as much as a
string to tie a camel, as the Khalifa of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H), it will be may duty to fight for it,
whatever the consequences”.
When Hazrat Abu Bakr rejected the demand of the tribes to exempt them from the payment of Zakat they
decided to forego Islam rather than yield to the authority at Madinah. They decided to launch an attack on
Madinah when the main Muslim army was away in Syria.
These tribes one night launched an attack on Madina and met with some initial success but the Muslims
under the command of Hazrat Abu Bakr rallied and in a counter attack repulsed the tribes. Driven away
from Madina the tribes gathered at Dhu Qissa which was at little distance from Madina.
Hazrat Abu Bakr marched there as the head of a Muslim force and launched an attack against them. After
some resistance the tribes broke rank and retreated to Abraq. When the main Muslim army under Usama
returned from the Syrian front successfully, Hazrat Abu bakr marched at its head and proceeded to Abraq.
The tribes were routed, and their lands were confiscated by the Muslims. This was a significant moment in
the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr as after this victory the tribes sent their delegates to Madina and not only
offered allegiance to the caliph but expressed their willingness to pay Zakat as well.

Apostasy Movement
The short Khilafat of Abu Bakr was mostly occupied with the so called Ridda (Apostasy) Wars. After the
death of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) some people rebelled against the authorities at Madina and renounced
or apostatized Islam.
Abu Bakr faced the situation calmly. Without any delay, He launched a campaign against this movement.
He collected the troops at Madina and divided them into eleven battalions. He placed each of the Battalion
under the command of an experienced commander and sent each into eleven different part of Arabia to
fight against the false prophets and the tribes that were helping them in these wars against the Muslims.
He instructed the commander; first two invite the revolting tribes to Islam. But if they failed to comply,
they were to be attacked. Some of the tribes submitted to Islam without fighting, while others remained
adamant. So wars were waged against them. Within a year, the control of Islam was established

throughout the peninsula. False Prophets:

After becoming caliph he had to deal with many difficulties but the most important was the rise of the false prophets
which resulted in apostasy movement and caused a threat to Islam.

(i) Al-Aswad al-‘Ansi: His name was Abhal ibn kaab al-Ansi He was the leader of the ‘Ansi tribe in
Yemen. His dark complexion earned him the title al-Aswad i.e. the black man, and he was also
known as the veiled prophet as he covered his face to hide his ughliness and to create a mystery
about himself. Before claiming prophethood al Aswad al-Ansihad tried his hand at soothsaying
and magic and claimed he had knowledge of the unknown. In the later years of the Prophet’s
(S.A.W) life, al-Aswad claimed to have received divine guidance and inspiration, and he used
tricks to convince the people of his ‘miracles’. After collecting a large army, he rose in open
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opposition to Islam and invaded Najran and most of Yemen. killing Shahr the ruler of Yemen he
forcibly married his widow and declared himself ruler of Yemen and the leader of the Ans tribe.
An expedition was organized and led by Firuz-al-Dhalaymi, a Persian Muslim, who succeeded In
killing al-Aswad a day before Prophet’s death . However, learning of the Prophet’s demise,
alAswad’s followers regrouped and revolted under a man called Qais ibn ‘Abd Yaghus; they
were defeated by Firuz and subsequently surrendered along with their leader.

(ii) Tulayha ibn Khuwaylid ibn Nawfal al-Asadi: He was the wealthy leader of the Bani Asad and
Ghatafan tribes in north Arabia, and was a renowned warrior who initially opposed the
Muslims. In 630 he converted to Islam, but shortly afterwards he rebelled and proclaimed
himself as a prophet. Many tribes accepted his ‘prophethood’ and combined to raise a strong
force against Islam. Khalid ibn al-Walid was sent to quell this revolt and at the Battle of Buzakha
in September 632, Tulayha was defeated and escaped to Syria while most of his followers
submitted and accepted Islam. Later, when Syria was conquered by the Muslim, he converted to
Islam once again, and subsequently fought alongside the Muslims in the battles of Jalula,
Qadisiyah, and Nihawand against the Persians.

(iii) Sajah bint-al Harith: She was an Arab Christian from the tribe of Taghlib and first enjoyed their
protection; following a split within the Banu Tamim, she had the protection of the Banu Hanifa.
Sajah had a following as a sooth- sayer, and after the death of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W),
when many of her tribesmen rejected Islam, she declared herself as a prophetess. She collected
a force of 4000 to march on Madina, but learning of Tulayha’s defeat by Khalid ibn al-Walid,
Sajah dropped her plans. She then sought the help of Musailimah, another self-proclaimed
prophet, and reached an agreement with him to face Khalid. Subsequently, Sajah married
Musailimah and accepted his prophethood. Meanwhile, Khalid ibn al-Walid crushed Sajah’s
forces and then moved against Musailimah who was killed in the Battle of Yamama. After
Musailimah’s death, Sajah became a Muslim.

(iv) Musailimah al-Kadhdab (The Liar): Known as Musailimah ibn Habib al-Hanafi, he belonged to
the large and influential tribe, Banu Hanifa, in the Yamama region to the east of the Arabian
Peninsula. Musailimah was also wealthy and powerful and he used his influence to misguide
people and declared himself a prophet during Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) lifetime. In fact he
had visited the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) in Madina and spent time in his company.
Upon his return from Madina , Musalimah declared his prophethood and claimed to have received
divine revelation. He founded a new creed in which he reduced the number of daily prayers relieved his
followers from the practicing of fasting and giving zakat and made drinking and adultery permissible.
He even wrote to the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) declaring himself a ‘messenger of Allah’ and that he had
been given a share with him in prophethood. Of course, his claims were firmly and clearly rejected by
Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W), who addressed him as an ‘arch-lair’.
After the death of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) Musailimah challenged Hazrat Abu Bakr’s caliphate. The
battle of Yamama in December 632, was the significant event that decided Musailimah’s fate. He was
in command of an army of 40000. Hazrat Abu Baker had first sent Ikrimah and shurabil ibn Hasanah
and then sent a large force under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid to Yamama. The Muslims,
numbering 13000, fought a long drawn out battle with many casualties as Musailimah’s forces put up a
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strong resistance. Eventually, Musailimah was killed by Washi al-Harb---who had killed Hazrat Hamza in
the battle of Uhud before his conversion to Islam. Musailimah’s army scattered and many were killed
as they fled. Many prominent Muslims and huffaz---those who had memorized the Qu’ran---also lost
their lives in this battle.
Battle of Yamama
After Prophet’s (pbuh) death, several false prophets arose in different parts of the Islamic state.
Musailimah ibn Habib al-Hanafi was the most dangerous one. He belonged to the large and influential
tribe, Banu Hanifa, in the Yamama region to the east of the Arabian Peninsula. Abu Bakr appointed Ikrimah
as the commander of one of the corps. Ikrimah's orders were to advance and make contact with the forces
of Musaylimah at Yamamah, but not to get involved in battle with him. Khalid ibn al-Walid was chosen to
command the forces apposing Musaylima after he dealt with other smaller apostates. Ikrimah advanced
with his corps and established a camp somewhere in the region of Yamamah.

The next development that Ikrimah heard of was that Shurahbil bin Hasanah was marching to join him.
Shurahbil too had been given a corps by the Caliph with orders to follow Ikrimah, and await further
instructions. In a few days Shurahbil would be with him. Ikrimah could wait no longer, and he set his corps
in motion. This happened at the end of October 632 (end of Rajab, 11 Hijri). He was defeated by
Musaylimah.
Shurahbil remained in the region of Yamamah. To ensure that he did not fall into the error of Ikrimah, Abu
Bakr wrote to him: "Stay where you are and await further instructions."
A few days before Khalid's arrival Shurahbil had given in to the same temptation as Ikrimah; he had
advanced and clashed with Musaylimah, but was defeated. Khalid got news that Musaylimah was
encamped in the plain of Aqraba with an army of 40,000 warriors. The two successful actions fought by
them against Ikrimah and Shurahbil had increased their confidence in themselves and created an aura of
invincibility around Musailimah.
Khalid marched south from Bhtaha to the valley of Yamama with the force of 13000 men and was met by
Musailmah on the plain of Aqraba. After a fierce fight the Muslims forces had to retreat and there was
much jubilation in Musalimah’s camp. Though Khalid had been forced to withdraw, he refused to admit
defeat. He regrouped the army under tribal commanders. He created a reserved force of the one thousand
cavalry and kept them under his personal command.
The next day the two armies faced each other in headlong attack.
While the front rank of two armies grappled with each other in single combat, Khalid led the cavalry
reserve to the mounds where Musailmah was camped. The boldness of Khalid’s move took the opposition
completely by surprise. Musailmah’s bodyguards fought bravely but they could not hold guard for long. As
Khalid increased his pressure Musalimah lost his nerve and retreated into a neighboring fortified garden.
With the withdrawal of Musalimah, his army lost the will to fight and they too found safety in seeking
refuge in the garden. The garden was surrounded by a huge wall and the fugitives closed the gate thus
shutting access to the perusing Muslims. The Muslims were anxious to get into the garden and finish the
job. Soon a Muslim soldier Al Baraa ibn Malik asked his fellow men to let him climb the wall so that he
could open the gate by killing the guards there. The soldier jumped in to the garden and opened the gate.
The Muslims entered the garden and the last phase of the Battle of Yamamah had begun.
The Muslim army engaged in a fierce battle with Musalimah’s troops. So bloody was the battle of Garden
that in Arab annals it came to be known as The Battle of Death.
When Musailmah was finally killed by Wahshi al Harb who had killed Hazrat Hamza in the battle of Uhad
the Banu Hanifa surrendered and accepted the offered terms and were readmitted to the fold of Islam.
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Many prominent Muslims and huffaz also lost their lives in this battle. Hazrat Abu Bakr after defeating the
false Prophets turned his attention to the uprising in Bahrain, Oman, Mahrah and Hadramaut.

Compilation of Quran
During the time of the Prophet (pbuh) the Qur’an was written on pieces of animal skin and on parts of
bone but was mainly memorised by the companions. At the time of the Prophet (P.B.U.H) death no official
copy of the Quran existed.
• After becoming caliph, Hazrat Abu Bakr waged a war against the false prophet Musailima and many
companions who had committed the Holy Quran to memory were martyred in that battle known as the
battle of Yamamah.
• Hazrat Umar suggested to Hazrat Abu Bakr that the Quran should be compiled. Hazrat Abu Bakr,
however, hesitated and said that he would not do the job left unfinished by the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
According to Hazrat Abu Bakr, “Umar went on persuading me to accept his suggestion till I was convinced
that he was right so I accepted his suggestion.”
• Hazrat Abu Bakr asked Zaid bin Sabit, one of scribes of Divine revelation to collect the Quranic
verses from every part of the Islamic empire and compile them in book form. He was also reluctant but
Abu Bakr persuaded him. Zaid later remarked, “It would have been easier to carry a mountain on my
shoulders, than to compile the Quran.”
• A commission was appointed headed by Zaid Bin Sabit and its members comprised at least twenty
or twenty five companions who had committed the Quran to memory. Zaid Bin sabit traced out and
collected the chapters of the Quran from every person who had it in their possession. He collected it from
palm leaves, stones, and pieces of wood and people who had committed it to memory.
Zaid Bin Sabit was not content just finding a written piece of the Quran.
He also verified it from those people who had heard it from the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
Though he himself was a hafiz of Quran, he always tried to find a verse in writing before including it
in his manuscript,
He did not accept any part without two witnesses to it.
The verses were written in the order that the Prophet (pbuh) had given, but the surahs were
written on separate sheets.
so that version of the Quran he recorded was the one heard from and written under the supervision of
the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H).
The script prepared by Zaid Bin Sabit was named “Mushaf” by Abdullah bin Masood. It remained with Abu
Bakr and after his death

Administration:
Hazrat Abu Bakr laid the foundation of a truly democratic state following the teachings of the Quran and
the traditions of the Prophet (P.B.U.H).
• Abu Bakr conducted affairs of the Government by consultation. He used to consult eminent
companions in all important matters.
• For the purpose of administration, Arabia was divided into provinces each under a governor, who
was required to lead the prayers, superintended the army, collect taxes, administer justice, and
maintain law and order. He was aided by an Amil who collected revenues and a Qazi who
administered justice.
• There was no regular police department at that time, but whenever any crime came into his notice,
he took strict action against in the light of Quran and the Hadith.
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• Abu Bakr selected all his officers, commanders and governors on their merit and not because of
family or tribal consideration.
• He set up a strict standard of accounting of public money. He also gave proper shape to the public
treasury, the Bait-ul-Maal.
• He established military cantonments and maintained a reserve force. He dispatched expeditionary
forces to Iran, Syria and Palestine. As a result, vast territories were added to Muslim Empire.
• He safeguarded and protected the rights of non-Muslim subjects who were granted religious and
cultural freedom. They were allowed to manage their affairs themselves.
• By his efficient administration he preserved the integrity of Islam by suppressing rebellions and
making sure that the Pillar of zakat was enforced.
• Hazrat Abu Bakr’s caliphate was also significant for the preservation of the Quran.

Main events/ Achievements of Caliphate:

Abu Bakr was elected as the first caliph of the Islamic state after a meeting in Saqifa Bani saida and
with the general bayyat of Muslims in Masjid e Nabwi in 11A.H/632A.D. He addressed the community and
pledged that the state will be governed according to Islamic principles.
He continued Prophet’s intention of sending expeditions to North and sent Usama bin Zayd to Syria
in 632AD despite all the opposition and threats. It shows that he was obedient to the Prophet’s command
and he continued the policy of the expansion of the Islamic state. Later another force under Khalid bin
Walid advanced into Iraq and then turned west into Palestine to defeat the Byzantines at the battle of
Ajnadain 13 AH/634AD. In this way Abu Bakr began Muslim advance into Syria and Iraq.
He fought against tribes who withheld zakat and apostatized Islam. At that time many hostile
tribes such as Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Banu Murrah and Banu Abbas sent their delegates to Madina
and demanded that they should be exempted from the payment of Zakat. Abu Bakr remained firm and
rejected their demand. These tribes attacked Madina in 632 AD but eventually they were defeated and
agreed to pay Zakat.
Under the influence of the false prophets many tribes renounced Islam. Abu Bakr collected the
army in Madina and divided it into eleven battalions and sent them to different parts of Arabia in order to
crush the apostasy movement. Within a year the control of Islam was reestablished.
After Prophet’s death several false prophets arose in different parts of the Islamic state.
• Of these Aswad al Ansi from Ansi tribe, was first to rise in Yemen. He was killed during Prophet’s
lifetime. Later, his followers grouped and revolted under a man called Qais bin Abd Yaghus, but
eventually they were defeated.
• Tulayha from the tribes of Banu Asad and Banu Ghatafan in Northern Arabia. In 630 AD he
converted to Islam but shortly afterwards he rebelled and proclaimed himself as a prophet. Khalid
bin Waleed defeated him at the battle of Buzaka in September 632 AD.
• Sajjah from Banu Tamim tribe in Iraq she claimed to be a prophetess and collected a force of 4,000
to march on Madina. Khalid bin Waleed crushed her forces. She then joined Musailma and after his
death accepted Islam.
• And the most dangerous one Musailma from Banu Hanifa tribe in central Arabia. he was in
command of an army of 40,000. In December 632 AD Abu Bakr first sent Ikrmah and Shurabil. when
they were defeated then he sent Khalid bin Waleed with an army of 13,000 men . A hot contest
followed in which Muslims were victorious. It came to be known as the battle of Garden of Death.
This battle led to the compilation of Quran.
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He arranged for a compilation of Quran at the suggestion of Hazrat Umar when many memorisers of Quran
were martyred in the battle of Yamama against Musailima and appointed Zaid bin Sabit along with 20 to
25 scribes to accomplish this task. First copy was named Mushaf by Abullah bin Masood.
He laid the foundation of truly democratic state and always consulted eminent companions of the
Prophet. State was divided into provinces and each was lead by a governor, who was helped by an Amil for
the collection of revenue and Qazi for maintaining justice. He died in 13 AH/634 AD.

 Questions from Past Papers

O/N 2009
3. (a) Describe Abu Bakr's activities against the false prophets and apostate tribes. [10] O/N2011
3. (a) Describe the main events of the caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr. [10] O/N
2012
4. (a) Write about the election of Abu Bakr as caliph and how he dealt with
the false prophets during his reign. [10]
M/J 2014
3. (a) Write a detailed account of the four false prophets, and how the caliph Abu Bakr defeated them.
[10]
O/N 2014
3 (a) Write an account of the Battle of Yamama fought during the caliphate of Abu Bakr. [10] M/J
2015
5 (a) Write about any two major events that took place during the caliphate of Abu Bakr.[10] M/J
2016
3. (a) Write a detailed account of the battle of Yamama, and of the compilation of the Qur’an during
the caliphate of Abu Bakr. [10]
O/N 2017
3(a) Write a detailed account about the election and administration of Abu Bakr. [10] M/J
2018, O/N 2019
3(a) Write a detailed account of Abu Bakr’s achievements as Caliph. [10] O/N
2018
4(a). Write an account of the campaign led by Abu Bakr against the tribes refusing to pay Zakat. [10]

3.(b) The Prophet called Abu Bakr ‘al-Siddiq’ (Testifier of the Truth). How did Abu Bakr live
up to his title during his caliphate? [4]
• During his caliphate, Abu Bakr fought to uphold the finality of the Prophet (pbuh) in the wars
against the false prophets;
• he refused to give in to the demands of those who wanted to be exempted from paying zakat and
fought battles with them, and
• he preserved the word of God by having the Qur’an compiled.
• Abu Bakr always stood by the truth and fought to maintain it, by which he lived up to the title of
‘alSiddiq’ (Testifier of the Truth) which the Prophet (pbuh) had given him when he was the first to
believe the Prophet’s (pbuh) account of mi’raj

(b). Why did Abu Bakr think it of great importance to defeat the false prophets? [4]
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If the false prophets were not defeated by Abu Bakr, the teachings of Islam could have been corrupted; the
purity of the religion would have been lost and many who called themselves Muslims in reality would be
following a man made faith. The first pillar of Islam would have been challenged as the second part of the
Shahada which deals with risala (prophethood) and finality of the Prophet Muhammad would be
contradicted if one believed in the so called prophets after Muhammad so the existence of the false
prophets was a great threat to survival of Islam. The apostasy wars confirmed that the Muslim state was
one under the leadership of one Caliph.

(b). Why is Abu Bakr called the Saviour of Islam? [4]

He was called the Saviour of Islam because he fought to prevent the break-up of Islam. The false prophets
and apostates threatened the uniqueness and unity of Islam and could not be allowed to continue their
activities. Hence when he became Caliph he not only gave new heart to the Muslims after the Prophet
(P.B.U.H) passed away but helped the community of Muslims against its many enemies. In his short term as
caliph he defeated the tribes who withdrew from Islam and made them stay Muslim and he fought and
won against tribes who refused to pay Zakat. He also defeated the false prophets and thus kept the unity of
Islam when there was much danger. His arrangements for the first compilation of Quran for the guidance
of future generations also make him the saviour of Islam.