Chapter - 2 Structure

Structure of
ofAtom
Atom
FAST TRACK : QUICK REVISION

• Information about fundamental particles of atom

Name of UNIT Electron Proton Neutron
Constant
Mass amu 0.000546 1.00728 1.008665
kg 9.109 × 10–31 1.673 × 10–27 1.675 × 10–27
Charge Coloumbs – 1.602 × 10–19 + 1.602 × 10–19 Zero
esu – 4.8 × 10–10 + 4.8 × 10–10 Zero
Relative – 1 + 1 Zero
Charge

• Electromagnetic radiations : Energy emitted from any source (in forms

of waves) in which electric and magnetic fields oscillated perpendicular to
each other and travelling with a velocity of light is known as EM radiation.
• Characteristics of waves :
(a) Wavelength : The distance of one crest and
one trough in a wave. Denoted by ‘λ’.
(b) Frequency : Number of waves passing
through a given point in one second.

Denoted by υ.

(c) Amplitude : The height of crest or depth of a trough denoted by ‘a’.

(d) Wave Number : Number of waves per unit length denoted by

= (or m–1)
 (e) Velocity : Linear distance travelled by a wave in one second.

velocity of light c = =

∴ υ =

• Energywise order for EM radiation.

cosmic < γ rays < X rays < UV < VIBGYOR < IR < Microwaves < Radiowaves
→
λ (Increases) υ (Decreases) Energy (Decreases)
• Photon : A packet or particle of light energy is knows as Photon.
• Planck’s quantum theory : The energy emitted or absorbed by a source
is discontinuous in form of small packet of energy, called quantum.
Quantum of light is called photon.
E a v
E = hv (h = Planck's constant)
E = nhv (h = 6.626×10–34 J sec)
If ‘n’ photons are emitted E = nhυ

• Photo electric effect : The phenomenon of ejection of electrons from a

metal surface when a light of suitable frequency falls on metal surface.

hυ – hυ0 = mv2

hυ ⇒ Energy of incident light on metal surface.

hυ0 ⇒ Work function of metal.

mv2 = Kinetic energy by which e– is emitted from metal surface.

• de Broglie equation : All material particles in motion also exhibit wave like
properties.
h h
=λ =
mv p
For microscopic particles mass is very less therefore Wavelength of wave
associated with it can be detected.

26 Chemistry Class XI
 For macroscopic particles mass is large, λ of wave associated with it can
not be detected. Hence dominant wave character.
Hence microscopic bodies have dual nature, where as macroscopic bodies
have particle nature.

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle

It is impossible to determine the exact position and velocity of a moving
subatomic particle simultaneously with accuracy.

∆x × m∆v ≥

∆x = uncertainty in position
∆v = uncertainty in velocity

Bohr’s theory for H [H like one e– systems He+; Li2+]

(1) e– revolving round the nucleus in circular path [stationary state; SHELL]
with a definite angular momentum [Here n = no. of shell of e–] and
with definite energy

En = ⇒ – 2.18 × 10–18

(2) As n increases, Energy of e– becomes less – ve [Due to less force of Proton

attraction]
As n decreases, Energy of e– becomes More – ve [Due to more force of
attraction by protons]
(3) In infinity shell e– has zero force of attraction therefore zero energy.
(4) Electron energy only changes by definite values ∆E = Ef – Ei.

Hydrogen spectrum : When e– in hydrogen atom is provided energy it gets

excited to higher shell from ground state, it comes back to ground state by
emitting energy in definite values.
“Quanta” : The emission of light energy is known as emission spectra. It
corresponds to each atom depending upon which energy shell e– is excited.

Structure of Atom 27
 It is discontinuous spectra as ‘λ’ of light radiations do not merge with each
other like in VIBGYOR (Continous Spectra).
When e– falls from any excited state to

= 1,09,678 R = Rydberg constant = 109678 cm–1

ni = 1, nf = 2, 3, 4, .... [Lyman series] (UV)

ni = 2, nf = 3, 4, 5, .... [Balmer series] (VIBGYOR)

ni = 3, nf = 4, 5, 6 [Paschen series] IR.

ni = 4, nf = 5, 6, 7 [Bracket series] IR.

ni = 5, nf = 6, 7, 8 [Pfund series] IR.

Quantum numbers : The noumbers which completely define the state of

e– in an atom.
(1) Principal Quantum No. : It describes the distance of e– from nucleus ‘n’
i.e., defines the shell no. It is denoted by ‘n’.
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, .....
K, L, M, N, O .....
(2) Azimuthal (l) Quantum No. : It defines the path of e– decided by angular
momentum of e–. Each angular momentum value corresponds to one
subshell. The no. of subshells in a shell is 0 to n – 1.
n l (0 to n-1)
1 0 l = 0 ‘s’ subshell

2 0, 1 l = 1 ‘p’ subshell

3 0, 1, 2 l = 2 ‘d’ subshell

4 0, 1, 2, 3 l = 3 ‘f ’ subshell

All subshells are wave functions for locating e–.

In the same shell energy increase s < p < d < f.

28 Chemistry Class XI
(3) Magnetic Quantum No. : It gives the no. of magnetic orientations
an e– can have in a subshell. That is number of orbitals in a sub-shell.
ms = –l........o........+ l = (2l + 1).

(4) Spin Quantum No. : An e– is continuously spinning on its own axis.

1 1
The value of s = or –
2 2
An orbital can have maximum two e– one with clockwise and other with
anticlockwise spin.
Aufbau principle
(a) Electrons are filled in increasing order of energy of sub-shell.
(b) As ‘n + l’value increases energy of e– increases in that sub-shell.
(c) For two sub-shells with same ‘n + l’ value, as ‘n’ value increases
energy of e– increases.
Pauli’s principle
No two electrons can have same set of four quantum numbers in an atom.

Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity

The pairing of e– in degenerate orbitals (different orbitals with same energy)
will get paired only once they have been singly occupied with same spin.

IMPORTANT POINTS
The filling of e– in subshells follows this order. (As per Aufbau principle)
(A) 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d < 6p
< 7s < 5f < 6d < 7p
(B) Half filled and completely filled subshells have more stability than
incompletely filled subshells.
Cr = [Ar] 4s1 3d5
Cu = [Ar] 4s1 3d10
(C) As the shell no. inc. size of subshell increases e.g., size of (2s > 1s) ; (3p
> 2p); (4d > 3d)

Structure of Atom 29
 (D) The region in an orbital where probability of finding the e– is zero is known
as Nodal plane (or Node).
The no. of [radial nodes] = n – l – 1 and Angular Nodes = l,
Total nodes = n–1.

(E) ψ(psi) ψ2(psi square)

A wave function for The square of wave function where
locating an electron the probability of finding the e– is
maximum.
[Each value of ψ2 is a region and defines
one orbital]

(F) Orbit Orbital

(1) A definite distance from (1) A probability region for locating
the nucleus for finding the e– around the nucleus.
the e– [e– as a particle]. It is a wave function [e– as a wave]
(1) It has definite size and (2) It does not define definite size.
e– in this orbit has But only a boundary region diagram
definite energy. of a wave for locating the e–.

30 Chemistry Class XI
MIND MAP - STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Structure of Atom 31
 CASE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:

The capacities of shells with a given principal quantum number are

fixed by (1) the rules governing the permitted values of the quantum numbers and
(2) the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The permitted values of the quantum numbers
are :
Principal quantum number n 1 to ∞



Azimuthal quantum number l 0 to n–1 (n values)



Magnetic quantum number ml – l to + l, (2l +1 values)



Spin quantum number ms – ½ or + ½ (2 values)



The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in the same

atom may have the same values of all four quantum numbers. It follows that,
for a given value of n, there are 2n2 different sets of values for the quantum
numbers, because l may have the values O, 1, . . ., n–1, and for each value
of l there are 2l +1 values of ml and for each set of values of l and m there are
just two choices for ms.
(Reference : Thomas H. Hazlehurst, J. Chem. Educ. 1941, 18, 12, 580 Publication
 
Date: December 1, 1941, Journal of American Chemical Society).
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most
appropriate answer:
(i) Based on the concept of quantum numbers mentioned in the study, which

of the following value sets of quantum numbers are not possible?
(a) n=0, l=0, ml= 0, ms= -1/2





(b) n=5, l=3, ml= -4, ms= +1/2





(c) n=3, l=1, ml= -1, ms= -1/2





(d) n=6, l=1, ml= 0, ms= +1/2





(ii) What will be the maximum possible number of electrons having ms = -1/2

for n=5?
(a) 50 (b) 25




(c) 32 (d) 72




32 Chemistry Class XI
(iii) Which of the following quantum numbers can distinguish between two
electrons present in the same orbital?
(a) Azimuthal quantum number
(b) Principal quantum number
(c) Magnetic quantum number
(d) Spin quantum number
(iv) Maximum number of electrons having n = 3 and l = 1 is-
(a) 14 (b) 6
(c) 10 (d) 2
ANS: I-B, II-B, III-D, IV-B

2. Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
A hydrogen atom consists of an electron orbiting its nucleus.
The electromagnetic force between the electron and the nuclear proton leads to
a set of quantum states for the electron, each with its own energy. These states
were visualized by the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom as being distinct orbits
around the nucleus. Each energy state, or orbit, is designated by an integer, n as
shown in the figure. The Bohr model was later replaced by quantum mechanics in
which the electron occupies an atomic orbital rather than an orbit, but the allowed
energy levels of the hydrogen atom remained the same as in the earlier theory.

Structure of Atom 33
Spectral emission occurs when an electron transitions, or jumps, from a higher
energy state to a lower energy state. To distinguish the two states, the lower energy
state is commonly designated as n' , and the higher energy state is designated as n.
The energy of an emitted photon corresponds to the energy difference between
the two states. Because the energy of each state is fixed, the energy difference
between them is fixed, and the transition will always produce a photon with the
same energy.
(Reference :  Andrew, A. V. (2006). “2. Schrödinger equation”. Atomic
spectroscopy Introduction of theory to Hyperfine Structure p. 274 ISBN 978-0-
387-255736. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series).
In these questions (Q. No. (i) to (iv) , a statement of assertion followed by a
statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following
choices :
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct
explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct
explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement
i. ASSERTION: The energy states of H-atom are independent of azimuthal
quantum number.
REASON: H-atom does not have any inter-electronic repulsion as it has
only 1 e-.
ii. ASSERTION: A spectral line will be seen for a 2px – 2py transition.
REASON: Energy is released when electron drops to lower stationary state.
iii. ASSERTION: For Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum, the value n1 = 2
and n2 = 3, 4, 5... .
REASON: The value of n2 for a line in Balmer series of hydrogen spectrum
having the highest wavelength is 6.
iv. ASSERTION: Electromagnetic radiations of fixed wavelengths are absorbed
by the H-atom.
REASON: Radiations corresponding to the energy difference between the
two stationary states are absorbed.
ANS:- I-A, II-D, III-C, IV-A

34 Chemistry Class XI
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQ)
1. Packet of energy is called
(a) Electron (b) Photon
(c) Position (d) Proton
2. Orbital which is not possible
(a) 2p (b) 3d
(c) 3s (d) 3f
3. the magnetic quantum number of an atom is related to the
(a) size of the orbital (b) spin angular momentum
(c) orbital angular momentum (d) orientation of the orbital in space
4. The principal quantum number of an atom is related to the
(a) size of the orbital (b) spin angular momentum
(c) orbital angular momentum (d) orientation of the orbital in Spence
5. The designation of an orbital with in = 4 and 1 = 3
(a) 4s (b) 4p
(c) 4d (d) 4f
6. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength
as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 in the He+ spectrum?
(a) n = 4 to n =1 (b) n = 3 to n = 2
(c) n = 3 to n = 1 (d) n = 2 to n = 1
7. The wave number of first line of Balmer series of hydrogen in 15200 cm-1.
The wave number of the first Balmer line of Li2+ ion is
(a) 15200 cm-1 (b) 60800 cm-1
(c) 76000 cm-1 (d) 136,800 cm-1
8. An electron is moving in Bohr's orbit. Its de Broglie wavelength is λ. What
is the circumference of the forth orbit?
(a) 2/λ (b) 2λ
(c) 3λ (d) 3/λ

Structure of Atom 35
9. Which of the following statements in relation to the hydrogen atom is correct?
(a) 3s-orbital is lower in energy than 3p-orbital
(b) 3p-orbital is lower in energy than 3-d-orbital
(c) 3s and 3p orbitals all have the same energy.
(d) 3s, 3p and 3d orbitals all have the same energy.
10. For principle quantum number, n = 4, the total number of orbitals having
1 = 3 is
(a) 3 (b) 7
(c) 5 (d) 9
11. The number of d-electrons retained in Fe2+ (At. no. of Fe = 26) ion is
(a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 5 (d) 6
12. Pauli exclusion principle helps to calculate the maximum number of electrons
that can be accommodated in any
(a) orbital (b) subsell
(c) shell (d) All of these
Ans. 1. (b), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (a), 5. (d), 6. (d), 7. (d), 8. (c), 9. (d),
10. (b), 11. (d), 12. (a)
FILL IN THE BLANK
1. Bohr’s theory is based on ________ of radiation.
2. The angular momentum of the electron in the 4th energy shell in the hydrogen
atom is ________.
3. Lines of Balmer series appear in ________ region.
4. The maximum number of electrons in Fe3+ (At. No. 26) is ________.
5. Li2+ and He+ ions have spectrum similar to ________ atom.
6. Bohr’s atomic theory is not able to explain the atomic spectra of atoms
containing ________ electron.
7. An electron in the first shell will have ________ stability and _______
energy than an electron in the third shell.
36 Chemistry Class XI
8. The space or three-dimensional region round the nucleus where there is
maximum probability of finding an electron of specific energy is called
an____
9. According to ____ no two electrons in an atom will have all the four quantum
numbers ____
10. When there are two electrons in the same orbital they have ____ spins.
11. The s-subhells have ____ shape and the p-subshells have____
12. The maximum number of electrons on a subshell is equal to ______ where
l = ______
2h
Ans. 1. Planck’s theory 2.
π
3. Visible 4. 23
5. H-atom 6. more than 1
7. Larger, lower 8. orbital
9. Pauli exclusion principle; similar
10. Opposite
11 Spherical, dumb bell shape.
12. 2l + 1; azimuthal quantum numbers

TRUE AND FALSE TYPE QUESTIONS

Write true or false for the following statements
1. Bohr’s theory cannot explain the spectra of multi-electron atoms.
2. Bohr’s theory based on the Planck’s quantum theory.
3. Size of orbital is determined by principal quantum number.
4. Fe2+ ion has more number of unpaired electrons than Fe3+.
5. The outer electronic configuration of chromium atom is 3d44s2.
6. The designation of an orbital n=4 and l=0 is 4s.
7. All photons of light have same energy.
8. Fe3+ has 3d5 configuration.

Structure of Atom 37
9. The number of subshells is always equal to the order of the orbit.
10. Two electrons in the same orbital has antiparallel spin.
11. The second orbit in He+ ion has radius as the first orbit in hydrogen atom.
12. Heisenberg principle is applicable to microscopic particles.
13. 3s orbital has 2 radial nodes.

Ans. 1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (F) 6. (T) 7. (F)

8. (T) 9. (F) 10. (T) 11. (T) 12. (T), 13. (T)

MATCH THE COLUMNS

1. Match the following

List-I List-II
a. Lyman series p. Visible region
b. Balmer series q. Infrared region
c. Paschen series r. Absorption spectrum
d. Brackett series s. Ultraviolet region

2. Match the following

List-I List-II List-III
a. Principal quantum number p. Spin of electrons i. –l to + l
b. Azimuthal quantum number q. Size of orbital ii. 0 to ∞
c. Magnetic quantum number r. Orientation of the orbital iii. ± ½
d. Spin quantum number s. Shape of the orbital iv. 0 to (n–1)

3. Match the following

List-I List-II List-III
a. 2s p. Dough not shape i. along z-axis
b. 2px q. Spherical ii. In between x & y-axis
c. 3dxy r. Dumb bell iii. non-directional
d. 3dz2 s. Double dumb bell iv. along x-axis

38 Chemistry Class XI
4. Match the following
List-I List-II
a. 2s p. Two nodal planes
b. ψ2 q. One radial node
c. Heisenberg’s uncertainty r. Electron probability density
principle
d. 3dyz s. Microscopic particles

Ans.: 1. a. (s), b. (p), c. (q), d. (q)

2. a. (q). (ii), b. (s). (iv), c. (r). (i), d. (p). (iii)

3. a. (q). (iii), b. (r). (iv), c. (s). (ii), d. (p).(i)

4. a. (q), b. (r), c. (s), d. (p)

ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Directions: (Questions 1 to 10)

A. Both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct
explanation of the assertion.
B. Both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion.
C. Assertion is true statement but Reason is false.
D. Assertion is false but Reason is true.

1. Assertion : Number of orbitals in 3rd shell is 9.

Reason : Number of orbitals for a particular value of n = n2.
2. Assertion : Two nodal planes are present in 3dxy.
Reason : Number of nodal planes = l
3. Assertion : The energy of an electron is largely determined by its principal
quantum number.
Reason : The principal quantum number is a measure of the most probable
distance of finding the electrons around the nucleus.

Structure of Atom 39
4. Assertion : An orbital cannot have more than two electrons, moreover, if
an orbital has two electrons they must have opposite spins.
Reason : No two electrons in an atom can have same set of all the four
quantum numbers.
5. Assertion: Black body is an ideal body that emits and absorbs radiations of
all frequencies.
Reason: The frequency of radiation emitted by a body goes from a lower
frequency to higher frequency with an increase in temperature.
6. Assertion: 2p orbitals do not have any radial nodes.
Reason: The number of radial nodes in p-orbitals is given by (n-2) where n
is the principal quantum number.
7. Assertion: The opposite lobes of a p-orbital have opposite sign whereas
opposite lobes of d-orbital have the same sign.
Reason: The opposite lobes of a p-orbital have opposite charge whereas the
opposite lobes of d-orbital have the same charge.
8. Assertion: Electronic configurations of Cr3+ (containing 21 electrons) is
same as that of Sc(Z=21) i.e., isoelectronic species have the same electronic
configuration.
Reason: Orbitals of atoms are filled in order of increasing energy following
aufbau principle.
9. Assertion: Hydrogen has one electron in its orbit but it produces several
spectral lines.
Reason: There are many excited energy levels available.
10. Assertion: The free gaseous Cr atom has six unpaired electrons.
Reason: Half-filled d-orbitals have greater stability.

Ans. 1. A 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. C 8. D 9. A 10. A

40 Chemistry Class XI
 ONE WORD ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Write the name of the theory which explain the wave nature of light.
2 Write the name of the theory which explain the Black body radiations
and photo electric effect
3 If the length of the crest of a wave is 4 pm. Write the wavelength of this
wave. [Ans.8 pm]
4. A radiation emitted from a hot iron is photon or quantum ?
5. Out of the d orbitals which does not have four lobes ?
6. What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to exist ?
7. Which quantum number is not obtained from solution of Schrödinger wave
equation ?
8. Which of the following orbitals are possible ?
1p, 2s, 2p and 3f
9. Write the name of non-directional subshell.
10. Write the name of quantum number which determines the orientation of
orbitals ?
11. Write the name of quantum number which determines the shape of orbitals.
12. How many orbitals are present in ‘g’ subshell ?

1-MARK QUESTIONS
1 Write the relation between frequency and wave number.
2 Cs shows maximum photoelectric effect, why ?
3 Distinguish between a photon and a quantum.
4 The line spectrum of an element is known as fingerprints of its atom.
Comment.
5 What is the value of the Bohr’s radius for the third orbit of hydrogen atom?
6 What type of metals are used in photoelectric cell ? Give one example.
[Ans. With large size, less work function.]
7 Which series of lines of the hydrogen spectrum lie in the visible region’?
8 Mention the physical significance of y and y2.
9 Why did Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle replace the concept of definite
orbit by the concept of probability?
Structure of Atom 41
10. What is uncertain in uncertainty principle ?
11. Can a moving cricket ball have a wave character ? Justify your answer.
12. Heisenberg uncertainty principle has no significance in our everyday life.
Explain.
13. Write the Schrodinger wave equation.
14. Why uncertainty in position is more when uncertainty in velocity is less for
an electron ?
15. What are the four quantum numbers of 19th electron of copper ?
(Given : Atomic number of copper = 29)
16. How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having ms, value
of – 1/2 for n = 4 ?
17. Write the electronic configuration of Ni3+. (At. No. of Ni = 28)
18. How many radial and angular nodes are present in 2p orbital.
[Ans. Radial nodes = 0, Angular nodes = 1]

2-MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1. Define black body and black body radiations.
Q. 2. Give the essential postulates of Bohr’s model of an atom. How did it
explain ?
(i) the stability of the atom ?
(ii) origin of the spectral lines in H-atom ?
Q. 3. What is quantisation ? How quantisation of energy was introduced
in Bohr’s model ?
Q. 4. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same
wavelength as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+spectrum?
[Ans. n1 = 1 and n2 = 2]
Q. 5. What transition of Li2+ spectrum will have the same wavelength as
that of the second line of Balmer series in He+spectrum ?
[Ans. n2 = 6 to n1 = 3]
Q. 6. Calculate the energy required for the process
He+(g) ——→ He2+ (g) + e–

42 Chemistry Class XI
 The ionization energy for the H atom in the ground state is 2.18 ×
10–18 J atom–1] [Ans. 8.72 × 10–18 J]
Q. 7. Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in
the Balmer series of atomic hydrogen. [Ans. 1.523 × 106 m–1]
Q. 8. To which orbit the electron in H atom will jump on absorbing 12.1
eV energy ? [Ans. 3rd orbit]
Q. 9. Calculate the energy associated with the first orbit of He+. What is
the radius of this orbit? [Ans. – 54.38 eV, 0.2645 Å]
Q. 10. What is the distance of separation between 3rd and 4th orbit of
H-atom ? [Ans. 3.703 Å]
Q. 11. The energy of electron in the first Bohr’s orbit is – 13.6 eV. Calculate
the energy of electron in the first excited state. [Ans. – 3.4 eV]
Q. 12. Calculate the number of protons emitted in 10 hours by a 60 W sodium
lamp emitting radiations of wavelength 6000 Å.
Q. 13. Which one has a higher energy, a photon of violet light with wavelength
4000 Å or a proton of red light with wavelength 7000 Å ?
[Given. h = 6.62 × 10–34 J sec.]
Q. 14. A 100 watt bulb emits monochromatic light of wavelength 400 nm.
Calculate the number of protons emitted per second by the bulb.
[Ans. 2.012 × 1020 s–1]
Q. 15. What are the maximum number of emission lines when the excited
electron of a H atom in n = 4 drops to the ground state ? [Ans. 6]
Q. 16. Which has more energy, light radiation of wavelength 400 pm or light
radiation of frequency 1015 Hz ?
Q. 17. Find the energy of electron in 4th shell of Li2+ ion.
Q. 18. What is the wave number of an electron with shortest wavelength
radiation in Lyman spectrum of He+ ion?
Q. 19. Write short note on :
(a) Continuous and discontinuous spectrum.
(b) Absorbtion and emission spectrum.
Q. 20. Calculate the mass of the photon with wavelength of 3.6 Å.
[Ans. 6.135 × 10–29 kg]

Structure of Atom 43
 Q. 21. Calculate the mass of the photon with wavelength of 5 pm.
Q. 22. On the basis of uncertainty principle show that an electron cannot
exist with in atomic nucleus. (Given : Nuclear radius = 10–I5 m)
[Hint : Taking 10–15 m as ∆x, the ∆v comes much higher than the
velocity of light and hence is not possible]
Q. 23. Explain why the uncertainty principle is significant only from the
motion of subatomic particles and is negligible for macroscopic
particles?
Q. 24. List two differences between orbit and orbital .
Q. 25. Show that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom
is an integral multiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with
the electron revolving around the orbit
Q. 26. Comment on “Bohr’s model is against the Heisenberg uncertainty
principle”.
Q. 27. What are the similarities and difference in 2s and 2px orbitals and 1s
and 2s orbitals ?
Q. 28. Draw shape of d x 2 − y2 orbital.
Q. 29. On the basis of Pauli’s exclusion principle show that the maximum
number of electrons in the M -shell (n = 3 ) of any individual atom
is 18.
Q. 30. Designate each subshell with n = 4.
Q. 31. List the possible values for all the quantum numbers for the following
subshell.
(a) 2p (b) 4f
Q. 32. Write down the electronic configuration of Fe3+ and Ni2+. How many
unpaired electrons are present? (Given Atomic number, Fe = 26,
Ni = 28).
Q. 33. Out of principal, angular, magnetic and spin quantum number, which
quantum number determines the ?
(a) Shape of the orbital
(b) Number of orbitals in an orbit
(c) Size of the orbital
(d) Spin orientation of the electron.

44 Chemistry Class XI
 Q. 34. What is the Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity ? Explain with
suitable example.
Q. 35. Explain why :
(a) The three electrons present in 2p subshell of nitrogen remain
unpaired.
(b) Cr has configuration 3d5 4s1 and not 3d4 4s2.
Q. 36. (a) What is difference between 'l' and 'L'?
(b) Nitrogen has 7 proton, 7 electron and 7 neutrons. Calculate the
number of electron, protons and neutrons in N3– ion.
Q. 37. Which one is having higher energy?
(a) Last electron of Cl– or last electron of O2–.
(b) n = 4, l = 3 or n = 5, l = 2.

3-MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1.(i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is
– 2.18 × 10–18 J atom-1. What is the energy associated with the fourth
orbit ?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s third orbit for hydrogen atom.
[Ans.– 1.36 × 10–19 J atom–l .4.761 nm]
Q. 2. A bulb emits light of wave length 4500Å. The bulb is rated as 150
watt and 8% of the energy is emitted as light. How many photons are
emitted by the bulb per second ? [Ans. n = 27.2 × 1018]
Q. 3. When light with a wavelength of 400 nm falls on the surface of sodium,
electrons with a kinetic energy of 1.05 × 105 J mol-1 are emitted.
(a) What is the minimum energy needed to remove an electron from
sodium ?
(b) What is the maximum wavelength of light that will cause a
photoelectron to be emitted ?
[Ans. a = 3.2255 × 1019 J, b = 616 nm]
Q. 4. Compare the frequency of light radiations emitted when electron falls
from 5th shell to the 2nd shell in Li2+ ion and electron falls from 4th
shell to the 1st shell in He+ ion.

Structure of Atom 45
 Q. 5. Calculate the number of waves made by Bohr electron in one complete
revolution in its third orbit. [Ans. 3]
Q. 6. What should be the ratio of velocities of CH4 and O2 molecules
so that they are associated with de Broglie waves of equal
wavelength ? [Ans. 2]
Q. 7. Calculate the wavelength of an electron that has been accelerated in
a particle accelerator through a potential difference of 1 kv.
[Given 1eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J] [Ans. 3.87 × l0–7 m]
Q. 8. (i) Discuss the similarities and differences between a 1s and 2s orbital.
(ii) Draw the shape of d z2 .
Q. 9. Calculate the wavelength of a tennis ball of mass 60 gm moving with
a velocity of 10 m per second. (h = 6.626 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1)
[Ans. 10–3 metre]
Q. 10. Calculate the wavelength of 1000 kg rocket moving with a velocity
of 3000 km/hr. (h = 6.626 × 10–34 kg m2 s–1)
[Ans. 7.9512 × 10–40 m]
Q. 11. Calculate the uncertain it in the velocity of a cricket ball of mass
150 g, if uncertainity in its position is of the order of 1 Å.
[Ans. 3.5 × 10–24 m s1]
Q. 12. (a) What is de-Broglie wavelength for an electron moving with
velocity of light?
(b) What is the angular momentum of electron in 5th shell?
Q. 13. Two particles A and B have wavelength λA = 5 × 10–10 m and λB =
10 × 1010 m. Find their frequency, wave number and energies. Which
has more penetrating power and why ?
Q. 14. (a) Which has max. uncertainty regarding position and why ?
Electron, proton and neutron.
(b) Find the number of waves associated with a light radiation of
time period 5 ns.
Q. 15. If an electron in He+ has angular momentum of 5h/2π. Find its energy
and wavelength associated with it. Find the kinetic energy of this
electron.

46 Chemistry Class XI
 Q. 16 .(i) An atomic orbital has n = 2. What are the possible values of l and ml ?
(ii) List the quantum numbers (m1 and l) of electrons for 3d orbital.
(iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible ?
2d, 1s, 2p and 3f.
Q. 17. (a) Write the maximum number of electron in a subshell with l = 3 and
n = 4.
(b) Write the maximum number of electron that can be associated with
the following set of quantum numbers ?
n = 3, l = 1 and ml = – 1
(c) Write the maximum number of electron that can be accomodated in
an atom in which the highest principal quantum number value is 4.
Q. 18. (i) Write the electronic configurations of the following ions :
(a) H– (b)Na+ (c)O2– (d) F–
(ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons
are represented by (a) 3s1(b) 2p3 and (c) 3p5 ?
(iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations ?
(a) [He] 2s1 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (c) [Ar] 4s2 3d1.
Q. 19. Calculate:
(a) Total number of spherical nodes in 3p orbital.
(b) Total number of nodal planes in 3p orbital.
(c) Nodal planes in 3d orbital.

5-MARKS QUESTIONS
Q. 1.(a) Define Photoelectric effect ? Mention its one practical application in
daily life.
(b) Electrons are emitted with zero velocity from a metal surface when
it is exposed to radiation of wavelength 6800 Å. Calculate threshold
frequency (νo) and work function (Wo ) of the metal.
[Ans. νo = 4.41 × 1014 s–1 Wo = 2.92 × 10–19 J]
Q. 2.(a) The electronic energy in Bohr’s orbit is negative .How will you account
for it?
(b) The ionisation energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. What will be the
energy of the first orbit of He+ and Li2+ ions ?
[Ans. E1 of He+ = – 54.4 eV, E1 of Li2+ = – 122.4 eV ]

Structure of Atom 47
 Q. 3.(a) Define the following terms :
(i) Threshold frequency (ii) Work function.
(b) The work function for Cs atom is 1 .9 eV. Find threshold wavelength
(λ0)and threshold frequency (ν0) of this light radiation. If Cs metal is
irradiated with a radiation of wavelength 500 nm find kinetic energy
and velocity of emitted electron.
Q. 4.(a) State de Broglie equation. Write its significance.
(b) A beam of helium atoms moves with a velocity of 2.0 × 103 m s–1.
Find the wavelength of the particle constituting the beam
(h = 6.626 × 10–34 J s) [Ans. 49.9 pm ]
Q. 5.(a) State Heisenbergs uncertainty principle. Give its mathematical
expression. Also give its significance.
(b) Calculate the uncertainity in the position of a dust particle with mass
equal to 1 mg if the uncertainity in its velocity is 5.5 × l0–20ms–1.
[Ans. 9.55 × 1010 m]
Q. 6.(a) Cricket ball, a tennis ball and a proton which has more uncertainity
in velocity and which follows Heisenberg uncertainity principle
maximum.
(b) What is the similarity in de-Broglie and Heisenberg principle? Which
is different from Bohr theory for structure of atom?
(c) Why energy in a given subshell is negative?
Q. 7.(a) Write short notes on:
(i) Aufbau principle (ii) Pauli’s principle (iii) Hund’s rule.
(b) Write the electronic configuration of the following ions :
(i) Fe3+ (ii) Cu+ [Given Atomic number of Fe and
Cu are 26 & 29]
Q. 8.(a) Draw the shapes of the following orbitals.
(i) 3dxy (ii) dz2
(b) What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal
quantum number n = 3 ?

48 Chemistry Class XI
 (c)
Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with the following
quantum numbers:-
(a) n = 3, l = 0, (b) n = 4, l = 2, (c) n = 5, l = 3, (d) n = 1, l = 0
Q .9. Explain the following :
(i) Energy of electron is not decided by : n, l ,m and s.
(ii) Maximum number of electron with – 1/2 spin for n = 3 is 6,9,12
or none.
(iii) Maximum number of electron can be present for n + l = 4.
(iv) 3f subshell is not possible.
(v) Maximum number of electrons in a subshell is :
(2l + l) or (4l + l) or n2
Q. 10.(a) A neutral atom has 2K, 8L and 15 M electrons. Find the total numbers
of electrons in s, p, d and f subshell.
(b) How many unpaired electrons are present in the following ions :
Al+, Cr2+, Co3+ and Mn2+
(Given Atomic number : Al=13, Cr = 24, Co = 27 & Mn = 25)
(c) One electron is present in 4f subshell. What is the sum of n + l +
m1 + ms values assuming ‘f ’ subshell follows – 3 to + 3 order of
filling electron.
Q. 11. Answer the following :
n + l value for 14th electron in an atom.
(a)
(b) Increasing order of filling electron in 4f, 5p and 6d subshells.
(c)
‘m’ and ‘l’ value for last electron of Mg atom.
(Given atomic number of Mg is 12)
(d) Subshell in which last electron is present in Ga.
(Given Atomic number of Ga is 31)
(e) Sum of spin of all the electron in element having atomic number 14.

Structure of Atom 49
 UNIT TEST-I
Time allowed : 1 Hour Maximum Marks : 20

General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. Designation for an orbital with n = 4 and l = 3 is (1)
(a) 4s (b) 4p (c) 4d (d) 4f
2. Maximum number of unpaired electrons in chromium is (1)
(Given: Atomic number of Cr = 24)
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7
3. Which series of lines of the hydrogen spectrum lie in the visible
region’? (1)
4. Why de-Broglie's wavelength is not significant for macroscopic objects. (1)
5. Which of the following is not possible ?
(a) 2p (b) 3d (c) 3f (d) 4p (1)
6. Write two difference between orbit and orbital. (2)
7. Calculate the wave number for the longest wavelength transition in
the paschen series of atomic hydrogen. (2)
8. (a) How many orbitals are associated with n = 4 ? (3)
(b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having
ms value of –1/2 for n = 3 ?
(c) Draw the shape of dz2.
9. Calculate the uncertainty in the position of a dust particle with mass
equal to 1 mg if the uncertainty in its velocity is 5.5 × 10-20 ms-1. (3)
10. (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is
–2.18 × 10–18 J atom–1. What is the energy associated with the
fifth orbit?
(ii) Calculate the radius of Bohr’s fifth orbit for hydrogen atom.
(iii) Calculate the radial and angular nodes in 2p orbital.
(iv) Define the black body and black body radiations. (5)

50 Chemistry Class XI
 UNIT TEST-II
Time allowed : 1 Hour Maximum Marks : 20

General instructions :
(i) All questions are compulsory.
(ii) Maximum marks carried by each question are indicated against it.

1. The de-Broglie wavelength associated with a ball of mass 1 kg having kinetic
energy 0.5j is (1)
(a) 6.626 × 10–34 m (b) 13.20 × 10–34 m
(c) 10.38 × 10–21 m (d) 6.626 × 10–34 Å
2. The radius of which of the following orbit is same as that of first orbit of
hydrogen atom? (1)
+ 2+ 2+ 3+
(a) He (n = 2) (b) Li (n = 2) (c) Li (n = 3) (d) Be (n = 2)
3. Which series of hydrogen spectrum lies in the UV region’? (1)
In following questions a statement of Assertion followed by a statement of
Reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
(b) Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation
of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
4. Assertion : It is impossible to determine the exact position and exact
momentum of an electron simultaneously.
Reason : The path of an electron in an atom is clearly defined. (1)
5. Assertion : All isotopes of a given element show the same type of chemical
behaviour.
Reason : The chemical properties of an atom are controlled by the number
of electrons in the atom. (1)
6. Calculate the number of angular nodes and radial nodes in 3p orbital. (2)
7. Calculate the mass of photon with wavelength 3.6A°. (2)

Structure of Atom 51
8. What transition in the hydrogen spectrum would have the same wavelength
as the Balmer transition n = 4 to n = 2 of He+ spectrum? (3)
9. (a) The energy associated with Bohr's first orbit is –2.18×10–18 J atom–1.
What is the energy associated with fifth orbit?
(b) The work function for Caesium atom is 1.9eV. Calculate the threshold
wavelength.
[Given : lev = 1.6 × 10–19 J]
(c) How many sub-shells are associated with n = 4? (1×3=3)

10. (i) How many electrons will present in sub-shell having spin quantum
number value of –½ for n = 4?
(ii) Which of the following transition will have minimum wavelength and
why?
n4 → n1 , n4 → n2 , n2 → n1
(iii) Give the number of radial nodes for 3s and 2p orbitals. (5)

******

52 Chemistry Class XI
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