DAV PUBlIC SCHOOl, CCl

GIRIDIH

NAME: SOURABH SUMAN

CLASS & SEC: XII 'B'
ROLL NO:
SESSION: 2022-23
PROJECT WORK OF BIOLOGY

AIM:TO DEVELOP DRUG RESISTANCE

IN BACTERIA USING ANTIBIOTICS.

GUIDEDED BY
MRS. KAKOLI SAHA
 CONTENTS

Certificate
Acknowledgement
Key Facts
Antimicrobial Resistance And It's A
Global Concern
Emergence Of Antimicrobial Resistance
Resistance In Bacteria
Resistance In TB
Resistance In Malaria
Resistance In HIV
Resistance In Influenza
Who Response
World Antimicrobial Awareness Week
Apology
Bibliography

HIV
CERTIFICATE
OF APPRECIATION

Department of biology certify that the

work embroided in this project entitled
to prepare "DRUG RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA
USING ANTIBIOTICS" submitted by the
students of biology group of DAV Public
School,CCL, Giridih,has been carried out
by them under my direct supervision and
guidance.

This project may be considered as partial

fulfillment of AISSCE 2018-19 conducted
by CBSE Delhi.

Signature Signature Of Examiner

(Mrs.K.Saha)
 ACkNOWlEDGEmENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere

thanks to principal Bhaiya Abhinav Kumar, DAV
Public School,CCL, Giridih for his encouragement
and for all the facilities that he provided for
this project work.I Sincerely appreciate this
magnanimity by taking me into his fold for which I
shall remain indebted to him.I extend my hearty
thanks to Mrs.Kakoli Saha, our biology teacher, who
guided me to the successful completion of this
project.I take this opportunity to guidance,
constant encouragement constructive comments,
sympathetic attitude and immense motivation, which
has sustained my efforts at all stages of this
project work.I can't forget to offer my sincere
thanks to my classmates who helped me to carry out
this project work successfully and for there
valuable advice.
 Key FactS

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens the effective

prevention and treatment of an ever- increasing range
of Infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses
and fungi.

AMR is an increasingly serious threat to global public

health that requires action across all government
sector and society.

Without effective antibiotics, the success of major

surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised.

The cost of health care for patients with resistant

Infections is higher than care for patients With non-
resistant Infection due to longer duration of Illness,
additional tests and use of more expensive drugs.

In 2016, 4,90,000 people developed multi-drug resistant

TB globally, and drug resistance is starting to
complicate the fight against HIV and malaria as well.

AMR
 What iS Amr ?

AMR means antimicrobial resistance. It happens when

microorganisms(such as bacteria,fungi, viruses and
parasites) change when they are exposed to Antimicrobial
drugs (such as antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals
antimalarials and atanthelmintics). Microorganisms that
develop AMR are sometimes referred to as "superbugs".

As a result, the medicines become ineffective and

infections persist in the body, increasing the risk of
spread to others.

WHY IS AMR A GLOBAL CONCERN? :

New resistance mechanisms are emerging and spreading

globally, threatening our ability to treat infectious
diseases resulting in prolonged illness and death.

Without effective antimicrobials for prevention and

treatment of infections, medical procedures such as organ
transplantation, cancer chemotherapy, diabetes management
and major surgery (For ex:- Caesarean sections or hip
replacements) become very high risk.

Antimicrobial resistance increases the cost of health care

with lengthier stays in hospitals and more intensive care
required.

Antimicrobial resistance is putting the gains of the

Millennium Development Goals at risk and endangers
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.
 What acceleRates the Emergence of Amr?

ntimicrobial resistance occurs naturally over time,

A
usually through genetic changes. However, the misuse and
overuse of antimicrobials is accelerating this process. In
many places, antibiotics are overused and misused in
people and animals, and often given without professional
oversight.

Examples of misuse include when they are taken by people

with viral infections like colds and flu,and when they
used to prevent diseases in healthy animals. AMR-microbes
are found in people, animals, food, and the environment
(in water, soil and air).They can spread between people
and animals, including from food of animal origin, and
from person to person.Poor infection control, inadequate
sanitary conditions and inappropriate food-handling
encourage the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
 Resistance in Bacteria

ntibiotic resistance is present in every country.

A
Patients with infections caused by drug-resistant
bacteria. It consume more health-care resources than
patients infected with non-resistant strains of the same
bacteria.

Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae-common intestinal

bacteria that can cause life-threatening infections-to a
last resort treatment (carbapenem antibiotics) has spread
to all regions of the world. K. pneumoniae is a major
cause of hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia,
bloodstream infections, and infections in new-borns and
intensive-care unit patients. In some countries, b/c of
resistance, carbapenem antibiotics do not work in more
than half of people treated for K. pneumoniae infections.

Resistance in E. coli to one of the most widely used

medicines for the treatment of urinary tract infections
(fluoroquinolone antibiotics) is very widespread. There
are countries in many parts of the world where this
treatment is now ineffective in more than half of
patients. Treatment failure to the last resort of medicine
for gonorrhoea (3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics).
It has been confirmed in at least 10 countries(Australia,
Canada, France, Japan, Norway etc.

WHO recently updated the treatment guidelines for

gonorrhoea to address emerging resistance. The new WHO
guidelines do not recommend quinolones (a class of
antibiotic) for the treatment of gonorrhoea due to
widespread high levels of resistance. In addition,
treatment guidelines for chlamydial infections and
syphilis were also updated.
Resistance to first-line drugs to treat infec. caused by
Staphylococcus aureus-a common cause of severe infections
in health facilities and the community is widespread.
People with MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus) are estimated to be 64% more likely to die than
people with a non-resistant form of the infection.

Colistin is the last resort treatment for life-threatening

infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae which are
resistant to carbapenems. Resistance to colistin has
recently been detected in several countries and regions,
making infections caused by such bacteria untreatable.
 Resistance In TB

HO estimates that, in 2014, there were about 480,000 new

W
cases of multidrug-resistant-TB (MDR- TB), a form of
tuberculosis that is resistant to the 2 most powerful
anti-TB drugs.

Only about a quarter of these (123,000 cases) were

detected and reported. MDR-TB requires treatment courses
that are much longer and less effective than those for
non-resistant TB.

Globally, only half of MDR-TB patients were successfully

treated in 2014. Among new TB cases in 2014, an estimated
3.3% were multidrug-resistant. The proportion is higher
among people previously treated for TB, at 20%.

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), a form

of tuberculosis that is resistant to at least 4 of the
core anti-TB drugs, has been identified in 105 countries.
An estimated 9.7% of people with MDR-TB have XDR- TB.
 Resistance In malaRIa

s of July 2016, resistance to the first-line treatment

A
for P. falciparum malaria (artemisinin-based combination
therapies, also known as ACTs) has been confirmed in 5
Countries of the Greater Mekong subregion (Cambodia, the
Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Thailand and
Vietnam) .In most places, patients with artemisinin-
resistant infections recover fully after treatment,
provided that they are treated with an ACT containing an
effective partner drug. However, along the Cambodia-
Thailand border, P. falciparum has become resistant to
almost all available antimalarial medicines, making
treatment more challenging and requiring close monitoring.
There is a real risk that multidrug resistance will soon
emerge in other parts of the subregion as well. The spread
of resistant strains to other parts of the world could
pose a major public health challenge and jeopardize
important recent gains in malaria control.

A "WHO Strategy was for Malaria Elmination in the Greater

Mekong sub region (2015-2030)" was endorsed by all 5
countries, as well as China.
 Resistance In HIV

n 2010, an estimated 7% of people starting antiretroviral

I
therapy (ART) in developing countries had drug-resistant
HIV. In developed countries, the same figure was 10- 20%.
Some countries have recently reported levels at or above
15% amongst those starting HIV treatment, and up to 40%
among people re-starting treatment. This requires urgent
attention.

Increasing levels of resistance have important economic

implications as second and third-line regimens are 3 times
and 18 times more expensive, respectively, than first-line
drugs.

Since September 2015, WHO has recommended that everyone

living with HIV start on antiretroviral treatment. Greater
use of ART is expected to further increase ART resistance
in all regions of the world. To maximize the long-term
effectiveness of first-line ART regimens, and to ensure
that people are taking the most effective regimen, it is
essential to continue monitoring Resistance and to
minimize its further emergence and spread. In consultation
with countries, partners and stakeholders, WHO is
currently developing a new "Global action plan for HIV
drug resistance".
 Resistance In Influenza

ntiviral drugs are important for treatment of epidemic

A
and pandemic influenza. So far, virtually all influenza A
viruses circulating in humans were resistant to one
category of antiviral drug M2 Inhibitors (amantadine and
rimantadine). However, the frequency of resistance to the
neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir remains low (1- 2%).
Antiviral susceptibility is constantly monitored through
the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System.
 W.H.O. Response

HO is providing technical assistance to help countries

W
develop their national action plans, and strengthen their
health and surveillance systems so that they can prevent
and manage AMR. It is collaborating with partners to
strengthen the evidence base and develop new responses to
this global threat.

WHO is working closely with the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World
Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in a 'One Health'
approach to promote best practices to avoid the emergence
and spread of antibiotic resistance, including optimal use
of antibiotics in both humans and animals. A Political
declaration endorsed by Heads of State at the United
Nations General Assembly in New York in September 2016
signalled the world's commitment to taking a broad,
coordinated approach to address the root causes of
antimicrobial resistance across multiple sectors,
especially human health, animal health and agriculture.
WHO is supporting Member States to develop national 
action plans on AMR, based on the global plan.

WHO has been leading multiple initiatives to address

antimicrobial resistance.
 WORlD anTimICrOBIal awarenESS WEEK

Held every Nov since 2015 with the theme "Antibiotics:

Handle With Care". The global, multi-year campaign has
increasing volume of activities during the week of the
campaign.

The Global AMR Surveillance system [GLASS]:


The WHO-supported system supports a standardized approach
to the collection, analysis and sharing of data related to
AMR at a global level to inform decision-making, drive
local, national and regional action.

Global Antibiotic Research and Development

Partnership (GARDP):
A joint initiative of WHO and Drugs for Neglected Diseases
initiative (DNDi), GARDP encourages research and
development through public-private partnerships. By 2023,
the partnership aims to develop and deliver up to four new
treatments, through improvement of existing antibiotics
and acceleration of the entry of new antibiotic drugs.

Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial

Resistance (IACG):
The United Nations Secretary-General has established IACG
to improve coordination between international
organizations and to ensure effective global action

against this threat to health security. The IACG is co-
chaired by the UN Deputy Secretary-General and the
Director General of WHO and comprises high level
representatives of relevant UN agencies, other
international organizations, and individual experts across
different sectors.
 APOlOGY

 am waiting to express my sincere

I
apology for my mistakes which I have done
in my project report. I am extremely
sorry for my any kind of fault in the
project.I would appreciate the
opportunity to rectify my mistakes. I
promise that I will not repeat my
mistakes and learn them from.

Your's Sincerely,
NAME: SOURABH SUMAN
CLASS & SEC: XII 'B'
ROLL NO:
 BIBlIOGRaPHY

In the completion of this project some of


the book had paved my way along with the
internet and full hearted cooperation and
guidance of my classmates and overall our
biology teacher Mrs. Kakoli Saha.

SOURCE BOOK:

Biology NCERT Book

Biology Dinesh Book
Biology Lab Mannual

SOURCE INERNET:
Google
Wikipedia