Taif University

College of Medicine Biochemistry

Department

Types of Solutions &

concentrations

Prof. Dr. Mostafa Farag

1
.
 Outcomes

Some Definitions
Classification of solutions
Types of solutions
Factors affecting the solubility
Concentration units and calculations
 ILOs
• Identify the solute and solvent in a solution
• - Describe the formation of a solution.
• - Define water as a solvent and water in the
body.
• - Define solubility; distinguish between an
unsaturated and a saturated solution.
• - Define Mass Percent (m/m), ppm
Concentration , Molarity (M) and Normality (N)
Concentration.
• - Describe how to dilute a solution.
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A solution is a mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single phase.
SOLUTE = the part of a solution that is
being dissolved (usually the lesser
amount)
• SOLVENT = the part of a solution that
dissolves the solute (usually the greater
amount)
•Solute + Solvent = Solution

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 The following are some properties of solutions:
1. The distribution of particles in a solution is uniform.
Every part of the solution has the same composition and properties as every
other part. That, in fact, is the definition of “homogeneous.
2. The components of a solution do not separate on
standing.
A solution of vinegar (acetic acid in water), for example, will never separate.
3. A solution cannot be separated into its components by
filtration.
Both the solvent and the solute pass through a filter paper.
4. For any given solute and solvent, it is possible to make
solutions of many different compositions.
For example, we can easily make a solution of 1 g of glucose in 100.
g of water, or 2 g, or 6 g, or 8.7 g, or any other amount of glucose up
to 5the solubility limit .
 Saturated And Unsaturated Solutions
The SOLUBILITY of a solution
is the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved in
a certain quantity of solvent
Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated.
An unsaturated solution A saturated solution
contains less than the contains the maximum
maximum amount of quantity of solute that
solute that can dissolve dissolves at a given
at a particular temperature.
temperature
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• Supersaturated solution
A solution that contains more than the equilibrium amount
of solute at a given temperature and pressure.
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS
contain more solute than it is possible to be
dissolved
Supersaturated solutions are unstable.
The super saturation is only temporary, and
usually accomplished in one of two ways:
1. Warm the solvent so that it will
dissolve more, then cool the solution
2. Evaporate some of the solvent
carefully so that the solute does not
solidify and come out of solution.
 Types of Solutions
Solute Solvent Example
solid solid Bronze is an alloy of tin in
copper
solid liquid Sugar in water
liquid solid
Dental filling ( mercury in silver)
liquid liquid Vinegar (acetic acid in water)
gas liquid
Soda water (CO2 in H2O)

gas gas
Air (O2 in N2)
 Alloy A homogeneous mixture of two
or more metals
➢Many alloys are solid solutions. One
example is stainless steel which is mostly
iron but also contains carbon, chromium,
and other elements.
➢We normally do not use the terms "solute”
and “solvent” when talking about solutions
of gases in gases or solids in solid
 IONIC COMPOUNDS
in Aqueous Solution

Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially

reactions in water — aqueous solutions.

KMnO4 in water K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)

 Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are
present in aqueous solutions?
The solutions
______________
They are called
ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are
strong electrolytes.
They dissociate completely (or
nearly so) into ions.
Aqueous Solutions
Some compounds dissolve
in water but do not
conduct electricity. They
are called
nonelectrolytes.
Examples include:
sugar
ethanol
ethylene glycol
 Electrolytes in the Body

➢Carry messages to and from

the brain as electrical signals
➢Maintain cellular function
 Factors affecting solubility
What Factors Affect Solubility?
1. Nature of Solute / Solvent.

Rule: “Like dissolves like”

➢ Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes

➢ Nonpolar solvents generally dissolve nonpolar
solutes
➢ For example: Water is polar. Oil is nonpolar.
Water will not dissolve oil. However, salt (NaCl)
is ionic (which is considered very polar) will
dissolve in water.
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2. Temperature
a) Solids/Liquids : Solubility increases with
temperature due to an increase in kinetic energy
which will increases motion and collision between
solute and solvent.
b) Gas : Solubility decreases with temperature due
to an increase in kinetic energy which will lead to
gas escaping to atmosphere.
3. Pressure
a) Solids/Liquids - Very little effect . Solids and
Liquids are already close together, extra pressure
will not increase solubility.
b) Gas: Solubility increases with pressure.
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Increase pressure squeezes gas solute into solvent.
 I-Classification of solutions according to
the size of solute particles:
1-Crystalloidal solution = True solution: The size
of solute particles is less than 1nm
(nm=nanometer= 10-9 meter).
2-Colloidal solution: The size of solute particles is
between 1-200 nm.
3-Suspentions: The size of solute particles is more
than 200 nm.
 Crystalloids colloids Suspensions
Size of < one nm in 1-200 nm in >200 nm in
particles diameter diameter diameter.
Permeability Pass Pass through Can’t pass
through filter paper but through filter
filter paper not through the paper or
and semipermeable cellophane
cellophane membrane. membrane.
or semi-
membrane

Microscopic Solute can’t Can be seen by Can be seen by

examination be seen by electron ordinary
electron microscope or microscope.
microscope ultramicroscope.
.

Examples glucose protein Charcoal powder

solutions. solutions. in solution
II-Classification of solutions according to the
concentration of the molecules:
1-Molar solution (M): Solution that contains one gram-
molecular weight of substance per 1-liter distilled water
(Wt/V).
N.B. One gm molecular weight of a compound = the sum of
the atomic weights of the atoms expressed in gram.
Examples:
Molar solution of NaOH:40 gm/L
Molecular weight of one-gram NaOH =
23 (Na)+16 (O)+1(H)=40
Molar solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) = 40 gm /1 liter
of distilled water
2-Normal solutions (N): Solutions which contain
one gm equivalent weight of the substance per
liter.
One-gram equivalent weight is the molecular
weight of the substance divided by the valence
Examples:
Normal solution of NaOH = 40 gm /liter.
Nomality is equal to molarity when the valence is 1
 Concentration units
The amount of solute in a solution is given by its
concentration.
What Are the Most Common Units for Concentration?
➢It can be expressed by:
▪ Percentages (%)
▪ Ppm &ppb
▪ Molarity (M)
▪ Molality (m)
▪ Normality (N)

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 Percentages (%)
Type of percent concentration Formula
mass solute
Mass percent w/w % (w/w) = x 100
the mass of the solute divided by the mass solution
mass of the solution (mass of solute plus
mass of solvent), multiplied by 100
volume solute
Volume percent v/v % (v/v) = volume solution x 100
the volume of the solute divided by the
volume of the solution, multiplied by 100

mass solute
Mass to volume percent w/v % (w/v) = x 100
the mass of the solute divided by the volume solution
volume of the solution, multiplied by 100
N.B.: Mass and volume units must match.
If use gram (g),you must use mL (g with mL or Kg with L).
 % Concentration
Example 1:

What is the concentration of a solution containing 39.2 g of

potassium nitrate in 177 mL of solution?
mass solute 39.2 g
% (w/v) =  100  100 = 22.1 % w/v
volume solution 177mL
Example 2:
What is the concentration of a solution containing 3.2 L of
ethanol in 6.5 L of solution?

volume solute 3.2 L

% (v/v) =  100  100 = 49 % v/v
volume solution 6.5L
 Cont. % Concentration
Example 3:
Determine the percent composition by mass of a 100 g salt
solution which contains 20 g salt.
mass solute X100
% (w/w) =
mass solution

20 g NaCl = 20 % w\w
X100
=
100 g solution
 Parts per Million “ppm”
Sometimes we need to deal with very dilute solutions—for example, 0.0001%.
In such cases, it is more convenient to use the unit parts per million (ppm) to
express concentration. For example, if drinking water is polluted with lead
ions to the extent of 1 ppm, it means that there is 1 mg of lead ions in 1 kg (1
L) of water. When reporting concentration in ppm, the units must be the same
for both solute and solvent—for example, mg of solute per106 mg of solution,
or g solute per g of solution. Some solutions are so dilute that we use parts
per billion (ppb) to express their concentrations.

Verify
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that 1 mg of lead in 1 kg of drinking water is equivalent to 1 ppm lead ?.
 Chemical calculations
1) Molecular weight (Mwt) or Formula W(FW)

➢It is the sum of atomic weights (Awt) of all

atoms in the formula.
Examples:
NaCl: Mwt = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g/mol
Fe2O3: Mwt = (56x2) + (16x3) = 160 g/mol

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2) Calculation of moles (n) in each weight

A) Elements
mass m
n= n= m = n x Awt
atomic weight Awt
Example:
➢Calculate the mass of 2 moles calcium. (Ca = 40)
m = n x Awt = 2 x 40 = 80 g
B) Compounds
mass m
n= n= m = n x Mwt
molecular weight Mwt

Example:
Calculate the mass of 100 moles of Al2O3. (Al = 27; O = 16)
Mwt = 2 x27 + 3 X 16 = 102
m = n x Mwt = 100 x 102 = 10200 g.
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 Molarity
➢It is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution
➢It is the most used unit to measure
concentration in solutions
Units of Molarity:
mol/L, are usually represented by a capital “M”.

moles of solute (n)

Molarity (M) =
volume of solution in liters (V(L))

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 cont. Molarity
Mass of solute must first be converted to moles using the
molar mass of the solute (i.e Mwt):

Since n = mass (m)

Molecular weight (Mwt) ,
➢by substituting in the above formula, molarity can also
be rewritten as :

m
Molarity (M) =
Mwt X V(L)

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Example:
What is the molarity of a solution made when water is added
to 11 g CaCl2 to make 100 mL of solution [Ca = 40 ; Cl =35.5]

N.B.: To find the molar concentration (molarity) of the

solution, we need both moles & volumes in liter
Solution
Mass (m) = 11 g Volume (V)= 100 mL
1- Calculation of Mwt of CaCl2 = (40) + (2X35.5) = 111 g/mole
2- Calculation of number of moles (n)
n= m 11
Mwt 111 = 0.099 mole
3- REMEMBER to convert volume (V) 100 mL into Liter
liter = 1000 mL; V = 0.1 mL
4- Substitution of these values in the following formula:
n 0.099
Molarity (M) = = = 0.99 M
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V (L) 0.1 L
 Molality (m)
➢Molality is the number of moles of solute per
kilogram of solvent.

Molality (m) = moles of solute

kilogram of solvent

Because the density of water at 25°C is about 1

kilogram per liter, molality is approximately equal to
molarity for dilute aqueous solutions at this
temperature.
N.B.: d (density) = mass / volume

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Example:
What is the molality of a solution of 10 g NaOH in 500 g
water? [Na= 23 ; O = 16 ; H = 1]
Solution
Step 1 calculate Mwt of NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40
Step 2 calculate number of moles (n)= m = 10 = 0.25mol
Mwt 40
Step 3 convert (g) of the solution into (Kg) :
500 g water = 0.50 kg water
1000 g
Step 4 calculate molality = 0.25 mol
0.50 kg
= 0.50 m

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 Normality (N)
➢ Normality is equal to the gram equivalent weight of a
solute per liter of solution.

Normality (N) = Gram equivalent weight of a solute

Liter of solution

➢Gram equivalent weight or equivalent is a measure of the

reactive capacity of a given molecule.
➢ Normality, for acids and bases is the molarity of
hydrogen or hydroxide ions in solution.
➢ One mole (H+) or (OH-) ions is called an equivalent.

➢The weight of acid or base which contained one mole of

(H+) or (OH-) ions is called the equivalent weight of that
substance.
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 Examples of Normality (N)

1 M solution of HCl is a 1 N solution

1 M solution of H2SO4 is a 2 N solution because each
sulfuric acid releases two (H+).
1 M solution of H3PO4 is a 3 N solution because each
phosphoric acid releases three (H+) .

1 M solution of NaOH is a 1 N solution

1 M solution of Ca(OH)2 is a 2 N solution
because each calcium hydroxide releases two
(OH-) ions.

1 M solution of Al(OH)3 is a 3 N solution

because each aluminum hydroxide releases
three (OH-) ions

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 Relationship between normality and molarity

There is a very simple relationship between normality and

molarity:
N=n×M
(where N = normality ; M = molarity ; n is an integer)
For an acid solution,
n is the number of H+ provided by a formula unit of acid
example:
A 3 M H2SO4 solution is the same as a 6 N H2SO4 solution.
For a basic solution,
n is the number of OH- provided by a formula unit of base.
example:
A 1 M Ca(OH)2 solution is the same as a 2N Ca(OH)2 solution.
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 ILOs
• Identify the solute and solvent in a solution
• - Describe the formation of a solution.
• - Define water as a solvent and water in the body.
• - Define solubility; distinguish between an
unsaturated and a saturated solution.
• - Define Mass Percent (m/m) Concentration and
Molarity (M) and Normality (N) Concentration.
• - Describe how to dilute a solution.

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 Thank you for
listening
Best wishes for
success
 Practice

➢ What is the molarity of a 23 mL aqueous solution of

NH4CN containing 0.023 g solute [ N=14; C=12;H=1]?
(a) 0.227 M (b) 2.27 M
(c)0.0227 M
➢ What is the molality of a solution containing 5g NaCl
dissolved in 25g water [Na =23; Cl= 35.5]?
(a) 34.4 m (b) 3.418 m
(c) 0.344 m
➢ Determine the normality of 2M of Mg(OH)2
(a) 2 N (b) 4 N (c) 0.5 N

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 Concentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is given by its
concentration.

moles solute
Molarity (M) = liters of solution
 1.0 L of
water was
used to
make 1.0 L
of
solution.
Notice the
water left
over.
 PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2 (Mwt=129.6) in
enough water to make 250 mL of solution. Calculate
the Molarity.
m
Molarity (M) =
Mwt X V(L)

Step 1: Calculate moles of NiCl2

5.00 g
number of mol in 5g = = 0.0385 mol
129.6 g

Step 2: Calculate Molarity

0.0385 mol
= 0.154 M
0.250 L

[NiCl2] = 0.1540 M
Examples:
1- Calculate the molar concentration of a solution made
by:
A- dissolving 3 g MgBr2 in 500 mL aq. Solution
[Mg = 24 Br = 80]
→ M = m/Mwt x V(L) = 3/(184 x 0.5) = 0.0326 M

B- dissolving 1.11 g FeSO4 in 75 mL aq. solution

[Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16].
Mwt of FeSO4 = 56 + 32 + 64 = 152 g/mol;
V = 75/1000 = 0.075 L
M = m/Mwt x V(L) = 1.11 / (152 x 0.075)
= 0.0973 M
2- If 15 g of K3PO4 were dissolved in water and the volume
completed to 2.5 L, calculate the molar concentration.
Mwt of K3PO4 = (39 x 3) + 31 + (16 x 4) = 212g/mol
M = m/Mwt x V(L) = 15 / (212 x 2.5) = 0.0283 M
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 Exercises
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to
make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M solution
(C=12,H=1,O=16)?
moles = M•V
Step 1: Change mL to L.
250 mL * 1L/1000mL = 0.250 L
Step 2: Calculate.
Moles = (0.0500 mol/L) (0.250 L) = 0.0125 moles
Step 3: Convert moles to grams.
(0.0125 mol)(90.00 g/mol) = 1.13 g
 Exercises

How many grams of NaOH are required to

prepare 400. mL of 3.0 M NaOH solution?
A. 12g
B. 48 g
C. 300 g
 Calculating Concentrations
Exercises
Dissolve 62.1 g (1.00 mol) of ethylene glycol in 250. g
of H2O. Calculate molality and % by mass of
ethylene glycol.

1.00 mol glycol

conc (molality) = = 4.00 molal
0.250 kg H2O
Calculate weight %
62.1 g
%glycol = x 100% = 19.9%
62.1 g + 250. g
 Learning Check

A solution contains 15 g Na2CO3 and 235 g of H2O?

What is the mass % of the solution?
a) 15% Na2CO3 b) 6.4% Na2CO3 c) 6.0% Na2CO3

How many grams of NaCl are needed to prepare 250 g of a

10.0% (by mass) NaCl solution?