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Lecture 2 Med C
Lecture 2 Med C
1
.
Outcomes
Some Definitions
Classification of solutions
Types of solutions
Factors affecting the solubility
Concentration units and calculations
ILOs
• Identify the solute and solvent in a solution
• - Describe the formation of a solution.
• - Define water as a solvent and water in the
body.
• - Define solubility; distinguish between an
unsaturated and a saturated solution.
• - Define Mass Percent (m/m), ppm
Concentration , Molarity (M) and Normality (N)
Concentration.
• - Describe how to dilute a solution.
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A solution is a mixture of 2 or more
substances in a single phase.
SOLUTE = the part of a solution that is
being dissolved (usually the lesser
amount)
• SOLVENT = the part of a solution that
dissolves the solute (usually the greater
amount)
•Solute + Solvent = Solution
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The following are some properties of solutions:
1. The distribution of particles in a solution is uniform.
Every part of the solution has the same composition and properties as every
other part. That, in fact, is the definition of “homogeneous.
2. The components of a solution do not separate on
standing.
A solution of vinegar (acetic acid in water), for example, will never separate.
3. A solution cannot be separated into its components by
filtration.
Both the solvent and the solute pass through a filter paper.
4. For any given solute and solvent, it is possible to make
solutions of many different compositions.
For example, we can easily make a solution of 1 g of glucose in 100.
g of water, or 2 g, or 6 g, or 8.7 g, or any other amount of glucose up
to 5the solubility limit .
Saturated And Unsaturated Solutions
The SOLUBILITY of a solution
is the maximum quantity of solute that can be dissolved in
a certain quantity of solvent
Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated.
An unsaturated solution A saturated solution
contains less than the contains the maximum
maximum amount of quantity of solute that
solute that can dissolve dissolves at a given
at a particular temperature.
temperature
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• Supersaturated solution
A solution that contains more than the equilibrium amount
of solute at a given temperature and pressure.
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS
contain more solute than it is possible to be
dissolved
Supersaturated solutions are unstable.
The super saturation is only temporary, and
usually accomplished in one of two ways:
1. Warm the solvent so that it will
dissolve more, then cool the solution
2. Evaporate some of the solvent
carefully so that the solute does not
solidify and come out of solution.
Types of Solutions
Solute Solvent Example
solid solid Bronze is an alloy of tin in
copper
solid liquid Sugar in water
liquid solid
Dental filling ( mercury in silver)
liquid liquid Vinegar (acetic acid in water)
gas liquid
Soda water (CO2 in H2O)
gas gas
Air (O2 in N2)
Alloy A homogeneous mixture of two
or more metals
➢Many alloys are solid solutions. One
example is stainless steel which is mostly
iron but also contains carbon, chromium,
and other elements.
➢We normally do not use the terms "solute”
and “solvent” when talking about solutions
of gases in gases or solids in solid
IONIC COMPOUNDS
in Aqueous Solution
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Percentages (%)
Type of percent concentration Formula
mass solute
Mass percent w/w % (w/w) = x 100
the mass of the solute divided by the mass solution
mass of the solution (mass of solute plus
mass of solvent), multiplied by 100
volume solute
Volume percent v/v % (v/v) = volume solution x 100
the volume of the solute divided by the
volume of the solution, multiplied by 100
mass solute
Mass to volume percent w/v % (w/v) = x 100
the mass of the solute divided by the volume solution
volume of the solution, multiplied by 100
N.B.: Mass and volume units must match.
If use gram (g),you must use mL (g with mL or Kg with L).
% Concentration
Example 1:
20 g NaCl = 20 % w\w
X100
=
100 g solution
Parts per Million “ppm”
Sometimes we need to deal with very dilute solutions—for example, 0.0001%.
In such cases, it is more convenient to use the unit parts per million (ppm) to
express concentration. For example, if drinking water is polluted with lead
ions to the extent of 1 ppm, it means that there is 1 mg of lead ions in 1 kg (1
L) of water. When reporting concentration in ppm, the units must be the same
for both solute and solvent—for example, mg of solute per106 mg of solution,
or g solute per g of solution. Some solutions are so dilute that we use parts
per billion (ppb) to express their concentrations.
Verify
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that 1 mg of lead in 1 kg of drinking water is equivalent to 1 ppm lead ?.
Chemical calculations
1) Molecular weight (Mwt) or Formula W(FW)
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2) Calculation of moles (n) in each weight
A) Elements
mass m
n= n= m = n x Awt
atomic weight Awt
Example:
➢Calculate the mass of 2 moles calcium. (Ca = 40)
m = n x Awt = 2 x 40 = 80 g
B) Compounds
mass m
n= n= m = n x Mwt
molecular weight Mwt
Example:
Calculate the mass of 100 moles of Al2O3. (Al = 27; O = 16)
Mwt = 2 x27 + 3 X 16 = 102
m = n x Mwt = 100 x 102 = 10200 g.
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Molarity
➢It is the number of moles of solute per liter of
solution
➢It is the most used unit to measure
concentration in solutions
Units of Molarity:
mol/L, are usually represented by a capital “M”.
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cont. Molarity
Mass of solute must first be converted to moles using the
molar mass of the solute (i.e Mwt):
m
Molarity (M) =
Mwt X V(L)
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Example:
What is the molarity of a solution made when water is added
to 11 g CaCl2 to make 100 mL of solution [Ca = 40 ; Cl =35.5]
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Example:
What is the molality of a solution of 10 g NaOH in 500 g
water? [Na= 23 ; O = 16 ; H = 1]
Solution
Step 1 calculate Mwt of NaOH = 23+16+1 = 40
Step 2 calculate number of moles (n)= m = 10 = 0.25mol
Mwt 40
Step 3 convert (g) of the solution into (Kg) :
500 g water = 0.50 kg water
1000 g
Step 4 calculate molality = 0.25 mol
0.50 kg
= 0.50 m
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Normality (N)
➢ Normality is equal to the gram equivalent weight of a
solute per liter of solution.
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Relationship between normality and molarity
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Thank you for
listening
Best wishes for
success
Practice
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Concentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is given by its
concentration.
moles solute
Molarity (M) = liters of solution
1.0 L of
water was
used to
make 1.0 L
of
solution.
Notice the
water left
over.
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2 (Mwt=129.6) in
enough water to make 250 mL of solution. Calculate
the Molarity.
m
Molarity (M) =
Mwt X V(L)
5.00 g
number of mol in 5g = = 0.0385 mol
129.6 g
[NiCl2] = 0.1540 M
Examples:
1- Calculate the molar concentration of a solution made
by:
A- dissolving 3 g MgBr2 in 500 mL aq. Solution
[Mg = 24 Br = 80]
→ M = m/Mwt x V(L) = 3/(184 x 0.5) = 0.0326 M