BULLET NOTES

Pakistan Affairs

Revised Syllabus
Ayesha Younas
[Pick the date]

This document is compiled from numerous articles and research papers. Some of the
references are mentioned. I hope you make the best use of this hard work. Wish you all Best of
Luck!

Contents

1. Ideology of Pakistan-Definition and Elucidation

2. Muslim Rule in Subcontinent-Downfall and Efforts for Renaissance
3. Movements for Reforms-Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi
4. Movement of Reforms: Shah Walli Ullah
5. Movement of Reforms-Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi
6. Educational Institutions-Aligarh Movement
7. Educational Institutions-DEOBAND
8. Educational Institutions-NADWA
9. Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of ALLAMA IQBAL
10. Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of QUAID E AZAM
11. Land and People of Pakistan-Geography
12. Land and People of Pakistan-Agriculture
13. Land and People of Pakistan-Natural Resources
14. Land and People of Pakistan-Education
15. Land and People of Pakistan-Industry
 16. Land and People of Pakistan-Society
17. Nuclear Program of Pakistan, Its Safety and Security; International Concerns
18. Civil Military Relations in Pakistan
19. Political Evolution Since 1971
20. Pakistan and US War on Terror
21. Foreign Policy of Pakistan post 9/11
22. Evolution of democratic system in Pakistan
23. Ethnic Issues and National Integration
24. Hydro-politics; Water Issues in domestic and regional context
25. Pakistan’s National Interest
26. Critical Analysis of Economic Survey
27. Critical Analysis of Previous and Current Budgets
28. Critical Analysis on problems and performance of major sectors
29. Pakistan and changing regional Apparatus
30. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments
and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts
31. Topic 31: Non-Traditional Security Threats In Pakistan: Role Of Non-State Actors
32. Current Scenario Of Pakistan-Ratings

Topic 1: Ideology of Pakistan-Definition and Elucidation

1. What is Ideology?
a. A form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as
prominent as theoretical ones.
2. Evolution of “Ideology’
. It was first used in French as ‘idéologie’ at the time of the French Revolution,
introduced by a philosopher, A.-L.-C. Destutt de Tracy, as a short name for
“science of ideas” as the study of the origin, evolution and nature of ideas.
3. Ideology of Pakistan and different Scholars
. Dr. Aslam Syed: “Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and
collective lives according to Islam and also of saving from conflicting ideologies.”
4. Historical aspects of The Ideology of Pakistan
. Introduction
i. Historical experience provided the base; Subcontinent not only faced a
struggle of political supremacy but was a clash of two social orders
ii. Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation,
iii. Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality
iv. the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution
in March 1949, gave it legal sanction
a. Evolution of ‘Two Nation Theory’;
. Beginning of Muslim Nationalism; first hindu accepted islam
 i. Muhammad bin Qasim, the first Muslim invader, invadedand captured
parts of India in 712 AD.
ii. Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks
iii. The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc.
entered Sub-Continent.
iv. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India
that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties
v. The War of Independence (1857) was a shattering setback to the Indian
Muslims, who were put in the dark.
vi. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) awakened and guided his community
through his educational drive, the Ali-Garh movement.
vii. In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the
beginning of the Indian nationalist movement under the British.
viii. "Two Nations Theory" espoused by the All-India Muslim League,
founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a separate state for the
Muslims of India.
ix. Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a
federal system of government with powers to the provinces. Later, they
demanded a separate state.
b. Hindi-Urdu Controversy
. Hindu revivalist movements turned more against the Muslims
especially after 1857
i. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in
1867
c. Characteristics of The Muslim nationalism
. Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play.
i. Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion
or region.
ii. Religious and Cultural tolerance.
iii. Respect for human dignity and rights.
iv. Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to
practice their beliefs and religions.
5. Conclusion

Topic 2: Muslim Rule in Subcontinent-Downfall and Efforts for Renaissance

1. Muslim Rule in Subcontinent

a. Arab Conquest: The Arab conquest of Sindh is the landmark event in the history
of subcontinent. It gave Muslims a firm foothold in the region. (M Bin Qasim’s
attack in 711 AD). Arab rule lasted for 3 centuries. Rule of various Caliphs in
Baghdad
i. Caliph Hashim (724-743 A.D.)
ii. Caliph Mansoor (754-775 A.D.)
iii. Caliph Mehdi (775-785 A.D.)
 iv. Caliph Haroon (786-809 A.D.)
b. Turkish Period: Arabs were succeeded by Turks from 10th Century. It properly
rose in Afghanistan under the leadership of Sultan Mahmud, Mahmud Ghauri in
1196 A.D.
. Ghaznavids (976-1148 A.D.)
i. Ghauris (1148-1206 A.D.) (17 expeditions)
ii. Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526 A.D.)
1. Slaves of Mumluks (1206-1290)
2. Khiljis (1290-1320)
3. Tughluq (1320-1413)
4. Sayyids (1414-1451)
5. Lodhis (1451-1526)
c. Mughal Period: The Mughal Rule formally began in 1526 with the invasion of
Babur
. Babur (1526-1530)
i. Humayun (1530-1539)
ii. Sher Shah (1539-1545)
iii. Islam Shah (1545-1556)
iv. Akbar (1556-1605)
v. Jehangir (1605-1628)
vi. Shah Jehan (1628-1658)
vii. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
viii. Bahadur Shah Zafar (1707-1857) Bahadur was banished to Rangoon,
where he died in 1862. His two sons and grandsons were shot by
British. The Mughal Period was a brilliant chapter of History which ends
with the success of British.
2. Causes of Decline of Mughals
. Majority of Non-Muslim Population
a. Akbar’s religious policy of Tolerance ‘Din-e-ilahi’
b. Untrustworthy Administration
c. Luxurious Living Standards of Mughal Rulers-Lavish spending
d. Lack of military discipline
e. Huge size of the Empire
f. Lack of timely Communication
g. Financial Mismanagement
h. Sectarian jealousy and violence
i. Wars of succession
j. Local Insurections
. Marathas in Deccan
i. Rajpoots and movements of Banaras
ii. Sikhs in Punjab
k. Foreign attacks and Colonization
. 1739-Nadir Shah of Iran attacked and destroyed delhi
i. Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked India
 ii. Third Battle of Panipat defeated Marathas
iii. 1740-1763 colonization under Robert Clive by British, Battle of Buxar
(Bengal and Bihar)
iv. 1857, exile of Bahadur Shah Zafar
3. Efforts For Renaissance
. Role of Sufis
a. Role of Reformists; Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, ShaH Wali Ullah, and Syed Ahmed
Shaheed Barelvi
b. Role of Educationists: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Muhammad Iqbal
4. Conclusion

Topic 3: Movements for Reforms-Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi

1. Introduction
a. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi ; Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani (June 1564 – Dec 1626)
b. Descendant of second caliph Hazrat Umar
c. Father name è Sheikh Abdul Ahad
d. Went to Delhi at age of 36
e. Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah
2. Social Conditions during his time
. Populace belief in Karamat
a. Ulema refer to Jurisprudence rather than Quran
b. Akbar’s anti Islamic look: Din-E-Elahi, Title Of Mujahhid-I-Azam And Imam-I-Adil.
c. Hindu cultural domination
d. Bakhti Movement
e. Wahdat al Wajood theory
3. Mujadid’s efforts
. Jehad against Din-i-Ilahi (Exposed its fallacy)
a. Theory of Wahdat-ul-Shahood
b. Emphasis on Ittibat-I-Sunnah and the Commandments of Sharia.
c. Countering Wahdat-ul-Wajood: sufis of Akbar’s time presented the wrong
concept that there is no difference between God and creations. He negated that
and presented wahdat-ul-shahud that creator and creations are two separate
entities.
d. Refusal to prostate – society purification
i. Jehangir imprisoned him in Gawaliar for three years
ii. Preaching in fort of Gawaliar
e. Preparation of Disciples
f. Maktaba-e-Imam-e-Rabbani
. Letters to important nobles and leaders
i. Abdur Rahim, Khan e Azam Mirza Aziz, Mufti Sardar Jehan
4. Books
. Isbat ul Nabuwwat
 a. Risla e Nabuwwat
b. Need & importance of Prophethood
c. Maktubat e Imam e Rabbai
d. Toheed e Shaheedi
e. Islamic philosophy
5. Two nation theory
. First stone of two nation theory – first founder of Pakistan
a. Influence over Jehangir – Khutba; Cow Slaughter
6. Shaikh imprisoned
. Asaf Jah, Jehangeer’s PM Shaikh summoned, No prostration, jailed
a. After 3 years of imprisonment, Jehangeer released him giving him 10000 rupees
b. He stayed 3 years in Jehangeer courts. Died on Dec 10,1024 A.D, buried in
Sirhind,

“When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the rejection
of monism that Sheikh’s claim for being the Mujadad of his age.” IH Qureshi

“Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I
associated him for few days and found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn into a
light which will illuminate the world.” Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M Ikram

Topic 4: Movement of Reforms: Shah Walli Ullah

1. Introduction
a. Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah a.k.a Mohadith Delvi
b. 1703 DELHI – 1762
c. Father of Modern Muslim India
d. Real name Qutabuddin
e. Born at Delhi
f. Son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) – scholar of Fiqa and Islamic
jurisprudence
g. Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat
h. Completed study in 15 year of age
i. Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732
j. He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years
k. Aim was to Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly
2. Conditions
. Incapable successor of Aurangzeb
a. Un-Islamic trends,
b. Muslim life honour property not secured,
c. Shia-Suni conflicts,
d. Marhats and Sikhs challengers
3. SHAH’S EFFORTS
. Religious work
 i. Translation of Holy Quran in Persian – 1738
ii. Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and
Persian
iii. Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic trends
iv. Trained students in different Islamic knowledge
v. Recommended application of Ijtehad
vi. Initiated Tatbiq  liberal element
vii. Balance b/w four schools –
viii. Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni – Khilafat-al-Khulafa
a. Political work
. Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire
i. Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs  won over
Najib ud Dola, Shuja ud Daula
ii. Ahmad Shah Abdali  defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in
1761
b. Social work
. Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in subcontinent
i. Concept of reorientation of Muslim society
ii. Basic social justice
iii. Removing social inequalities
c. Concept of economy
. Production of wealth
i. Consumption of wealth
ii. Distribution of wealth
iii. Exchange of wealth
4. Literary work
. Izalat-al-Akifa
a. Khalifa-al-Khulafa
b. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
c. Master piece of literature 1738
d. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah
e. Quranic translation in Persian
f. Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer
g. Hujjat-ul-Balagha – about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler

“I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time has
come when every injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented to the
world in a rational manner.” Quoted by SM Ikram

Topic 5: Movement of Reforms-Syed Ahmed Shaheed Barelvi

1. Introduction
a. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (1786 – 1831)
b. Inheritor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz
 c. Birth at Rai Barally in 1786
d. Father Shah Illam Ullah
e. Inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz
f. 1810 – joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar
g. 1818 – wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem
2. Condition
. Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims
a. NWFP by Sikhs
3. Objective
. Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed
struggle
a. Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles
4. Jehad Movement
. HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826
a. Battles
i. OKARA 1826
ii. HAZRO 1827
b. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy
. He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000
i. Tried to poison Syed Ahmad
ii. Killed by Mujahideen in 1829
c. BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR
. Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad
d. HAZARA II 1830
. Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested
i. Declaration of Khilafat (1830)
e. Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Pesh
f. BALAKOT BATTLE 1831
g. Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed
5. Causes of Failure
. Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjit’s army – training & modern war
strategy
a. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen
b. Financial sources of Ranjit Singh
c. Misunderstandings created by Ranjit Singh
d. Ranjit attracted Pathans by bribing them to spy, revolt & slaughter Mujahideen
e. No support for poors – Zakat collection
f. Islamic laws during war – compulsory girls & widow marriage
g. Severe punishment
h. Pathans were against Wahabisim

“The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the
subcontinent.” Dr. Sachin Sen
Topic 6: Educational Institutions-Aligarh Movement

1. Introduction
a. The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims.
b. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries because
they had ousted them from power
c. The British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes
d. Arabic, Persian and religious education banned in schools
e. English made not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in
1835
f. Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his
attempts to revive the spirit of progress through modern education.
2. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 – 27 Mar 1898)
. Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather – Ex Mughal PM)
a. Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine
b. Joined gov’t in 1839 – after father’s death – in a clerical job  1841 – promoted as
Sub-Judge  1846 – transferred to Delhi  Chief judge in 1846  was offered an
estate for services rendered to British during war 1857 but he rejected  1877 –
member of imperial council  1886 – University of Edinburgh – LL.D degree 1888
– Knighthood
3. Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement
. Objective:
i. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
ii. Cooperation with the British government
a. Schools
. Muradabad (1859)
i. Ghazipur (1863)
b. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
. (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
i. 1866 – Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of
goodwill & friendship)
c. Muhammadan Educational Conference
. Established in 1866  held public meetings, discussed modern education
techniques  Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli
and Maulana Hali as members
i. 1869 – went to England, studied education system of Oxford &
Cambridge
d. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
. to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
e. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
 . On pattern of Oxford  Fund raising committee formed 24th May,
1874, MAO High school established  1877 – got status of college 
western, eastern and Islamic education  1920 – status of University
4. Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement
. Muslims should avoid active politics
a. Sir Syed wrote “Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind
5. Religious Services of Aligarh Movement
. Wrote “Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle” in response to William
Muire’s objectionable remarks in “Life of Muhammad”
a. Philosophical commentary “Tabaeen-al-Kalam” on bible – point out similarities
b. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed – having positive attitude
towards religion
6. Social services of Aligarh Movement
. “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq”  criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new
trend
a. Established Orphanage houses
b. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu  protecting Urdu
c. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab  Muslims can eat with Christians
d. Pioneer of two nation theory
. Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
i. Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
ii. Shakespeare dialogue
7. Features of Aligarh
. Western & Eastern Education
a. Islamic Education
b. Residential College
c. European and Indian staff
d. Non-Muslim students
e. Loyalist Disposition
8. Aligarh Movement after Sir Syed’s death
. 1889 – Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill  Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed
Mahmud (son) as joint sec.
a. After Sir Syed’s death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec.  was a weak manager 
resigned
b. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec  devoted  deposited six lac Rs to gov’t 
handled the conflict b/t two groups – Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of
European staff) & Muhammad Ali Johar  Died in 1907
c. Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse  Nawab
resigned in 1912 – health
d. Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan  deposited 20 lac for status of University  1919-
college student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat
9. Causes of WOI 1857
. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
 a. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
b. Mismanagement of Indian army
c. Ill advised measure of gov’t
d. Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
e. 1866 – Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh – to express
grievances of Indians to gov’t
f. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
g. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 – forum for those who did not join Congress
h. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 – Against Hindu Revivalist movements
i. Arya Smaj – Hindustan 1977
j. B G Tilak – Cow Slaughter
k. Shudhi –
l. Shangtahn –
10. Conclusion
. Allama Iqbal: “The real greatness of the man (Sir Syed) consists in the fact that
he was the first Indian Muslim who felt the need of a fresh orientation of Islam
and worked for it.”
a. Jawaharlal Nehru, “Sir Saiyad was an ardent reformer and he wanted to
reconcile modern scientific thought with religion by rationalistic interpretations
and not by attacking basic belief. He was anxious to push new education. He was
in no way communally separatist. Repeatedly he emphasized that religious
differences should have no political and national significance”.

Topic 7: Educational Institutions-DEOBAND

1. Introduction
a. Started at April 1866)
b. Aligarh movement was cooperating with British
c. Christians working to convert Muslims into Christianity
d. Apr 1866 – Madrasah established at Deoband  2nd to Al Azhar Cairo
e. Founder  Haji M. Abid floated the idea  Collection of fund  Managing
committee – Maulana M Qasim , Maulana Fazl ur Rehman, Maulana Zulfiqar,
Maulana M Yaqoob  Maulana Shabir A Usmani taught
f. Maulana M Qasim first principal  worked devotedly  Madrasah came to known
as “Qasim al Uloom I Deoband”
g. Madrasah followed Madrasah I Rahimia (Shah wali Ullah’s father) and British
education system
h. Produced  Shah Abdur Rahim, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi,
Maulana Mehmood ul Hassan
2. Political Services of Deoband
. Jamiat Ulama I Islam Thanvi group  lead by Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Shabir Ahmad
Usmani  Muslim league
 a. Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind  Madni group  lead by Maulana Hussain Madani, Mufti
Kafayat Ullah influenced by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad  Congress
3. Educational Services of Deoband
. A great religious Madrasah  2nd to Al Azhar
a. Principals  Maulana M Qasim (1880)  Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi  Sheikh ul Hind
M. Mehmood Ul Hassan.
4. Deoband and Aligarh
. Policy towards British
a. Political role of Muslims
b. Emphasizing area of education
5. Rapprochement with Aligarh
. Jamiat-ul-Ansar (1906) at Deoband  Sahibzada Aftab A Khan attended the
meeting  Swap of education – religious and western
a. Jamiat-i-Milia (1920)
6. Conclusion

Topic 8: Educational Institutions-NADWA

1. Introduction
a. NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW (1894)
b. Aligarh  acquisition of western education
c. Deoband  religious education
d. Need for balanced school
e. Committee was formed in 1892  Nadva-tul-Ulema established in 1894 
functioned in 1898
f. Founder  Maulana Abdul Ghafoor  Shibli Naumani and Mau. Abdul Haq chalked
out a liberal program
2. Objectives
. Promoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of Muslims,
Work to remove secretarial differences
a. British gov’t opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as a political
institute)
3. Nadva-tul-Ulema & Shibli Nohmani
. Shibli influenced by Maulana M Farooq – opposing Sir Syed while his father
influenced by Sir Syed
a. Joined Aligarh as A Prof of Arabic in 1883  Impressed Sir Syed  Asset to Aligarh 
some serious differences  Man of arrogance and sensitive  resigned in 1904
b. Associated with Nadva  used his expreince to bring reform  gave training in
writing (Syed Suleman Nadvi, Abu-al-Kalam Aza)
c. Established academy “Dar-ul-Musanifin”
d. Differences aroused  resigned
Topic 9: Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of ALLAMA IQBAL

1. Introduction
a. The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the
establishment of Pakistan.
b. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity.
c. To shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without
being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.
2. Separate Recognition of Muslims: “India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human
beings belonging to different languages and practicing different religions. Muslim nation
has its own religious and cultural identity.”
3. Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts: Western democracy is devoid of
depth, it has merely an attractive outlook.
4. Concept of separate Muslim State: “I want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and
Balochistan in the form of one homogenous state. Whether India gets independences
under the crown of England or out of it, I think independent state of western provinces
is the destiny of the people living there.”
5. Acclamation of Idea of Single Nation: “I remained the supporter of this idea but now I
am of the view that preservation of separate nationhood is useful for Hindus and
Muslims birth. To have the concept of single nation in India is no doubt poetic and
beautiful but impractical regarding present circumstances.” (March, 1909 when lqbal
refused to address a meeting held by Minvra Raj Amritsar)
6. Concept of Two Nation Theory: “Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and
Muslims have their own individual ideologies so the only solution of political conflict in
India is to have a separate independent parliament for each nation.”
7. Eradication of Racial & Regional Prejudices: “Concept of nation and homeland is
confusing the Muslims. That is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim. It is also
possible that these concepts may destroy the real concepts of Islam.”
8. Explanation of Relation of Islam & politics: “Islam does not consider matter and soul
separate from each other. Allah, Universe and state all are the basic elements of single
unit. Man is not so alien that he should leave worldly affairs for the sake of religion.”
9. Islam is complete code of life: “Islam is not the name of some beliefs and customs but it
is a compete code of life. In, Europe, religion is every one’s personal matter which
divides the human oneness into two opposite parts i.e. body and soul. In contrast to
that in Islam, God, Universe, soul, matter, sate and religions are bound to each other or
in other words Muslims are one nation”
10. Islam is a lively power: “Islam is a lively power which frees human mind from thoughts
country and race. If we understand this thing then we can be the leaders of prominent
Indian civilization.”
11. Islam is the way to success: “The lesson which I learnt from history is that Islam always
helped the Muslims. Even today, Ideology of Islam can save your being from destruction
by uniting your divided powers”.
 12. Opposition of Nationalism: “I am opposed to nationalism, not because if it is allowed to
develop in India. It is likely to bring less material gain to Muslims. I am opposed to it
because I see in it the germs of atheistic materialism which I look upon as the greatest
danger to modern humanity”
13. Foundation of Pakistan: “To address this session of All India Muslim League you have
selected a man who is not despaired of Islam as a living force for freeing the outlook of
man from its geographical limitations, who believes that religion is a power of utmost
importance in the life of individual as well as states.”
14. Conclusion

Topic 10: Ideology of Pakistan in the Light of Statements of QUAID E AZAM

1. Introduction
a. He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader possessing a
visionary leadership.
b. Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama Iqbal
2. Quaid e Azam political Life
. He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National Congress. He
was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All
India Muslim League (AIML).
a. Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete
freedom from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah
resigned from the Congress in 1920.
3. Jinnah and his transition from Hundu-Muslim Unity to Two NationTheory
. His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE
LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands:
i. Separate Electorate
ii. One-third Seats in Central Legislature
iii. protection of minority rights
a. In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated
forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929.
b. 1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of Muslim and a
separate nation. Started mobilizing masses.
c. 1937  there are only two parties in India said Nehru on performance of ML in
elections. Quaid said “Muslims are third party in India”
d. 1939  “Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and
play a role as a nation.”
e. March 9, 1940  Quaid wrote his only article published in British media namely
“Time and Tide”. He discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are separate nations?
2. What should be future of India and how Muslims can be accommodated well?
f. He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social economic justice
and rights of minorities.
 4. Pakistan as A modern Democracy: “Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that
derived its ethical foundation from Islam where the source of guidance and inspiration
for constitution making and governance is going to be Islam”
5. Muslims as a Nation: “It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a
minority, and of course we got used to it for such a long time that these settled notions
sometimes difficult to remove. The Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims are a
nation by every definition. By all canons of international law we are a nation.” 23rd
March 1940
6. India an amalgam of cultures: ““India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent
of nationalities, Hindus and Muslims belong to the two major nations. The Hindus and
the Muslims belong to two different religion, philosophies, social customs and
literature. They belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on
conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different. It is quite
clear that both derive their inspirations from different sources of history” 23rd March
1940
7. Muslims as a distinctive nation
. “We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and
literature, art and architecture, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and
moral codes, customs and calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our
distinct outlook on life and of life By all canons of International law we are a
separate nation.” 1942
a. The Muslims are nation by every right to establish their homeland” 1942
8. Islam as the binding force:
. “We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of Islam” Feb
1942
a. “Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the Islamic
ideology as well which has to be preserved.” June 1945
b. “I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to create a
mischief and make propaganda that the constitution of Pakistan will not be
made on the basis of Shariat. Islamic principals today are as applicable to life as
they were 1300 years ago.” Jan 25, 1948 Eid Milad Un Nabbi Karachi Bar
Association
9. Conclusion

Topic 11: Land and People of Pakistan-Geography

1. Introduction
a. The science dealing with the description, distribution and interaction of the
diverse physical, biological and cultural features of the earth’s surface.
b. Geography is the study that deals with the location of countries, cities, rivers,
mountains, and lakes etc.
2. Pakistan’s Geography
 . Pakistan is situated between latitude 24 and 37 degrees north and longitude 62
and 75 degrees east.
a. The country borders Iran on the west, India in the east, Afghanistan in the North
West, China in the north and Arabian Sea on the south.
b. The great mountain ranges of the Himalayas, the Karakorum and the Hindu Kush
from Pakistan's northern highlight of the north western frontier and the
Northern Area
c. Province of Punjab is flat, alluvial plain with five major rivers dominating the
upper region eventually joining the Indus River flowing south to Arabian sea
d. Sindh is bounded on the west by Kirthar range
e. The Baluchistan plateau is an arid tableland, encircled by dry mountains.
3. POPULATION (1998 Census):
. Total population: 130.58 million, Growth Rate : 2.61% per annum.
a. Density : 164 person / Sq.kms
b. Sex Ratio : 108 males to 100 females
4. AREA:
. 8,03,940 Sq.km (including FATA and FANA)
5. CLIMATE:
. Pakistan has well defined seasons; Winter (December - February), Spring (March
- April), Summer (May - September) and Autumn (October - November).
a. During summer in central and southern parts of the country, the temperature
may go as high as 45oC. However, the northern regions have very pleasant
weather during summers.
b. Between July and August, the season brings an average 38-51cm of rain to plains
and 152-203cm in lower Himalayan valleys of Murree, Kaghan, Swat and Azad
Kashmir.
6. Physical Features
. The Northern and Western Highlands
i. Northern Mountain Range
1. The Himalayas (Nanga Parbat-8126 meters)
2. The Karakoram (K-2 – 8611 meters, KKH on Hunza river)
ii. North Western Mountain Range
1. Hindu Kush (Tirichmir-7690 meters)
iii. Western Mountain Ranges
1. The Koh-e-Sufian (Khyber Pass-53 km, trade with Afghanistan
khurrai pass)
2. Suleiman Range (Tukht-e-suleman 3500 meters, Bolan)
3. Kirthar Range (max height 2150 meters, south river Hub and Lyari
flow)
4. Salt Range( river swan, Avg height 700 meters)
a. The Indus Plain
. The Upper Indus Plain (area above Mithan kot, very fertile, low rainfall)
i. The Lower Indus Plain (Indus delta, very fertile)
b. The Plateaus
 . The Balochistan Plateau (South of coastal Makran Range, Khojak Pass,
Sui Gas, avg height 3000 meters, rivers Gomal, Zhob, and Hingol)
i. The Pothar Plateau (Kala Chitta and Margalla hills in North, Salt Range
in South, Jehlum flows in East, River Indus in West. Khewra Salt Mine)
c. The Desert Regions
. Cholistan (Bahawalpur)
i. Kharan (NW of Balochistan)
d. Coastal Areas (700 km long)
7. Conclusion

Topic 12: Land and People of Pakistan-Agriculture

1. Introduction
a. Agriculture accounted for 20.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in
2014-15 and is a source of livelihood of 43.5 percent of rural population.
b. Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, dependent on this sector as it
accounts for 45 percent of employed labor force and is the largest source of
foreign exchange earnings.
2. Highlights according to the Economic Survey
. The agriculture growth stood at 2.9 percent during July-March, 2014-15 as
compared to 2.7 percent during the last year.
a. Crops witnessed a growth of 1.0 percent, Livestock 4.1 percent, Forestry 3.2
percent and Fishing 5.8 percent.
b. During 2014-15, cotton production stood at 13,983 thousand bales as compared
to 12,769 thousand bales in 2013-14 and registered an increase of 9.5 percent.
c. Wheat production decreased to 25,478 thousand tonnes in 2014-15 as
compared to 25,979 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 showing a decrease of 1.9
percent.
d. Rice production has increased to 7,005 thousand tonnes in 2014-15 as compared
to 6,798 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 showing an increase of 3.0 percent
e. During July-March, 2014-15 about 446.1 thousand tonnes of improved seeds of
various Kharif/Rabi crops were procured.
3. Problems related to Agriculture
. Lack of Education
a. Lack of Capital
b. Following of old traditions
c. Water-logging and salinity
d. Uneconomical Land holdings
e. Scarcity of Water
f. Soil Erosion
g. Lack of organized marketing
h. Pests and Crop Diseases
i. Poor means of transportation
 j. Lack of Credit Facilities
k. Low Yield per acre
4. Suggestions and remedies
. Reclamation of Land
a. Irrigation Facilities
b. The Use of fertilizers
c. Credit facilities
d. Better quality seeds
e. Plant protection
f. Mechanization
g. Cooperative farming
h. Higher Education Level
i. Marketing Facilities
j. Improvement in the means of transportation and communication
5. Conclusion

Topic 13: Land and People of Pakistan-Natural Resources

1. Introduction
a. Natural Resources occur naturally within environments characterized by
amounts of biodiversity and geodiversity existent in various ecosystems.
b. Pakistan has enormous energy surplus resource potential of both renewable and
nonrenewable, which is greater than that of oil rich countries of Gulf.
2. Natural Resources and their management
. Contrary to economic potential of its natural resources, Pakistan is a depending
on the following
i. Foreign aid and debt.
ii. Deficit in trade
iii. Acute energy crisis to run industry
iv. Water stress for agriculture
a. Sustainable development required.
3. Richness / abundance of natural resources in Pakistan
. Among the world's 200 plus countries
a. Second largest salt mines,
b. Second largest coal reserves,
c. Fifth largest copper and gold reserves,
d. Seventh largest wheat and rice production capacity.
4. Pakistan's Natural Resources
. Energy resources
. Nonrenewable energy resources
1. Oil and Gas reserves
 a. Crude Oil - proved reserves: 247.5 million bbl (1 January
2013 est.) CC: 57, and Natural gas - proved reserves: 679.6
billion cu m (1 January 2013 est.): CC: 31
b. Current oil production is 61,660 bbl/day (2012 est.)
c. Current gas production is 39.15 billion cu m (2011 est.)
2. Coal reserves
. 185 billion tons equivalent to 618 billion barrels of crude
oil.
a. If it is converted into oil by gasification, it will generate 650
barrels of crude oil which at an average market rate of
eighty dollars per barrel, would generate 5.2 trillion
dollars.
i. Renewable energy resources
1. Wind and solar power
. 1046 km long coastal line gives potential of 40000 MW of
electricity
a. vast lands of Balochistan can be utilized for solar electricity
generation.
2. Hydropower
. Only 33 percent of around 20,000 MW generation capacity
is produced from this resource which has the potential of
producing 40,000 MW
a. Agricultural resources
. Out of 77 million acres cultivable area, only 55.5 million acres have
been ploughed
i. Irrigation Network
ii. Fertile Land
iii. Variety of Crops
iv. Animal Husbandry (Sahiwal cow-best breeds)
v. Fishing
b. Mineral Ore Resources
. Copper and gold resources
1. The Riko deq project, copper and gold reservoir, have been
estimated to be worth of 260 billion dollars
i. Salt mines and other minerals
ii. Uranium: In 2006 Pakistan produced about 45 tons of uranium.
c. Human resources
. Sixth Largest Population in the World
i. Youth comprising major chuck (63 percent below age of 25 years,
according to United Nations Development Programme)
d. Atomic Energy (Pakistan has operated Atomic blasts in Chagi in Balochistan on 28
May 1998.)
5. Factors leading to poor management / Governance
. Political instability/ rivalry,
 a. Lack of vision and planning,
b. Flawed policies,
c. Bureaucratic bottlenecks and corruption,
d. Worsened Law and order situation,
6. Implications of mismanagement of natural resources (Economic Survey 2014-15)
7. Way forward
8. Conclusion
. country comparison to the world: CC
a. Source CIA factbook
b. Bbl: barrel

Topic 14: Land and People of Pakistan-Education

1. Introduction
a. Educational indicators of Pakistan are still dismally low, although steady progress
has been noticed during last few decades.
b. Article 25-A of constitution of Pakistan states: “State shall provide free and
compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such
manner as may be determined by law”.
c. At present, about one third primary school age children are out of school, 42%
population (age 10+) is illiterate.
d. Gender Parity Index in case of participation in primary education is 0.82.
e. Over 6.7 million children are out of school, and majority of them (62%) are girls
2. Current Statistics According To The Economic Survey 2014-2015
. According to Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey
2013-14, literacy in urban areas is 74 percent and in rural areas (49 percent), and
is more prevalent for men (81.0 percent) compared to women (66.0 percent) in
urban areas.
a. Government is spending 2.1 percent of its GDP on education sector.
b. Net Enrolment Rates (NER) at the national level during 2013-14 remained at 57
percent.
c. Under Prime Minister’s “Hunarmand Pakistan Program” short-term skill
development training up to six-month duration courses was conducted in
collaboration with public and private sector training institutes.
d. During the period 2008-14, a total number of 10,376 Scholarships were awarded
under different programmes of HEC.
3. Education System in Pakistan
. Introduction
i. Education is a provincial subject as a result of the 18 Constitutional
Amendment legislated by the parliament during April 2010
ii. The Ministry of Education and Trainings and Standards in Higher
Education (MET&SHE) at the federal level coordinates with
international development partners.
iii. Public sector formal school system consists of 12 academic years.
 iv. It starts from Primary and ends at Intermediate level or Higher
Secondary School Certificate (HSSC).
v. Private sector; one third enrolled children, following either public
sector national curricula or that of Cambridge International
Examinations.
a. Primary and Secondary Education
. 146,185 formal primary, 42,147 middle level (Lower Secondary) and
29,874 secondary schools
i. 75% are public sector schools; 10% private sector schools; others ‘deeni
madressahs’ and non-formal basic education systems
ii. Enrolment in Middle Schools: 6 million with 57% boys and 43% girls,
enrolment in secondary schools: 2.8 million with 58% males and 42%
females
b. Non-Formal Basic Education
. an extensive network of Non-Formal Basic Education (NFBE) institutions
for out-of-school children; enrolment of at least 2.5 million students
i. 13,000 Basic Education Community Schools (BECS) are functioning; 0.6
million enrollment
ii. BECS are financed by the Federal Government and operate directly
under MET&SHE
c. Private Sector Contribution in Primary Education
. At the primary level, overall 4.8 million (34%) children of 5-9 years age
group are enrolled.
i. 34% of boys and 33% of girls
d. Religious Education (Deeni Madaris)
. According to NEMIS data, at present, the total number of Deeni
Madarisin Pakistan is 13,240
i. These Madaris are run by five different WAFAQS(governing bodies)
ii. 1.79 million students enrolled; 1.1 million boys and 0.66 million girls
4. National Education Policies
. The National Education Policy (1998-2010)
a. The National Education Policy (2009)
b. Education Sector Reforms (2001-06)
c. National Plan of Action for EFA (2001-15)
d. Provincial Education Sector Plans
e. Free Education and Incentives to Enhance Enrolments and Retention
f. The National Plan of Action for Accelerating Education-Related MDGs (2013-16)
5. Key Education Challenges in Pakistan
. Lack of Access to Education
a. Poor Quality of Education
b. Budgetary Constraints
c. Weak Governance
d. External Factors
. Poverty
 i. Law and Order
ii. Natural Disasters
6. Prospects For 2015 and Beyond
. Expanding and improving comprehensive Early Childhood Education (ECE)
a. Increased Equitable Access
b. Improved Learning Outcomes
c. Literacy
d. Gender Parity
e. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)
f. Education for Culture of Peace
g. Consultative Workshops in Provinces and Areas on Improving Quality Beyond
7. Priority Areas To Be Achieved
. Basic education
a. Post-basic and Tertiary education
b. Youth and adult literacy
c. Skills for work and life
d. Quality and relevant teaching and learning
e. Financing of education
8. Conclusion (Source: Education for All 2015 National Review, UNESCO Document)

Topic 15: Land and People of Pakistan-Industry

1. Introduction
a. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 24% of GDP.
b. Cotton textile production and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan's largest
industries, accounting for about 66% of the merchandise exports and almost
40% of the employed labor force.
2. Current Statistics According To The Economic Survey 2014-2015
. Large Scale Manufacturing (LSM) during July-March 2014-15 registered a growth
of 2.5 percent as compared to 4.6 percent in the same period last year.
a. The Year on Year (YoY) growth for March 2015 stood at 4.5 percent as against
negative growth of 1.0 percent in March 2014.
b. Negative Growth: Wood Product declined by 78.46 percent, Engineering
Products 10.68 percent, Paper and Board 7.26 percent, Food Beverage and
Tobacco 1.03 percent and Rubber products 0.56 percent.
c. Positive Growth: Iron and Steel Products 35.63 percent, Automobiles 17.02
percent, Leather Products 9.62 percent, Electronics 8.21 percent,
Pharmaceuticals 6.38 percent, Chemicals 5.94 percent, Non Metallic mineral
products 2.56 percent, Coke & Petroleum Products 4.73 percent, Fertilizers 0.95
percent and Textile 0.50 percent.
d. Automobile sector such as trucks, tractors, cars & jeeps and LCVs registered
growth of 53.9 percent, 44.6 percent, 23.1 percent and 31.2 percent,
respectively.
e. Mining and Quarrying sector grew by 3.8 percent in 2014-15
3. SWOT Analysis Of Iron And Steel Industry Of Pakistan
. Strengths
i. Development Projects; Dams, Bridges
ii. Boom in Construction Sector; Real Estate
iii. Defense Production
a. Weaknesses
. Old depreciated plant and machinery
i. Limited capacity to fulfill demand
ii. Lack of infrastructure
iii. High taxes
iv. Declining Skilled force
b. Opportunities
. Abundant coal available to power Steel Mills
i. Abundant Iron ore available domestically
ii. Increase in prices and demand of steel worldwide
c. Threats
. Political instability
i. Competition on mainstream
ii. Increase in iron ore prices worldwide
4. Critical Analysis of Textile Industry
. Contribution of Textile Sector
. Increase in National Income
i. Contribution to Taxes
ii. Economic Stability
iii. Improvement in Balance of Payments
iv. Agricultural Development
v. Increased Employment Opportunities
vi. Collateral Industrial Development
vii. Enhanced Government Revenues
viii. Diversification of Economy
a. Problems Faced By The Textile Industry Of Pakistan
. Financial Problems
i. Domestic Issues
ii. Global Recession
iii. Textile input Issues
iv. Taxation Issues
v. Energy Crisis
vi. International Competition
vii. Environmental Issues
b. Remedies and Solutions
. Input-related Remedies
i. Remedies for Energy Crisis
ii. Financial Remedial Measures
iii. Human Resource Development
 iv. SME’s Promotion
v. Labor Intensive Industries
vi. Taxation Solutions
vii. Foreign Investment Promotion
viii. Environmental Remedies
5. Conclusion

Topic 16: Land and People of Pakistan-Society

1. Introduction
a. The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
b. Pakistan was created in 1947, as a homeland for Muslims in South Asia, and
about 97 percent of Pakistanis are Muslim
c. Pakistani society is ethnically diverse.
d. It is largely rural yet beset by the problems of hyper-urbanization.
e. Pakistan has enjoyed a robust and expanding economy, but wealth is poorly
distributed
f. A middle-class is emerging, but a narrow stratum of elite families maintains
extremely disproportionate control over the nation's wealth, almost one-third of
all Pakistanis live in poverty.
g. It is a male-dominated society in which social development has lagged
considerably behind economic change
2. Salient features of Pakistani Society
. Religious Uniformity
a. Diversity of Ethnicity
b. Unity In Family Structure
c. Language
d. Literature and Poetry
e. Dress and Diet
f. Male Dominated Society
g. Arts and Architecture
h. Recreational Activities-Sports
3. Critical Indicators of Society
. Sanitation
a. Access to health care
b. literacy
c. Increasing population pressure on limited resources
d. Social and Economic Inequity
4. Role Of Religion on Ideology
. Founders of Pakistan hoped that religion would provide a coherent focus for
national identity
a. A focus that would supersede the country's considerable ethnic and linguistic
variations
b. Islam has been a pervasive presence in Pakistani society
 c. Role that Islamic law should play in the country's affairs and governance remains
an important issue
5. Regional Diversity
. Pakhtuns, Baloch, Punjabis, and Sindhis are all Muslim, yet they have diverse
cultural traditions and speak different languages.
a. Ethnic, regional, and--above all--family loyalties figure far more prominently for
the average individual than do national loyalties
b. Punjabis predominate in the central government and the military.
c. Baloch, Pakhtuns, and Sindhis find the Punjabi preponderance at odds with their
own aspirations for provincial autonomy.
d. Ethnic mixing within each province further complicates social and political
relations.
6. Role of Social Movements
. After 1990, social movements, assumed a more central role in public life.
a. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) committed to economic and social
development
b. Loss of a sense of social contract among Pakistanis that has adversely affected
the country's infrastructure
c. The populace has failed to develop a sense of publicly committed citizenship
7. Personal Approach of Individuals
. The self-centeredness is increasingly noticeable in many areas of social life
a. Many people once imagined that economic development would by itself
improve the quality of life, not now
b. Family or personal interest and status take precedence over public good in
Pakistan
c. All the individual affairs depend more upon connections or wealth than on ability
and merit such as admissions in schools
8. Sectors of the Country
. Failure to develop civic-minded citizenship is also evident in public
administration
a. There is imbalanced government spending
b. The bureaucracy has not modernized sufficiently to incorporate new
technologies and innovations
9. Conclusion

Topic 17: Nuclear Program of Pakistan, Its Safety and Security; International Concerns

1. Introduction
a. Pakistan; first Muslim country to construct and operate civil nuclear power
plants.
b. It is one of the four nuclear armed states that is not a party of the nuclear non-
proliferation treaty.
c. Member on International Atomic Energy Commission (IAEA).
d. Plans on constructing 32 nuclear power plants by 2050.
2. Nuclear Power Program of Pakistan
. 725 MWe capacity; nuclear arsenal consists of approximately 60-90 nuclear
warheads
a. Pakistan's nuclear weapons capabilities have arisen independently of the civil
nuclear fuel cycle, using indigenous uranium.
b. Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, due to its weapons
program, it is largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, and
however, China is positive to cooperate.
c. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all nuclear
energy and research applications; two divisions; Nuclear Power Generation
(NUPG) and Nuclear Power Projects (NUPP)
d. The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) at Rawalpindi
near Islamabad is managed by the PAEC and is one of the largest science and
technology research establishments in the country
3. General Potential Threat Of Nuclear Terrorism Defined By IAEA:
. Theft of a nuclear weapon
a. Theft of material to make an improvised nuclear explosive device
b. Theft of other radioactive material for an RDD
c. Sabotage of a facility or a transport
4. Concerns On Security Issues Of Pakistan
. Extremist government in power.
a. Radicals taking over
b. Terrorist attack on nuclear installations
c. The insider dimension
5. Starting Of Safety And Security Issues Of Pakistan Nuclear Program
. The terrorist attack on twin towers and Fukushima power plant disaster has
changed the whole global discourse of safety and security of nuclear weapons.
a. Attack on army GHQ in 2009,PNS mehran attack in 2011 and KAMRA air base
attack in 2012
b. Political instability
c. The pace of developing nuclear weapons
6. Security System Of Nuclear Program In Pakistan
. In May 1998, the Government of Pakistan announced its National Command
Authority (NCA), which comprises the Employment Control Committee, the
Development Control Committee and Strategic Plans Division (SPD) - the
secretariat of the Authority.
a. The SPD has developed a foolproof security system such as Permissive Action
Link system, which is modeled after the one used in the US, among other
responsibilities.
b. Pakistan National Security Council: estb. in Feb 2000 to supervise the
employment, deployment, research and development and command structure
of Pakistan nuclear program
 c. Security Division: Most imp. organ of strategic planning division which is
responsible for security and protection of Pakistan nuclear arsenal, facilities and
the entire strategic organization
d. Personal Reliability Program (PRP): security clearance and screening
processes of all individuals for employment in the strategic organizations to
break the insider link with any terrorist group
e. Physical Protection of Nuclear Facilities: security division is responsible for
physical protection of all civilian and military nuclear installations.
f. Transportation Security: Pakistan has approved the convention on physical
protection of nuclear material in 2000 to ensure safe transport of nuclear
material
g. Fissile Material Protection, Control And Accounting: SPD measure and do
external audits on nuclear inventories and implementing regular and surprise
inspections at all facilities.
h. Export Control Regime: In 2000,Pak estb. a strategic export control division to
control export of nuclear material by any means.
i. International agreements to prevent nuclear terrorism: Pak joined US led
containee security initiative in 2006 and global initiative to combat nuclear
terrorism in 2007.
j. Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority: came into being under PAEC. Supervise
all matters relating to nuclear safety and radiation protection.
k. Radiological Source Security: The PNRA is tasked to protect workers in the
facilities, public, and the environment against accidental or malicious acts
l. Nuclear Security Summit (NSS): Pakistan has participated in two NSS in 2010 and
2012.
7. Conclusion
. The country’s nuclear security is supported by five pillars
i. a strong command and control system led by the National Command
Authority (NCA);
ii. an integrated intelligence system;
iii. a rigorous regulatory regime;
iv. a comprehensive export control regime;
v. and active international cooperation

Topic 18: Civil Military Relations in Pakistan

1. Introduction
a. Governance in Pakistan is a delicate balancing act between the military chiefs
and the elected civilian government
b. It is a power-sharing arrangement whereby the military has important influence
over foreign, security and key domestic issues
c. Soft Military Intervention-The military has repeatedly demonstrated that it can
and will influence the nature and direction of political change without
necessarily assuming power.
 d. 'soft' military intervention a common dilemma for civilian leaders
2. The Transition to Civilian Rule
. The ascendancy of Pakistan's military began in 1947.
a. Direct assumption of power by the Army Chief, General (later Field Marshal)
Ayub Khan, October 1958- June 1962,
b. A second coup was staged in March 1969' by General Yahya Khan, who
surrendered power to an elected civilian leader in December 1971 (1971 Indo-
Pakistan war)
c. General Zia ul-Haq reasserted military dominance by overthrowing the civilian
government in July 1977.( July 1977 December 1985)
d. The civilian system that replaced Zia's military rule in 1985 enabled the military
to shift its emphasis from overt 'rule' to a more subtle. Zia introduced far-
reaching changes in the 1973 Constitution, powerful President (Zia himself) and
a weak Prime Minister
3. A Pivot in the Power Structure
. The Army Chief is a pivot in Pakistan's post-1988 power structure.
a. Together with the President and the Prime Minister, he constitutes one-third of
the 'Troika' -an extra-constitutional arrangement for civilian-military consensus-
building on key domestic, foreign policy and security issues.
b. Its members not only discuss security and organizational and professional
matters, but also deliberate on domestic issues such as law and order, and
general political conditions
c. A smooth interaction among the Troika members ensures the military's support
for the Prime Minister, which contributes to general political stability.
d. The military's primary consideration is not direct exercise of power, but
protection and advancement of its professional and corporate interests.
4. The Military's Interests
. National security: nuclear policy, Strong and credible conventional defense and
nuclear-weapons capabilities
a. Overseas weapons and equipment procurement is another military interest with
foreign-policy implications
b. Military autonomy and civilian non-interference in internal organizational
matters and service affairs
c. The military is opposed to any unilateral cut in defense expenditure by civilian
leaders
d. Protection of perks and privileges provided to officers along with generally
improving service conditions.
e. The military also expects a civilian government to ensure socio-political stability
5. The Military and the Intelligence Agencies
. Role of the Military Intelligence (MI)
a. Role of the ISI
b. Role of Intelligence Bureau (IB)
6. Conclusion
 . The military's decision to stay in the barracks after President Zia's death in 1988,
began Pakistan's democratic transition
a. The civilian governments that followed were troubled by the necessity of
balancing democratic imperatives with the legacy of long military rule.
b. The military elite concede that governance is not one of its primary tasks, and
gives this right to the civilian leaders.
c. But the military leadership also firmly believes that it must play an autonomous
role

Topic 19: Political Evolution Since 1971

1. Introduction
a. Pakistan has alternated between eras of civilian rule and decades under the
control of its powerful military.
b. First democratic era in 1947,the government is headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah
as Governor-General, with Liaquat Ali Khan serving as Prime Minister.
c. First military period: President Iskander Mirza carries out a coup d'etat,
suspending the constitution in 1958
d. The controversy over General Elections in 1970 leads to a war, also involving
India that results in the independence of Bangladesh after a brutal Pakistani
army action in East Pakistan.
2. Second democratic era
. 1972: Martial Law is lifted. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is elected as president. He also
launches Pakistan's nuclear programme.
a. 1973: A new constitution is enacted, declaring Pakistan a parliamentary
democracy, with a prime minister as head of state, leading a bi-cameral
legislature. Bhutto goes from president to prime minister.
b. 1976: Bhutto appoints General Zia-ul-Haq as his chief of army staff.
c. 1977: General elections are held, Bhutto's party wins. Amid unrest following
allegations of vote-rigging from the opposition, General Zia-ul-Haq steps in,
removing Bhutto in a coup, suspending the constitution and declaring martial
law.
3. Second military period
. 1978: Zia-ul-Haq is sworn in as president. He retains the office of army chief.
a. 1979: After having been found guilty of "conspiracy to murder" in a trial heavily
criticized for having been influenced by Zia, Bhutto is executed. Zia's
'Islamisation' policy.
b. 1982: Having put off polls indefinitely and banned political activity, Zia forms a
federal council of 'technocrats' he has nominated.
c. 1984: Zia-ul-Haq holds a referendum on his Islamisation policies. His government
claims that more than 95 per cent of votes cast were in support of Zia.
d. 1985: General elections are held (on a non-party basis). Martial law is lifted and
elects Zia as President. Muhammad Khan Junejo is elected as prime minister.
 e. 1988: Amid widening rifts, Zia dissolves parliament, dismissing Junejo's
government under Article 58-2(b) of the constitution. He promises elections
within 90 days. On August 17, however, he is killed, along with 31 others, in a
plane crash.
4. Third Democratic Era
. 1988: General elections are held, the PPP Benazir Bhutto wins. Bhutto is sworn in
as prime minister.
a. 1990: President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolves the National Assembly, dismissing
Bhutto's government on charges of alleged corruption and incompetence. Fresh
elections are held, and Nawaz Sharif, groomed under Zia as the head of the
Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI), is elected prime minister.
b. 1991: The National Assembly adopts the Shariat bill, codifying elements of
Islamic law into Pakistan's legal system.
c. 1993: President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Sharif's government for alleged
corruption and incompetence. General elections are held, with Benazir Bhutto
elected prime minister for her second term. Farooq Leghari, a member of the
PPP, is elected as the country's president.
d. 1996: President Farooq Leghari dissolves the National Assembly, dismissing
Benazir Bhutto's government, corruption allegations.
e. 1997: General elections are held, the fourth time such polls have taken place
since 1988. Nawaz Sharif's PML-N party wins and he is elected prime minister for
the second time. Rafiq Tarar is sworn in as President the next year.
f. 1998: Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in the Chaghai Hills of Balochistan, in
response to similar Indian tests days earlier. The international community
imposes strict economic sanctions on the country in response.
5. Third military period
. 1999: After the Kargil War, Nawaz Sharif attempts to replace General Pervez
Musharraf, his army chief. Musharraf takes power in a coup.
a. 2000: The Supreme Court validates Musharraf's coup and gives him executive
and legislative authority for a period of three years. Nawaz Sharif and his family
flee to exile in Saudi Arabia
b. 2001: General Pervez Musharraf assumes the office of president, while
remaining chief of army staff.
c. 2002: Musharraf wins a referendum on his presidency, granting him five more
years in the job. The government claims he wins the poll by more than 95 per
cent. A general election is also held, with the PML-Q, a party created by
Musharraf and loyal to the president, winning most seats. The PML-Q's
Zafarullah Khan Jamali is elected prime minister. Musharraf, meanwhile,
institutes a raft of amendments to the 1973 constitution.
d. 2004: Zafaraullah Khan Jamali is replaced by Shaukat Aziz, then the finance
minister, as prime minister of Pakistan.
e. 2007: President Musharraf dismisses Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Iftikhar
Muhammad Chaudhry, prompting a nationwide protest movement for his
reinstatement. Chaudhry is eventually restored, but Musharraf imposes a state
 of emergency later in the year ahead of a key apex court ruling on the legality of
his rule. The National Assembly, meanwhile, completes its five-year term for the
first time in Pakistan's history. Benazir Bhutto, who returned to the country to
campaign in the general elections after the passage of a controversial blanket
corruption amnesty deal, is killed in a bomb attack in Rawalpindi.
6. Fourth democratic era
. 2008: General elections are held, with the PPP winning the majority of seats in
the national assembly. Yousuf Raza Gilani is elected prime minister, with Asif Ali
Zardari, Bhutto's widower and now co-chairman of the PPP, replacing Musharraf
as president.
a. 2009: After heightening tensions over the issue, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry
and his colleagues in the judiciary are restored to their positions, having been
dismissed by Pervez Musharraf after his 2007 state of emergency.
b. April 8, 2010 Pakistan's parliament passes the 18th amendment to the 1973
consitution, which, among other things, reverses some of the changes brought
about by Musharraf and also removes the President's power to dissolve the
parliament unilaterally under Article 58-2(b).
c. December 22, 2010 passing of 19th amendment for the appointment of the
Judges of the Supreme Court of Pakistan and made amendments in the number
of members of the parliamentary committee for the appointment of Chief
Electoral Officers at Election Commission of Pakistan.
d. 2011: Caught amidst scandals involving both corruption probes and the so-called
"Memogate" affair, the PPP government comes under increasing pressure from
the opposition to hold early elections.
e. February 14, 2012 passing of 20th amendment for For Free and Fair Elections
f. 2012: After being found guilty of having committed contempt of court for not
implementing a Supreme Court order to reopen a corruption case involving
President Asif Ali Zardari, Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani is deemed to be
ineligible to hold public office. He loses his seat in parliament, but not before he
becomes the longest serving prime minister in Pakistan's history. He is
succeeded as PM by Raja Pervez Ashraf, another leading PPP member and
Zardari loyalist.
g. 2013: The PPP-led coalition government becomes Pakistan's first democratically
elected civilian-led government to complete its five-year term in office. A
caretaker government is appointed and a general election is set for May 11.
h. 2013 June - Parliament approves Nawaz Sharif as prime minister after his Muslim
League-N wins parliamentary elections in May. July - Mamnoon Hussain elected
president by parliament
i. 2013 November - Lt Gen Raheel Sharif takes over as head of the army on the
retirement of General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani.
j. January 7, 2015, passing of 21st amendment for Speedy Trial Military Courts to
deal with terrorism.
7. Conclusion
Topic 20: Pakistan and US War on Terror

1. Introduction
a. “One man’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter” reveals the wide range of
variations in the interpretation of the term “terrorism”
b. Simply, ‘terror is extreme or intense fear’
c. It is a psychological state, which combines the physical and mental efforts to
create dread and insecurity.
2. State Terrorism To Counter Terrorism
. Examples of Kashmir and Palestine speak horrors of inhuman acts. The Chechens
have been branded through the Western media as terrorist movements.
a. Israel as well as India’s state-terrorism falls in this scenario
b. Current imbroglio of Middle East Crisis and Yemen Crisis
3. Ulterior Motives Of US in “War On Terror”
. Obtaining natural resources of Muslim countries, either by the policy of
friendship or confrontation.
a. To malign Muslim freedom struggles
b. To damage the ideologies of Islam specially Jihad to project Islam as a religion of
intolerance.
c. To stop the rise of orthodox Muslim governments in the name of democracy.
d. To ensure a greater Israel on Arab Land for the satisfaction of American Jewish
lobby.
e. To spread its own culture. If a nation dies it’s a national death but if a nation dies
of cultural death, it’s all over.
f. To check the nuclear technology of the Muslim countries like Iran and Pakistan.
4. Cause Of Terrorism In Pakistan
. Rise of sectarian terrorism through anti-Shiite militant groups such as Sipah-i-
Sahaba Pakistan after the 1979 revolution in Iran.
a. Sunni-dominated Iraq with the backing of the USA and Saudi Arabia waged a war
upon Shiite dominated Iran.
b. The Soviet Afghanistan War; Fighting proxy war, funds for arming the
“Mujahideen” through religious propaganda urging them to expel the infidels
from Afghanistan.
c. Soviet withdrawal exposed the damage leading to transformation of violence
d. Armed freedom struggle surfaced in Kashmir during the eighties
e. After 9/11, when a gag was put on the fighters, they turned their guns towards
their adopted country.
5. The Internal Factors
. The derailing of democracy, political alienation, leading to sense of
powerlessness.
a. Economy of Pakistan, replete with corruption, has disturbed the distribution of
wealth.
b. Dishonesty, bribery, and drug trade; Black money has disturbed the balance of
social structure.
 c. The sense of deprivation and social injustice among the small provinces
d. Polarization based on various castes, classes, religious affinities
e. The prevalent unfulfilling system of education is a colonial legacy
f. The ‘Zamindars’ and ‘Jagirdars’ own 32 per cent of the privately cultivated land.
a suppressed community often rises violently against this injustice leading to
extremism in the society.
g. A weak judicial system and judiciary are also responsible for these unwanted
tendencies. (fear, favor and corruption)
h. Incomplete facility of the national data base is a major security concern.(NADRA)
6. Causes At International Level
. Unresolved political disputes: e.g. Kashmir, Palestine, Iraq, Afganistan, Chechnya.
a. Ineffectiveness of UNO
b. Universal law of cause-and-effect: State terrorism will produce obviously
terrorism.
c. Double standards of the West
d. The pride of US as being Unipolar.
7. Terrorists Groups in Pakistan
. Harkat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen were formed to wage Afghan
Jihad. merged to form Harkat-ul-Ansar (HUA) redirecting their focus for freedom
struggle in Indian held Kashmir.
a. The Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP)
b. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
c. Lashkar-e-Omar (LeO)
d. Tehreek-e-Jaferia Pakistan (TJP)
e. Lashkar-eJhangvi (LeJ)
f. Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan (SMP)
g. Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM)
h. Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)
i. Lashkar-e-Jabbar (LeJ)

8. Pakistan’s Efforts
. A number of sectarian organizations was banned and their assets frozen
a. Madrassas reforms.
b. Revamping the law enforcement agencies by better equipping and training
them,
c. NADRA
d. The government directed the expulsion and extradition of all foreign students.
e. At the international level, the government cooperated with the UN to curb the
menace.
9. Counter Terrorism Strategy
. Obama should avoid Bush’s policies of use of force to avoid further military and
financial losses.
a. Involving UNSC & OIC would be in the interest of US to minmise anti US
sentiments in the Muslim world.
 b. Interfaith dialogue can clear the misconceptions against each other.
c. Solution of issues like Kashmir and Palestine
d. The Muslims should discourage extremist groups in their social life.
e. Madressa reforms
f. Positive role of world media
10. Counter Terrorism Strategy By Maleeha Lodhi
. “There is no silver bullet that can address global terrorism in all its complexity,”
writes Dr Maleeha Lodhi in “The Threats of all Threats”.
a. She proposed a broad-gauge counter-terrorism strategy based on nine ‘Cs’:
i. Comprehensiveness and multifaceted strategy is needed
ii. Consensus at the global level is required
iii. Causes and conditions that breed terrorism
iv. Confusion about the definition of terrorism
v. Capabilities must be improved and national capacities strengthened
vi. Cooperative rather than coercive national and international strategies
vii. Civil liberties and principles of good governance must be
viii. Civilization and cultural: dialogue and understanding
ix. Conference at the summit level must be called
11. Conclusion
. Today terrorism is complex in scope, even across the continents by non-state
actors.
a. Deprivation and an unjust political and socio-economic dispensation rapidly give
rise to frustration.
b. The remedy lies in a tolerant and democratic society.
c. Make a distinction between terrorism and legitimate struggle for freedom and
right of self-determination, the denial of which can breed terrorism and a threat
to “peaceful co-existence”.

Topic 21: Evolution of democratic system in Pakistan

1. Introduction
a. Democracy and participatory governance are popular political notions in today’s
world.
b. The founders of Pakistan had ardently supported and emphasized for democratic
system that could ideally permeate the governance structure and body politic of
Pakistan.
c. Contrary to dreams, hopes and promises, Pakistan offers chequered history of
democracy and unstable democratic process.
d. Ironically, the country’s constitution has been abrogated twice (1958 and 1969)
and suspended thrice (1977, 1999 and 2007).
e. More than half of its political life has been encroached by military generals. Five
elected governments have been removed by army.
2. Prerequisites of Democratic Process
. Sovereign parliament
 a. Free and fair electoral process
b. Socio-economic Justice
c. Supremacy of constitution
d. Independent Judiciary
e. Rule of Law
f. Accountability of those exercising state power
g. Equal citizenship and Equality of opportunity
h. Security of Life and property
i. Guarantee of freedoms of movement, expression, association and assembly
3. Pakistan’s political history with reference to the dominant style of governance and
political management
. August 1947-October 1958 (Civilian Political Government)
a. October 1958-June 1962 (Direct Military Rule)
b. June 1962-March 1969 (Selective Use of Democracy by the Military; Post-military
rule)
c. March 1969-December 1971 (Direct Military Rule)
d. December 1971-July 1977 (Civilian Political Government)
e. July 1977- December 1985 (Direct Military Rule)
f. March 1985-November 1988 (Selective Use of Democracy by the Military; Post-
military rule)
g. December 1988-October 1999 (Military’s influence from the sidelines on policy
making under civilian governments)
h. October 1999-November 2002 (Direct Military Rule)
i. November 2002-February 2008 (Military’s direct involvement in power
management after the end of military rule; constitutional and legal role for the
military)
j. September 2008-March 2013 (Civilian Political Government)
k. May 2013-till the present (Civilian Political Government)
4. Causes of weak Democracy
. Colonial Inheritances and Institutional Imbalance
a. Frequent intervention of Non civilian forces into political domain
b. Weak Party System
c. Non Democratic Social structure
d. Manipulation of election process.
5. Solutions/Recommendations
. State: All prerequisites of democracy to be installed.
i. Reforms in Judiciary
ii. Separation of Powers
iii. Devolution of powers
a. Political parties
. Efficient accountability
b. Civil Society organizations
c. For Youth
6. Conclusion
Topic 22: Foreign Policy of Pakistan post 9/11

1. Introduction
a. The foreign policy of Pakistan is primarily directed to the pursuit of national goals
of seeking peace and stability through international cooperation.
b. to project the image of the country as a dynamic and moderate society
c. seeks to promote the internationally recognized norms of interstate relations
2. Guiding Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
. According to Quaid e Azam
i. “Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill towards all the
nations of the world.”
ii. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation
iii. principle of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings
iv. promotion of peace and prosperity
v. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral
support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world
vi. Upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.
a. The Constitution of Pakistan also lays down guidelines in Article 40
3. Objectives
. Promotion Pakistan as a dynamic, progressive, moderate, and democratic Islamic
country
a. Safeguarding national security and geo-strategic interests, including Kashmir
b. Consolidating our commercial and economic cooperation
c. Safeguarding the interests of Pakistani Diaspora abroad.
d. Ensuring optimal utilization of national resources for regional and international
cooperation
4. Foreign policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
. 9/11 attacks proved to turn the foreign policy of Pakistan upside down
a. It was a crucial time that demanded an intelligence filled response.
b. Musharaf was one of the foreign leaders to receive a call from Washington (You
are either with us or against us)
c. Two ways were given,
. To exigently join US in principle and workout the modalities later on
i. To refuse to submit in clear defiance and be ready for a war.
5. Consequences Of Choosing Not To Co-Operate:

. U.S might have bracketed Pak with Taliban while declaring Pak a terrorist state.
a. Our territory would have been subjected to furious onslaughts and airstrikes to
neutralize resistance under the pretext of eliminating terrorist bases.
b. India would have given a green signal to attack Kahuta as it had done previously.
c. Kashmiri freedom struggle might have been labeled as a terrorist insurgency.
6. Pakistan's Choice
. Taliban refused to hand Osama to America despite Pak's pleadings.
 a. Musharaf on 19th Sept,2001 while addressing to nation said,
''Pakistan comes first, everything else is secondary.''
b. Pakistan joined U.S in strategic interest of,
. territorial security
i. protection of its own nuclear and missile programs
ii. revival of economy
c. Joining (WOT) was the most appropriate among the available options and was
generally, if not entirely, in national interest.
d. This shift in foreign policy of Pakistan showed the strategic intelligence of
government towards the oncoming hurricane.
7. Demands By U.S After Alliance
. To stop Al-Qaeda operations at its border.
a. To give blanket over flight and landing rights for military operations.
b. To provide intelligence information.
c. To provide territorial access to allied forces.
d. To continue to publicly condemn the terrorist acts.
e. To sever ties with the Taliban, if they refuse to cope.
f. To cut off all shipments of fuel to Taliban and stop recruits from going to Afghan.
8. Effects of Changing Foreign Policy:
. Pakistan's decision to join world community in the war against terrorism brought
it back into the international mainstream and won it the revived and stronger
support from major countries of the world.
9. New Strategic Vision Of Foreign Policy Of Pakistan
. The security of its own country and not the security of others.
a. Peaceful co existence, i.e. further development of regional ties and the
strengthening of their own positions.
10. Conclusion

Topic 23: Ethnic Issues and National Integration

1. Introduction
a. National integration has remained an evolving pursue in all the post-colonial
divided societies.
b. Ethnic heterogeneity and cultural pluralism is the major attribute of Pakistani
society
c. Creation of national integration caused problems due to improper handling of
conflicting socio-political fiber of Pakistani Society.
d. The state adopted an authoritarian policy to expand and consolidate its power
and position but ethnic groups provoked ethnic politics (preservation of their
identity)
e. For the creation of national integration, assimilationist strategy should be
avoided and a pluralistic approach must be incorporated.
2. Ethnicity, Class, And The State in Pakistan
. The state is both a resource in itself and a distributor of resources
a. It is of importance to assess how these resources and state power itself are
shared by the different ethnic groups, and how state power might be used
b. The Pakistani state can be seen as a neocolonial state
c. The military and bureaucracy not only command the instruments of state power,
but pursue their own interests almost independently of the dominant capitalist
and landlord classes.
d. Intersection of Ethnicity and Class: Demographically, the Punjabis comprise the
largest single ethnic group (48.2 percent) in Pakistan’s population, followed by
Pushtoons (13.1 percent), Sindhis (11.8 percent), Siraikis (9.8 percent), Urdu-
speaking (7.6 percent), Baloch-Brauhis (4.2 percent), and Hindko-speaking (2.4
percent). Mohajir and Siraiki’s are the other two groups.
3. Ethnic Factors promoting ethno-nationalism
. Culture
a. Inequalities in different areas
b. Less representation of Baluchis on Influential positions
c. Elitist Policies
d. Scarcity of resources
e. Centralized System
f. Role of military and military operations
g. Underdevelopment
h. Role of externals powers
i. Human rights violations
4. Approaches to National Integration and State Strategies
. Assimilation Policy: based on social integration, Distinctive cultures are tried to
incorporate fully with the national culture
a. Exclusionary Policy: based on the concept to minimize contacts with ethnic
minorities, explained by differentialist model, whereby conflicts are managed
and resolved through a process of elimination of ethnic minorities
b. Pluralist Policy: “social order, consisting of institutionally segmented cultural
groups living side by side, yet without mingling in one political unit. One cultural
section monopolize power, controls the state apparatus and dominant over
others.
c. The Consociational Approach: arrangement to secure the interests of major
ethnic groups; two or more ethnic groups come together and create consensus
that they will recognize each others’ rights and interests.
d. Federalism: used to reconcile diversity within the structure of a single state;
applies to homeland people who seek a significant measure of autonomy and
self rule within their territory
5. Ethnic Politics And The Issue Of National Integration In Pakistan
. Factor of ethnicity specially history, language and culture are the supportive
elements for creating nation- hood and promoting national integration
a. Pakistanis are the product of many foreign and local influences
 b. The instrumentalist’s approach is favored, that ethnicity by itself cannot damage
but it is the state and elite groups who use it and stresses ethnic differences to
get share in power. (Case of East Pakistan)
c. In Pakistan’s history, religion and language are considered two important
attributes in the formation and deformation of nation- hood (creation of
ideology of Pakistan)
6. Suggestions for the Creation of Social Cohesion
. The acceptance of federalism for social and political pluralism
a. Ethnic factor should be considered while shaping up the national policy
b. State has to evolve the strategies based on structural and perceptual perspective
c. Political participation through regular free elections must be ensured in which
every group should have to participate
d. Unity in diversity must be protected. Any policy to create forced assimilation
could be disastrous for federation.
e. State should have to conduct a transparent census with regular intervals that
reflect the evolving demographic trends in Pakistan
7. Conclusion

Topic 24: Hydro-politics; Water Issues in domestic and regional context

1. Introduction
a. Water issue is a situation where the available water within a region is less than
the regions demand.
b. Water scarcity is among the main problems to be faced by many societies and
the world in the 21st century.
c. Water usage has been growing at more than twice the rate of population
increase in the last century.
d. Around 1.2 billion people, or almost one fifth of the world’s population, live in
areas of physical scarcity, and 500 million people are approaching this situation.
e. Another 1.6 million or almost one quarter of the world’s population are going to
face water shortage.
2. Dynamics of Issue
. Over use and pollution of water.
a. Regional conflicts over scarce water resources.
b. Groundwater excessive usage.
c. Inadequate access to drinking water for 1.1 billion people.
d. Inadequate access to water for sanitation.
3. Determining the issue
. Internationally, an indicator is devised to see if a certain country can be classified
as water stressed or water scarce country to determine the emerging
seriousness of water crisis.
4. Water issues in Pakistan
. It is more complex and multi facet phenomenon.
 a. Pakistan is one of the mist arid countries with a per capita water supply of 1,250
m3 per year.
b. It is barely above international standards regarding 1000 m3 supply per person
per year as acute shortage.
c. The World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have termed Pakistan as one
of the most "water-stressed” countries in the world.
5. Background
. The partition of the subcontinent into the dominions of India and Pakistan gave
birth to a host of looming problems including the sharing of waters of Indus Ravi
system.
a. David Lilienthal's Study
b. World bank mediation
c. The Indus river Treaty
6. Construction of Dams and Barrages.
. Indus Basin projects.
a. Indian projects.
i. Wullar Barrage(The Tulbul Navigation Lock)
ii. Kishanganga Project
iii. International court of Arbitrations Verdict
iv. Baglihar Dam
b. Pakistans Water Reservoirs.
. Tarbela Dam
i. Mangla Dam
ii. Chasma Barrage
c. Ongoing projects
. Basha Diamer Dam
i. Kalabagh Dam
ii. Munda Dam
iii. Akhori Dam
7. Resolving the water issues
. Construction of Reservoirs
a. Effective policy making
b. Maintenance of Infrastructure
c. International code of conduct
8. Conclusion
. Pakistan is at the last stage of water scarcity.
a. Need of the hour is to make effective policy to save our life from water shortage
and crisis.
b. We should highlight the water issues as a major threat to our existence.
c. We need to have an awareness campaign for future water vision for Pakistan.

Topic 25: Pakistan’s National Interest

A state’s national interest as the name implies, comprises of all the interests of a nation as a
whole. Any country’s primary national interest is ‘survival’. In order to achieve survival, one
country has to aim for other goals such as national security, economic prosperity, seeking
alliances among other interests. Pakistan’s national interest has always been influenced by
external powers. Pakistan as a nation must aim at attaining self-reliance in pursuing its national
interests that must relate to the economic vision of the country.

1. Introduction
a. The national interest is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic,
military, or cultural.
b. Often referred to by the French expression raison d'État ("reason of State")
c. Hans Morgenthau defines the national interest as: "The interest of a nation as a
whole held to be an independent entity separate from the interests of
subordinate areas or groups and also of other nations or supranational groups ;
any foreign policy which operates under the standard of the national interest ."
d. There are external stakeholders, such as nation-states, organisations and
external pressures, economic or political, which are shaping the future of
Pakistan.
e. Most of the outside influences are proactive whilst the response by Pakistan’s
Government is reactive
f. National interest should relate to the economic vision of the country and should
be achieved with pragmatism.
2. Pakistan’s National Interests
. National Security for survival and Safety of the Nuclear Program
a. Economic Prosperity; the nation-state must possess, produce, procure and trade
for the means of survival at a predetermined level which reflects its means and
aspirations
b. Sovereignty of the state
i. the ability to resist coercion
ii. the ability to coerce other states
c. Seeking alliances that may break the isolation
d. Attaining the ability to achieve internal reform in order to avoid foreign pressure
of all sorts
e. Avoiding international isolation to prevent other states from getting together
within the United Nations to use international law to harm it
f. Embracing pragmatism in the conduct of the state to come close to a theoretical
basis for the understanding of the conduct of a weak state.
3. Evolution of National Interest of Pakistan
. Pakistan's primary interest was to remain independent and viable in the face of a
much larger and powerful neighbor.
a. The nation then adopted several other goals;
. the struggle of Kashmir to join Pakistan - or become independent from
India;
 i. a friendly and cooperative Afghanistan to ensure strategic depth vis-a-
vis India ;
ii. close relations with Saudi Arabia representing a religious socio-
economic nexus of interests;
iii. affirming itself as a front-line state of the religiously tolerant West
pitted against a God-less USSR.
b. Whilst Pakistan's role as a front line state was galvanized and pivotal during the
Russian invasion of Afghanistan, it became ambiguous and anachronistic in the
new world order.
c. Pakistan immediately bolstered its relationship with China, that it had been
developing over many years after the Sino-Soviet split in the seventies as US
strengthened its ties with India.
d. The end of the cold war and the abandonment by the US and its allies of
Afghanistan, and Pakistan, forced the latter to initiate a plan of action
e. It combined its policy objectives of maintaining strategic depth in Afghanistan; in
accordance with its military doctrine of riposte vis-a-vis its arch enemy India, and
close ties with Saudi Arabia
f. Thus enabling the Taliban to become pervasively established, and receiving Saudi
largesse to finance it all, resulting in the eventual dominance of the Taliban in
Afghanistan.
g. America had ignored and distanced itself from all Saudi-Pakistani action in
Afghanistan from 1991 until the late 90's until the emergence of wahabist-
jihadists, Al-Qaeda.
h. The test came when, after 9/11, Pakistan had to choose between its interests in
maintaining the Taliban in Afghanistan and that of the US, where the latter's
objective was to oust the government that had provided a safe haven to the
alleged perpetrators of 9/11.
i. Apparently, Pakistan had to forego its interest and bow to US demands, furtively,
however, this did not prove to be the case as the War on Terror developed.
j. After the war had begun, a paradigm shift took place, during the decade, several
attacks and assaults began targeting Pakistan and its armed forces along with
Afghan Taliban. Once NATO's ISAF and other US troops arrived Pakistan had to
recalibrate its policy in Afghanistan.
k. It follows that the country's prime interest, that of Security, is not "secure," that
its other interests such as a stable and friendly Afghanistan, self-determination
of Kashmir, its economic stability, are failing and under attack from exogenous
forces."
4. What Pakistan needs to do?
. Pakistan needs to reaffirm its commitment to maintaining a coherent geo-
strategy towards India; political nationalism is now getting superfluous and
obsolete and economic relations are taking on the driving seat.
a. It must redefine its commitment to Kashmir and redouble its efforts to find a
political solution to the plight of Kashmiri’s
b. It must re-examine its bond with Saudi Arabia and achieve an equitable mix
 c. It must capitalise on, and foster the economic and military relationship with
China, Pakistan’s most venerable and valuable ally
d. American and Pakistani interests do not coalesce any longer; therefore, new
parameters should be drawn up by both nations that limit and phase out
bilateral security cooperation
e. Pakistan must seek out its own path; independently, whilst remaining faithful to
its raison d’être; selfishly, whilst maintaining unity amongst its peoples; and
confidently, whilst maintaining discipline in every field of its endeavor.
5. Conclusion
. In summary, external forces are dictating and organizing Pakistan’s national
interests. Internally there is incoherence in defining the national interest as the
various political and economic elites identify and explain it in terms of alignment
with the US, which is seen as indispensable for progress. Several others, in the
country feel that this is a pernicious attempt to change the norms and values of
the country and, therefore, are partial to realignment, extracting Pakistan from
the American sphere of influence.
a. Hence the national interest of Pakistan lies in being a liberal and progressive
Islamic state.

Topic 26: Critical Analysis of Economic Survey

1. Introduction
a. The targeted economic growth for the outgoing year was missed by a long shot
as most of targets were missed
b. Last year, finance minister Ishaq Dar announced a target of five percent GDP
growth but the tally could only muster up 4.24 percent.
c. The performance of the agriculture and manufacturing sector is more revealing
of why targeted growth was not achieved.
d. Agriculture comprises 20.9 percent of GDP where as manufacturing contributes
another 13 percent to national income.
e. The share of agriculture sector in total employment has dipped slightly in the
outgoing fiscal from 43.7 percent but, the report card claims that unemployment
has dropped marginally, from 6.24 percent in FY 14.
2. Highlights Of The Economic Survey
. The economic growth rate is 4.24 percent; broad based and is the highest
achievement since 2008-2009.
a. Major success of the outgoing fiscal year includes
i. picking up economic growth, contained at lowest levels since 2003
ii. improvement in tax collection
iii. reduction in fiscal deficit
iv. workers’ remittances touches new heights
v. successful launching of Sukuk
vi. foreign exchange and stock market created new history.
 b. The government is mindful of the limitations caused by energy crisis. The survey
cites ongoing energy projects are potential drivers for economic activity in the
upcoming year and also as a source of energy for the power deprived industries.
3. Critical Analysis
. Government failing to take full advantage of the fall in global oil prices and riding
on loans and grants, the country was able to shore up its foreign currency
reserves.
a. industrial and agriculture sectors missed their targets
b. Over the 2011-2015 period, average growth was 2.9pc, 3.17pc, 4.95pc for each
sector respectively. The 4.2% growth rate is the highest in seven years.
c. Pakistan is the second largest economy of the entire South Asian region we find
that Pakistan’s growth of almost 4 percent in the past 5 years is much low
compared to other countries in South Asia which averaged almost 7 percent
growth.
4. Inflation: Lowest CPI inflation rate in 11 years
. CPI inflation in FY14-15 is the lowest it has been over the 2009-2015 period at
4.8pc, falling drastically from previous year's 8.6pc, with the pace of decline
quicker than that of some regional countries.
a. The decline is attributed to cheaper oil prices that fell by almost 50pc in the
same period and the lagged effect of “monetary tightening” in 2013 (increased
interest rates)
5. GDP Growth
. The difference between budgeted and achieved real GDP growth was much
greater than it has been in previous years
a. Pakistan is much behind than its regional counterparts in South Asia, which
averaged almost 7% growth in GDP.
6. Tax-to-GDP: Ratio one of the lowest in the world
. According to the PES 2014-2015, Pakistan's tax revenue as a percentage of GDP
has declined significantly in the past year, from 10.2pc in FY13-14 to 7.5pc in
FY14-15
a. The larger South Asian countries like India and Bangladesh have struggled on
account of tax revenue.
b. Despite introducing tax reforms in 2003, performance not good.
c. Until and unless Tax reforms are not introduced and measures are not taken
aggressively, deficit would keep increasing.
7. Health: Expenditure increases but health-to-GDP ratio stagnant
. According to the PES 2014-15, the government spent 0.42pc of GDP on health in
FY14-15
8. Education: Literacy regresses
. Pakistan's literacy rate fell two percentage points over FY13-14, according to the
PES 2014-2015.
a. Average expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP has remained
consistent at around 2 percent for the period 2009-2014.
 b. It is worthy to note over here that the PML (N) government had promised a 4%
for the education.
9. PSDP expenditure: Majority of PSDP projects concentrated in Punjab (Public Sector
Development Programme)
10. Agricultural Growth
. The 3.3 percent agricultural growth target was missed as the sector grew by 2.9
percent only.
a. The production targets of important crops; other crops, livestock and forestry
were missed.
11. Services Sector Growth
. The services sector did the best, growing by 4.95 percent, which is a narrow
miss of its 5.2 percent government growth target.
12. Industrial Growth
. Industrial sector recorded growth at 3.62 percent as compared to 4.45 percent
last year.
a. The target for the industrial sector growth was set at 6.8%. Large Scale
Manufacturing has registered growth of 2.38% as compared to the growth of
3.99% last year. The target was set at 7%.
13. Debt Servicing
. Pakistan spent 44.5% of its total revenue to service debt payments in first nine
months till March 2015 compared to 47% spent during the same period of
previous year.
14. Conclusion

Topic 27: Critical Analysis of Previous and Current Budgets

1. Introduction
a. Estimate of income and expenditures
b. Statements whether it is people-friendly or pro rich
c. Current Budget partly people friendly
2. Current Expenditure Break down
. Rs. 3482 bn (Expenditure in last fiscal year was Rs. 3463 bn)
a. Civil Pension: Rs 56 bn
b. Military Pension: Rs. 174 bn
c. Subsidies: Rs. 137 bn
d. Non salary of civil govt: Rs. 129 bn
e. Civil Govt Allowance: Rs. 120 bn
f. Civil Govt. Salary: Rs. 73 bn
3. Current Revenue Breakdown
. Rs. 4089 bn
a. Rs. 1.347 trillion: Direct tax
b. Rs. 1.755 trillion: Indirect Tax
c. Rs. 40 bn: Foreign Grant
d. Rs. 280 bn: Profit of State Bank
 e. Rs. 227.6 bn: Property and enterprise Income
f. Rs. 40 bn: Royalty
4. Layman’s analysis of Budgets
. Tax on mobiles: 100% tax on mobiles this year
a. Capital Gains Tax: (On shares) visible increase
i. Sale after 2 years, 0%(2014-15), 7.5 %(2015-16)
ii. Sale between 1 and 2 years, 10%(2014-15), 12.5 %(2015-16)
iii. Sale within 1 year, 12.5%(2014-15), 15 %(2015-16)
b. Oil and Gas Sector
. Revenue in 2014-15: 405 bn
i. Revenue in 2015-16: 382 bn (due to oil prices plunge)
c. Minimum Wages
. 12000 in 2014-15 while it is increased to 13000 in budget 2015-16
d. Salary tax of people making between 400,000-500,000 decreased from 5% to 2%
e. Electricity Bills: Subsidies shrank from 203.24 bn(2014-15) to 137.6 bn.
f. PSDP has been raised from Rs. 525 bn to 700 bn
5. Analysis by Government
. Total Outlay: 305% higher than previous budget
a. Resource Availability
. 2015-16: 4163.3 bn
i. 2014-15: 4073.8 bn
b. Net Revenue Receipts: 10.7 % increase than previous budget
c. Provincial Share: estimated to be rs. 1849 bn i.e. 7.5 % higher than previous
Budget
d. Net Capital Receipts
. 2015-16: Rs. 606.3 bn
i. 2014-15: Rs. 690.7 bn (12% decrease)
e. External Receipts: 12.1 % increase as compared to previous budget
f. Public Order and Safety
. 2014-15: Rs 87,598 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 94,899 m
g. Agriculture etc
. 2014-15: Rs 26623 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 23497 m
h. Fuel and Energy
. 2014-15: Rs 960 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 769 m
i. Mining
. 2014-15: Rs 1276 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 1403 m
j. Construction and Transport
. 2014-15: Rs 12353 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 11854 m
k. Environment Protection
 . 2014-15: Rs 935 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 1055 m
l. Health
. 2014-15: Rs 10124 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 11010 m
m. Education
. 2014-15: Rs 64519 m
i. 2015-16: Rs. 75580 m
n. PSDP
. 2015-16: 1513.7 bn which is 27.4% more than the previous Budget
6. Critical Analysis
. Reduction in inflation estimate at 4.8 % against 8% of 2014-15
a. Unemployment has decreased by 0.3 %
b. Focus on energy projects like hydro etc.
c. Interest free loans for solar powered tubewells to aid agriculture
d. Public development has been focused
e. Taxation have been a blow for shareholders
7. Conclusion (Habiba Sheikh)

Topic 28: Critical Analysis On Problems And Performance Of Major Sectors

The major sectors of Pakistan include Agriculture, Industry and services. There are numerous
sub-sectors under each main sector. The performance of each sector has been judged according
to the statistics of the Economic Survey FY 2014-2015. Some of the problems of the major
sectors have been mentioned and remedies offered.

1. Introduction
a. The GDP growth accelerates to 4.24 percent in 2014-15 against the growth of
4.03 percent recorded in the same period last year. The growth momentum is
broad based, as all sectors namely agriculture, industry and services have
supported economic growth.
2. Agriculture
. Current Scenario
i. The agriculture sector accounts for 20.9 percent of GDP and 43.5
percent of employment, the sector has strong backward and forward
linkages. The agriculture sector has four sub-sectors including: crops,
livestock, fisheries and forestry.
ii. The agriculture growth stood at 2.9 percent during July-March, 2014-15
as compared to 2.7 percent during the last year.
iii. Crops witnessed a growth of 1.0 percent, Livestock 4.1 percent,
Forestry 3.2 percent and Fishing 5.8 percent.
a. Problems related to Agriculture
. Lack of Education and Lack of Capital
i. Following of old traditions
ii. Water-logging and salinity
 iii. Uneconomical Land holdings
iv. Scarcity of Water
v. Soil Erosion
vi. Lack of organized marketing
vii. Pests and Crop Diseases
viii. Poor means of transportation
ix. Lack of Credit Facilities
x. Low Yield per acre
b. Suggestions and remedies
. Reclamation of Land
i. Irrigation Facilities
ii. The Use of fertilizers
iii. Credit facilities
iv. Better quality seeds
v. Plant protection
vi. Mechanization
vii. Cooperative farming
viii. Higher Education Level
ix. Marketing Facilities
x. Improvement in the means of transportation and communication
3. Industry
. Current Scenario
. The industrial sector contributes 20.30 percent in GDP; it is also a major
source of tax revenues for the government and also contributes
significantly in the provision of job opportunities to the labour force.
i. The manufacturing is the most important sub-sector of the industrial
sector comprising 65.4 percent share in the overall industrial sector.
ii. Manufacturing has three sub-components; namely the Large-Scale
Manufacturing (LSM) with the share of 80 percent, Small Scale
Manufacturing with the share of 13 percent and Slaughtering with the
share of 7 percent.
iii. Electricity generation & distribution and Gas Distribution is the most
essential component of industrial sector. This sub-sector has registered
growth at 1.94 percent as compared to 5.57 percent in last year.
iv. Cotton textile production and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan's
largest industries, accounting for about 66% of the merchandise
exports and almost 40% of the employed labor force.
a. Problems Faced By The Textile Industry Of Pakistan
. Financial Problems
i. Domestic Issues
ii. Global Recession
iii. Textile input Issues
iv. Taxation Issues
v. Energy Crisis
 vi. International Competition
vii. Environmental Issues
b. Remedies and Solutions
. Input-related Remedies
i. Remedies for Energy Crisis
ii. Financial Remedial Measures
iii. Human Resource Development
iv. SME’s Promotion
v. Labor Intensive Industries
vi. Taxation Solutions
vii. Foreign Investment Promotion
viii. Environmental Remedies
4. Services
. Current Scenario
. The share of the services sector has reached to 58.8 percent in 2014-
15.
i. Services sector contains six sub-sectors including: Transport, Storage
and Communication; Wholesale and Retail Trade; Finance and
Insurance; Housing Services (Ownership of Dwellings); General
Government Services (Public Administration and Defense); and Other
Private Services (Social Services).
ii. The Services sector has witnessed a growth rate of 4.95 percent as
compared to 4.37 percent last year.
iii. The growth performance in services sector is broad based, all
components contributed positively in growth, Finance and Insurance at
6.1 percent, General Government Services at 9.4 percent, Housing
Services at 4.0 percent, Other Private Services at 5.9 percent,
Transport, Storage and Communication at 4.2 percent and Wholesale
and Retail Trade at 3.4 percent.
a. Problems of Services Sector
. Lack of advance technical skill and education to the workers
i. Incapable of coping up with global requirements
ii. Less absorption of labor in sophisticated industries, financial, trade,
transport and communication services.
iii. Lack of new avenues of services sector
iv. No research and development (R&D)
v. No technology up gradation
vi. Less efforts for human resource development (HRD) particularly
management improvement and reformed policy environment
vii. Lack of dynamic leadership at national level
viii. corruption, nepotism, maladministration
b. Strategy for Development of Services Sector
. Good infrastructure (ICT, transport, shipping)
i. Ability to plan and prepare the complete logistics chain
 ii. Mobilization of human resources and entrepreneurial capacity
iii. Good language and communication skills in organization along with a
clear understanding of how these tools can be harnessed.
iv. Upgrading skills and internal processes of employment
v. Liberalizing the policy regime and mobilizing domestic financial
resources for long-term investment
vi. Reduce delays in adjudication of disputes related to foreign
investments
5. Conclusion

Topic 29: Pakistan And Changing Regional Apparatus

1. Introduction
2. Current Scenario concerning Pakistan
a. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) agreement; not just a bilateral
economic co-operation project, has imp strategic implications
b. US-Pakistan arms deal:
i. America’s clearance of Foreign Military Sale of Viper Attack Helicopters
and Hellfire II Missiles to Pakistan
ii. U.S pak arm deal delivered a strong message to India that if it continues
to shop elsewhere then America will sell arms to other countries also.
iii. Increased Pressure on India that it cancelled its deal with France.
c. Upward trajectory in Pakistan-Russia relations: Defence Agreement and
procurement of 4 MI-35M helicopters
d. Careful avoidance of direct military involvement in Yemen crisis:
. long term benefit, dip in Pak-saudi relations is temporary;
i. another theatre of proxy war between Iran and Saudia;
ii. the saudi move has been strongly backed by the U.S, which is providing
"logistical and intelligence support."
iii. Afghan has also announced its support for the military intervention by
Saudia
e. Afghanistan’s well thought out foreign policy shift towards Pakistan
f. If the P5+1 and Iran seal the nuclear deal, then Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project
g. Economist’s report about Pakistan’s economy; growth rate of 4.7 percent.
3. India-Pakistan Relations
. The brash India of Modi’s early days is likely to mellow down
a. Together Pakistan and India could achieve more for their countries
b. erratic impulsive behavior by Indian policy makers often reflects belligerent and
aggressive mindset nuance than substance but has been disrupting bilateral
dialogue and has often scuttled meaningful peace initiatives by Pakistan
c. arrogant India is certainly a source of regional instability
4. Regional apparatus concerning Afghanistan
 . America has reconciled with the possibility that it could be replaced in
Afghanistan by China with the help of Pakistan
a. President Ashraf Ghani has completed the first trip of the capitals which matter
in the future political and economic settlement of Afghanistan; his desire to to
“make Afghanistan a graveyard of terror” looking for regional assistance
b. New Delhi may be losing influence in Afghanistan because of Ghani’s efforts to
forge closer ties with Pakistan and China, because India has disappointed
Afghanistan on many counts.
c. Modi said that India should join an existing Afghan-Pakistan Trade and Transit
agreement
d. Ghani said: “Our vision today is to be guided by that potential where the energy
of Central Asia will flow to South Asia where pipelines, fiber optics, railways, and
connectivity, air, ground and virtual will connect us.” And this is what CPEC offers
e. India was the first country with which Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership
agreement, but the contour of the relationship has changed. Afghanistan spoke
to China about its new external priorities indicating relegation of India to the
outermost circle. decided not to pursue the request for defence equipment from
India
f. Engage Pakistan vigorously and obtain its cooperation; Ghani has also started
sending officer cadets for training at the Pakistani military academy
g. He has concluded that India’s capacity to help is limited and Pakistani and China
could be more productive partners.
h. India may take the trajectories like: coax Iran and play repeat role of 1980s and
90s for destabilizing central government by provoking ethnic minorities
5. Regional apparatus concerning Iran
. China will now concentrate on energy-rich Iran that shall emerge much stronger
after its nuclear deal and in the backdrop of the recent events in the Middle East
and North African Region.
a. Russia, with its growing understanding with China is emerging as an important
regional player looking up to revive its stalled S3000 missile deal with Iran.
b. China has also just agreed to build nuclear power plants for Iran.
c. US-Iran nuclear deal:
. It will send a rolling new power dynamic in Middle East.
i. Pak-Iran gas pipeline is becoming a reality.
ii. Saudi and Israel are apprehensive of Iran’s increasing power.
6. Conclusion
. Pakistan needs to follow a prudent policy to capitalize on the advantages that
are visible now.
a. Some of these are transient while some others are fragile.
b. A time bound effort is required to benefit from transient ones and
comprehensive strategy should be evolved to secure the fragile ones.

Topic 30: The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional
Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts
1. Introduction
a. constitution; back bone of any country
b. Pakistan's dwindling constitution
c. need for amendments and changes
2. Basic structure of doctrine (BSD)
. Introduction of BSD
i. The basic structure doctrine has gained significant prominence in the
constitutional jurisprudence of Pakistan for last 2 decades.
ii. According to this, the constitution of Pak has some salient features like
federalism, a parliamentary form of govt, fundamental human rights,
Islamic provisions and independence of judiciary which jointly form the
framework of the constitution.
iii. These features are so important and inevitable that even parliament
has no right to modify/destroy them through any constitutional
amendment.
iv. It is a conflicting and contradictory judgment in Pakistan on the issue of
the so-called basic structure of constitution.
v. The doctrine has not yet been adopted by our apex court in absolute
terms. Nor has it struck down any constitutional amendment passed by
parliament so far .
a. When does it start:
. first came in lime light when supreme court delivered its judgment in
the Mahmood Khan Achakzai case.
i. In this case, the apex court did not absolutely restructure the power of
parliament to amend the constitution but merely made it conditional to
the provisions of objectives resolutions.
ii. It mentioned a legal technicality that a constitutional amendment could
not come in conflict with any provision of the objective resolution that
was part and parcel of the constitution.
iii. In case of Pakistan lawyer’s forum vs Federation of Pakistan, apex court
tried to dissipate entire "basic structure" controversy in Pakistan. It
maintained that undoubtedly the constitution of Pak has some features
but it was not the job of judiciary to protect them.
b. Separation of power:
. It is an important political doctrine that is based on principle of "trias
politica"
i. It contends that all three branches of government, executive,
legislature and judiciary should wield their powers separately and
independent of each other.
c. Legislation:
. An imp and basic function of legislation.
i. Amending any provision of the constitution is also a prerogative of the
legislature as that is the body that forms the constitution.
3. The Recent Constitutional Amendment (21st amendment)
 . Introduction
. Passed by both national assembly and senate on 6th Jan 2015.
i. Revived assent of President on 7th Jan 2015.
ii. Amended the article 175 and the first schedule of constitution.
a. Background:
. Sought to set up speedy trial military courts for offence relating to
terrorism, waging of war against Pak and prevention of acts threatening
the Pak security.
i. Duration of these courts will be 2 years.
ii. Decision came after the 2014 Peshawar school massacre.
b. Amendment provisions
. 238 and 239
4. Supreme Court
. Introduction
. Article 175 to 188 of the constitution of Pakistan deals with the
establishment of Supreme Court and high court.
i. A.k.a. Apex court, The apex court has jurisdiction all over Pakistan, In
that case its decision are binding upon all high courts and other courts
ii. President appoints chief justice
iii. Guardian of constitution and fundamental rights
a. Appointment and Qualification
. Appointment by President
i. Must be citizen and has remained judge of high court for at least 5
years
ii. Advocate of high court for 15 years
iii. President has authority to remove chief justice
iv. Retires at 65 years of age
v. Chief Justice can be terminated from holding office for gross
misconduct, holding another public office
b. Jurisdiction (Jurisdiction means the territory over which power can be exercised)
. Original Jurisdiction
1. Means the powers granted as per constitution
2. In dispute between two or more governments
3. Element of public interest
4. Case Law: Benazir Bhutto vs Federtion of Pakistan (1988); The SC
accepted the constitutional petition of benazir and declared
objection as null and void
i. Appellate Jurisdiction
1. Means orders that can be appealed to a higher court be it a high
court or supreme court
2. Appeal lies in
a. Reversal of order
b. Withdrawal of case
c. Punishment for contempt of high court
 d. Amount of subject matter of dispute not less than 50,000
e. Property not less than 50,000
f. Interpretation of Constitution
ii. Advisory Jurisdiction
1. To advise the president on question of law having public interest
2. this is only done by chief justice of supreme court to president)
iii. Decision-Binding
1. Case Law: Red Grave Vs Hurd 1881; Decision of SC is majority
decision and is binding
iv. Transfer and Revision of Case
1. SC can order transfer from one HC to another
2. Can review its own judgement
5. High Court
. Introduction
. In each province
i. Judgment binding on all courts
ii. Article 192-201
iii. Appointment by President
a. Appointment
. By president after consultation with CJ, Governor, CJ of High Court( in
case of other judges)
b. Qualification
. Citizen of Pakistan
i. Age-45 years
ii. Advocate of HC for 10 years
iii. Member of civil service for 10 years
iv. Exercised functions of district judge for 3 years
v. Held judicial office for 10 years
vi. Retirement-62 years
c. Writ Jurisdiction of HC
. Writ is an order issued by high court ordering a person to do or avoid
doing a certain act
i. Habeas corpus
ii. Mandamus
iii. Prohibition
iv. Quo warranto
v. Certiorari
vi. Case Law: Fariz Ahmed Vs Govt of Pakistan 1965; It was held that
constitutional power of writ jurisdiction of HC is superior remedy and
cannot be curtailed by subordinate legislation
d. Other Powers
. Appellate jurisdiction
i. Advisory jurisdiction
ii. Punishment for contempt of court
 iii. Code of conduct
iv. Enforcement of fundamental right
6. Important Legislations
. The Pakistan Army (Amendment) Act, 2015 7/1/15
a. The constitution (21st Amendment) Act, 2015 7/1/15
b. The Gas Infrastructure Development Cess Act, 2015 21/06/15
c. The Finance Act, 2015 29/06/15
d. The Finance Act, 2015 29/06/15
e. The Legal Practitioners and Bar Councils (Amendment) Act 23/07/15
f. The Seed (amendment) Act 23/7/15
7. Conclusion (Habiba Sheikh and Rudaina Ali)

Topic 31: Non-Traditional Security Threats In Pakistan: Role Of Non-State Actors

1. Introduction
a. Non-traditional security threats are the challenges that arise primarily out of
non-military sources.
b. Non-State Actor is an individual or organization that has a significant political
influence but is not allied to any particular country/state.
2. Non-Traditional Security Threats In Pakistan:
. Climate change:
i. most fundamental one
ii. frequent extreme weather events and changes in temperature and
precipitation.
iii. produces floods, droughts, cyclones and increased sea levels.
iv. Pakistan is in top 10 countries facing adverse climate change.
a. Increased population:
. disturbs economy and environment burdening society.
b. Food scarcity
c. Water scarcity:
. due to increased pressure of population and urbanization
i. decreased level of precipitation.
d. Resource scarcity
e. infectious diseases
f. poverty
g. deteriorating economic conditions.
3. Positive Non-State Actors
. NGOs
a. multinational corporations
b. international media
4. Negative Non-State Actors
. violent non-state actors
 a. religious groups
b. international media
5. Role Of Non-State Actors
. dual role to play
a. Generate a non-traditional threat by manipulating the market dynamics and
playing with the intricacies of stock exchanges.
b. Play a role in mitigating the effects of some of the non-traditional challenges.
c. Could act as a constructive or destructive agent
6. Conclusion (Rudaina Ali)

Current Scenario of Pakistan-Ratings

1. Situated on the western edge of South Asia, Pakistan has a population of about 184
million, with sex ratio of 105.6: 100. It is estimated that about 62% of the people are
residing in rural and 38% in urban areas. GDP Per Capita Income is US$ 1,368 for 2012-
13.
2. rapid population growth, which was 3.1% or more during 1990s, and is still above 2%
per annum
3. The TI (Transparency International) described Pakistan’s CPI score of 29 out of 100 and
ranking of 126 among 175 countries as the best in 2013 report.
4. The GDP growth accelerates to 4.24 percent 2014-15
5. Per capita income in dollar terms recorded a growth of 9.25 percent 2014-15
6. Trade account balance recorded deficit of US $ 13,910 million during Jul-April FY15 as
against US $ 13,811 million
7. Inflation rate averaged at 4.8 percent during July-April, 2014-15

To-do (1)
Topic 32: Challenges to Sovereignty, Challenging Security dynamics; Challenges to National
Security