The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: Shobhit Nirwan'S
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: Shobhit Nirwan'S
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe: Shobhit Nirwan'S
SHOBHIT NIRWAN's
DESIGNED
°
Adoption of the new tricolor national flag replacing the former royal standard .
0
Adoption of French as the common
language .
pyo
← 2019
s
#
↳
Napoleonic Code OR
civil code of 1804 : .
Removed all
°
°
privileges based on birth
Abolished the feudal system .
°
Guild system removed .
°
Transport and communication system improved .
Secured the
°
right to
property .
PYD 2016 :
"
Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France but in the administrative field he .
had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more
"
rational and efficient Analyse statement with 15T
. the
arguments .
The
Making of Nationalism in Europe
These are some important factors which led to the rise of nationalism
in
Europe :
o Rise of middle class -
latin word meaning free . -
.
°
Peasantry
Middle class
: cis Majority in number
: cis Due to industrialisation social
°
,
the new
groups -
a
working class
and middle class came into being .
( ius It was among the educated , liberal middle class , the idea of
national
unity gained popularity .
°
In economic sphere , liberian stood for the freedom of market and abolition of
state imposed restriction on the movement of goods and capital .
believed that traditional Institutions like the monarchy , the church , social hierarchies ,
and family should be preserved
property
-
o A series of state created on the french boundary for preventing french expansion
in future
°
German confederation way left untouched .
°
Main intension ways to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by napoleon .
°
Power which defeated Napo lean collectively were involved in treaty .
PII 20148 How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European States after
1815 ? 1ST
°
Art , poetry , stories , music shaped nationalist feelings .
°
Romantic artists criticised reason and science
° Emotions , Intuition and mystical feeling were
encouraged .
°
Collected local folklore to spread nationalism even illiterates
°
Used
language to resists foreign dominance .
20119 Explain three ways in which nationalist feeling were kept alive in Poland in 18M$19tha
Culture Played an important role in creating the idea of the nation in Europe
" "
2010 : .
° Reduced Jobs .
°
Cities overcrowded
were .
o
shortage of food .
M¥2017 : Describe
any
three hardships faced by Europe in 1830s 131 .
2019 :
explain the conditions that were viewed as obstacles to the economic exchange and growth
by the new commercial classes during the nineteenth century in Europe 131 .
with the revolts of the poor , unemployed and starving peasants and workers in
Along
°
many
European countries in the year 1848 ,
a revolution led
by the educated middle classes was also
under way .
O Jn the parts of Europe where Independent nation-states did not yet exist such as germany , Italy -
Poland ete , men and women of liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism
their demands
°
They took
advantage of the
growing popular unrest all over Europe ,
to push
for the creation of a nation-state on
parliamentary principles .
on the
leadership of the movement for National unification .
o Three war over seven years ended in brass fan victory and completed the process
of unification .
#
Italy : divided into
°
Italy was seven States of which only Sardinia Piedmont was
ruled by an Italian princely state .
o
Garibaldi was also helped by Cavour and Mazzini .
PH 2019 Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the making of Germany
: . GI
2012 Describe the
process of Unification of Italy
'
GI
'
: .
Visualizing the Nation
Nations were then portrayed as female figures The female form that was chosen .
to personify the nation did not stand for in real life The female
any particular women
.
figure became an allegory of the nation In france , the female allegory was christened
.
° It was too a
region of geographical and ethnic variations .
0 It was inhabited
by slaves and under control of Ottoman Empire .
°
Ideas of nationalism swept over entire Balkan region .
PIA 2018 : Describe the explosive conditions prevailing in Balkans after 1871 in Europe .
long offering
homage to the statue of liberty .
0 He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind .
So
Italy had to be forged into a single unified republic
,
.
# Revolution in Greece :
o
Greece which had been a
part of the Ottoman Empire since I5th century struggled ,
for independence
Nationalist in Greece
got support from western European artists , poets and Greeks
°
°
finally , the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation .
# Unification of Britain :
o The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such
-
as
English g Welsh g Scot and Irish.
° But as the
English nation steadily grew in wealth , importance and power , it was able
to extend its influence over the other nations of islands .
Act of Union 4707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the United
'
°
Kingdom of Great Britain meant g in effect , that England was able to impose its
'
influence on Scotland .
dress
.
ANSWERS
Initially, in many places such as Holland and Switzerland, as well as in cities like
Brussels, Mainz, Milan and Warsaw, the French armies were welcomed as
harbingers of liberty. As new administrative arrangements did not go hand in
hand with political freedom, enthusiasm turned into hostility. Increased taxation,
censorship, forced conscription into the French armies to conquer the rest of
Europe, outweighed the advantages of the administrative changes.
Ans17. The nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans due to the
following reasons:
Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising
modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were
known as the Slavs. A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the
Ottoman empire.
After the decline of the Ottoman empire and the growth of romantic nationalism
in the Balkans, the region became very explosive. Its European subject
nationalities broke away from its control and declared independence.
As the different nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence,
the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were
fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the
expense of others.
Ans18.
The year following 1815, was the period of revolutionaries. Most of the
revolutionaries were committed to oppose monarchical forms and to fight for
liberty and freedom
One such prominent revolutionary was "Giuseppe Mazzini", an Italian
revolutionary. Mazzini also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary part in
the struggle for freedom. Ele strongly believed in the unification of Italy as a
single unified republic which could be the basis of Italian liberty.
Mazzini's relentless opposition to monarchy and his vision of a democratic
republic frightened the Conservatives. His ideas also influenced the
revolutionaries of Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
Ans19. Napoleon had brought revolutionary changes in the administrative field in
order ton make the whole system rational and efficient. The Civil Code of 1804 is
usually known as the Napoleonic Code.
1 . The first major change was doing away with all privileges based on birth,
establishing equality before law and securing the right to property.
2. Administrative divisions were simplified.
3. Feudal system was abolished and peasants were freed from serfdom and
manorial dues (abuse of manorial lords).
4. In towns, guild restrictions were removed.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
Ans20. Following are the causes of economic hardships in Europe
during 1830s:
1. Europe had come under the grip of large scale unemployment. In most of the
countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.
2. Cities had become overcrowded and slums had emerged as populations from
the rural areas migrated to the cities.
3. Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports
of cheap machine-made goods from England where industrialization was more
advanced specially in the field of textile production.
4. In those regions of Europe, where aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants
struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
5. The rise of food prices and bad harvests added to the hardships of the peasants.
Ans21.
The first clear-cut expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in
1789. In 1789, France was under the rule of an absolute monarch.
When the revolutionaries came to power in France, they were determined to
create a new sense of unity and nationhood. For this, they emphasized the
concept of France being the father land (La Patrie) for all French people, who
were from now on addressed as citizens (citoyen). They were given the tricolour
flag, the three colours representing liberty, equality and fraternity.
French revolutionaries introduced various other measures such as:
1. The Estate General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
2. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in
the name of the nation.
3. A centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform
laws for all citizens within its territory.
4. Internal customs, duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of
weights and measures was adopted.
Ans22. Unification of Germany: In the 18th century, Germany was divided into a
number of states. Some of these states ceased to exist during the Napoleonic
wars. At the end of the war, there were still 39 independent states in Germany.
Prussia was most powerful, dominated by big landlords known as Junkers.
(i) Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle class Germans who had
tried to unite the different regions of the German federation into a nation-state
governed by an elected Parliament.
(ii) In May 1848, a large number of political associations came together to vote for
an All German National Assembly. Their representatives met at Frankfurt and the
Frankfurt Assembly proposed the unification of Germany as a constitutional
monarchy under the King of Prussia as emperor.
(ii) The King of Prussia rejected the offer and the liberal initiative of nation
building was repressed by combined forces of the monarchy, the military and the
'Junkers'.
(iv) Then on, Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck led the movement
for unification of Germany. Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the
Prussian army and the bureaucracy. He fought three wars over seven years with
Denmark, Austria and France. Prussia was victorious in all these wars and the
process of unification was completed as a result of Prussia's victory over France.
(v) Consequently, on 18th January 1871, an assembly of princes of German states,
representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered
in the Palace of Versailles and proclaimed the Prussian King, Kaiser William, the
new German Emperor.
Ans23. During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove
many liberal nationalists underground.
1. Secret societies sprang up in many European states to train revolutionaries and
spread their ideas. Revolutionary ideas were spread by opposing monarchical
forms and to fight for liberty and freedom.
2. Most of the revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation states as a necessary
part of this struggle for freedom.
3. Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Geneva in 1807. He was a
member of the Secret Society of the Carbonari. He attempted a revolution in 1831
and was sent into exile.
4. He had set up two more underground societies, namely, Young Italy (1832) in
Marseilles and then Young Europe in Berne. The members were like-minded
young men from Poland, France, Italy and Germany.
5. He opposed monarchy and small states and kingdoms and dreamt of a
Democratic Republic. He believed the unification of Italy alone could be the basis
of Italian liberty.
Ans24. Culture, music, dance and religion played an important role in
the growth of nationalism.
(i) Role of culture was important in creating the idea of the nation. Art, poetry,
music etc. helped in developing and expressing nationalist feelings. Romanticism
was a cultural movement that led to the development of nationalist sentiment.
Romantic artists and poets criticized the glorification of reason and science and
instead focussed on emotions and intuition.
(ii) Artists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries portrayed nations as female
figures. The female form, that was chosen to personify the nation, did not stand
for any particular woman in real life. Rather it sought to give the abstract idea of
the nation in concrete form. That is, the female figure became the allegory of the
nation. In France, she was named Marianne-a popular Christian name and in
Germany, Germania.
(iii) Language too played an important role in developing nationalist sentiments.
After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and
the Russian language was imposed everywhere. In 1831, an armed rebellion
against Russian rule took place which was ultimately crushed. Following this,
many members of the clergy in Poland began to use language as a weapon of
national resistance.
(iv) Romantics such as the German philosopher Herder claimed that true German
culture was to be discovered among the common people - das volk. It was
through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances that the true spirit of the nation
was popularized.
Ans25. Liberalism or Liberal Nationalism stood for freedom for the
individual and equality of all before the law. Lour ideas of
Liberal Nationalists in the economic sphere are:
1 . Liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed
restriction. For example, Napoleon's administration was a confederation of 29
states, each of these possessed its own currencies, weight and measures. Such
conditions were viewed as obstacles to economic exchange.
2. Liberal Nationalists argued for the creation of a unified economic territory
allowing the unhindered movement of goods, people and capital.
3. In 1834, a customs union or " zollverein" was formed. The union abolished tariff
barriers and reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
4. The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing
economic interest to national unification.