Equilibriumchemistry Cheat Sheet
Equilibriumchemistry Cheat Sheet
Equilibrium = the point in a chemical reaction Helps to determine the position of the Molar solubility: The amount of solute (in
where the reactants and the products are equilibrium of a system using the rate law for mol) that can be dissolved in 1 L of solvent at
formed and broken at the same rate the system and comparing it with the Keq a certain temperature
Dynamic equilibrium = a balance between the If Q < [products] < [reactants] T α solubility: as temperature increases, so
forward and backward rates that are Keq Reaction has not reached ⇌ yet; does molar solubility
occurring simultaneously reaction needs to shift right
All compounds have some solubility , even if
Equilibrium law = mathematical description they are considered "insoluble" (really very low
If Q > [products] > [reactants]
of a chemical system at equilibrium Keq Reaction has not reached ⇌ yet; molar solubility)
Equilibrium constant (K or Keq) = the numerical reaction needs to shift left
Very soluble compounds (high molar
value defining the equilibrium law for a If Q = [products] = [reactants] solubility) = no ⇌ (complete disassociation
system at a given temperature (changes with Keq Reaction has not reached into ions)
temperature) equilibrium yet; no shift will occur
Slightly soluble compounds (low molar
Heterogeneous equilibrium = products and solubility) = has ⇌ (incomplete/partial
reactants are in at least 2 different states; Variables Affecting Chemical Equilibria
disassociation into ions)
pure solids/liquids are not included in Keq
Le Châtelier's Principle: When a chemical As a compound is placed in a solvent,some
formula system at equilibrium is disturbed by a part of it will dissolve, but at the same time,
change in property, the system responds in a the reverse reaction starts
Equilibrium Constant (Keq) way that opposes the change
Eventually the two reactions reach equilibrium,
Keq formula: Concentration/Temperature creating a saturated solution (at this point,
If a[A] + b[B] ⇌ c[C] + d[D]; then [conc]/T = shift to consume [conc] of ions remains constant) solubility
equilibrium
Keq = ([C]c[D]d) ÷ ([A] a[B]b) [conc]/T = shift to replace
Equilibrium formula for solubility:
Magnitude of Keq: states whether the If you add more reactant/heat to a system, the
system will consume it to make more product, If x[Aa Bb] (s) ⇌ a[Ab+] (aq) + b[Ba-]
equilibrium position favours
products/reactants and vice versa (aq), then
If K = 1 [products] = If you remove reactant/heat from a system, the Ksp = [Ab+] a[Ba-] b
[reactants] system will replace it from the existing product,
Ksp (Solubility product constant): the product
and vice versa
If K 1 [products] of the [conc] of ions in a saturated solution
[reactants] Volume/Pressure (gases only)
If Amount (mol) of aqueous ions
If K 1 [products] V = P = shift toward side with more gas Ksp amount (mol) of solid substance
[reactants] entities (i.e. more mol of gas) (more space for 1
Kforward vs Kbackward particles)
If Amount (mol) of aqueous ions
V = P = shift toward side with fewer gas Ksp amount (mol) of solid substance
If a[A] ⇌ b[B], then
entities (i.e. less mol of gas) (less space for 1
Kforward = ([B]b) Kbackward = ([A]a)
particles)
÷ ([A] a) ÷ ([B] b) Molar solubility and the Ksp describe the
Catalysts/Inert (noble) gases No effect
solubility of a substance in different ways,
So ∴ Kforward = 1/Kbackward @
meaning you can use one to solve for the other
equilibrium
(using an ICE table)
Purpose of Keq: to determine equilibrium
Using Q and Ksp to predict precipitate
concentration of chemical entities given
formation
initial conditions (I.C.E. table)
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Gr. 12 Chemical Systems and Equilibrium Cheat Sheet
by NescafeAbusive32 (nescafeabusive32) via cheatography.com/53385/cs/14454/
Equilibria of Slightly Soluble Compounds Acids and Bases (cont) Autoionization of Water and Water Constant
(cont) (Kw) (cont)
Amphiprotic substance: substance that can
If Q < Not enough ions in solution behave like an acid or as a base (i.e. can [H+] = 1.0⋅10-7 [H3O+] = 1.0⋅10-7
Ksp (unsaturated); no precipitate; donate and receive H+ ions)
pH + pOH = 14 pOH = 7
reaction will shift to the right
Neutralization reactions [OH¯] = 1.0⋅10-7
pH: The measure of [H+] in a solution Acid/Base Constants (Ka and Kb)
(diprotic = 2 H+, triprotic = 3 H+, etc.) All equilibria have a constant (K) value,
therefore:
Kw = [H3O+][OH¯]
(H2O(l) not included because it is not (aq))
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