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  • Amity International School, Noida Class-Ix Ch. Gravitation (Term-Ii) (2022-23)

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    1) Pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area. It depends on both the force applied and the area over which the force acts, such that pressure increases with decreasing surface area or force applied over a smaller area. 2) Applications of pressure in daily life include wide bases for buildings to spread weight over a large area and reduce pressure, broad straps on bags to reduce pressure on shoulders, and sharp blades that concentrate force over a small area to cut easily. 3) Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The principle is used in ship design, lactometers, and hydrome

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    1) Pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area. It depends on both the force applied and the area over which the force acts, such that pressure increases with decreasing surface area or force applied over a smaller area. 2) Applications of pressure in daily life include wide bases for buildings to spread weight over a large area and reduce pressure, broad straps on bags to reduce pressure on shoulders, and sharp blades that concentrate force over a small area to cut easily. 3) Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The principle is used in ship design, lactometers, and hydrome

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    Amity International School, Noida Class-Ix Ch. Gravitation (Term-Ii) (2022-23)

    Uploaded by

    Priya Agrawal
    1) Pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area. It depends on both the force applied and the area over which the force acts, such that pressure increases with decreasing surface area or force applied over a smaller area. 2) Applications of pressure in daily life include wide bases for buildings to spread weight over a large area and reduce pressure, broad straps on bags to reduce pressure on shoulders, and sharp blades that concentrate force over a small area to cut easily. 3) Archimedes' principle states that the buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The principle is used in ship design, lactometers, and hydrome

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    AMITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

    Class-IX CH. GRAVITATION (TERM-II) (2022-23)


    Thrust: force acting perpendicular on the surface. S.I. unit of thrust is Newton.
    Pressure: It is the force acting per unit area.
    Pressure =Thrust (F)/Area (A)    
      Pressure is measured in N m-2 or Pascal (Pa) in the SI system.
     Factors affecting Pressure
    Pressure depends on two factors (i) Force applied.
    (ii) Area of surface over which force acts. Since, pressure is indirectly proportional to the surface area
    of the object, so, pressure increases with a decrease in surface area and decreases with an increase
    in surface area.

    Applications of Pressure in daily life


     The base of high buildings is made wider to spread the weight of  the whole building over a large
    surface area due to which less pressure acts on the ground.
     School bags are provided with broad straps so that the weight of school bags fall over a larger area of
    the shoulder and produce less pressure hence making it easier to carry.
     The blades of knives are made sharp so that on applying force on it, a large pressure is produced on
    very small surface area, thus cutting the object easily.
    PRACTICE QUESTIONS
    Q1. Why are sleepers laid down under the train tracks?
    Q2. Why do trucks have wide tyres?
    Q3. Why do needles have sharp tips?
    Q4. Why is it painful to walk barefoot on small pebbles?
    Q5. A cubical block of edge 2cm and of mass 5kg is kept on a table top. Calculate the thrust and the
    pressure of the block on the table top. (Thrust=49N and P=1.225 X 10 5 Pa)
    Q6. A wooden block of mass 8 kg & of dimension 40 cm x 30 cm x 20 cm is kept on a tabletop. Find
    the pressure exerted by the wooden block on the table top if it is made to lie on the tabletop with
    its side of dimension a) 40 cm x 30 cm b) 30 cm x 20 cm. Find the ratio of greatest & least
    pressure on the table top. (ans. Pg : Pl= 2:1)
    Q7. A boy weighing 60 Kg has shoes with heel of area of cross-section 15 cm 2 while a girl
    weighing 45 Kg is wearing shoes with heel of area of cross-section 2.0 cm2. Compare the
    pressure exerted on ground by their heels when they stand on two foot. (P 1: P2 =8 : 45)

    BUOYANT FORCE-The upward force exerted by a liquid on a body immersed in it is called upthrust
    or buoyant force. The property of a liquid to exert an upward force or upthrust on a body immersed in
    it is called buoyancy. When a body is immersed in a liquid, it appears to lose some weight (apparent
    loss) due to buoyant force. The buoyant force or upthrust depends on
    (i) The size or volume of body immersed in fluid.
    (ii) The density of fluid in which the body is immersed.
    Note- 1.Greater the size of the body, more is the buoyant force.
    2. Greater the density of the fluid, more is the buoyant force.

    ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE -
    It states that when an object is immersed wholly or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force
    or buoyant force which is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
    Buoyant force acting on an object = weight of the fluid displaced by the object
    Apparent weight of body = Actual weight of the body – Buoyant force
    Comparing,
    Apparent weight of body = Actual weight of the body – weight of the fluid displaced.
    Apparent loss in weight = buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced
    Note: From Archimedes Principle
    Buoyant force acting on an object = weight of the fluid displaced by the object
    Force = Weight = m x g = d x V x g (Mass = density x volume)
    Where d = density of the liquid, V = volume of the liquid displaced, g = acceleration due to gravity

    Applications of Archimedes principle


    1. It is used in designing ships and submarines.
    2. The lactometer used to determine the purity of milk is based on this principle.
    3. The hydrometer used for determining density of liquid is based on this principle.

    PRINCIPLE OF FLOATATION: It states that an object will float in a liquid if the weight of the object is
    equal to the liquid displaced by it.
    An object will float or sink depending on the following conditions:
    I. Difference in buoyant force and weight of displaced fluid
    a. If weight of the object > Weight of the fluid displaced by it, the body will sink
    b. If weight of the object = Weight of the fluid displaced by it, the body will float
    c. If weight of the object < Weight of the fluid displaced by it, the body will float
    II. Difference in weight and buoyant force
    a. If buoyant force/upthrust < weight of the object, the object sinks
    b. If buoyant force/upthrust = weight of the object, the object floats
    c. If buoyant force/upthrust > weight of the object, the object floats

    Q&A
    1. What is the cause of upthrust?
    The upward thrust on the lower surface of the body is greater than the downward force on the
    upper surface of the body. This difference in pressure causes upthrust.
    2. While drawing water a bucket of water appears heavier as it comes out of water?
    Buoyant force acts on the body while in water due to which it loses weight and appears lighter but
    once out of the water, buoyant force does not exist and we feel the actual weight of the bucket of
    water.
    3. Why does a ship made up of iron and steel float in water while an iron nail sinks?
    When a ship placed in water, sinks to a certain level such that the weight of water displaced by it’s
    submerged portion is equal to the weight of the ship then by the principle of flotation, it floats.

    Density: it is defined as mass per unit volume. SI unit is kg/m 3. Density of water is 1000kg/m3 or
    1 gm/cm3.

    ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
    1. Why does a mug full of water feel lighter inside water?
    2. Experimentally verify Archimedes Principle with the help of an activity and a diagram.
    3. If an egg is put in beaker, it sinks. On dissolving a lot of salt in the water the egg begins to rise and
    then floats. Why?
    4. If a wooden block and an iron block of same volume are immersed in a liquid, will they experience
    the same weight loss? Why?
    5. A wooden boat displaces water equal to 5000N.Find the buoyant force and mass of the boat.
    6. A solid body of volume 60cm3 is fully immersed in water. Calculate the buoyant force.
    7. An object is immersed in different liquids. Does same buoyant force acts on the object due to all
    the
    liquids?
    8. Why does a block of wood held under water rise when released?
    Revise well…

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