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Electrostatics
Electrostatics
XII
PHYSICS
FOR JEE I NEET & BOARD
ELECTROSTATICS
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PHYSICS BOOKLET FOR JEE NEET & BOARDS
ELECTROSTATICS
1 ELECTRIC CHARGE
Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical
and magnetic effects.
All bodies consist of atoms, which contain equal amount of positive and negative charges in the
form of protons and electrons respectively. The number of electrons being equal to the number of
protons as an atom is electrically neutral. If the electrons are removed from a body, it gets positively
charged. If the electrons are transferred to a body, it gets negatively charged.
“Similar charges (charges of the same sign) repel one another; and dissimilar charges (charges of
opposite sign) attract one another.”
1.1 WAYS OF CHARGING A BODY
(i) Charging by friction
When two bodies are rubbed together, a transfer of electrons takes place from one body to
another. The body from which electrons have been transferred is left with an excess of positive charge, so
it gets positively charged. The body which receives the electrons becomes negatively charged.
“The positive and negative charges produced by rubbing are always equal in magnitude.”
When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, it loses its electrons and gets a positive charge, while the
piece of silk acquires equal negative charges.
An ebonite rod acquires a negative charge, if it is rubbed with wool (or fur). The piece of wool (or
fur) acquires an equal positive charge.
(ii) Charging by electrostatic induction
If a positively charged rod is brought near an insulated conductor, the negative charges
(electrons) in the conductor will be attracted towards the rod. As a result, there will be an excess of
negative charge at the end of the conductor near the rod and the excess of positive charge at the far end.
This is known as ‘electrostatic induction’. The charges thus induced are found to be equal and opposite to
each other. Now if we touch the far end with a conductor connected to the earth, the positive charges
here will be cancelled by negative charges coming from the earth through the conducting wire. Now, if
we remove the wire first and then the rod, the induced negative charges which were held at the outer
end will spread over the entire conductor. It means that the conductor has become negatively charged by
induction. In the same way one can induce a positive charge on a conductor by bringing a negative
charged rod near it.
Insulated
+
++
++ +
+ ++
+
Illustration 2
Question: A copper penny has a mass of 32 g. Being electrically neutral, it contains equal amounts of
positive and negative charges. What is the magnitude of these charges inC. A copper atom has
a positive nuclear charge of 3 1026 C. Atomic weight of copper is 64g/mole and Avogadro’s
number is 6 10 –26 atoms/mole.
Solution: 1 mole i.e., 64 g of copper has 6 1023 atoms. Therefore, the number of atoms in copper penny of
32 g is
6 1023
32 10– 3 3 × 1020
64
One atom of copper has each positive and negative charge of 3 1026 C. So each charge on the
penny is
(3 1020) (3 10 –26) = 9C.
2 COULOMB’S LAW
“Two stationary point charges repel or attract each-other q1 q2
with a force which is directly proportional to the product of the
A r B
magnitudes of their charges and inversely proportional to the square
of the distance between them.”
Let ‘r’ be the distance between two point charges q1 and q2.
| q || q |
According to Coulomb’s law, we have F 1 2 2
r
where F is the magnitude of the mutual force that acts on each of the two charges q1 and q2.
3 PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION
According to the principle of superposition, the force acting q2
on one charge due to another is independent of the presence of q3 –
charges. So, we can calculate the force separately for each pair of +
charges and then take their vector sum or find the net force on any
charge. q4
The figure shows a charge q1 interacting with other charges.
– F 12
Thus, to find the force on q1, we first calculate the forces exerted by
+
F 14 q1
each of the other charges, one at a time. The net force F 1 on q1 is
F 13
simply the vector sum F 1 F 12 F 13 F 14 + …
(5)
where F 12 is the force on the charge q1 due to the charge q2 and so on.
Illustration 3
Illustration 5
T cos
T
Fe T sin
mg
Since the sphere is in equilibrium, the resultants of the forces in the horizontal and vertical
directions must separately add up to zero. thus
T sin – Fe = 0
T sin = Fe … (i)
and T cos - mg = 0
T cos = mg … (ii)
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii) , we get
Fe
tan = or, Fe = mg tan
mg
= (3 × 10-2 kg) × (10 m/s2) (tan 45°)
= 0.3 N
Let q be charge on each sphere.
According to Coulomb’s law
1 | q || q |
Fe
4 0 r 2
q = 15 C
The magnitude of the force dF exerted by the charge dq on the charge q0 is given by
1 | dq | | q 0 |
dF
4 0 r2 ,
where r is the distance between dq and q0. The total force is then found by adding all the
infinitesimal force elements, which involves the integral
F d F
Taking d F dFx iˆ dFy ˆj dFzKˆ , we have
Fx dFx
Fy dFy … (6)
Fz dFy
Because of the vector nature of the integration, the mathematical procedure must be carried out
with care. The symmetry of charge distribution will usually result in a simplified calculation.
Each type of charge distribution is described (in the table given below) by an appropriate Greek
letter parameter: , or .
How we choose the charge element dq depends upon the particular type of the charge
distribution.
Charge distribution Relevant parameter SI units Charge element dq
Along a line , charge per unit length C/m dq = dx
On a surface , charge per unit area C/m2 dq = dA
Throughout a volume , charge per unit volume C/m3 dq = dV
y
( r2 =x2 + y2; sin = )
x2 y 2
1 q0ydx
or, dFy =
4 0 ( x y 2 )3 / 2
2
L
2
1 dx
Fy = dFy =
4 0
q0 y
L
( x y 2 )3 / 2
2
5.1 ELECTRIC INTENSITY OR ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH ( E )
The electric field intensity at a point in an electric field is the force experienced by a unit positive
charge placed at that point, it is being assumed that the unit charge does not affect the field.
Thus, if a positive test charge q0 experiences a force F at a point in an electric field, then the
electric field intensity E at that point is given by
F
E … (7)
q0
Important points regarding electric Intensity
(i) It is a vector quantity. The direction of the electric field intensity at a point inside the electric
field is the direction in which the electric field exerts force on a (unit) positive charge.
(ii) Dimensions of the electric field intensity
F [MLT 2 ]
E [MLT 3 A 1 ]
q0 [ AT ]
In S.I. systems, the unit of E is N/C or V/m as
N N m J V
=
C Cm C m m
5.2 FORCED EXERTED BY A FIELD ON A CHARGE INSIDE IT
F
By definition as E , i.e.,
q0
F q0 E
If q0 is a +ve charge, force F on it is in the direction of E .
If q0 is a –ve charge, F on it is opposite to the direction of E
F q0 E F q0 E
E E
P1
E1
5.4 ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY DUE TO A GROUP OF POINT CHARGES
Since the principle of linear superposition is valid for Coulomb’s law, it is also valid for the
electric field. To calculate the electric field strength at a point due to a group of N point charges.
We first find the individual field strengths E 1 due to Q1, E 2 due to Q2, and so on
The resultant field strength is the vector sum of individual field strengths.
E E1 E 2 E 3 …
= E n (n = 1, 2, 3, … N)
E dE
Taking d E dE x iˆ dE y ˆj + dE z kˆ , we have E x dE x , E y dE y and Ez = dEz
Because of the vector nature of the integration, the mathematical procedure must be
carried out with care. Fortunately, in the cases we consider, the symmetry of the charge
distribution usually results in a simplified calculation.
Each type of charge distribution is described (in the table given below) by an appropriate
Greek-letter parameter: , or . How we choose the charge element ‘dq’ depends upon the
particular type of charge distribution.
1 Qx
or E= … (9A)
4 0 (a x 2 ) 3 / 2
2
+ + + + + + + + + +
y +
y
–q
x
v0 x
– – – – – – – – – –
L D
For motion along x-axis, we have vx = v0 = constant ( u = v0 and a = 0)
x = v0t … (i)
for motion along y-axis, we have
1 qE 2
y= t … (ii)
2 m
qE
u 0; a m
Substituting the value of t from equation (i) in equation (ii),
we get
2
qE x
y
2m v 0
qE
= x2
2mv 02
Which is the equation of the parabola.
+ –
(ii) The tangent to the curve at any point gives the direction of the electric field
intensity at that point.
(iii) Electric lines of force never intersect since if they cross at a point, electric field
intensity at that point will have two directions, which is not possible.
(iv) Electric lines of force do not pass but leave or end on a charged conductor
normally. Suppose the lines of force are not perpendicular to the conductor surface. In this
situation, the component of electric field parallel to the surface would cause the electrons to
move and hence conductor will not remain equipotential which is absurd as in electrostatics
conductor is an equipotential surface.
–
–
–
–
– +
–
–
–
–
–
Fixed point charge near infinite
metal plate
(v) The number of electric lines of force that originate from or terminate on a charge is
proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
(vi) As number of lines of force per unit area normal to the area at point represents
magnitude of intensity, crowded lines represent strong field while distant lines weak field. Further,
if the lines of force are equidistant straight lines, the filed is uniform.
Electric lines of force due to two equal positive charges (field is zero at O). O is a null
point.
1. A typical charge produced by rubbing is 1nC. Roughly no. of elementary charges (e) does
this involve in n. If n is given as x 107 .Find x
2. A positively charged glass rod is brought close to a suspended metal needle. What can
you say about the charge on the needle given that the needle is
(a) attracted; (b) repelled
3. A point charge q is placed at the mid-point between two equal point charges of magnitude
Q, as shown in the figure. Is q in equilibrium? If so is it stable or unstable equilibrium.
Consider q to have (a) the same sign and (b) the opposite sign to Q.
Q q Q
4. Two point charges of unknown magnitudes and signs are placed a distance d apart. If it is
possible to have E = 0 at any point not between the charges but on the line joining them,
what are the necessary conditions and where is the point located?
5. A positive charge is brought very close to uncharged conductor which is grounded. Is the
conductor charged positively, negatively, or not at all if
(a) the charge is taken away and then the ground connection is removed and
(b) the ground connection is removed and then the charge is taken away?
6. Two identical small spheres are charged positively. Each sphere is repelled from the
other with a force of 9 10–3 N when the spheres are 2 m apart. Calculate the charge (in
C) on each sphere.
+2q a –2q
8. Electric field lines never cross. Why?
10. An alpha particle, the nucleus of a helium atom, has a mass of 6.4 × 10–27 kg and a
charge of +2e. What are the magnitude and the direction of the electric field that will
balance its weight?
1. 325
4. The charges must be of opposite signs and point should be near the charge of smaller
magnitude.
6. 2 C
7. 31 N
dS
electric field E . E
Electric flux through an elementary area d S is defined as
the scalar product of d S and E i.e.
dE = E . d S , where d S is the area vector, whose dS
magnitude is the area ds of the element and whose direction is
along the outward normal to the elementary area.
Hence, the electric flux through the entire surface is given by
E = E .d S … (10)
or, E = EdS cos
If the electric field is uniform, then E = Eds cos = E cos ds
When the electric flux through a closed surface is required, we use a small circular sign on the
integration symbol;
E = E .d S … (11)
Important points regarding electric flux:
(i) The number of lines of force passing normally to the given area gives the measure of flux
of electric field over the given area.
(ii) It is a real scalar physical quantity with units (volt × m).
(iii) It will be maximum when cos = max. = 1, i.e., =
E
0°, i.e., electric field is normal to the surface with
(dE)max = EdS dS
(v) For a closed surface, E is positive if the lines of force point outward everywhere
( E will be outward everywhere, < 90° and E . d S will be positive) and negative if they point inward (
E is inward everywhere, > 90° and E .d S will be negative)
E
dS
Illustration 12
Question: Calculate the electric flux through a cube of side
y
‘a’ as shown, where Ex = bx1/2; Ey
= Ez = 0, a = 10 cm and b = 800 N/C-m1/2. (in
Nm2/C)
O
a x
a
z
Solution:
The electric field throughout the region is non-uniform and its x-component is given by
Ex = bx1/2, where b = 800 N/C1/2.
For the left face perpendicular to the x-axis, we have x = a = 10 cm, while for the right face x
= 2a = 20 cm. Hence for the left face, the x-component of the field is
Ex = 800 × (10 × 10-2 m)1/2 = 253 N/c
For the right face, we have
Ex = 800 × (20 × 10–2 )1/2 = 358 N/C
The area of each face is S = 100 cm2 = 10–2m2
Hence, the flux through the left face
= –ExS = (253) (10-2) = – 2.53 N-m2/C
The flux through the right face
= Ex S = (358) (10–2) = 3.58 N-m2/C
The net flux through the other faces is zero, because Ey = Ez = 0
Hence, the net flux through the cube E = 3.58 – 2.53 = 1 (approx)
10 GAUSS’S LAW
This law gives a relation between the electric flux through any closed hypothetical surface (called
a Gaussian surface) and the charge enclosed by the surface. It states, “ The electric flux (E) through any
1
closed surface is equal to times the ‘net’ charge enclosed by the surface.”
0
That is,
E = E .d S
q , … (12)
0
where q denotes the algebraic sum of all the charges enclosed by the surface.
If there are several charges +q1, + q2, + q3, –q4, –q5 … etc inside the Gaussian surface, then
q = q1 + q2 + q3 – q4 –q5 …
E = E . d S E . d S = EdS + EdS = EA + EA = 2EA
The flux through the curved surface of the Gaussian cylinder is zero because E and d S are at
right angles everywhere on the curved surfaces.
Hence, the total flux through the Gaussian cylinder is
E = 2EA
The charge enclosed by the Gaussian surface q = A
Applying Gauss’s law, we have
A
2EA =
0
E= … (13B)
2 0
10.3 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED SPHERICAL SHELL
Using Gauss’s law, let us find the intensity of the electric field due to a uniformly charged
spherical shell or a solid conducting sphere at
Case I: At an external point
At all points inside the charged spherical
conductor or hollow spherical shell, electric field
E = 0, as there is no charge inside such sphere. In an E
+ + + dS
isolated charged spherical conductor any excess +
charge on it is distributed uniformly over its outer +
+ Gaussian
surface same as that of charged spherical shell or +
r + surface
hollow sphere. Since the charge lines must point + R
radially outward. Also, the field strength will have +
+ + +
the same value at all points on any imaginary
spherical surface concentric with the charged
conducting sphere or the shell. This symmetry leads
us to choose the Gaussian surface to be a sphere of
radius r > R.
Any arbitrary element of area d S is parallel to the local E , so E . d S EdS at all points on the
surface.
Q
According to Gauss’s law, dS E ( 4r )
0
1 Q
Therefore, E= … (13C)
4 0 r 2
For points outside the charged conducting sphere or the charged spherical shell, the field is same
as that of a point charge at the centre.
Case II: At an Internal Point (r < R)
The field still has the same symmetry and so we again pick a spherical Gaussian surface, but now
with radius r less than R. Since the enclosed charge is zero, from Gauss’s law we have
E (4r2) = 0
E=0 … (13D)
Thus, we conclude that E = 0 at all points inside a uniformly charged conducting sphere or the
charged spherical shell.
1 Q
4 0 R 2
O
r=R r
10.4 ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY CHARGED SPHERE
A non-conducting uniformly charged sphere of radius R has a total charge Q uniformly distributed
throughout its volume. Using the Gauss’s Law, Let us find the field
Case I: at an internal point (r < R)
Positive charge Q is uniformly distributed throughout the + +
volume of sphere of radius R. For finding the electric field at a + + Gaussian
distance (r < R) from the centre, we choose a spherical Gaussian + +
+ + + surface
surface of radius r, concentric with the charge distribution. From + + +
symmetry the magnitude E of the electric field has the same + +
+ +
value at every point on the Gaussian surface, and the direction of + +
E is radial at every point on the surface.
So, applying Gauss’s law
Q
= E (4r2) =
0
4 4 Q Qr 3
Q = r 3 = r 3 ×
Here, =
3 3 4R 3 R3
where is volume density of charge.
Therefore
Qr 3
E (4r 2) = 3
R 0
1 Q
or, E= r … (13E)
4 0 R 3
1 Q
4 0 R 2
O
r=R r
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
Gaussian +
+ – – + surface +
– + +
+ – +
+ – q – + +
– +
+ – – +
+ +
+
+ + + +
+ + + + + + + +
E. dS
q , we have
0
q = 0
This concludes that a charge of –q must reside on the metal surface of the cavity so that the sum
of this induced charge –q and the original charge +q within the Gaussian surface is zero. In other words, a
charge q suspended inside a cavity in a conductor induces an equal and opposite charge –q on the
surface of the cavity. Further as the conductor is electrically neutral, a charge +q is induced on the outer
surface of the conductor. As field inside the conductor is zero.
The field lines coming from q cannot penetrate into the conductor, as shown in the above figure.
The same line of approach can be used to show that the field inside the cavity of a conductor is
zero when no charge is kept inside it.
11.2 ELECTROSTATIC SHEILDING
Suppose we have a very sensitive electronic instrument that we want to protect from external
fields that might cause wrong measurements. We surround the instrument with a conducting box or we
keep the instrument inside the cavity of a conductor. By doing this, the charge in the conductor is so
distributed that the net electric field inside the cavity becomes zero and so instrument is protected from
the external fields. This is called electrostatic shielding.
12 FORCE ON THE SURFACE OF A CHARGED CONDUCTOR
In a charged conductor the charge resides entirely on the surface. This shows that every element
of the surface of the conductor experiences a normal outward force, which holds its charge there. This
force is produced as a result of repulsion of the charge on the element by the similar charge on the rest of
the surface of the conductor. Let us calculate this force.
x
6. A point charge q = 240 is placed at the centre of a cube of edge a. What is the flux through each
of the cube faces?
7. A point charge q = 48 0 is placed at one corner of a cube of edge a. What is the flux through each
of the cube faces?
1
9. A hemisphere of radius R= is placed in an uniform
R
electric field | E | = 1 N/C with its axis perpendicular to
E
the electric field E . What is the electric flux through the
curved surface?
2. (a) No
(b) No
3. (a) No
(b) Yes
4. (a) No
(b) Yes
5. (a) zero
(b) – 8 Nm2c-1
(c) zero
(d) zero in each case
6. 4
7. 2
8. 1
9. 1 Nm2/C
10. 90 N-m2/C
VB – VA = – E . d l
A
… (17)
dS
A
Since the electrostatic field is conservative, the value of this line integral depends only on the end
points A and B and not on the path taken. So the electric potential at a point can be interpreted as the
negative of the work done by the field in displacing a unit positive charge from some reference point
(usually taken at infinity) to the given point.
Illustration 14
Question: Find the work done by some external force in moving a charge q = 2 C from infinity to a point
where electric potential is 106V. (in J)
Solution: (E A ) external = (2 × 10–6) (104)
=2
14.1 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AT A POINT DUE TO A POINT CHARGE
1 q r O
As E
4 0 r 3
r and V = –
E. d r
+q r A
r r
1 q 1 q
V=–
4 0 r 3
r d r
4 0 r
2
dr
1 q
or V= , … (18)
4 0 r
where r is the distance of A from the point charge q.
The electric potential at A (VA) is positive if the point charge q is positive. VA will be negative if the
point charge q is negative.
14.2 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A GROUP OF POINT CHARGES
The potential at any point due to a group of point charges is the algebraic sum of the potentials
contributed at the same point by all the individual point charges.
V = V1 + V2 + V3 + … … (19)
Illustration 15
Question: Three point charges q1 = 1C; q2 = 2 C; and q1 P
q3 = 3 C are fixed at a position shown. How much +
work would be needed to bring a charge
q4 = 25 C from infinity and to place it at P?
3m 5m
(in mJ)
+ +
q2 q3
Solution: The external work is Wext = q[Vf – Vi]
In this case,Vi = 0.
So, Wext = q4 VP = (2.5 × 10–6 C) (7.65 × 103 V) =19
V dV
dq
V= 4 0r
1 Q
= … (19A)
4 0 (R r 2 )
2
R
xdx
R
V = ( x 2 r 2 )1 / 2
2 0 2 0
0
O x r 2 2
=
2 0
(R 2 r 2 )1/ 2 r … (19B)
Let us see how this expression behaves at large distances, when r > > R. We use binomial theorem
(1 + x)n 1 + nx for small x to expand the first term
R2
(R2 + r2)1/2 = r [1 + 2 ]1 / 2
r
R2
r 1 2 ...
2r
Substituting this into the expression for V, we find
1 Q
V , where Q = r2 is the total charge on the disc.
4 0 r
O r=R r
All the above results hold for a “conducting sphere’ also whose charge lies entirely on the outer
surface.
14.3.5 Electric Potential due to a non-conducting charged sphere
A charge Q is uniformly distributed throughout a non-conducting spherical volume of radius R. Let
us find expressions for the potential at an (a) external point (r > R); (b) internal point (r < R); where r is the
distance of the point from the centre of the sphere.
(a) At an external point
Let O be the centre of a non-conducting sphere
of radius R, having a charge Q distributed uniformly over
its entire volume.
Let P be a point distant r ( > R) from O at which O
potential is required. Let be the charge density r P
Let us divide the sphere into a large number of
R
thin concentric shells carrying charges q1, q2, q3 … etc.
The potential at the point P due to the shell of charge q1
1 q1
is
4 0 r
Now, potential is a scalar quantity. Therefore the potentials V due to the whole sphere is equal to
the sum of the potentials due to all the shells.
1 q1 1 q2
V …
4 0 r 4 0 r
1
= [q1 + q2 + q3 + …..]
4 0r
But q1 + q2 + q3 + … = Q, the charge on the sphere.
1 Q
V= … (19F)
4 0 r
(b) Potential at an internal point
Suppose the point P lies inside the sphere at a distance r from the dx
centre O, If we draw a concentric sphere through the point P, the point P will
be external for the solid sphere of radius r, and internal for the outer spherical x
shell of internal radius r and external radius R. r P
4 3
The charge on the inner solid sphere is r . Therefore, the R
3
potential V1 at P due to this sphere is given by
1 4 / 3 r 3 r 2
V1
4 0 r 30
(R r ) 2 2
=
20
Since the potential is a scalar quantity, the total potential V at P is given by
V = V1 + V2
r 2 (R 2 r 2 )
=
30 20
(3R 2 r 2 )
=
6 0
Q
But =
4
R 3
3
1 Q
V = [3R2 – r2] … (19G)
4 0 2R 3
16 EQUIPOTENTIAL SURFACES
If we join the points in an electric field, which are at same potential, the surface (or curve) obtained
is known as equipotential surface (curve).
Important Points Regarding Equipotential surfaces
(i) The lines of forces are always normal to equipotential surfaces
(ii) The net work done in taking a charge from A to B is zero if A and B are on same
equipotential surface.
Examples
(i) In the field of a point charge, the equipotential surfaces are spheres centered on the point charge.
(ii) In a uniform electric field, the equipotential surfaces are planes which are perpendicular to the
field lines.
(iii) In the field of an infinite line charge, the equipotential surfaces are co-axial cylinders having their
axes at the line charge.
(iv) The surface of a conductor is an equipotential surface and the inside of conductor is equipotential
space. Hence there is no electric field (and charge) inside the conductor’s surface. The lines of
forces are always normal to the surface of a conductor.
If simply means that we have to consider all the pairs that are possible.
Important points regarding Electrostatic potetnail energy
(i) Work done required by an external agency to move a charge q from A to B in an electric
field with constant speed
WAB = q [VB – VA]
(ii) When a charge q is let free in an electric field, it loses potential energy and gains kinetic
energy, if it goes from A to B, then loss in potential energy = gain in kinetic energy
1 1
or, q (VB – VA) = mV B2 – mV A2
2 2
Illustration 17
Question: Three point charges 1C, 2C and 3C are placed at the A 1C
corner of an equilateral triangle of side 1m. Calculate the
work required to move these charges to the corners of a
smaller equilateral triangle of side 0.5 m as shown. (in A
mJ)
B C
2C 3C
Solution: As the potential energy of two point charges separated by a distance ‘r ’ is given by
q q
[U = 1 2 ], the initial and the final potential energy of the system will be
4 0 r
10 –12 1 2 2 3 3 1
UI =
4 0 1 1 1
= 9 × 109 × 11 = 9.9 × 10–2 J
10 –12 1 2 2 3 3 1
UF 9 10 9 22 10 –12
4 0 0.5 0.5 0.5
= 19.8 × 10–2 J
So, the work done in changing the configuration of the system
W = UF – UI = (19.8 – 9.9) × 1010 10–12
= 99 Mj
If the resultant field makes an angle with the radial direction OP, we have
psin
E 3 tan
tan = r
E r 2pcos 2
3
r
tan
or = tan 1 … (27)
2
Now consider some special cases
Case I: = 0. In this case, the point P is on the axis of the dipole
p
V= … (28A)
4 0 r 2
2p
E= … (28B)
4 0 r 3
Such a position of the point is called an end-on position.
Case II: = 90. In this case, the point P is on the perpendicular bisector of the dipole
V = 0, … (28C)
p
E= … (28D)
3
4 0r
tan
tan = =
2
= 90
The field is anti-parallel to the dipole axis. Such a position of the point P is called a broad side on
position.
18.4 DIPOLE IN AN EXTERNAL UNIFORM ELECTRIC FIELD
A p
+q
F1
O
B E
F2 –q E
Suppose an electric dipole of dipole moment | p | = 2aq is placed in a uniform electric field E at
an angle . A force F 1 q E will act on positive charge and F 2 = – q E on the negative charge. Since F 1
and F 2 are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, we have
F1 F 2 0
90
dU pE sin d
90
or, U() – U(90°) = pE [-sin]90°
or U() = - pEcos = – p . E … (30)
It the dipole is rotated from an angle 1 to 2, then
work done by external forces = U(2) – U (1)
or, Wext = –pE cos2 – (pEcos1)
or, Wext = pE (cos1 – cos2) … (31)
Work done by electric force
Welectric force = – Wext = pE [cos2- cos1] … (32)
18.6 EQUILIBRIUM OF DIPOLE
When an electric dipole is placed in a uniform electric field, the net force on it is zero for any
position of the dipole in the electric field. But torque acting on it is zero only at = 0° and 180°. Thus, we
can say that at these two positions of the dipole, net force or torque on it is zero or the dipole is in
equilibrium. Of this = 0° is the ‘stable equilibrium’ position of the dipole because potential energy in this
position is minimum (U = –pE cos° = –pE) and when displaced from this position, a torque starts acting
on it which is restoring in nature and which has a tendency to bring the dipole back in its equilibrium
Illustration 18
r 1 2 p1p2 1 6 p1 p 2 O
p1 p2 4 0 r 3 4 0 r 4
1.
(along r)
F F
1 p1 p 2
4 0 r 3 1 3 p1p2
2. 4 0 r 4 O
p1 r p2
(along r)
F F
F O 1 3 p1 p2 on
4 0 r 4 1 2 p1 p2
P1 p2 p1
(perpendicular + or) 4 0 r 3
3. (CW)
1 p1 p2
on p2
F 4 0 r 3
(CW)
19 EARTHING A CONDUCTOR
Potential of earth is often taken to be zero. If a conductor is connected to the earth, the potential
of the conductor becomes equal to that of the earth, i.e., zero. If the conductor was at some other
potential, charges will l flow from it to the earth or from the earth to it to bring its potential to zero. The
figure given below shows the symbol for earthing.
Illustration 20
Illustration 21
Question: In the previous example, if the outer sphere carries a q0
charge q0 and the inner sphere is earthed, then find the
charge on the inner sphere. (Take q0 = 2C, r = 1m, R = 2m)
(in C)
2. Find the potential function V(x) corresponding to the electric field, at = 1m, where A = 2
E ( Ax) iˆ ; Take V = 0 at x = 0
3. External work equal to (4 × 10–7) J is needed to move a – 5nC charge at constant speed
to a point at which the potential is –20 V. What is the potential at the initial point?
(take
q2
40
4 2 2 mJ-m, a = 1m) D C
7. It requires 1 mJ of work to move two identical positive charges +q from infinity so that they
are separated by a distance a. How much work is required to move three identical
positive charges +q from infinity so that they are arranged at the vertices of an equilateral
triangle with edge length a in mJ.
9. An electric dipole consists of charges +2e and –2e separated by 0.78 nm. It is in an
electric field of strength 3.4 × 106 N/C. Calculate the magnitude of the torque on the
dipole when the dipole moment is (a) parallel, and (b) opposite the electric field.
10. A charge q = 3.16 C is 1 m from a small dipole along its perpendicular bisector. The
force on the charge equals 9 N. Find the dipole moment of the dipole in nCm.
1. 6V
1
2. Ax 2 = –1
2
3. 60 V
4. 72 J
5. (a) – 12 V,
(b) –12 V
6. 12 J
7. 3 mJ
9. (a) 0
(b) 0
10. 1
21 CAPACITOR
Capacitor is an arrangement of two conductors carrying charges of equal magnitude and
opposite sign and separated by an insulating medium. The following points may be carefully
noted
(i) The net charge on the capacitor as a whole is zero. When we say that a capacitor has
a charge Q, we mean that positively charged conductor has a charge +Q and the negatively
charged conductor has a charge –Q.
(ii) The positively charged conductor is at a higher potential than negatively charged
conductor. The potential difference V between the conductors is proportional to the magnitude of
charge Q and the ratio Q/V is known as capacitance C of the capacitor.
Q
C=
V
Unit of capacitance is farad (F). The capacitance is usually measured in microfarad F.
1F = 10–6F
(iii) In a circuit, a capacitor is represented by the symbol:–
21.1 PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
A parallel plate capacitor consists of two metal plates d
placed parallel to each other and separated by a distance d that is + –
very small as compared to the dimensions of the plates. The area + –
of each plate is A. The electric field between the plates is given by + –
+ –
E –
2 0 2 0 0 +
+ –
Where is surface charge density on either plate.
+ –
the potential difference (V) between plates is given by
+ –
V = Ed.
Q
or, V= d d
0 A 0
Q 0 A
Hence, C = … (35)
V d
0 A 8.85 10 12 2
Solution: (a) C = 3540
d 5 10 3
(b) Q = CV = (0.00354 × 10–6) × (10,000) = 3540
The plate at higher potential has a positive charge of +3.54 C and the plate at lower
potential has a negative charge of – 3.54 C.
23 EFFECT OF DIELECTRIC
Page number 51 For any queries Gmail: [email protected]
When certain non-conducting materials such as glass, paper or plastic are introduced
between the plates of a capacitor, its capacity increases. These materials are called ‘dielectrics’
and the ratio of capacity of a capacitor when completely filled with dielectric C to that without
dielectric C0 is called ‘dielectric constant K, or relative permitivity r or specific inductive capacity
(S. I. C) i.e.,
C
K= … (42)
C0
The effect of dielectric on other physical quantities such as charges, potential difference,
field and energy associated with a capacitor depends on the fact that whether the charge
capacitor is isolated (i.e., charge held constant) or battery attached (i.e., potential is held
constant).
23.1 INTRODUCTION OF A DIELECTRIC SLAB OF DIELECTRIC CONSTANT K BETWEEN
THE PLATES
(a) When the battery is disconnected
+ + + + + + ++
+ + + + + + + + q0 + K
C0, V0, E0, U0
–+– – – – – – –
– – – – – – –
Let q0, C0, V0, E0 and U0 represents the charge, capacity, potential difference electric field
and energy associated with charged air capacitor respectively. With the introduction of a
dielectric slab of dielectric constant K between the plates and the battery disconnected.
(i) Charge remains constant, i.e., q = q0 , as in an isolated system charge is
conserved.
(ii) Capacity increases, i.e., C = KC0, as by the presence of a dielectric capacity
becomes K times.
V
(iii) potential difference between the plates decreases, i.e., V = 0 ,as
K
q q V
V 0 0 [ q = q0 and C = KC0]
C KC 0 K
E0
(iv) Field between the plates decreases, i.e., E , as
K
V V0 E 0 V
E [as V = 0 ]
d Kd K K
V0
and E0 =
d
(v) Energy stored in the capacitor decreases i.e.,
U
U = 0 , as
K
q2 q2 V
U 0 0 (as q = q0 and C = KC0]
2C 2KC 0 K
24 GROUPING OF CAPACITORS
Replacing a combination of capacitors by a single equivalent capacitor is called ‘grouping
of capacitors’. It simplifies the problem and is divided into two types
24.1 SERIES COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS.
q q q
q
+– +– +–
+–
+– +– +–
+–
– + – +–
+– +
C1 C2 C3 C
V1 V2 V3 V –
+ – +
V
Capacitors are said to be in series if charge on each individual capacitor is same.
In this situation,
V = V1 + V2 + V3
q
We know, V = , so
C
q q q q
C C1 C2 C3
1 1 1 1
or, … (43)
C C1 C2 C3
In case the two capacitors connected in series, we have
V
When capacitors are connected in parallel, the potential difference V across each is same
and the charge on C1, C2 is different, i.e., Q1 and Q2,
The total charge Q is given as
Q = Q1 + Q2
Q
Q = C1V + C2V or C1 C2
V
Hence, the equivalent capacitance between a and b is
C = C1 + C2
The charges on capacitors is given as
C1
Q1 = Q
C1 C2
C2
Q2 = Q
1
C C 2
1 1 1
Solution: (i)
C C1 C2 +– +–
+– +–
C1C 2 63 +– +–
C= = 2 F
C1 C 2 6 3
C2 6 V
(ii) V1 = V
18 = 12 V
1
C C2 63
10 V
Solution:
C1 + –
+–
Q +–
Q1 + – +–
Q2 + – +–
+– C3
+–
C2
10V
(i) Q = total charge supplied by the cell = CV = (12.5 × 10) C = 125
C1 15
Charge on C1 = Q1 = Q
125 = 75
C1 C2 15 10
C2 10
charge on C2 = Q2 = Q 125 = 50
C1 C2 15 10
Charge on C3 = Q = 125 C
Q 75
(ii) p.d. across C1 = V1 = 1 =5
C1 15
p.d. across C2 = V2 = V1 = 5
Q 125
p.d. across C3 = V3 = 3 =5
C3 25
25 REDISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE
If there are two spherical conductors of radii R1 and R2 at potentials V1 and V2
respectively, far apart from each-other (so that charge on one does not affect the potential of the
other). The charge on them will be
q1 = C1V1 and q2 = C2 V2
The total charge of the system
q = q1 + q2
The total capacity of the system
C = C1 + C2
Now if they are connected through a wire, charge will flow from conductor at higher
potential to that at lower potential till both acquire same potential.
(q 1 q 2 ) C1V1 C 2V 2 R1V1 R 2V 2
V= ( C R)
(C1 C 2 ) C1 C 2 R1 R 2
q
v r r0
4 0 r
Applying superposition theorem, the potential due to the system (sphere inside the shell) is
1 Q q
v R ,
4 0 R r
Q q
v r 0
1
4 0 r
R r0
the potential difference between the points r = r0 and r = R is
1 1
v r 0 v R
q
… (45)
4 0
r0 R
Thus for positive value of q, whatever be the magnitude and sign of Q, the small sphere is
at a higher potential than the shell. If inner and outer conductors are connected, charge would
flow from the small sphere to the shell. By repeating the process, a large amount of charge can
be piled up on the shell, thereby raising its potential.
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
To implement the principle in practice a large spherical conducting shell with radius of few
metres is supported on an insulating column several metres high. The conducting shell is made
highly polished and is known as metal dome. There are two pulleys, one at the centre of the shell
and the other at the ground. A long narrow belt made of insulating material passes over the
pulleys. Charge is sprayed on to the belt at the lower pulley by means of a discharge through a
metallic brush with sharp points connected to a high voltage source. The belt is moved rapidly by
a motor driving the lower pulley. The positive charge is carried upward by the belt and collected
by a metallic brush connected to the shell. As more and more charge is transferred to the sphere
S, its potential goes on rising. In this way, the shell builds up a huge voltage of the order of mega
volts.
HTB Electric
motor
1. When a dielectric is inserted to fill the space between a charged parallel plate capacitor,
does the stored energy increase or decrease given that (a) the battery remains
connected; or (b) the battery is first disconnected?
2. The potential difference across a capacitor is doubled. How does each of the following
quantities change: (a) the capacitance; (b) the stored energy; (c) the stored charge?
3. Given a battery, how would you connect two capacitors, in series or in parallel, for them to
store the greater; (a) total charge; (b) total energy
4. A parallel plate capacitor with large plates is charged and then disconnected from the
battery. As the plates are pulled apart, does the potential difference increase, decrease or
remain the same? How is the stored energy affected?
7. Given two capacitors, C1 = 1 F and C2 = 2 F, and a 12 V battery, find the charge and
potential difference for each if they are connected in series.
8. All the capacitors in the above diagram C
are identical, with C = 3 F. What is their
equivalent capacitance?
C C
C
+ –
60V
1. (a) Increase
(b) Decrease
2. (a) No changed
(b) Increases four times
(c) Increases two times
3. (a) Parallel
(b) Parallel
5. (a) Charge increase, potential difference does not change, energy increases
(b) Negative work
6. Charge increases for each capacitor: the capacitance of capacitor A does not change
while that of B increase: potential difference across A increases and that across B
decreases.
8. 4 F
9. 160 mJ
Example 2:
l
Three point charges 4q, Q and q are placed on a straight line of length l at points distant 0, and l
2
respectively. The net force on charge q is zero. The value of Q is
1
(a) –q (b) –2q (c) q (d) 4q
2
Solution:
1 4q 2
Force between charges 4q and q =
4 0 l 2
1 Qq
Force between charges Q and q =
4 0 l 2
2
1 4Qq 1 4q 2
2
4 0 l 4 0 l 2
Q=–q
(a)
Example 3:
A charge Q is placed at each of the two opposite corners of a square. A charge q is placed at each of the
other two corners. If the resultant electric force on Q is zero, then Q is equal to
2 2 q
(a) (b) (c) 2 2q (d) 2 2q
q 2 2
Solution:
Obviously Q and q should be of opposite signs and the resultant intensity
E1E2 E3 0
1 Qq
|E1||E 2 |
4 0 a 2
where ‘a’ is the side of the square.
1 Q2
|E 3 |
4 0 (a 2 ) 2
Example 4: Y
The wedge-shaped surface in figure is in a region of
uniform electric field E0 along x axis. The net electric flux
for the entire closed surface is
(a)9 E0 (b) 15 E0 Eo
(c) 12 E0 (d) zero
5m
3m X
4m
Z
Solution:
Since field is uniform, the net flux for the closed surface is zero.
(d)
Example 5:
A charge Q is placed at the centre of a cube. The flux of the electric field through the six surfaces of the
cube is
Q Q Q Q
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
60 0 6L2 3L
Solution:
Qenc
From Gauss’s law E
0
(b)
Example 6:
A block of mass m carrying a positive charge q is placed on a smooth E
horizontal table, which ends in a vertical wall situated at a distance d d
from block. An electric field E is switched on towards right. Assuming
elastic collisions, find the time period of resultant oscillation. m
2qEd 8md
(a) (b)
m qE
2md md
(c) (d)
qE qE
Solution:
qE
Acceleration of the block a =
m
1 2
d = at
2
8md
Required time = 2t =
qE
(b)
Example 8:
An electron having a charge – e located at A in the presence of a point charge +Q located at B is moved to
a point C so that ABC is an equilateral triangle. The work done in this process is
1 Q 1 Qe 1 Qe
(a) (b) (c) (d) zero
4o AC 4o AC 4o AB
Solution:
Electron is moved from A to C. A and C are equidistant from B and hence the potential at A due to charge
+Q = potential at C due to the same charge. Since there is no potential difference between A and C no work
is done in moving a charge from A to C.
(d)
Example 9:
An infinite number of charges each equal to q are placed along the x-axis at x = 1, x = 2,
x = 4, x = 8 and so on. The resultant potential at x = 0 will be
q q q q
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 0 4 0 8 0 0
Solution:
q 1 1 1 q
V= 1 =
4 0 2 22 23 1
4 0 1
2
q
=
2π0
(a)
Example 10:
A solid conducting sphere of charge Q is surrounded by an uncharged concentric conducting spherical
shell. The potential difference between the sphere and the shell is V. If the shell is now given a charge of
–3Q, the new potential difference between them will be
(a) V (b) 2 V (c) 4 V (d) –2 V
Solution:
The potential difference depends only on the charge on the inner sphere.
(a)
Example 11:
Example 12: A
Three uncharged capacitors of capacities C1 , C2 , C2 are connected
as shown in figure to one another and to points A, B and C at
potentials V1 , V2 and V3 . Then the potential at O will be
V C V2C2 V3C3 V V V3 C1
(a) 1 1 (b) 1 2
C1 C2 C3 C1 C2 C3
O
V1(V2 V3 ) VV V C3
(c) (d) 1 2 3
C1(C2 C3 ) C1C2C3
B C2 C
Solution:
Taking into account the relation between capacitance, voltage and charge of a capacitor, we can write the
following equations for the three capacitors.
q q q
V1 V0 1 , V2 V0 2 , V3 V0 3
C1 C2 C3
where C1, C2 and C3 are the capacitances of corresponding capacitors and q1, q2 and q3 are charges on the
plates. According to charge conservation law, q1 + q2 + q3 = 0 and hence the potential V0 of the common
V C V2 C2 V3C3
point is V0 1 1 .
C1 C2 C3
(a)
Example 13: 18 V
Two capacitors A (2 F) and B(5 F) are connected to two batteries as
shown in the figure. Then the potential difference in volts B
A
between the plates of A is
2 F 5
(a) 2 (b) 5 F
(c)11 (d)18
11 V
Solution:
Q Q 7Q
(18 11) =
2F 5F 10F
Q = 10C
Q 10C
VA =5V
C A 2F
(b)
Example 14:
Solution:
Circuit can be redrawn as K M O
13 A B
C eq F
8 L
(c)
N
Example 15:
Two identical thin rings, each of radius R metres Q1 Q2
are coaxially placed at a distance R metres apart.
If Q1 and Q2 charges are spread uniformly on the q
two rings, the work done in moving a charge q 1 A B 2
from the centre of one ring to that of the other is R R
(a) zero
(b) q(Q1 Q2) ( 2 1)/ 2 (4 0 R ) R
Solution:
KQ2 KQ1 KQ1 KQ2
VB = , VA
R 2R R 2R
KQ1 1 KQ2 1
VA – VB = 1 1
R
2 R 2
K 1
VA–VB = 1 (Q1 Q2 ) , where K 1
R 2 4 0
W = q (VA – VB)
(b)
Example 1:
K
Two charged balls are attached by silk threads of length l to the same point. Their velocity is , where
x
K is a constant and x is the distance between the balls, x is very small in comparison to l. Find the rate of
leakage of charge in 10–5 C/s.
l
(take 10 , k = 4 2 )
mg
Solution: O
Let T be the tension in each of the silk threads.
T sin = F, T cos = mg
F q2 1
tan =
mg 4 0 x 2 mg
F x F
x
Since is small, tan = sin =
2l mg mg
2lF 2l q2
x =
mg mg 4 0 x 2
2l q 2 l
x3 q 2
mg 4 0 2 0 mg
1/ 3
l
x =
q2/3 … (i)
2 0 mg
1/ 3 1
dx dx dt l 2 3
q
dq dq dt 2 0 mg 3
1/ 3
dq dx 2 l
q1 / 3 … (ii)
dt dt
3 2 0mg
dx K K
It is given, 1/ 6
… (iii)
dt x l
q1 / 3
2 mg
0
From equations (2) and (3), we get,
dq K
1/ 2
dt 2 l
3 2 0 mg
1/ 2
3K 2 0 mg
= 2 10–5
2 l
20 C/s
1 1 Qq 1 Qq 1 . 1 Qq
=
2 4 r 4 r = – 2 4 r
o o o
1. 1 Qq 1 1 Qq 1 1
=– = Qq
2 4 o r 2
2 4 o r1 8 o r1 r 2
8q0
2
1 1
= = 90 J
8 0 r
1 r2
Example 5: B
v1
A ball of mass m = 100 gm with a charge q can rotate in a vertical T1 E
plane at the end of a string of length l = 1 m in a uniform
mg
electrostatic field whose lines of force are directed upwards. What
horizontal velocity must be imparted to the ball in the upper T2
position so that the tension in the string in the lower position of
qE
the ball is 15 times the weight of the ball? (given qE = 3 mg)
A v2
mg
Solution:
As per principle of conservation of energy,
K.E. at B + P.E. at B = K.E. at A + P.E. at A.
Gain in K.E. = K.E. at A K.E. at B
1
= m v 22 v12
2
… (i)
i.e.,
1
(mg qE) 2 l = m v 22 v12
2
… (iii)
mv 22
Centripetal force at A = = (T2 + qE mg) … (iv)
From equation (3) mv 22 = 2(mg qE)2 l + mv 12
From equation (4) mv 22 = l (T2 + qE mg)
Example 6: –q
In the figure shown alternative positive and negative charges q
of magnitude q = 10C are placed at the corners of a cube of +q –q
side length a = 1m. What is the work done (in mJ) in moving
the charges far from each other.
+q –q
–q +q
Solution: +q
Initial electrostatics potential energy of the system –q
12 Kq 2 12Kq 2 4 Kq 2 –q +q
Ui
a 2a 3a
Kq 2 4
= 12 6 2 –q +q
a 3
+q –q
=
Kq 2
3a
6 6 12 3 4
Final electrostatics potential energy of the system is zero.
i.e., UF = 0
W=
Kq 2
6 6 12 3 4
3a
work done =
2Kq 2
3a
6
3 2 3 6 = 5357 J
Example 7: a
A capacitor is formed by two square metal plates of edge a A f e B
separated by a distance d = 0.061m. The dielectrics of dielectric K1
constants K1= 20 and K2 = 40 are filled within the gap, as shown in d
K2
Figure. Find the equivalent capacitance in nF. (loge 2 = 0.69, 0=
C g h D
8.85 20–12)
x dx
K 2 0adx K 2 0a 2 dx
dC2
xd xd
a
The equivalent capacitance of efgh
1 1 1 d (a x ) xd
=
dC dC1 dC2 K10a dx K 20a2 dx
2
K 2d (a x ) K1xd
=
K1K 20a 2 dx
K1K 20a2 dx K1K 20a2 dx
i.e. dC =
K 2d (a x ) K1xd K 2da (K1 K 2 )dx
K1K 20a 2 dx
=
d K 2a (K1 K 2 ) x
The differential capacitors are in parallel and x varies from 0 to a. The effective equivalent capacitance C is
a
K1K20a2 dx
C =
d K a (K
0 2 1 K2 )x
K K a 2 log K a (K 1 K 2 )x
a
= 1 2 0 e 2
d K1 K 2 0
K 1K 2 0 a 2
= loge K 2 a (K 1 K 2 )aloge K 2 a
(K 1 K 2 )d
K 1K 2 0 a 2 K a
= loge 1
(K 1 K 2 )d K 2a
K 1K 2 0 a 2 K
= loge 1
(K 1 K 2 )d K2
K1K 2 ε0 a 2 K
or C = log e 2 = 4 nF
(K 2 K1 )d K1
2 F 5 F
55 V
E1
c 4 F 13 V
E2
S1
3 F 4 F
d e
Solution:
Assume that the p.d. across the capacitor C connected in the middle is V.
Effective p.d. across left branch = (55 V) V
23 6
Equivalent capacity C = F
23 5
6
charge in 2 F capacitor Q = CV = (55 V )
5
Effective p.d. across 5 F capacitor = (13 + V) V
5 4 20
Equivalent capacity of the right branch = F
5 4 9
20
Charge in 5 F capacitor = (13 V )
9
6 20
Equating the charges in the capacitors, (55 V ) (13 V ) 4V
5 9
20 6
i.e., (13 V ) 4V (55V )
9 5
260 20V 36V 330 6V
9 5
or 1300 + 100 V + 180 V = 2970 54 V or 334 V = 1670 or V = 5
Q 2
P.d. across 3 F capacitor = = (55 – 5) × = 20 V
C 5
4
P.d. across 5 F capacitor = (13 5) = 8 V
9
Example 9:
C
Solution:
Flux through the element of width dx as shown in figure is
dx
E.ds, E
2 0 d sec
and ds ldx d
x ds
b/2
cos E
b / 2
2 0 d sec
ldx
2
l
b/2
d
2 0 d
b / 2 x d
2 2
dx
l b
tan 1 = 90
0 2d
Example 10:
A capacitor of capacitance C1 = 1 F can withstand a maximum voltage of V1 = 6kV and another capacitor
of capacitance C2 = 2 F can withstand a maximum voltage of V2 = 4 kV. If they are connected in series
what maximum voltage (in volts) will the system withstand.
Solution:
Maximum charge C1 and hold, Q1 C1V1 1 10 6 6 10 3 , Q1 6 10 3 C and maximum charge C2
can hold Q2 C2V2 2 10 6 4 10 3 , Q2 8 10 3 C when connected in series, both will have
equal charges and so each can have charge Q1 which is smaller of the two.
In this case
Voltage across C1 = 6 kV
Q1 6 10 3
And voltage across C 2 3 kV
C2 2 10 6
maximum voltage across the system = (6 + 3) kV = 9000 V
1 4. Gauss’s law
= 9 109 Nm2C–2
where
4 0
E .d S
q
2. (i) Electric field intensity due 0
to a point charge 5. Electric field intensity
1 |q| (i) at a point near an infinite
E
4 0 r 2 plane sheet of charge
(ii) Force exerted by an electric E
field on a charge inside it 2 0
(ii) at a point near an infinite
F = q0 E conducting sheet of charge
E
0
ELECTRIC FIELD
6. Electric field intensity due to a uniformly 7. Electric field intensity due to a uniformly
charged spherical shell or a solid charged non-conducting sphere
conducting sphere (i) At an external point
(i) At an external point +
1 Q + + +
+ + ++ E
+ 4 0 r 2 + O+ +
r P
1 Q + R + P + + +
E + O +
4 0 r 2 + r
(ii) At an internal point
+ +
+ + +
+ + + 1 Q
E r + + +P+
(ii) At an internal point 4 0 R 3
+ + r +
+ + ++ +
+
+ + 8. Energy Density of an electric field
P
E= 0 + O r + 1
+ = 0E 2
+ 2
+ +
+ + +
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
ELECTRIC DIPOLE
2. Electric potential and electric field due to 4. (iii) At any point (r, )
an electric dipole E
(i) End-on position
–q O +q P
1 p P
V r
4 0 r 2 a r
1 2p –q O +q
E (along p )
4 0 r 3
1 p cos
(ii) Broad-side-on-position V
4 0 r 2
V 0
1 p
1 p (opposite to p ) E 1 3 cos 2
E 4 0 r 3
4 0 r 3
1
P tan = tan
E 2
r
–q +q
CAPACITOR
6. In which of the following states is the potential energy of an electric dipole maximum?
+q
–q +q
(a) (b) E
E
–q
+q
+q –q
(c) E (d)
E
–q
7. The equivalent capacitance between A and B in the figure is C
A
1F. Then the value of the capacitance C is
1F
(a) 1.4 F (b) 2.5 F 2.5F
B
(c) 3.5 F (d) 1.2 F
9. A hollow charged sphere of radius R has a constant surface charge density . The variation of the
electric field strength E with distance x from the centre of the sphere is
E E E E
11. The three capacitors in figure, store a total energy of 6F 6F
4V
12. Four metallic plates, each having area A, are placed as shown. A
The distance between the consecutive plates is d. Alternate B
plates are connected to points A and B. The equivalent
capacitance of the system between A and B is
(a) 0A/d (b) 20A/d (c) 30A/d (d) 40A/d
3/2 1/ 2
q 2L q 2L
(c) (d)
4 0 mg 2 0 mg
20. A charge Q is placed at each of the two opposite corners of a square. A charge q is placed at each
of the other two corners. If the resultant force on Q is zero, then
(a) Q 2 q (b) Q 2 q
(c) Q 2 2 q (d) Q 2 2 q
21. If there are n capacitors in parallel connected to V volt source, then the energy stored equal to
1
(a) CV (b) nCV 2
2
1
(c) CV 2 (d) CV 2
2n
22. Three charges –q1, +q2 and –q3 are placed as shown in the figure. y
The x-component of the force on –q1 is proportional to –q3
q q q q
(a) 22 32 sin (b) 22 32 cos
b a b a a
q 2 a3 q2 q3
(c) 2 2 sin (d) 2 2 cos
b a b a –q1
b +q2
24. A thin spherical conducting shell of radius R has a charge q. Another charge Q is placed at the
centre of the shell. The electrostatic potential at a point P a distance R/2 from the centre of the
shell is
2Q 2q 2Q q
(a) (b)
4 0 R 4 0 R 4 0 R 4 0 R
(q Q ) 2 2Q
(c) (d)
4 0 R 4 0 R
1. Two small balls with like charges are suspended by light strings of equal length L from the same
point. When taken to a place where they are in a state of weightlessness the separation between
the balls will be
L L(L1)
(a) 2 L (b) (c) (d) L(L1)
2 2
2. A particle of mass m and charge q starts moving from rest along a straight line in an electric field
E = E0 – ax where a is a positive constant and x is the distance from starting point. Find the
distance travelled by the particle till the moment it came to instantaneous rest
2E 0 E E q E
(a) (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 0
a a m q
3. The charge on a drop of water is 3 10–8 C. If its surface potential is 500 V, its radius must be
equal to
(a) 81 cm (b) 54 cm (c) 27 cm (d) 108 cm
4. A and B are two thin concentric hollow conductors having radii a and b and charges Q1 and Q2
respectively. Given that a > b and P is a point between the two spheres and distance of P from
the common centre is r (b < r < a). The potential at P is proportional to
Q Q2 Q Q Q Q Q Q
(a) 1 (b) 1 2 (c) 1 2 (d) 1 2
r a r a b b a
3
5. How should 5 capacitors each of value 1 F be connected so as to produce a total capacitance
7
F?
(a) Two capacitors in parallel and the combination in series with other three capacitors
(b) Three capacitors in parallel and the combination in series with other two capacitors
(c) Four capacitors in parallel and combination in series with fifth capacitor
(d) All capacitors in parallel
10. Three charges q1, -q1 and q2 are placed as shown. S is a spherical q2
Gaussian surface. Electric field at any point on S is
S -q1
(a) due to q2 only (b) uniform on all the points
(c) zero on all the points (d) due to all charges qq11
11. One plate of a capacitor having charge Q, and plate area A, is pulled
by a man keeping one plate at fixed position , as shown in figure
.What force should be applied by the man such that , plate moves
with constant velocity.
Q2 2 Q2 Q2
(a) (b) (c) zero (d)
A 0 3 A 0 2 0 A
12. A particle A has charge +q and particle B has charge + 4q with each of them having the same mass
m, when allowed to fall from rest through the same electrical potential difference in a gravity
free space, the ratio of their speeds v A / vB will become
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1
B 2C N
14. A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm is charged with 10C. Another uncharged sphere of radius
20 cm is allowed to touch it for some time. After that if the spheres are separated, then surface
density of charges on the spheres will be in the ratio of
(a) 1 : 4 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1
15. Five vertices of a regular hexagon of side L are occupied by five point charges. The value of each
point charge is +q. Another point charge –q is placed at the centre of the hexagon. What is the
magnitude of the force on –q due to all the charges placed at the vertices of hexagon?
q2 3q 2 q2
(a) (b) (c) zero (d)
4 3 0 L2 4 0 L2 4 0 L2
16. A, B, C, D corners of a square are occupied by q, –q, 2Q and Q charges respectively. The side of
q
square is 2a. The field at the mid point of side CD is zero. What is the value of ?
Q
5 5 2 2 2 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 5 2
17. The variation of electric field between the two charges q1 and E
q2 along the line joining the charges is plotted against distance
from q1 (taking rightward direction of electric field as positive)
as shown in the figure. Then the correct statement is
x
(a) q1 and q 2 are positive charge and q1 q2 q1 q2
(b) q1 and q 2 are positive charges and q1. q2
(c) q1 and q 2 are negative charges and q1 q2
(d) q1 and q 2 are negative charges and q1. q2
E E E E
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a a a a
2mg mg mg
(a) (b) (c) (d) none
q q 2q
6. Three charged particles are in equilibrium under their electrostatic force only. Then choose the correct
statements
(a) the particles must be collinear
(b) all charges cannot have same magnitude
(c) all charges cannot have same nature
(d) the equilibrium is unstable
7. Charges Q1 and Q2 are inside and outside respectively of a closed surface S. Let E be the field at any
point on S and be the flux of E over S. Then choose the correct statements
(a) if Q1 changes, both and E and will change
(b) if Q2 changes, E will change but will not change
(c) if Q1 = 0 and Q2 = 0, then E 0 but = 0
(d) if Q1 = 0 and Q2 = 0, then E = 0 and = 0
8. Two point charges +q and –q are held fixed at (–d, 0) and (d, 0) respectively of a (x, y) co-ordinate
system, then:
(a) The electric field E at all points on the x-axis has the same direction.
(b) E at all points on the y-axis is parallel to x-axis
(c) Work has to be done in bringing a test charge from infinity to the origin
(d) The dipole moment is 2qd directed along – ve x-axis.
I. Potential difference between the plates A. Separation between the plates is increased
will decrease if to K/2 times the initial value and space
between the plates after the separation has
increased, is completely filled with a
dielectric (here K is the dielectric constant)
II. Electric field strength between the B. Separation between the plates is increased
plates will reduce if
III. Electric energy stored in the capacitor
C. A dielectric with K > 1 is filled between the
will decrease if
plates of capacitor.
IV. Electric energy density will decrease if D. Separation between the plates is reduced
E. Area of the plates is increased
REASONING TYPE
Directions: Read the following questions and choose
(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of statement-
1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.
1. Statement-1: A positively charged particle always moves along an electric line of force.
Statement-2: Force on a charged particle is tangential to electric line of force.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
2. Statement-1: If the electric field intensity E is zero at a point, then electric potential should be
necessarily zero at that point (assuming potential is zero at infinity)
Statement-2: Electric field is zero at a point exactly midway between two equal and similar charge.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
4. Statement-1: Work done by the electrostatic field on charge moving on circular or elliptical path
will be zero.
Statement-2: electrostatic field is a conservative field.
(a) (A) (b) (B) (c) (C) (d) (D)
The capacitors in the figure are initially uncharged and are connected as shown.
6 F 8 F
a
28 V
S
b
5 F 13 F
1. What is the potential difference Vab ?
(a) 4.2 V (b) 5.2 V
(c) 6.2 V (d) 7.2 V
3. How much charge flowed through the switch when it was closed?
(a) 3.36 C (b) 33.6 C
(c) 336 C (d) 0.336 C
SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS
1. Two charges 500 C each are at a distance r from each other. A third charge q is placed on the
line joining the above two charges such that all the three charges are in equilibrium. What is the
magnitude (in C) of charge q ?
2. Two uniformly charged large plane sheets S1 and S2 having charge densities 1 and 2 1 2
are placed at a distance d parallel to each other. A charge q0 is moved along a line of length
aa d at an angle 450 with the normal to S1 . Calculate the work done (in Joule) by the electric
field. (take 1 - 2 = 4 2 and q0 = 0, a = 1 unit )
3. A particle having a charge 1.6 10–19 C enters midway between the plates of a parallel plate
condenser. The initial velocity of the particle is parallel to the plane of the plates. A potential
difference of 300 V is applied to the capacitor plates. If the length of the plates be 10 cm and the
plates are separated by a distance of 2 cm, calculate the greatest initial velocity (in km/s)for
which the particle will not be able to come out of the capacitor plates. The mass of the charged
particle is 12 10–24 kg.
4. Two spherical bobs of same mass and radius having equal charges are suspended from the same
point by strings of same length. The bobs are immersed in a liquid of relative permittivity r and
density 0. Find the density of the bob (kg/m3) for which the angle of divergence of the strings
to be the same in the air and in the liquid? (Take 0 = 200 kg/m3, r = 5)
6. Find the energy stored (in J) in the electric field produced by a metal sphere of radius 1m
containing a charge of 100 C.
7. An isolated conductor initially free from charge is charged by repeated contacts with a plate
which after each contact is replenished to a charge 100 C from an electrophorus. If 20 C is the
charge on the conductor after the first operation, find the maximum charge (in C) which can be
given to the conductor.
10. Three concentric, conducting spherical shells A, B and C have radii a = 10 cm, b = 20 cm and c = 30
cm respectively. The innermost shell A is earthed and charge q2 = 4 C and q3 = 3C are
given to shells B and C respectively. Calculate energy (in mJ) stored in the system.
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (d)
EXERCISE – II
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (b)
EXERCISE – III
EXERCISE – IV
1. 125
2. 2
3. 10
4. 250
5. 900
6. 45 J
7. 25
8. 5J
9. 96 J
10. 450
Q.1 The capacitance of a metallic sphere will be 1F, if its radius is nearly-
(1) 9 km (2) 10 m
(3) 1.11 m (4) 1.11 cm
Q.4 Two spherical conductors A and B of radii R and 2R respectively are each given a charge Q. When
they are connected by a metallic wire. The charge will-
(1) flow from A to B
(2) flow from B to A
(3) remain stationary on conductor
(4) none of these
Q.5 The potential energy of a charged conductor of charge (q) and potential (V) is given by-
1 1 2
(1) qV (2) qV
2 2
1 q 1
(3) (4) qV2
2 V 2
Q.6 A conductor of capacitance 0.5F has been charged to 100 volts. It is now connected to
uncharged conductor of capacitance 0.2F. The loss in potential energy is nearly -
(1) 7 × 10–4 J (2) 3.5 × 10–4 J
(3) 14 × 10–4 J (4) 7 × 10–3 J
Q.7 Two spherical conductors of capacitance 3.0F and 5.0F are charged to potentials of 300 volt
and 500 volt. The two are connected resulting in redistribution of charges. Then the final
potential is -
(1) 300 volt (2) 500 volt
(3) 425 volt (4) 400 volt
Q.8 N drops of mercury of equal radii and possessing equal charges combine to form a big spherical
drop. Then the capacitance of the bigger drop compared to each individual drop is-
(1) N times (2) N2/3 times
1/3
(3) N times (4) N5/3 times
Q.9 The capacity of a parallel plate condenser is C. Its capacity when the separation between the
plates is halved will be-
(1) 4C (2) 2C (3) C/2 (4) C/4
Q.10 A parallel plate condenser has a capacitance 50F in air and 110 F, when immersed in an oil. The
dielectric constant K of the oil is-
(1) 0.45 (2) 0.55 (3) 1.10 (4) 2.20
Q.20 A parallel plate capacitor is connected to a battery and decreased the distance between the
plates then which quantity is same on the parallel plate capacitor-
(1) potential difference
(2) capacitance
(3) intensity of electric field
(4) stored energy
Q.22 A parallel plate capacitor has a capacity C. The separation between plates is doubled and a
dielectric medium is inserted between plates. The new capacity is 3C. The dielectric constant of
medium is-
(1) 1.5 (2) 3.0 (3) 6.0 (4) 12.0
Q.23 A parallel plate capacitor is charged by a battery after charging the capacitor, battery is
disconnected and decrease the distance between the plates then which following statement is
correct ?
(1) electric field is not constant
(2) potential difference is increased
(3) decrease the capacitance
(4) decrease the stored energy
Q.24 The capacitance of a parallel plate condenser does not depend upon-
(1) the distance between the plates
(2) area of the plates
(3) medium between the plates
(4) metal of the plates
Q.25 A metallic plate of thickness (t) and face area of one side (A) is inserted between the plates of a
parallel plate air capacitor with a separation (d) and face are (A). Then the equivalent capacitance
is -
0 A 0 A
(1) (2)
d (d t )
0 A 0 A
(3) (4)
(d t ) (d t )
Q.26 An air capacitor of 1F is immersed in a transformer oil of dielectric constant 3. The capacitance
of the oil capacitor is-
1
(1) 1F (2) F
3
(3) 3F (4) 2F
Q.27 Two metal plates form a parallel plate condenser. The distance between the plates in d. Now a
metal plate of thickness d/2 and of same area is inserted completely between the plates, the
capacitance -
(1) remains unchanged
(2) is doubled
(3) is halved
(4) reduced to one fourth
Q.28 The capacity of a parallel plate capacitor with air as medium is 2F. After inserting a sheet of mica
a equal air thickness , it becomes 5F. The dielectric constant of mica is -
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.4
(3) 2.5 (4) 10
Q.30 A parallel plate condenser is immersed in an oil of dielectric constant 2. The field between the
plates is-
(1) increased proportional to 2.
(2) decreased proportional to 1/2
(3) increased proportional to 2
(4) decreased proportional to 1/2
Q.31 A parallel plate capacitor consists of two plates of 2m × 1m. The space between the plates is of
1mm and filled with a dielectric of relative permittivity of 7. A potential difference of 300 V is
applied across the plates. Find the potential gradient -
(1) 6 × 105 N/C (2) 3 × 105 N/C
5
(3) 18 × 10 N/C (4) 12 × 105 N/C
Q.32 Two conductors insulated from each other, charged by transferring electrons from one conductor
to the other. After 25 × 1012 electrons have been transferred. The potential difference between
the conductors is found to be 16V. The capacitance of the system is-
(1) 25F (2) .25F
(3) 25 nF (4) 25 PF
Q.33 The energy density in a parallel plate capacitor is given as 2.2 × 10–10 J/m3. The value of the
electric field in the region between the plates is-
(1) 7 NC–1 (2) 3.6 NC–1
(3) 72 NC –1 (4) 8.4 NC–1
Q.34 If a 10F capacitor is to have an energy content of 1 Joule. It must be placed across a p.d. of (in
volts)-
(1) 900 (2) 450 × 108 (3) 200 (4) 450
1
Q.35 A capacitor of capacitance F is connected to a battery of 300 volt and charged. Then the
3
energy stored in capacitor is-
(1) 3 × 10–2 joule (2) 1.5 × 10–2 joule
(3) 6 × 102 joule (4) 12 × 102 joule
Q.36 The two parallel plates of a condenser have been connected to a battery of 300V and the charge
collected at each plate is 1C. The energy supplied by battery is -
(1) 6 × 10–4 J (2) 3 × 10–4 J
(3) 1.5 × 10–4 J (4) 4.5 × 10–4 J
Q.37 The plates of a parallel plate capacitor are charged with a battery so that the plates of the
capacitor have acquired the P.D. equal to e.m.f of the battery. The ratio of the work done by the
battery and the energy stored in capacitor is-
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 1 : 4
Q.38 A parallel plate condenser has plates of area 200 cm2 and separation 0.05cm has been filled with
a dielectric having K = 8 and then charged to 300volts. The final energy of condenser is -
(1) 1.6 × 10–5 J (2) 2.0 × 10–6 J
(3) 12.8 × 10–5 J (4) 64 × 10–5 J
Q.40 Three capacitors each of capacitance 1F are connected in parallel. To this combination a fourth
capacitor of capacitance 1F connected in series. The resultant capacitance of the system is-
(1) 4F (2) 2 F
(3) 4/3 F (4) 3/4 F
Q.41 Two capacitances of capacity C1 and C2 are connected in series and potential difference V is
applied across it. Then the potential difference across C1 will be-
C2 C1 C 2
(1) V (2) V
C1 C1
C2 C1
(3) V (4) V
C1 C 2 C1 C 2
Q.42 Two condensers of capacities 1F and 2F are connected in series and system charged to
120 volts. Then the P.D on 1F capacitor (in volts) will be-
(1) 40 (2) 60 (3) 80 (4) 120
Q.43 Two condensers of capacity 0.3F and 0.6F respectively are connected in series. The
combination is connected across a potential of 6 volts. The ratio of energies stored by the
condensers will be -
(1) 1/2 (2) 2 (3) 1/4 (4) 4
Q.44 Three capacitors Ca < Cb < Cc are connected in series. Their resultant capacitance will be-
(1) equivalent capacitance greater than Cc
(2) equivalent capacitance less than Cc but greater than Ca
(3) equivalent capacitance less than Ca
(4) equivalent capacitance is infinite
3µF 3µF
1.5µF
(1) 1F (2) 2F (3) 1.5 F (4) 3F
Q.46 Three capacitors of capacitance 3F , 9F and 18F are connected once in series and another
C
time in parallel. The ratio of equivalent capacitance in the two cases s will be -
Cp
(1) 1 : 15 (2) 15 : 1
(3) 1 : 1 (4) 1 : 3
(1) C (2) 3C
(3) C/3 (4) 3C/2
Q.48 Three capacitors are connected to D.C. source of 100 volts as shown in the adjoining figure. If the
charge accumulated on plates of C1 , C2 and C3 are qa , qb, qc , qd , qe , qf respectively then -
2µF 3µF 4µF
ab cd ef
100V
(1) qb + qd + qf = 100/9 Coulomb
(2) qb + qd + qf = 0
(3) qa + qc + qe = 50 Coulomb
(4) qb = qd = qf
Q.49 A capacitor C1 = 4F is connected in series with another capacitor C2 = 1F. The combination is
connected across a d.c. source of voltage 200V. The ratio of potential across C1 and C2 is -
(1) 1 : 4 (2) 4 : 1 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 2 : 1
Q.50 Two condensers of 20 and 30 microfarads are connected in series across a 200 volt D.C. supply.
Find the charge on each condenser ?
(1) 2400 C (2) 4200C
(3) 2600C (4) 3000C
Q.51 The three condensers of capacitances 10, 20 and 30F are first connected in series and then
connected in parallel. The ratio of the resultant capacitance in the two cases is -
(1) 1 : 11 (2) 11 : 1
(3) 1 : 6 (4) 6 : 1
Q.52 Five equal capacitors, each with capacitance (C) are connected as shown in the adjoining fig. Then
the equivalent capacitance between A and B is -
C
C C C
A B
C
(1) C (2) 5C (3) C/5 (4) 3C
Q.53 The total capacity of the system of capacitors shown in adjoining figure between the points A and
B is -
2µF
A
1µF
1µF 2µF
B
2µF
(1) 1F (2) 2F (3) 3F (4) 4F
2µF 2µF
2µF
8 3
(1) 8F (2) 6F (3) F (4) F
3 8
Q.55 Five capacitors of 10F capacitor each are connected to a D.C. potential of 100 volts as shown in
the adjoining figure. The equivalent capacitance between the points A and B will be equal to-
10µF 10µF
A 10µF B
10µF 10µF
100V
(1) 40F (2) 20 F
(3) 30 F (4) 10 F
Q.56 Three capacitors of capacity 10F , 5F and 5F are connected in parallel. The total capacity will
be-
(1) 10F (2) 5F
(3) 20 F (4) none of the above
Q.57 Two capacitors connected in parallel having the capacities C1 and C2 are given 'q' charge, which is
distributed among them. The ratio of the charge on C1 and C2 will be -
C1 C2
(1) (2)
C2 C1
1
(3) C1C2 (4)
C1C 2
Q.58 In an adjoining figure are shown three capacitors C1 , C2 and C3 joined to battery. The correct
condition will be-
V2 C2 Q2
V1 C1 Q1
V3 C3 Q3
V
(1) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 and V1 = V2 = V3 = V
(2) Q2 = Q2 + Q3 and V = V1 + V2 + V3
(3) Q1 = Q2 + Q3 and V = V1 + V2
(4) Q2 = Q3 and V2 = V3
(Symbols have their usual meanings)
Q.59 Two capacitors of equal capacity are first connected in parallel and then in series. The ratio of the total
capacities in the two cases will be -
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 2 (3) 4 : 1 (4) 1 : 4
Q.61 If three capacitors each of capacity 1F are connected in such a way that the resultant capacity is
1.5F then-
(1) all the three are connected in series
(2) all the three are connected in parallel
(3) two of them are in parallel and then connected in series to the third
(4) two of them are in series and then connected in parallel to the third
Q.62 Two capacitor each of 1F capacitance are connected in parallel and are then charged by 200
volts D.C. supply. The total energy of their charges (in joule is)-
(1) 0.01 (2) 0.02
(3) 0.04 (4) 0.06
Q.63 Four capacitors are connected as shown in the fig. The equivalent capacitance between the
points P and Q is-
1µF
1µF 1µF
P Q
1µF
Q.64 The total capacity of the system of capacitors shown in the adjoining figure between the points A
and B will be-
3µF
A
1µF 6µF
B
2µF
(1) 1F (2) 2F
(3) 3F (4) 4F
Q.65 Two dielectric slabs of constant K1 and K2 have been filled in between the plates of a capacitor as
shown below. What will be the capacitance of the capacitor -
d/2 K1
d/2 K2
2 0 A 2 0 A K1 K 2 d 2 0 A K1 K 2
(1) (K1 + K2) (2) (3) (4)
d d K1 K 2 2 0 A d K1 K 2
d K1 K2
0 A 0 A
(1) (K1 + K2) (2) (K1 + K2)
2d d
A K K A K K
(3) 0 1 2 (4) 0 1 2
2d K 1 K 2 d K1 K 2
Q.70 The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is 2.5F when it is half filled with a dielectric as
shown in the figure, Its capacitance becomes 5F , the dielectric constant of the dielectric is-
Air Medium
Q.71 The capacitance of a spherical condenser is 1F. If the spacing between the two spheres is 1mm,
then the radius of the outer sphere is-
(1) 30cm (2) 6 m (3) 5 cm (4) 3m
Q.72 The capacitance (C) for an isolated conducting sphere of radius (a) is given by 40.a. If the
sphere is enclosed with an earthed concentric sphere. The ratio of the radii of the sphere being
(n/n–1) then the capacitance of such a sphere will be increased by a factor -
(1) n (2) n/(n–1)
(3) (n–1)/n (4) a.n
Q.74 Two spherical conductors A1 and A2 of radii (r1) and (r2) (r2 > r1 ) are placed concentrically in air.
A1 is given a charge +Q while A2 in earthed. Then the capacitance of the system is -
r1 . r2
(1) 40 (2) 40 (r1 + r2)
r2 r1
r22
(3) 40 . r2 (4) 40
r2 r1
Q.75 A capacitor of capacitance 100µF is charged by connecting it to a battery of emf 12V and internal
resistance 2. The time taken before 99% of the maximum charge is stored on the capacitor-
(1) 0.92 ms (2) 0.4 ms
(3) 0.8 ms (4) 0.1 ms
Q.76 A capacitor of capacitance 0.1 µF is charged to certain potential and allow to discharge through a
resistance of 10 MHow long will it take for the potential to fall to one half of its original value-
(1) 0.1s (2) 0.2346 s
(3) 1.386 s (4) 0.693 s
Q.77 A 500F capacitor is charged at a steady rate of 100C/sec. The potential difference across the
capacitor will be 10V after an interval of-
(1) 5 sec. (2) 20 sec. (3) 25 sec. (4) 50 sec.
Q.78 A C. R series circuit is connected to a battery of e.m.f E. The time required by the capacitor to
acquire maximum charge, depends upon -
(1) R only
(2) C only
(3) RC
(4) applied potential difference
Q.79 Calculate the charge on the plates of the capacitor C in the given circuit -
E r
C R1
A B
R2
ER 2 ER 1
(1) C × (2) C ×
R2 r R1 r
E R1.R 2 E R1
(3) C × (4) C ×
R1 R 2 R2 r
C R3
C
E,r
(1) 24C (2) 12C
(3) 6C (4) 3C
Q.81 Two condensers of capacities 2C and C are joined in parallel and charged upto potential V. The
battery is removed and the condenser of capacity C is filled completely with a medium of
dielectric constant K . The p.d. across the capacitors will now be -
3V 3V
(1) (2)
K2 K
V V
(3) (4)
K2 K
Q.82 0.2F capacitor is charged to 600V by a battery. On removing the battery. It is connected with
another parallel plate condenser (1.0F). The potential decreases to-
(1) 100 volts (2) 120 volts
(3) 300 volts (4) 600 volts
Q.84 A condenser of capacitance 10F has been charged to 100V. It is now connected to another
uncharged condenser. The common potential becomes 40V. The capacitance of another
condenser is -
(1) 5F (2) 10F (3) 15F (4) 20F
Q.85 A capacitor having capacitance C is charged to a voltage V. It is then removed and connected in
parallel with another identical capacitor which is uncharged. The new charge on each capacitor is
now-
(1) CV (2) CV/2 (3) 2CV (4) CV/4
Q.86 Two capacitors of capacities C1 and C2 are charged to voltages V1 and V2 respectively. There will
be no exchange of energy in connecting them in parallel. If-
(1) C1 = C2 (2) C1V1 = C2V2
C1 C
(3) V1 = V2 (4) = 2
V1 V2
Q.1 A parallel plate capacitor is charged and kept connected with the battery. If now a dielectric slab
is inserted between the plates to fill the entire space between the plates then what will be the
change in the charge, potential difference and electric field intensity between the plates
respectively -
(1) increases , constant, increases
(2) increases, constant , constant
(3) increases , constant , decreases
(4) constant, decreases , decreases.
Q.2 A parallel plate air capacitor is connected to a battery. The quantities charge, voltage electric
field, and energy associated with this capacitor are given by Q0, V0 , E0 and U0 respectively. A
dielectric slab is now introduced to fill the space between the plates with battery still in
connection. The corresponding quantities now given by Q , V, E, and U are related of the previous
one as -
(1) Q > Q0 (2) V > V0
(3) E > E0 (4) U U0
Q.3 A battery charges a parallel plate capacitor of thickness (d) so that an energy [U0] is stored in the
system. A slab of dielectric constant (K) and thickness (d) is then introduced between the plates
of the capacitor. The new energy of the system is given by -
(1) KU0 (2) K2 U0
U0
(3) (4) U0/K2
K
Q.4 Two spheres of radii R1 and R2 have equal charge are joint together with a copper wire. If the
potential on each sphere after they are separated to each other is V, then initial charge on any
1
sphere was (k = )–
4 0
V V
(1) (R1+ R2) (2) (R1 + R2)
k 2k
V V (R1R 2 )
(3) (R1 + R2) (4)
k k R1 R 2
Q.5 Calculate the reading of voltmeter between X and Y then (VX – VY ) is equal to -
1F
2F X
1F
A V B
3F Y
6F
20V
(1) 10 V (2) 13.33V
(3) 3.33 V (4) 10.33 V
B
3µF 3µF 3µF
(1)1F (2) 3F
(3) 2F (4) 1.5F
Q.10 The diameter of the plate of a parallel plate condenser is 6 cm. If its capacity is equal to a sphere
of diameter 200 cm, the separation between the plates of the condenser is -
(1) 4.5 × 10–4m (2) 2.25 × 10–4m
(3) 6.75 × 10–4 m (4) 9 × 10–4 m
Q.11 Four metallic plates of each with a surface area of one side (A) , are placed at a distance (d) from
each other. The alternate plate are connected to point (A) and (B) as shown in the fig. The
capacitance of the system is
A
B
0 A 2 0 A
(1) (2)
d d
3 0 A 4 0 A
(3) (4)
d d
Foil d/2
d/2
Q.15 The figure shows a circuit consisting of four capacitors. The effective capacitance between A and
B is –
1µF 1µF
A 1µF B
2µF
5 7 8
(1) F (2) F (3) F (4) 1F
6 6 3
Q.16 The p.d. across the capacitance of 2F in the figure along with is -
3µF
6µF 2µF
3µF
+ –
70V
(1) 10V (2) 60V (3) 28 V (4) 56V
Q.17 A circuit is shown in the figure below. Find out the charge of the condenser having capacity 5F-
2µF
3µF
4µF 5µF
+ –
6V
(1) 4.5 µC (2) 6.0 µC (3) 9.0 µC (4) 30 µC
3µF 5µF
4V
Q.19 Three capacitors of capacitors C1 , C2 , C3 are connected as shown in the figure. The points A , B
and C are at potential V1 , V2 and V3 respectively. Then the potential at O will be –
A
C1
O
C2
C3
B C
V1 V2 V3 V1V2 V2 V3 V3V1
(1) (2)
2 V1 V2 V3
Q.20 Three capacitors A , B and C are connected to a battery of 25volt as shown in the figure. The ratio of
charges on capacitors A , B and C will be -
A
5µF
B C
25V
8µF 12µF
(1) 5 : 2 : 3 (2) 5 : 3 : 2
(3) 2 : 5: 3 (4) 2 : 3 : 5
Q.21 Four equal capacitors , each with a capacitance (C) are connected to a battery of E.M.F 10volts as
shown in the adjoining figure. The mid point of the capacitor system is connected to earth. Then
the potentials of B and D are respectively-
A C
B D
Earthed
(1) +10 volt , zero volt (2) +5 volt , –5 volt
(3) –5 volt, +5 volt (4) zero volt, 10 volt
Q.22 A circuit has a section AB as shown in the fig. With E = 10V , C1 = 1.0F, C2 = 2.0F and the
potential difference VA – VB = 5V. The voltage across C1 is -
A E
– + B
C1 C2
(1) zero (2) 5V (3) 10V (4) 15V
C3 C4
B
E
(1) (C2 – C1 ) E (2) (C4 – C3) E
(3) (C2C3 C1C4 )E (4) (C 2 C3 C1C 4 )E
(C1 C2 C3 C4 ) (C1 C 2 )(C3 C 4 )
Q.24 A 1F capacitor is connected in the circuit shown below. The e.m.f of the cell is 2 volts and internal
resistance is 0.5 ohm. The resistors R1 and R2 have values 4 ohm and 1 ohm respectively. The charge
on the capacitor must be-
E=2V, r = 0.5
1µF R1
R2
+ –
6V
1 1
(1) 9 A (2) 0.9 A (3) A (4) A
9 0 .9
Q.26 In the circuit shown here C1 = 6F, C2 = 3F and battery B = 20V. The Switch S1 is first closed. It is
then opened and afterwards S2 is closed. What is the charge finally on C2 ?
C2 3µF
S2
C1 6µF
S1
B=20V
(1) 120C (2) 80C (3) 40C (4) 20C
Q.27 As in figure shown, if a capacitor C is charged by connecting it with resistance R, then energy is
given by the battery will be -
C
R
V
1 1
(1) CV 2 (2) More than CV 2
2 2
1
(3) Less than CV 2 (4) Zero
2
Q.29 A capacitor of capacity C1 is charged to the potential of V0. On disconnecting with the battery, it is
connected with a capacitor of capacity C2 as shown in the adjoining figure. The ratio of energies
before and after the connection of switch S will be -
S
C1V0
C2
R3
R2
R1
t
(1) R3 (2) R2
(3) R1 (4) Cannot be predicted
Q.33 A glass slab is put with in the plates of a charged parallel plate condenser. Which of the following
quantities does not change ?
(1) energy of the condenser (2) capacity
(3) intensity of electric field (4) charge
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Q.38 An infinite number of identical capacitors each of capacitance 1F are connected as in adjoining
figure. Then the equivalent capacitance between A and B is-
8 capacitor
16 capacitor
A B
1
(1) 1µF (2) 2µF (3) µF (4)
2
Q.39 An air capacitor, a capacitor with a dielectric and a capacitor with a conducting slab (thickness
one half the separation introducing between the plates of parallel plate air capacitor in both case)
has capacity C1, C2 and C3 respectively then-
(1) C1 > C2 > C3 (2) C2 > C3 > C1
(3) C3 > C2 > C1 (4) C3 > C1 > C2
Q.41 A number of capacitors, each of capacitance 1µF and each one of which gets punctured if a
potential difference just exceeding 500 volt is applied are provided. Then an arrangement
suitable for giving a capacitor of capacitance 3µF across which 2000 volt may be applied requires
at least -
(1) 4 component capacitors
(2) 12 component capacitors
(3) 48 component capacitors
(4) 16 component capacitors
Q.42 A circuit has a section AB as shown in the figure with E = 10V, C1 = 1.0µF, C2 = 2.0 µF and the
potential difference VA – VB = 5V. The voltage across C1 is-
E
– +
A B
C1 C2
(1) zero (2) 5V (3) 10V (4) 15V
Q.1 The effective capacity of the network between terminals A and B is-
6µF 6µF
A 20µF B
6µF 6µF
(1) 6 µF (2) 20 µF (3) 3 µF (4) 10 µF
Q.2 The energy and capacity of a charged parallel plate capacitor are U and C respectively. Now a
dielectric slab of r = 6 is inserted in it then energy and capacity becomes (Assuming charge on
plates remains constant)
U
(1) 6U, 6C (2) U, C (3) , 6C (4) U, 6C
6
Q.3 A capacitor is charged with a battery and energy stored is U. After disconnecting battery another
capacitor of same capacity is connected in parallel with it. Then energy stored in each capacitor
is-
(1) U/2 (2) U/4 (3) 4U (4) 2U
Q.4 Energy per unit volume for a capacitor having area A and separation d kept at potential difference
V is given by-
1 V2 1 V2
(1) 0 2 (2)
2 d 2 0 d 2
1 Q2
(3) CV 2 (4)
2 2C
Q.5 A capacitor of capacity C1 charged upto V and then connected to an uncharged capacitor of
capacity C2. Then final potential difference across each will be-
C2V C1V
(1) (2)
C1 C 2 C1 C 2
C2 C2
(3) 1 .V (4) 1 . V
C1 C1
Q.6 Three capacitors each of capacity 4 µF are to be connected in such a way that the effective
capacitance of 6 µF. This can be done by-
(1) connecting all of them in series
(2) connecting them in parallel
(3) connecting two in series and one in parallel
(4) connecting two in parallel and one in series
Q.7 A network of four capacitors of capacity equal to C1 = C, C2 = 2C, C3 = 3C and C4 = 4C are
connected to a battery as shown in the figure. The ratio of the charges on C2 and C4 is-
C2
C3 C1
C4
V
7 22 3 4
(1) (2) (3) (4)
4 3 22 7
C
Q.9 Two condensers, one of capacity C and the other of capacity , are connected to a V-volt
2
battery, as shown. The work done in charging fully both the condensers is-
V C C/2
1
(1) CV2 (2) 2 CV2
2
1 3
(3) CV2 (4) CV2
4 4
Q.10 If the distance between the plates of a parallel plate condenser is halved and the dielectric is
doubled, then its capacity will-
(1) remain the same (2) increase by 2 times
(3) increase by 4 times (4) increase by 6 times
Q.11 What is the area of the plate of a 3F parallel plate capacitor, if the separation between the plates
is 5 mm ?
(1) 1.694 × 109 m2 (2) 4.569 × 109 m2
9 2
(3) 9.281 × 10 m (4) 12.918 × 109 m2
Q.12 The dimensions of RC is equal to-
(1) time
(2) inverse time
(3) square of inverse time
(4) square of time
Q.13 Minimum number of 8µF and 250 V capacitors used to make a combination of 16 µF and
1000 V are -
(1) 32 (2) 16 (3) 8 (4) 4
Q.14 Three capacitors of capacitance 3µF, 10µF and 15µF are connected in series to a voltage source of
100 V. The charge on 15µF is-
(1) 50 µC (2) 160 µC
(3) 200 µC (4) 280 µC
Q.15 Two materials of dielectric constant k1 and k2 are filled between two parallel plates of a capacitor
as shown in figure. The capacity of the capacitor is-
k1 k2
A 0 (k1 k 2 ) 2A 0 k 1k 2
(1) (2)
2d d k1 k 2
A 0 k 1k 2 A 0 k1 k 2
(3) (4)
d k1 k 2 2d k 1k 2
Q.16 A conducting sphere of radius 10 cm is charged with 10 µC. Another uncharged sphere of radius
20 cm is allowed to touch it for some time. After that if the sphere are separated, then surface
density of charged on the spheres will be in the ratio of-
Q.17 In the given figure, the capacitors C1, C3, C4, C5 have a capacitance 4µF each. If the capacitor C2
has a capacitance 10µF, then effective capacitance between A and B will be-
C4
b d
A B
a C C2 c C3
1
C5
(1) 2µF (2) 4µF (3) 6µF (4) 8µF
Q.18 A 40 µF capacitor in a defibrillator is charged to 3000 V. The energy stored in the capacitor is sent
through the patient during a pulse of duration 2 ms. The power delivered to the patient is-
(1) 45 kW (2) 90 kW
(3) 180 kW (4) 360 kW
Q.19 Five capacitors, each of capacitance value C are connected as shown in the figure. The ratio of
capacitance between P and R, and the capacitance between P and Q is-
P
C C
Q T
C C
R S
C
(1) 3 : 1 (2) 5 : 2 (3) 2 : 3 (4) 1 : 1
Q.20 Three capacitors each of capacitance C and of breakdown voltage V are joined in series. The
capacitance and breakdown voltage of the combination will be-
C V
(1) 3C, 3V (2) ,
3 3
V C
(3) 3C, (4) , 3V
3 3
Q.21 A parallel plate condenser has a uniform electric field E (V/m) in the space between the plates. If
the distance between the plates is d (m) and area of each plate is A (m 2) the energy (joules)
stored in the condenser is :
1
(1) 0E2 Ad (2) E2Ad/0
2
1
(3) 0E2 (4) 0EAd
2
Q.2 The capacity of a parallel plate air capacitor is 10F. As shown in the figure this capacitor is
divided into two equal parts, these parts are filled by media of dielectric constants K1 = 2 and K2 =
4, capacity of this arrangement will be -
a
A/2 A/2
d K1 K2
b
(1) 20 F (2) 30 F (3) 10 F (4) 40 F
Q.3 Parallel combination of two capacitors, each of value 10 F is charged by 200 volt d.c. Total
energy of the charges in joules will be -
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.2 (3) 0.4 (4) 0.6
Q.4 Three capacitors, each of value 1F are such combined that the resultant capacity is 1.5 F. Then
(1) All three capacitors are connected in parallel.
(2) All three capacitors are connected in series.
(3) Third capacitor is in series with parallel combination of others two.
(4) Third capacitor is in parallel with series combination of others two.
Q.5 As shown in figure, two identical capacitors of values C1 and C2 are connected with a battery.
Space between the plates of C1 is filled with air and that of between plates of C2 is filled with an
insulator, then -
C1 C2
0 +
– r
Q1 Q2
(1) Q1 > Q2 (2) Q1 < Q2
(3) Q1 = Q2 (4) None of the above
Q.6 Charge and the energy stored of a capacitor of value C are respectively Q and W. If its charge is
increased to 2Q, then the stored energy will be -
(1) 2 W (2) W/2 (3) 4 W (4) W/4
Q.7 A capacitor of capacity C is charged to a potential V. Then it is taken out and connected in parallel
with an uncharged identical capacitor. Then charge on each capacitor will be -
(1) CV (2) CV/2 (3) CV/8 (4) CV/4
Q.8 Two capacitors of value 0.3 F and 0.6F are connected in series with a source of 6 volt, then the
ratio of energy stored in each capacitor will be -
1 1
(1) (2) 2 (3) (4) 4
2 4
Q.9 A parallel plate capacitor is connected with a battery whose potential is constant. If the plates
capacitor are shifted apart then the intensity of electric field -
(1) Decrease and charge on plates also decreases.
(2) Remains constant but charge on plates decreases.
(3) Remains constant but charge on plates increases.
(4) Increase but charge on plates decreases.
Q.10 Half of the space between parallel plate capacitor is filled with a medium of dielectric constant K
parallel to the plates. If initially the capacity is C, then the new capacity will be -
Q.11 The distance between the plates of a circular parallel capacitor of diameter 40 mm, whose
capacity is equal to that of a metallic sphere of radius 1m will be -
(1) 0.01 mm (2) 0.1 mm
(3) 1.0 mm (4) 10 mm
Q.12 When a slab of dielectric medium is placed between plates of a parallel plate capacitor high is
connected with a battery, then the charge on plates in comparison with earlier charge -
(1) Is less
(2) Is same
(3) Is more
(4) Depends on the nature of the material inserted
Q.13 Two identical parallel plate capacitors are connected in series and then joined with a battery of
100 V. A sheet of dielectric constant 4.0 is inserted between the plates of second capacitor. The
potential difference across the capacitors will be respectively -
(1) 50V, 50V (2) 80V, 20V
(3) 20V, 80V (4) 75V, 25V
Q.14 If a capacitor, with air as dielectric, is so charged that the potential difference across the plates
becomes 100V. If now the space between plates is filled with a medium of dielectric constant 10,
then the potential difference across the plates will be -
(1) 1000 V (2) 100 V (3) 10 V (4) zero
Q.15 A capacitor of value 4F charged at 50V is connected with another capacitor of value 2F charged
at 100V, in such a way that plates of similar charges are connected together. Before joining and
after joining the total energy in multiple 10–2 J will be -
(1) 1.5 and 1.33 (2) 1.33 and 1.5
(3) 3.0 and 2.67 (4) 2.67 and 3.0
Q.16 64 small drops of water, whose charge and radius are same, are joined to make a big drop. The
capacity of big drop is following times that of small drop -
(1) 4 (2) 8 (3) 16 (4) 64
Q.17 The radii of a spherical capacitor are 0.5 m and 0.6 m. If the empty space is completely filled by a
medium of dielectric constant 6, then the capacity of the capacitor will be –
(1) 3.3 × 10–10 F (2) 2 × 10–9 F
(3) 2 F (4) 18 F
Q.18 The distance between plates of a parallel plate capacitor is 'd'. Another thick metal plate of
thickness d/2 and area same as that of plates is so plated between the plates, that it does not
touch the plates. The capacity of the resultant capacitor –
(1) remains same (2) becomes double
(3) becomes half (4) becomes one fourth
Q.19 When air is replaced by a dielectric medium from the space between the plates of a charged
parallel plate capacitor, then the intensity of electric field -
(1) Decreases (2) Remain same
(3) Becomes zero (4) Increases
Q.20 In a parallel plate capacitor, sheets of thickness t1 and t2 with dielectric constant of K1 and K2
respectively are placed. Capacity of this condenser will be -
Q.21 When a capacitor of value 200F charged to 200V is discharged separately through resistance of
2 and 8 , then heat produced in joule will respectively be -
(1) 4 and 16 (2) 16 and 4
(3) 4 and 8 (4) 4 and 4
Q.22 A series combination of two capacitors of value 0.1 F and 1F is connected with a source of
voltage 500 volt. The p.d. in volt across the capacitor of value 0.1 F will be-
(1) 50 (2) 500
(3) 45.5 (4) 454.5
Q.23 The magnitude of storing capacity of a PPC does not depend on -
(1) area of the plate
(2) medium between the plates
(3) distance between the plates
(4) metal of the plate
Q.24 An uncharged capacitor is connected with a battery on charging the capacitor fully -
(1) The total energy given is stored in capacitor.
(2) Half of the energy given is stored in capacitor.
(3) The energy stored depends only on capacity of capacitor.
(4) The energy stored depends on the time taken to charge the capacitor.
Q.25 Three capacitors of value 6, 3 and 9F are joined according to the circuit and then the
combination is connected with a battery of 10 volt. The potential difference across the third
capacitor plates will be –
6F
9F
3F
+ –
10V
(1) 4 V (2) 5 V (3) 6 V (4) 2 V
Q.26 Two uncharged capacitors are charged with a battery of E volt. The ratio of charges produced on
these capacitors Q1/Q2 will be-
C1 4F 2F C2
E
Q.30 The value of capacitor formed by a thin metallic foil is 2 F. The foil is attached to both sides of
paper having a thickness of 0.015 mm. The dielectric constant of the paper is 2.5 and its breadth
is 40 mm. The length of the foil used is-
(1) 0.34 m (2) 1.33 m
(3) 13.4 mm (4) 33.9 m
Q.31 The value of equivalent capacitance of the combination shown in fig., between the points P and Q
is -
P
2C
2C
2C C
C C
Q
(1) 3 C (2) 2 C (3) C (4) C/3
Q.32 The equivalent capacitance of the circuit shown, between points A and B will be -
A 1F 1F B
1F
2F
2 5
(1) F (2) F
3 3
8 7
(3) F (4) F
3 3
Q.33 The effective capacitance between the points P and Q of the arrangement shown in the fig. is -
2F
P 2F 1F Q
2F 5F
2F 1F
(1) (1/2) F (2) 1 F
(3) 2 F (4) 1.33 F
Q.34 In the given circuit if point C is connected to the earth and a potential of + 2000 V is given to point
A, the potential at B is -
5F 10F 10F
C
A B
10F
(1) 1500 V (2) 1000 V
(3) 500 V (4) 400 V
Q.35 A capacitor of capacitance 5 F is connected as shown in the fig. The internal resistance of the
cell is 0.5 . The amount of charge on the capacitor plate is -
2.5V
+ –
(1) 0 C (2) 5 C
(3) 10 C (4) 25 C
Q.36 Choose the incorrect statement from the following when two identical capacitors are charged
individually to different potentials and connected parallel to each other after disconnecting them
from the source-
(1) Net charge equals the sum of initial charges
(2) The net energy stored in the two capacitors is less than the sum of the initial individual
energies.
(3) The net potential difference across them is different from the sum of the individual
initial potential difference.
(4) The net potential difference across them equals the sum of the individual initial
potential differences.
Q.37 The area of the plates of a parallel plate condenser is A and the distance between the plates is 10
mm. There are two dielectric sheets in it, one of dielectric constant 10 and thickness 6 mm and
the other of dielectric constant 5 and thickness 4 mm. The capacity of the condenser is-
12 2
(1) 0A (2) 0A
35 3
5000
(3) 0A (4) 1500 0A
7
Q.38 Two condensers C1 and C2 in a circuit are joined as shown in fig. The potential of point A is V1 and
that of B is V2. The potential of point D will be -
A D B
V1 C1 C2 V2
1 C 2 V1 C1V2
(1) (V1 + V2) (2)
2 C1 C 2
C1V1 C 2 V2 C 2 V1 C1V2
(3) (4)
C1 C 2 C1 C 2
Q.39 An air capacitor of capacity C = 10 F is connected to a constant voltage battery of 12 V. Now the
space between the plates is filled with a liquid of dielectric constant 5. The additional charge that
flows now from battery to the capacitor is -
(1) 120 C (2) 600 C
(3) 480 C (4) 24 C
Q.40 The capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor is C and distance between the plates is d. If the space
between the plates is filled with a substance of dielectric constant K as shown in the fig. then
what will be the new capacitance of the capacitor -
A A/2 A/2
d C d K
d
I-Condition II-Condition
C C
(1) (1 + K) (2) (K)
2 2
C
(3) (4) 2 C
2
Q.41 If there are three capacitors and a source which has an e.m.f. V then how the three capacitors
should be connected across the source for the stored energy to be maximum -
A B
10V S
(1) The p.d. across the plates of A is 4 V and across the plates of B is 6V
(2) The p.d. across the plates of A is 6V and across the plates B is 4V
(3) The ratio of electrical energies stored in A and B is 2 : 3
(4) The ratio of charges on A and B is 3 : 2
3
C = 0.2F
4
6V 2.8
(1) zero (2) 0.6 A (3) 0.9 A (4) 1.5 A
Q.52 The charge on capacitors shown in fig. and the potential difference across each will be
respectively -
C2
C1 2F
3F C3
4F
120V
(1) 240 C, 80 C, 160 C and 80 V, 40 V, 40 V (2) 300 C, 75 C, 150 C and 40 V, 80 V, 60 V
(3) 220 C, 70 C, 140 C and 60 V, 50 V, 40 V (4) none of these
Q.53 Three capacitor 2F, 3F and 6F are connected in series with 10 volt battery then charge on 3F
capacitor is -
(1) 5C (2) 10C
(3) 11 C (4) 15 C
Q.54 Two capacitors C1 = 2F and C2 = 6F in series, are connected in parallel to a third capacitor
C3 = 4F. This arrangement is then connected to a battery of e.m.f = 2V, as shown in the fig. How
much energy is given by the battery in charging the capacitors -
C1 C2
C3
2V
Q.56 Two conducting spheres of radii R1 and R2 are charged with charges Q1 and Q2 respectively. On
bringing them in contact there is -
(1) No change in the energy of the system
(2) An increase in the energy of the system if Q1R2 Q2R1
(3) Always a decrease in energy of the system
(4) A decrease in energy of the system if Q1R2 Q2R1
Q.57 When the key is pressed at time t = 0 then which of the following statement about the current i in
the resistor AB of the given circuit is true -
K A B
2V 1000
i 1F C 1000
Q.60 A capacitor of 0.2 F capacitance is charged to 600 V. On removing the battery, it is connected
with a 1.0 F capacitor in the parallel then the potential of capacitor will become -
(1) 300V (2) 600V
(3) 100V (4) 120V
Q.61 Mean electric energy density between the plates of a charged capacitor is -
Here q = Charge on capacitor
A = Area of the plate of the capacitor
(1) q2/20A2 (2) q/20A2
(3) q2/20A (4) None of these
Q.62 If potential difference across a capacitor is changed from 15 V to 30 V, work done is W. The work
done when potential difference is changed from 30 V to 60 V, will be -
(1) W (2) 4W (3) 3W (4) 2W
A B
C1 C2
Q.66 If the distance between plates of a capacitor having capacity C and charge Q is increased to
double then work done will be -
(1) Q2/4C (2) Q2/2C (3) Q2/C (4) 2Q2/C
Q.67 A slab of copper of thickness d/2 is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor
where d is the separation between its two plates. If the capacitance of the capacitor without
C
copper slab is C and with copper slab is C then is -
C
1
(1) 2 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4)
2
Q.68 Two capacitor each having a capacitance C and break down voltage V are joined in series. The
effective capacitance and maximum working voltage of the combination is-
C V C
(1) 2C, 2V (2) , (3) 2C, V (4) , 2V
2 2 2
Q.69 The capacitance of a capacitor is 4 × 10–6 F and its voltage is 100 V. The energy required to
discharge it completely -
(1) 0.025 J (2) 0.05 J
(3) 0.02 J (4) 0.04 J
Q.70 Between the plates of parallel plate capacitors of capacity C two parallel plates of the same metal
and area same as the plates of the original capacitor are placed. If the thickness of each plate is
1
equal to th of the distance between the plates of the original capacitor then the capacity of the
5
new capacitor is -
5 3 3 10
(1) C (2) C (3) C (4) C
3 5 10 3
2F 2F
1F
2V
(1) 1,2 (2) 2,1 (3) 1,1 (4) 2,2
Q.72 The electric field between the plates of a parallel plate capacitor when connected to a certain
battery is E0. If the spaced between the plates of the capacitor is filled by introducing a material
of dielectric constant K without disturbing the battery connections, the field between the plates
shall be -
(1) KE0 (2) E0
E0
(3) (4) None of the above
K
Q.73 Two capacitor with capacity C1 and C2 , when connected in series, have a capacitance Cs and when
connected in parallel have a capacitance Cp. Which of the following is true -
C1C 2
(1) Cs = C1 + C2 (2) Cp =
C1 C 2
Cs C
(3) = 1 (4) CsCp = C1C2
Cp C2
Q.74 A parallel plate capacitor C has a charge q and potential V between the plates. Work required to
double the distance between the plates is -
1 1
(1) CV 2 (2) CV 2
2 4
2
1 V
(3) C (4) CV2
2 2
Q.75 Two metallic spheres of radii R1 and R2 are connected by a thin wire. If + q1 and +q2 are the
charges on the two spheres then -
q1 R 12 q1 R 1
(1) (2)
q 2 R 22 q2 R 2
q1 R 13
q1
R 2 – R 22
12
(3)
q 2 R 32
(4)
q2
R 1 R 22
Q.76 Two same sphere having radii 10 cm and 20 cm. these have been given total charge 150 C and
connected by a wire. Their common potential will be -
(1) 9 × 106 volt
(2) 4.5 × 106 volt
(3) 1.8 × 106 volt
(4) 1.35 × 109 volt
These questions of two statements each, printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these Questions you are required to choose any one of the following four responses.
(A) If both Assertion & Reason are true & the Reason is a correct explanation of the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not a correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(D) If Assertion & Reason both are false.
Q.4 Assertion : The whole charge of a body can be transferred to another body.
Reason : Charge can not be transferred partially.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.5 Assertion : In a series combination of capacitors, charge on each capacitor is same.
Reason : In such a combination, charge can move only along one route.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.6 Assertion : Increasing the charge on the plates of a capacitor means increasing the capacitance.
Reason : Because Q = CV Q C.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.7 Assertion : The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the shape, size and geometrical placing of
the conductors and its medium between them.
Reason : When a charge q passes through a battery of emf E from the negative terminal to an
positive terminal, an amount qE of work is done by the battery.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.8 Assertion : A dielectric slab is inserted between the plates of an isolated charged capacitor. The
charge on the capacitor will remain the same.
Reason : Charge on a isolated system is conserved.
(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 4 1 1 1 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 1 2 2 3 4 3 1
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 3 4 4
Q.No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 3 2 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 3 1 3 3 2
Q.No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 4 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 1 2 4 1 3 1 1 4 4 3 1 3
Q.No. 81 82 83 84 85 86
Ans. 1 1 2 3 2 3
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 4 3 2 3 3 3 1
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 4 1 2 1,2 3 4 3 4 2 1 2 3 3
Q.No. 41 42
Ans. 3 3
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 4 4 3 1 1 1 3 1
Ques. 16 17 18 19 20 21
Ans. 3 2 2 3 4 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 2 3 4 2 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 1
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 1 3 4 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 1
Q.No. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 1 3 2 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 1 2 1 4 4 1 1 4 3
Q.No. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76
Ans. 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 4 3 1 4 2 4 1 2 2
Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ans. 1 1 4 3 1 4 2 1