SELF-LEARNING MODULE

QUARTER 4

WEEK 4
HERALTH
GRADE 7
MOST ESSENTIAL a) Explains non-communicable diseases based on cause and
LEARNING COMPETENCIES effect, signs and symptoms, risk factors and protective factors
and possible complications
b) Corrects myth and fallacies about non-communicable diseases
• NON- COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS)
TOPICS • PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
• MYTH AND FALLACIES
• NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES)

EXPECTATION

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

a. explain the selected non-communicable diseases based on cause and

effects, sign and symptoms, and prevention;
b. explain non-communicable diseases based on cause and effect, signs and
symptoms, risk factors and protective factors and possible complications;
c. explains the cause and effect, and signs and symptoms of diabetes,
arthritis, and renal failure; and
d. correct myth and fallacies about non-communicable diseases.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Communicable Diseases: Asthma and Allergies

Asthma

It is a condition in which your airways (the tubes that carry air into and out of the
lungs) narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. For some people, asthma is a
minor nuisance. For others, it can be a major problem that interferes with daily activities
and may lead to a life-threatening asthma attack. Asthma cannot be cured, but its
symptoms can be controlled. Because asthma often changes over time, it is important
that you work with your doctor to track your signs and symptoms and adjust your
treatment as needed.

Sign and symptoms

1. Difficulty in breathing
5. Fainting
2. Wheezing (whistling sound)
6. Blue lips or finger
3. Chest tightness or pain
7. Shortness of breathing
4. Coughing
 Exposure to various irritants and substances that trigger allergies (allergens)
can trigger signs and symptoms of asthma. Asthma triggers are different from
person to person and can include:

• allergen inhalation (pollen, animal dander and mold spores),

• air pollutant (cigarette smoke, and strong perfume),
• sinusitis,
• viral upper respiratory infection,
• stress
• drugs
It may be prevented through lifestyle changes, activity reduction, allergy-
shots, and medication.

Allergy

It is a misguided reaction to foreign substances by the immune system. The

allergic reaction is misguided in that these foreign substances are usually
harmless. The substances that trigger allergy are called allergen such as pollen,
dust mites, mold, animal dander, food, latex, and insect stings.

Signs and Symptoms

Dust and pollen: Blocked or congested nose, itchy eyes and nose, a runny nose,
swollen and watery eyes, and a cough.
Food: Vomiting, a swollen tongue, tingling in the mouth, swelling of the lips, face,
and throat, stomach cramps, shortness of breath, rectal bleeding, itchiness in the
mouth, and diarrhea.

Insect stings: Wheezing, significant swelling at the site of the sting, a sudden drop
in blood pressure, itchy skin, shortness of breath, restlessness, hives, or a red and
very itchy rash that spreads across the body, dizziness, a cough, chest tightness.
Medication/Drugs: Wheezing, swelling (tongue, lips, and face), a rash, itchiness.
If symptoms become severe, anaphylaxis can develop.

It may be prevented by avoiding your allergens and take your medicine as

prescribed. If you have an allergic attack or reaction, you should go to your
doctor to seek help.

References: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-20369653
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/264419#symptoms
 Cardiovascular disease is the disease of the heart and blood vessels. These
include heart and vascular diseases.
A. Heart (cardio) Diseases
• Congenital heart disease is an abnormality in the heart’s structure that you
are born with.
• Congestive heart failure is the inability of the heart to keep up with the
demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency. When
this occurs, the heart is unable to provide adequate blood flow to other organs, such
as the brain, liver, and kidneys.
• Arrhythmia is a condition in which the heart beats with an irregular or abnormal
rhythm.
• Rheumatic heart disease active or inactive diseases of the heart that results from
rheumatic fever and that is characterized by reduced functional capacity of the heart
caused by inflammatory changes in the myocardium or scarring of the valves.
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack) occurs when the heart muscle tissue dies
from lack of oxygen because of the reduced blood flow. Heart attack is fatal.
B. Vascular (blood vessel) Diseases
• Arteriosclerosis is a group of vascular diseases characterized by thickening and
loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis. It occurs
when a fatty substance such as cholesterol is deposited on the walls of the arteries.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cells growing without control. As these abnormal cells
grow, they form in masses called tumors. Tumors can either be:
• Benign- masses of cells that are not cancerous and do not spread.
• Malignant- masses of cells that are cancerous. They spread to other parts of the
body (metastasis).

MOST COMMON CANCERS

Where it How Common It How Curable It Is
occurs (origin ) Is
Skin Most common 95% of treated persons
recovered
Colon and Second most About half of treated
rectum common mostly in persons live for 5 years
men but or longer after
increasingly in treatment
women
Lungs Most common in Only about 10% of
men treated patient lived
Breast Most common in About 70 % of treated
women females recovered
Reproductive Male- prostate More than 60% of
organ gland, testicle patients treated
Female- cervix recovered
Bone marrow Most common in About 85% of treated
(leukemia and children patients lived for
lymphoma) leukemia; 90%
for lymphoma

Warning Signs of Cancer (CAUTION

UP!)
C- hange in bowel or bladder
habits
A- sore that does not heal
U- nusual bleeding or discharge
T- hickening or lump in the breast
I- ndigestion or difficulty in
swallowing
O- bvious change in wart or mole
N- agging cough or hoarseness
U- nexplained weight loss
P- ersistent hoarseness
 Treatment of Cancer
• Surgery- This involves removal of tumor and repair of the affected organ.
• Radiation Therapy or Radiotherapy- This involves attacking the cancer cells
with x-rays or particles from radioactive substances.
• Drug therapy or chemotherapy- This has been an important method of cancer
treatment. It is proven effective in treating leukemia and lymphoma.

Prevention of Non-communicable disease

Non-communicable diseases are not caused by pathogens or disease-
causing organisms such as bacteria or viruses, but rather, by how people live, by the
conditions with which they are born or by the hazards around them. It also includes
diseases caused by a breakdown of the body tissues, poor diet, environmental a nd
occupational hazards, stress and tension. It cannot be transmitted from one person
to another.
Here are some common Non-Communicable Diseases
1. Diabetes is a disease that prevents the body from converting food into energy.
Carbohydrates are normally changed into a simple sugar called glucose (a source
of energy). Insulin, the hormone produced in the pancreas, regulates the level of glucose
in the blood.
Signs and Symptoms Possible Complications
• Increased thirst * Cardiovascular disese
• Frequent urination * Nerve damage
• Extreme hunger * Kidney damage
• Unexplained weight loss * Eye damage
• Fatigue * Foot damage
• Irritability * Skin conditions
• Blurred vision * Hearing impairment
• Slow-healing sores
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444

Risk Factors Protective Factors

• High blood pressure * Changes in lifestyle(losing weight)
• Tobacco smoking * Increasing physical activity
• Low level of physical activity * Eating healthy foods
• Poor diet
• Being overweight or obese
https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/health-topics/diabetes/risk-and-protective-factors

2. Arthritis refers to the inflammation of joints. It usually occurs during old age.
• Rheumatoid arthritis causes pain and swelling in many joints throughout the body. It is an
autoimmune disease which happens when the body’s immune system attacks healthy
cells by mistakes.
• Osteoarthritis is a disease of older age.

Signs and Symptoms Possible Complications

• Joint pain, tenderness and stiffness * Osteoporosis

 • Inflammation in and around the joints * Rheumatoid nodules
• Restricted movement of the joints * Dry eyes and mouth
• Warm red skin over the affected joints * Infections
• Weakness and muscle wasting * Carpal tunnel syndrome

* Heart problems
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/arthritis/

https://www.mayoclinc.org/diseases-conditions/rheumatoid-arthritis/symptoms- causes/syc-20353648

Risk factors Protective Factors

• Age * Loosing weight
• Gender * Exercise
• Family History * A good diet
• Obesity

Previous Injury https://reverehealth.com/live-better/arthritis-prevention/

Renal Failure is a medical condition in which the kidneys fail to adequately filter waste
products from the blood.

Signs and Symptoms Possible Complications

• Decreased urine output, * Fluid buildup in the lungs
although occasionally urine * Chest pain
output remains normal * Muscle weakness
• Fluid retention, causing swelling * Permanent kidney damage
in your legs,ankles or feet * Death
• Shortness of breath
• Nausea
• Weakness
• Irregular heartbeat https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions

Chest pain or pressure kidney-failure/symptoms-cause/syc-20369048

Risk Factors Protective Factors

• Diabetes * Maintaining a healthy weight
• High blood pressure * Healthy lifestyle (don’t smoke)
• Smoking * Following instructions on over-the-
• Obesity counter medications
• Family history of kidney diseases
• Abnormal kidney structure https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions

Older age kidney-failure/symptoms-cause/syc-

20369048
NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE (NCD) -is a disease that is not transmissible directly from
one person to another.
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases and their risk factors are increasing public
health and development challenges in the Philippines. Given the increase of the burden
of non-communicable diseases (NCD) and the possibility to avoid it, it is urgent to
implement or strengthen NCD preventive programs in the country. Myths on NCD include
a) NCD is degenerative and incurable; b) they are diseases of the elderly; c) they are
diseases of the rich. Likewise, there are myths about NCD preventive programs are: a)
difficult to implement, b) expensive, and c) ineffective.

A number of myths surrounding NCDs result in policy-level inaction from

governments and stifle crucial, meaningful progress on prevention and mitigation
strategies. These are compounded by a societal lack of understanding, which further
affords governments and industries a carte blanche for action. Yet, despite such strong
words, much of society (even the political and scientific communities), continue to
misunderstand or lack awareness of the implications of NCDs.

NCDs are not a problem of the future – they must be addressed now, or they will
continue to represent the biggest threat to health and, arguably, to development in the
new century. These myths are untrue, and we need to discuss the challenges to find a
balanced health policy that emphasizes the importance of NCD without overlooking
other diseases.

FACTS ON NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

1. NCDs are the leading course of death globally.

2. Four out of five NCD deaths occur in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
3. NCDs are already major and increasing contributors to global DALYs
(Disability Adjusted Life Years).
4. 80% of all deaths resulting from NCDs occur in Low- and Middle Income
Countries.
5. NCDs affect men and women almost equally.
6. NCDs pose the single biggest threat to women's health and development,
causing 65 % of all female deaths.
7. NCDs are a public health challenge closely connected to social
determinants.
8. Worldwide, 80 % of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes is currently
preventable.
9. Prevention is simple and possible: A number of proven cost-effective
interventions, such as control of tobacco, are backed by evidence and
ready for implementation.
10. NCDs are not only a health issue, but also closely connected to factors
such as nutrition and physical activity, education, the results of urban
planning, agriculture, and trade.
11. NCDs affect all ages at all stages in life: from the pregnant mother, to
childhood, adolescents, adulthood, and old age
12. 70% of the worlds' diabetics live in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
13. NCDs are a cause and effect of poverty.
14. NCDs are linked to gender, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic group.
Source: The NCD group at the School of Global Health
 ACTIVITY 1
Activity: Fill in the table below with the appropriate information about Asthma and
Allergy.

NON-COMMUNICABLE CAUSE SIGNS/ SYMPTOMS

DISEASES
ASTHMA

ALLERGIES

Guide Questions:

1. What is the difference between allergies and asthma?

2. What things are most likely to cause allergies and asthma?

3. If you have either of these two diseases, what will you do to prevent from allergy attack
or asthma attack?

ACTIVITY 2

DIRECTION: TRUE or FALSE. Write true if the statement is correct and False if otherwise.

_____1. Congenital heart disease is a disease acquired genetically.

_____2. Arrhythmia is a regular or normal heart rhythm.
_____3. Myocardial infarction is also known as heart attack.
_____4. Atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.
_____5. Cardiovascular disease is a disease of the heart and lungs.
_____6. Benign tumors are masses of cells that spreads (metastasis).
_____7. Breast cancer is most common in women than in men.
_____8. Unusual bleeding or discharge is a warning sign that a person might have a cancer.
_____9. Lymphoma and leukemia are most common in men.
_____10. Surgery involves the removal of tumor and repair of the affected organ.

ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Write D if the description talks about Diabetes, A for Arthritis, and RF for Renal
Failure. Write the answer on the blank before the number.

_______ 1. It refers to the inflammation of joints and usually occurs during old age.
_______ 2. It is a disease that prevents the body from converting food into energy.
_______ 3. It is a condition in which a person is experiencing sudden weight loss, excessive
thirst and lack of energy.
_______ 4. This is detected by a decrease in or absence of urine production.
_______ 5. It is mainly determined by a decrease in a glomerular filtration rate, the rate at
which blood is filtered in the glomeruli of the kidney.
 ACTIVITY 2: Complete Me
Direction: Fill in the table below with the appropriate information about Diabetes, Arthritis,
and Renal Failure. Be guided by the headings in each column.
Non-communicable Diseases Cause Signs and Symptoms
Diabetes
Arthritis
Renal Failure

ACTIVITY 4

LET’s FACE IT

Directions: Draw on the line a smiley face if the statement is fact. Draw a sad face if myth.
______ 1. Staying healthy should be the goal of everyone.
______ 2. Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being.
______ 3. The symptoms of an infection depend on the type of disease.
______ 4. NCDs mainly affect the rich.
______ 5. All NCDs are preventable.
______ 6. Some infectious agents may be spread because of contact with
contaminated inanimate object.
______ 7. You can’t change human behavior when it comes to NCDs.
______ 8. An infectious disease is transmitted from different sources.
______ 9. NCDs are mainly diseases of the elderly.
______ 10. No cost-effective solutions exist for NCDs.

FILL IN THE BOX

Box A is a list of some myths and fallacies on non-communicable diseases, fill in the next box by stating
some facts on non-communicable diseases based on the statement in box A.

Myth and Fallacies on Non-Communicable Fact on Non-Communicable Diseases.

Diseases.

Ex. NCDs affect all ages at all stages in life: from the
NCDs are mainly diseases of the elderly. pregnant mother, to childhood, adolescents,
adulthood, and old age.

NCDs mainly affect the rich.

All NCDs are preventable.

 REMEMBER

• Non-Communicable diseases are diseases that cannot be passed from

one person to another person.
• Allergy is an immune system response to a foreign substance that’s not
typically harmful to your body. These foreign substances are called allergens. They
can include certain foods, pollen, or pet dander.
• Asthma occurs when a person’s sensitive airways become swollen, tight,
and produce mucus, all of which result in a narrowing of the airways and difficulty
breathing. Often the airways do this in response to breathing in an allergen (in the
air).

Non- communicable disease (NCDs) cannot be transmitted from one person to

another. Many of these diseases are caused by unhealthy lifestyle. Some do not
cause problems until the person is quite old. Examples of non- communicable
disease include cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Non-communicable diseases are not caused by pathogens or disease-

causing organisms such as bacteria or viruses, but rather, by how people live,
by the conditions with which they are born or by the hazards around them.

It also includes diseases caused by a breakdown of the body tissues, poor

diet, environmental and occupational hazards, stress and tension. It cannot
be transmitted from one person to another.

• NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE (NCD) -is a disease that is not transmissible directly

from one person to another.
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) such as cancer, cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases and their risk factors are increasing
public health and development challenges in the Philippines. Given the increase
of the burden of non-communicable diseases (NCD) and the possibility to avoid
it, it is urgent to implement or strengthen NCD preventive programs in the country.
Myths on NCD include a) NCD is degenerative and incurable; b) they are diseases
of the elderly; c) they are diseases of the rich. Likewise, there are myths about
NCD preventive programs are: a) difficult to implement, b) expensive, and c)
ineffective.

CHECK YOUR
UNDERSTANDING

Before I move on to the next module, I will assure you that…

I understand…
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
I will apply for the lesson in…
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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I will practice…
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