Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Chapter 2
The word System is derived from Greek word Systema, which means an
organized relationship between any set of components to achieve some
common cause or objective.
A system is “an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked
together according to a plan to achieve a specific goal.” (1)
2
“A literature review is a piece of academic writing demonstrating
knowledge and understanding of the academic literature on a specific
topic placed in context. A literature review also includes a critical
evaluation of the material; this is why it is called a literature review
rather than a literature report. It is a process of reviewing the literature,
as well as a form of writing” (3).
2.2.2 Purpose of a Literature Review
In a larger piece of written work, such as a dissertation or project, a
literature review is usually one of the first tasks carried out after
deciding on a topic. Reading combined with critical analysis can help to
refine a topic and frame research questions.
The purpose of a literature review is to gain an understanding of the
existing research and debates relevant to a particular topic or area of
study, and to present that knowledge in the form of a written report.
Conducting a literature review helps you build your knowledge in your
field (4).
Conducting a literature review establishes your familiarity with and
understanding of current research in a particular field before carrying out
a new investigation. After doing a literature review, you should know
what research has already been done and be able to identify what is
unknown within your topic (5).
2.2.3 Overview of Poultry Farm Management Information System
Adoption
Over the past decades, Educators have promoted Information record-
keeping by developing hand recording systems and software. Yet,
Poultry farm Information record-keeping is still found neglected as a
Poultry farm activity that was so important (Doye et al., 2000).
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5
Lasley & Agnitsch (2002) found that out of a sample of 1,960 farmers
polled in Iowa State, a third of them dislike record-keeping/paper work.
Hewlett (undated) noted that several options exist for handling Poultry
farm information system; which range from paper forms to be filled by
hand to computerized systems.
ThamAgyekum et al. (2010) established in a study of 50 poultry farmers
in GaEast Municipality in Ghana that 100% of the respondents kept
some form of Poultry farm record. Most farmers keep their Poultry farm
records manually (Jeyabalan, 2010). And one of the six respondents in a
case study research by Doye et al. (2000) was keeping records manually
before he purchased a computer.
Ryde & Nuthall (1984) stated that the majority (about 80%) of Poultry
farmers kept their records hand written, that is in books, ledgers, bills
and other loose leaves. Alvarez &Nuthall (2001) studied a sample of 290
Poultry farmers in Canterbury, New Zealand.
They found that: - “Poultry farmers kept both financial and production
records. No respondent kept financial records in human memory.
Additionally, 26.20% of the respondents kept a manual record. About
54.48% kept computerized records. About 20% stored feed records in
their memory whilst majority (48.97%) used manual recording for feed.
About 17% of the 290 respondents used computers for feed recording. A
meagre 1% stored livestock records in memory, whilst a majority of
41% used a manual recording for livestock. The second highest
percentage (35.17%) represented those who used computers to store
livestock records. Together, more than 60% of Poultry farmers used at
least one computerized information system, while only 10% used a
computer for all three areas.
Ferrer, et al., (2003) established that 97% of respondents owned
computers and applied it for Information record-keeping among other
uses. ThamAgyekum et al. (2010) concluded that a large proportion
(82%) of poultry farmers sampled, kept their Poultry farm records
manually, that is in books, sheets of papers and temporarily on walls to
later transfer into record books (Ledgers).
Only 2% adopted the computerized system, using mainly Microsoft
Office Word & Microsoft Office Excel and 16% are intended to use both
systems (manual & computerized). Indeed, Poultry farm information
systems include both manual and computerized Information records
(Doye et al., 2000).
A Computerized Information record-keeping systems improve the
timeliness and accuracy of decision-making & Future Forecasting.
Jayabalan (2010) noted that manual Information record-keeping is
usually time consuming, tedious to find important data and make
decisions successfully. Yet, ‘although all Managers, Cashiers,
Administrators in most case studies uses computers, hand records
remain key components in some instances’ Doye et al., 2000, p. 583).
Some Studies carried out by Batte et al., (1990), Batte et al., (1995)
found many Poultry farmers use computers for Information record-
keeping and financial analysis. In spite of the decision making advantage
of Information record-keeping Ryde &Nuthall, (1984), Carkner (2000)
and Doye et al. (2000) noted that Poultry farmers do not refer (Concern)
to the Information records daily, some as late as a month after. In fact, as
many as 78.9% of 660 respondents updated and checked records up to a
month. Devonish et al., (2000) and Okantah et al., (2003),
both cited in Tham-Agyekum et al. (2010) disagree on this.
2.3 Introduction to Information Management System
Management information system uses information technology for
collecting and communicating information a company uses to operate.
Every function of the business produces its own data be it financial or
operational and as a result, requires a separate information system of its
own to keep a track of it all. There are many types of MIS as the
functions of a company, but a few specific information systems are used
by all firms to operate smoothly.
The different types of Management Information System can be
identified through classification. Classification helps to combine similar
things, so they can be treated as a single unit. The classification of an
information system into various types is a technique for designing
Management information system and their application.
2.3.1 Types of Management Information System
Types of MIS depends upon how one creates their classification, any
number of different types of Information system can be found. Most
attempts to classify information system into various types rely on how
tasks and responsibilities are divided within an organization. Since the
flow of information runs in a hierarchy, most organizations tend to
follow the hierarchy. Also described as a pyramid Model, for the way
systems are arranged mirrors how tasks are found at various levels of the
organization. For example- a three level pyramid model based on types
of the decision taken by managers at different levels of the organization.
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Desktop apps are software programs that interact with the operating
system instead of web-based or mobile apps. They can be any program
so long as they run on a desktop computer and provide a user interface
for input and output. Desktop applications are usually used in one place
but might have a “system tray” icon that remains visible on the screen.
The term is also used to define an app that runs only on the desktop
rather than being available through a browser or other means. Some
desktop applications like word processing and media players allow you
to perform different tasks, while others, such as gaming apps, are
developed for entertainment. Some examples of desktop apps are:
1. Photoshop
2. Skype
3. Discord
4. Microsoft File Explorer
5. Microsoft Word, Excel.
2.7.1 Introduction
Not only that, but you can allocate some funds to expand the business
operations nationwide or worldwide based on the results extracted from
the IMS software. It allows the stakeholders to optimize the available
labor resources and other support staff.
1. Data Collection.
2. Data Verification.
3. Data Processing.
4. Data Storing.
5. Information Supply.
6. Information Presentation.
7. Data Updates.
8. Security of Data.
9. Information Sharing.
10. System Automation.
2.10.3 Supply: -
As the human population increases, the poultry industry continues to
grow to meet the demand for poultry products in world markets. The
importance of poultry farms lies in the quality of products that are
provided to humans.
1. Broiler farms: -
Provide meat that supplies the human body with high quality proteins.
2. Layer farms: -
Provide eggs rich in proteins and vitamins, especially the fat soluble
vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
Poultry farms are fast-paced operations that can fulfill the demand for
meat and eggs, and can be expanded easily to meet the ever-growing
demand (Dr. M. Farran, personal communication, 2009).
2.10.4 Consumption: -
Chickens are fast growing animals. In the past, it took about 4 months to
produce a two-kilogram chicken. However, today a two-kilogram
chicken can be produced in 42 days (Dr. M. Farran, personal
communication, 2009). Due to this fact, a better understanding of
husbandry practices, and use of new technologies, poultry farms can be
profitable Production Enterprises.
Each operation in the poultry business has become a huge business by
itself. Some farms specialize in producing eggs for market consumption,
or for hatching chicks for the purpose of meat production. Many large
farms specialize in raising broilers for meat production. Other businesses
are focused on feed preparation or on using the wastes of poultry farms
for compost production and fertilizing farmlands. If managed and
marketed well, all segments of the poultry business can be profitable.