Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155

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Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine

journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/jtcme

In silico validation of the indigenous knowledge of the herbal

medicines among tribal communities in Sathyamangalam wildlife
sanctuary, India
Pavithra Chinnasamy, Rajendran Arumugam*, Sarvalingam Ariyan
Department of Botany, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641 046, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The ethno-botanical documentation among ethnic people in Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuary, Tamil
Received 6 February 2017 Nadu, India has been investigated for the first time. A total of 61 medicinal plants having new combi-
Received in revised form nation uses were reported with adjuvant in the treatment of dermatological, Genitourinary and
11 September 2017
gastrointestinal ailments. This study could help in the recovery and conservation of traditional medicine
Accepted 10 January 2018
system among educated generation. The present study was aimed to: (1) documentation of the tradi-
Available online 3 May 2018
tional knowledge (2) quantitative analysis using Use value (UV), Informant consensus factor (ICF), Index
of agreement on remedies (IAR), Relative frequency citation (RFC) and Cultural Importance index (CII) (3)
Keywords:
Ailments
validation of ethno-botanical data using in silico biological activity and toxicity prediction studies. Semi-
Documentation structured direct interviews were conducted to acquire information from the study area tribes. Total of
In silico 89 tribes including both gender among various communities were interviewed and their ethno-botanical
Quantitative indices knowledge was documented. The data were assessed using ethno-botanical indices methods to estimate
Traditional knowledge the consistency of usage herbal knowledge in various ailments. A total of 61 species were recorded for
treatment of categorized ailments. The collected medicinal information from ethnic groups shows
remarkable new usage of medicinal plants to particular ailments. Our comparative in silico studies also
supported the traditional medicine results with correspondence to their bioactive. Traditional knowledge
of ethnic people also linked to their culture and history. This study also infers the usage of traditional
plant based medicine. Further research related to the bioactivities of reported plants should be
encouraged to explore the importance in pharmaceutical industry.
© 2018 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hosting by Elsevier
Taiwan LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction healthcare in India.2 Common plants with adverse effects are being
a part of our daily life and their toxic metabolites are closely related
Indigenous knowledge is the neighbourhood information ac- in the aspect of human's health condition.3 Traditional people are
quired by indigenous groups that is exceptional to an ethnic society. using poisonous plants either processed or as raw form over a
The scientific investigation and documentation of indigenous period of time for treating diseases.4
knowledge of plant resources are vital strategy to understand The increasing interest in ethno-botanical studies also reveals
traditional life style of local ethnic people.1 The traditional herbal their importance of traditional medicinal plants in various coun-
formulations from indigenous knowledge were considered as the tries for local living holds and the important role these play in
oldest and great health care system. It includes plant species as health care system.2,5 The impact of traditionally formulated
regular medicine sources and still is an important system of medicines from various ancient systems in the communal health
condition in India is considerably elevated and is closely associated
with traditions.6 Various patented drugs and active compounds
* Corresponding author. from various plant sources are also on the basis of ethno-botanical
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (P. Chinnasamy), arajendran222@yahoo. data.7
com, [email protected] (R. Arumugam). The ethno-botanical data analyzed with quantitative indices is
Peer review under responsibility of The Center for Food and Biomolecules,
assumed to expose the usage and value of the medicinal plants
National Taiwan University.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.01.008
2225-4110/© 2018 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. This is an open access article under the CC
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
144 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155

from ethnic knowledge. These approaches measure the consent of factor, Fidelity level, Frequency citation and Use value, were
the usage by various hypotheses and playing an important role in calculated from the gathered information. The new medicinal uses
the further selection of biomedical analysis of a medicinal plant to from the study area are identified by comparing previous reports on
treat particular ailment based on the survey results with excellent the particular area and related regions of south India.
information.8 Now days, In silico studies are one of the main
emerging studies with the ability to predict the drug-protein 2.4.1. Informant consensus factor (ICF)
interaction which relates the mechanism of action of a bioactive ICF was calculated to highlight the usage of the relevant plants
compounds mainly from traditional medicinal plants.9 among various informants for each aliments category. The ICF value
So, there is an urgent requirement to document all ethno- was calculated by minus the total use citations in each category
botanical data as much as possible and the role of tribes in (Nur) with the total number of species used (nt), divided by the
conserving them. Considering the importance of indigenous me- total number of use citations minus one as follows:
dicinal plant knowledge, this study aimed to identify potential
medicinal plants and to evaluate in silico toxicological potential and ICF  ¼  ðNur  NtÞ = ðNur  1Þ
biological activity of its major compounds responsible for medicinal
activity. The ICF value of approach to 0 indicates that the informants
randomly use the species in the treatment of various ailments, and
2. Materials and methods a value of approach to 1 indicates that relatively usage of the spe-
cies by a large population to a particular ailment.10
2.1. Study area tribal people
2.4.2. Fidelity level (FL) and index of agreement on remedies (IAR)
Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuary located in the Nilgiri The importance of each species in the treatment of particular
biosphere reserve covers about 1411.6 km2 (545.0 sq mi) forest area illness group was determined by FL and IAR values. A high ratio
along the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, India (Fig. 1). This forest is indicates common use of the ideal plant species for treating specific
mostly tropical dry forest and restricted to undersized high altitude ailment in the studied area.11 The fidelity level was calculated as
hill tops between 750 and 1649 m above mean sea level and the follows:
slopes and plains are subjected to the average minimum and
maximum temperatures of 21e27
C with two persistent rivers FL ð%Þ  ¼  ðNp=N    100Þ
namely Bhavani and Moyar. Uralis are the main ethnic group to this The FL is the ratio of number of informants who suggesting the
forest with some minor groups includes Soliga, Malayalee and plant as medicine for a particular ailment category (Np) and total
Naicker communities. number of informants who suggesting the plant for any ailment
category (N).
2.2. Data collection
IAR  ¼  ðNr  NaÞ = ðNr  1Þ 
The field surveys were conducted between May 2015 and
September 2016 in proposed study area and various ethnic com- Where, Nr is the total number of citations registered for a particular
munity people were randomly interviewed after verbally requested species and Na is the number of illness categories that are treated
about the purpose of the project in the local language. In this study, with this species.
89 informants including traditional herbalist and local people were
interviewed and their knowledge on medicinal plants was gathered 2.4.3. Frequency citation (FC) and relative frequency citation (RFC)
and documented mostly by Tamil and sometime the Urali language The relative expression of usage (FC) is calculated as follows:
was translated to Tamil using local translator.
FC ¼ (Number of times a particular species was mentioned/total
2.3. Botanical identification number of times that all species were mentioned)  100

The collected plants were identified with help of pertinent The RFC value was obtained by dividing the FC by the total
literature and also authenticated by comparing the species depos- number of informants interviewed (N) and not based on used
ited in Madras Herbarium (Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore). categories. When the RFC value will be approach to zero, it refers,
The processed specimens were mounted on herbarium sheets us- nobody suggests the plants as useful, and when its approach to one,
ing standard procedures and were deposited for future reference at it refers that every informant would suggest as useful and the RFC
the Department Herbarium of Bharathiar University. was calculated as follows:12

2.4. Ethno-medicinal data analysis RFC ¼  FC=N

The recorded data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel and

then analyzed with various ethno-botanical reports such as
research and review articles, books, in scientific databases to find 2.4.4. Use value (UV) and Cultural importance index (CII)
out the uses of unknown or well-known medicinal plants. The The importance of each plant species among ethnic people was
ethno-medicinal quantitative indices were used for interpreting determined by UV and CII.12 Based on, the vast usage of a particular
this entire information. ethnically important medicinal plant species was identified using
Use reports were calculated by converting collected data with CII value. The use value of a species (UV) is the summation of the
reference to the previous published articles related to quantitative number of use reports for the specific plant species (U) and is
ethno-botanical surveys. These use-reports about medicinal plants divided by the total number of informants (N) interviewed. If the
were then grouped into 14 ailments categories based on the use value is high, it indicates the many use reports and important of
collected ethno-botanical details from informants. These data were the plant, and low value indicates the fewer use reports. These were
assessed with quantitative indices, such as Informant consensus calculated as follows
P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155 145

Fig. 1. Study area.

146 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155

X
UV ¼ UR=N
Table 2
List of ailments category with its corresponding tamil terms used by the tribes in
X
unc X
in
URi Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.
CII ¼
u¼u1
N S. No Ailment category and Biomedical terms Tamil terms
i¼i1
1 Circulatory system ailments
Where NC is the total number of different illness categories for each Anemia Raththa soagai
Heart problem Idhaya pirachanai
species, UR is the total number of use citations for each species, and
Cardio tonic Idhaya valimai
N is the number of informant's interviewed. The ethno-botanical Blood tonic Raththa perukki
indices such as ICF, UV, RFC and FL could be used to determine 2 Dermatological ailments
the consent individual species in the treatment of an ailment Burns Theekkaayam
Itch Namaichaal
category in a population.
Wounds Kaayam
Rash Sori
2.5. In silico pharmacological activity and toxicity prediction Inflammation Udaleritchal
Skin disease Tholnoikal
Mouth ulcer Vaaippun
The present study employed online based computational
Leprosy Thoalunoi
bioactive screening (PASS) to obtain biological effects and rela- Skin lotion Sarumamarunthu
tionship for compounds which are previously reported on plants Bacterial and fungal diseases Thotrunoi
major ethno-botanical uses in the study area.13 The details about 3 Ear, nose, throat ailments
Gums ache Eeralvali
the compounds including structure, SMILES and molecular formula
Earache Kathu vali
were obtained from ACS Chemspider. Probable activity (Pa) and 4 Eye ailments
inactivity (Pi) percentages (ranges from 0.000 to 1.000) were used Eye diseases Kannoikal
to express the prediction results. Thus, in this study the higher Pa 5 Endocrinal ailments
value (>0.900) and lower Pi value indicates higher activity. The Diabetes Sakkara/Neerilivunoi
6 Fever ailments
adsorption, distribution and toxicity of the listed compounds were
Fever Kaaichal
predicted by using admetSAR online prediction tool. 7 Gastrointestinal ailments
Dysentery Vayitrupoakku
3. Results Indigestion Ajeeranam
Vomiting Vaandhi
Stomach ache Vayitruvali
3.1. Demographical description and documentation of ethno- Stomach ulcer Vayitrupun
botanical data Abdominal pain Adi Vayitruvali
Digestion disorders Jeeranam kolarugal
Gas trouble Vaaivuthoandharuvu
The ethnic people population was found limited in the study
Intestinal disorders Kudalkoalaarugal
area, 89 of informants including male (58) and female (31) of Diahhroea Neerpokku
various different age groups (ranges from 31 to 80 years) including 8 Genitourinary ailments
6 herbalists age ranges between 40 and 60 years belonging to the Bladder infection Siruneerppaithotru
local communities were interrogated (Table 1). The collected data Diuretic Siruneerperukki
Urinary disorders Siruneerkoalaarugal
was divided and tabulated according to the corresponding 55 bio- Kidney stone Siruneer kalladappu
medical symptoms into 14 major ailment categories (Tables 2 and Leucorrhoea Vellaipaduthal
3) respectively to the local term used. When compared to all ma- Venereal diseases Paalvinainoikal
jor ailments categories gastrointestinal ailments had reported with Jaundice Manjalkaamalai
Liver diseases Kalleeralnoikal
high number of citations (375 citations of 22 plants) which was
Abortion Karukallaipu
followed by dermatological (333 citations of 19 plants) and geni- 9 Hemorrhoids ailments
tourinary ailments category (222 citations of 9 plants) respectively Piles Moolam
(Table 3). The gastrointestinal (36%) and dermatological ailment 10 Neurology ailments
category (31%) (Fig. 2) were cited as most treating ailments in the Headache Thalaivali
11 Oncology ailments
survey. A total of 61 plants species and 54 genera distributed over Cancer Katti
23 families with various beneficial effects cited in the present study, 12 Poisonous bites ailments
particularly 15% of Fabaceae and 10% of Rutaceae (Fig. 3). The usage Snake bite Paambu kadi
of different parts of medicinal plant used in traditional medicine Scorpion sting Thel kadi
13 Respiratory ailments
were calculated in percentage, among various parts used the leaf
Asthma Kaasa noi
showed highest (51%), followed by seeds, fruit, stem and rhizome Cold Sali
Cough Irumal
Breathing problem Moochu thinaral
Table 1 Small pox Sitrammai
Demographic representation of informants by age group in Sathyamangalam wild- 14 Skeletal muscular ailments
life sanctuary, India. Edema Neer veekkam
Joint pain Moodu vali
Age group of informants (In years) Local people Herbalists
Body pain Udal vali
Male (58) Female (31) Rheumatism/Gout Keel vaadham
Swelling Veekam
31e40 28 16
Muscle pain Thasai pidippu
41e50 15 5 4
Arthritis Moodu vali
51e60 9 8 2
Paralyze Mudakkuvadm
61e70 4 2
71e80 2
 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155 147

Table 3
Results obtained from informants belongs to Sathyamangalam wild life sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Family/ Binomial name Vernacular name Parts Method of Ailments treated Administration Total UV IAR FC RFC
No Useda preparation routeb number of (%)
citation

1 Annonaceae Seetha maram L Juice Diabetes (14) O 44 0.49 0.98 49.44 0.56
Annona squamosa L. F Raw Abortion (30)
2 Asteraceae Vettumarunthuchedi L Paste Wound (20) T 20 0.22 1 22.47 0.25
Spilanthes calva Wt.
3 Spilanthes acmella Murr. Manjapoochedi F Paste Gums ache (7) T 7 0.08 1 7.87 0.09
4 Tridax procumbens L. Mookuthhichedi L Juice, Wound (9) O 9 0.10 1 10.11 0.11
Paste
5 Eclipta prostrata (L.) Karisilanganni S, L, Dried Head ache (6) Abdominal pain (13) T/O 28 0.31 0.93 31.46 0.35
Wp Powder Jaundice (9)
6 Fabaceae Kundumani Se, L Decoction Stomach ulcer (25) Abortion (20) O 71 0.80 0.96 79.78 0.90
Abrus precatorius L. Powder Dystenry (6)
Juice Mouth ulcer (10) Cancer (8)
Paste Bacterial fungal infections (2)
Extract
7 Bauhinia divaricata L. Aathi L Fumigation Fever (15) I 24 0.27 0.96 26.97 0.30
Asthma (9)
8 Bauhinia tomentosa L. Aathi B Paste Diahorrea (21) O 21 0.24 1 23.60 0.27
9 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Vannimaram L, B Juice Snake bite (16) O/T 16 0.18 1 17.98 0.20
Paste
10 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Pungamaram Fl Dried Abdominal pain (3) Gas trouble (6) O 23 0.26 0.91 25.84 0.29
Snake bite (6) Diabetes (8)
11 Canavalia cathartica Thouars Isaakottai L Paste Body pain (5) Muscle pain (4) T 9 0.10 1 10.11 0.11
12 Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Kolinjii R Powder Fever (5) O 9 0.10 0.88 10.11 0.11
Indigestion (4)
13 Clitoria ternatea L. Sangupushpam L Juice Dysentery (28) Indigestion (7) O 35 0.39 1 39.33 0.44
14 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir. Agathimaram L Cooked Indigestion (10) Dysentery (25) O 43 0.48 0.98 48.31 0.54
Eye diseases (8)
15 Apocyanaceae Ezhakalari B, R Paste Cancer (12) O 41 0.46 0.98 46.07 0.52
Plumaria alba L. Decoction Venereal diseases (9)
Urinary disorders (20)
16 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Sarpaganthi L Juice Heart problem (5) Cardio tonic (9) O 14 0.16 1 15.73 0.18
Benth. ex Kurz
17 Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. Pallayamaram B Paste Itch (5) T 18 0.20 1 20.22 0.23
Rash (3)
Wounds (10)
18 Rutaceae Vilvam F, L, B Raw Fever (20) O 57 0.64 0.95 64.04 0.72
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Juice Cold (13)
Decoction Fever (6)
Paste Blood tonic (8) Cancer (10)
19 Citrus aurantiifolia Elumiccai F Raw Stomach ache (29) Blood tonic (20) O 49 0.55 0.98 55.06 0.62
(Christm.) Swingle
20 Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Kiccilippalam L, F Decoction Indigestion (20) Vomiting (13) O 33 0.37 1 37.08 0.42
Raw
21 Toddalia asiatica Lamk. Masihachedi B Paste Paralyze (15) O/T 15 0.17 1 16.85 0.19
22 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Sedisil maram L Paste Wounds (20) T 20 0.22 1 22.47 0.25
23 Glycosmis pentaphylla Molehulukki R Paste Asthma (15) O 15 0.17 1 16.85 0.19
(Retz.) DC.
24 Lamiaceae Nochi L Juice Joint pain (26) O 39 0.44 0.97 43.82 0.49
Vitex negundo L. Head ache (13)
25 Ocimum basilicum L. Thiruneetrupachhai L Fumigation Asthma (25) I 25 0.28 1 28.09 0.32
26 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Thumbai Wp Fumigation Head ache (20) I 20 0.22 1 22.47 0.25
27 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia Ammaan pachcharsi Wp Powder Leucorrhoea (28) O 28 0.31 1 31.46 0.35
hirta L.
28 Euphorbia nivulia Buch.- Illaikanni L Juice Ear ache (14) T 14 0.16 1 15.73 0.18
Ham.
29 Jatroba curcas L. Kattaamankku B Decoction Stomach ache (19) O 19 0.21 1 21.35 0.24
30 Phyllanthus amarus L. Keeva nelly R, F Juice Liver problems (34) O 34 0.38 1 38.20 0.43
31 Acalypha indica L. Kuppaimeni L Paste Burns (10) T 65 0.73 0.98 73.03 0.82
Itch (27)
Skin lotion (9) Bacterial and fungal
diseases (11)
Edema (18)
32 Asclepiadaceae Calotropis Vellai erukku R Paste Rash (20) T 37 0.42 0.97 41.57 0.47
gigantea (L.) Dryand. Edema (17)
33 Calotropis procera (Aiton) Erukku L Paste Skin diseases (30) T 30 0.34 1 33.71 0.38
Dryand.
34 Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Nannari L Decoction Head ache (20) I/O 40 0.45 0.97 44.94 0.50
Br. ex Schult. R Stomach disorders (20)
35 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Vellyparuthi L Decoction Head ache (20) I 20 0.22 1 22.47 0.25
Chiov.
(continued on next page)
148 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155

Table 3 (continued )

S. Family/ Binomial name Vernacular name Parts Method of Ailments treated Administration Total UV IAR FC RFC
No Useda preparation routeb number of (%)
citation

36 Solanaceae Kandangkathhiri F Cooked Intestinal disorders (10) O/T 33 0.37 0.97 37.08 0.42
Solanum xanthocarpum L Paste Small pox (23)
Schrad
37 Solanum nigrum L. Chukuti chedi L Cooked Mouth ulcer (12) Intestinal disorders O 31 0.35 0.97 34.83 0.39
F (19)
38 Solanum indicum L. Mullu chundal F Cooked Intestinal disorders (12) O 12 0.13 1 13.48 0.15
39 Datura metal L. Oomathai L Paste Joint pain (14) Rheumatism/Gout (15) T 29 0.33 1 32.58 0.37
40 Malvaceae Kala karandai L Paste Skin disease (23) Burns (10) T 45 0.51 1 50.56 0.57
Sida acuta Burn. Wounds (12)
41 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Thuthi Wp, L Cooked Piles (10) Inflammation (15) Dysentery O 34 0.38 0.94 38.20 0.43
Paste (9)
42 Acanthaceae Andrographis Periya nangai L Paste Joint pain/ O/T 47 0.53 0.96 52.81 0.59
paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Juice Rheumatism (12) Gout (5)
Swelling (4) Arthritis (8)
Leprosy (8) Indigestion (10)
43 Justicia adhatoda L. Adathodai L Decoction Cold (9) O 26 0.29 1 29.21 0.33
Cough (10) Breathing problem (7)
44 Ruellia patula Jacq. Puni chedi L Paste Fever (10) T 10 0.11 1 11.24 0.13
45 Pedaliaceae Ellu Se, L Powder Abortion (30) Diuretic (13) O/T 51 0.57 0.98 57.30 0.64
Sesamum indicum L. Paste Wound (8)
46 Myrtaceae Koyyamaram L Paste Indigestion (11) O 11 0.12 1 12.36 0.14
Psidium guajava L.
47 Syzygium cumini L. Navalmaram F, L Powder Diabetes (20) O 20 0.22 1 22.47 0.25
48 Oxalidaceae Pulichikeerai L, R Cooked Blood tonic (10) Fever (10) O 20 0.22 0.95 22.47 0.25
Oxalis corniculata L. Paste
49 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia Saranda kodi Wp Paste Digestive disorder (9) O 26 0.29 0.96 29.21 0.33
diffusa L. Urinary tract infection (11) Bladder
infection (6)
50 Convolvulaceae Shiruttallai Sl Juice Wound (6) T 11 0.12 0.9 12.36 0.14
Ipomea obscura (L.) Ker.- Fever (5)
Gawl
51 Evolvulus alsinoides L. Vishnukarandai L Paste Burn (6) T 14 0.16 1 15.73 0.18
Wound (8)
52 Rivea hypocrateriformis Minna chedi L Cooked Indigestion (7) O 7 0.08 1 7.87 0.09
(Desr.) Choisy
53 Rubiaceae Manja Kadambai B Paste Anemia (8) O 20 0.22 0.95 22.47 0.25
Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Urinary disorders (12)
Ridsdale
54 Rubia cordifolia L. Chevvali kodi L Paste Scorpion sting (9) T 9 0.10 1 10.11 0.11
55 Oleaceae Kattu malligai L Juice Diahrroea (8) O 8 0.09 1 8.99 0.10
Jasminum angustifolium (L.)
Willd.
56 Poaceae Karumppu S Juice Rash (5) T 5 0.06 1 5.62 0.06
Saccharum officinarum L.
57 Mimosoideae Karuvelam L Paste Wound (6) O/T 13 0.15 0.83 14.61 0.16
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Piles (3)
Cough (5)
58 Menispermaceae Cocculus Kattukodi L Paste Blood tonic (6) O 20 0.22 0.84 22.47 0.25
hirsutus (L.) Diels Piles (4)
Dysentery (8) Diabetes (2)
59 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Seenthal kodi L Powder Burn (10) T 22 0.25 0.95 24.72 0.28
Merr. Edema (12)
60 Zingiberaceae Injii Rh Paste Head ache (6) Abdominal pain (10) T/O 40 0.45 0.92 44.94 0.50
Zingiber officinale Roscoe Powder Gums ache (11) Digestive disorder (6)
Indigestion (7)
61 Sapindaceae Thatu putu chedi L Paste Joint pain (8) Arthritis (10) Asthma (12) T/O 54 0.61 0.96 60.67 0.68
Cardiospermum halicacabum Swelling (4)
L. Burn (8)
Body pain (12)
a
B- bark, L-leaf, S-stem, Se-seed, Fl-flower, F-fruit, R-root, Rh-rhizome, Wp-whole plant, Sl-stem latex.
b
O- oral, T-topical, I- inhalation.

(ranges between 15 and 16%), and finally flowers (3%) with the 3.2. Quantitative analysis of ethno-botanical indices
lowest among all parts used (Fig. 4). In the studied area there were
two modes are normally prescribed for administration either oral Plants with 20 or more than citations were considered as
or topical in various forms such as juice, paste, cooked, decoction, frequently cited plants and indicated by RFC which was ranges from
etc. The paste preparation method (including extract and dried 0.09 to 0.90 (Table 3). These plants can be explained by their reli-
form) is the most used preparation method (47%) followed by able medicinal source among informants of studied area. In the
powder and decoction (Juice) is ranges between 10 and 17% (Fig. 5). present study, the highest number of citations was for Abrus
 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155 149

Circulatory precatorius L. (71 citations with RFC 0.90) used in the treatment of
9% 6% system ailments gastrointestinal, dermatological and oncological ailments, followed
Dermatological by Acalypha indica L. (65 citations with RFC 0.82) and Aegle mar-
3% 8%
18% ailments melos (L.) Correa (57 citations with RFC 0.72). The higher RFC in-
3% dicates the more citation (at least 40 out of 89 interviewed
Ear, nose, throat
6% 3% informants) and implies the most common medicinal plants among
ailments
1% the tribes of Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuary. The relative use of
3% Eye ailments particular medicinal plant for treating an ailment category was
9% 6% 4%
highlighted by ICF value. Based on the calculated ICF values (ranges
21% Endocrinal from 0.88 to 1.00) the ailments are further categorized into Higher,
ailments Moderate and Lower ICF value ailments. The eye ailment category
shows highest ICF value (1.00) with 8 reports of 1 species and
Fig. 2. Ailment percentages of reported ethno-botanical data. genitourinary (0.96), skeletal-muscular (0.96), gastrointestinal
(0.96) and dermatological (0.95) ailments are also categorized as
high ICF value ailments category. The moderate and lowest ICF
16 values were observed for diseases of the circulatory system ail-
14 ments (0.92) followed by Hemorrhoids ailments (0.88) (Table 4).
12 This high value indicates the homogeneity of ethno-medicinal
Percentage (%)

10 knowledge between the informants. Medicinally significant plant

8 was determined by FL it was calculated for the entire ailment
6 category and tabulated (Table 4). Hemorrhoids, oncology and eye
4 ailments are reported as categories consists lower FL (<<50) than
2 other ailments. Among 14 listed ailment categories 11 ailments at
0 least have one plant had the highest FL (100%) particularly
Acanthaceae
Lamiaceae

dermatological and gastrointestinal ailments were reported with

Asteraceae
fabaceae

Rutaceae

Malvaceae
Annoanceae

Apocyanacea

Pedaliaceae

Oxalidaceae

Rubiaceae
Nyctaginaceae

Oleaceae
Poaceae

Menispermaceae
Zingiferaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Solanaceae

Myrtaceae

Mimosoidea

Sapindaceae
Convolvulacaee

high number of FL 100% plants (8 respectively). The individual with

most use-reports was considered as common medicine for a
particular ailment treatment. Based on the use-reports collected
from ethnic people CII, UV and IAR indices were calculated to
Family
highlight the usage priority, importance, recommendation and
Fig. 3. Family diversity of reported ethno-botanical data. sharing medicinal knowledge about the particular species among
the informants. In this study Abrus precatorius L. (CII-3.191, UV-0.80,
IAR-0.96), Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (CII-2.562, UV-0.64, IAR-0.95),
Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (CII-1.820, UV-0.61, IAR-0.96),
60 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (CII-1.584, UV-0.53, IAR-
50 0.96), Zingiber officinale Roscoe (CII-1.348, UV-0.45, IAR-0.92) and
Acalypha indica L. (CII-1.461, UV-0.73, IAR-0.98) were showed
Percentage (%)

40 commendable values this indicates the importance of the species

30 among the studied area tribes (Tables 3 and 4). Among 61 recorded
medicinal plants from the studied area, 19 plants revealed new use
20 reports which were identified by comparing previous reported
10 literature (Table 5). The local names of the cited plants were almost
same among all community in the study area indicates the homo-
0 geneity and relevance of particular individual species in herbal
Leaf Flower Seed, Fruit Stem Root Whole plant
(Rhizome, medicine.
Latex, Bark)
Parts 3.3. Validation of ethno-botanical data using In silico studies

Fig. 4. Usage percentages of different parts.

Based on the ethno-botanical uses and literature review the
components of the 22 medicinal plants and their pharmacological
50 activities were studied to validate the traditional use by in silico
45 study. The biological spectrum analysis (PASS online) used to reveal
40
Percentage (%)

35
the correlation between the activities of structural properties of
30 bioactive compounds (Table 7). Previously, Andrographis paniculata
25 (Burm.f.) Nees was used ethnically in the treatment of skeletal
20
15 ailments but the predicted biological spectrum (PASS) results of
10 reported compounds revealed these could acts as best hepatic
5
0 agent (Pa-0.964) and anti-allergic (Pa-0.721) (Table 6). The
admetSAR online prediction was also done to predict the absorp-
tion, metabolism and toxicity of the listed compounds of medici-
nally important species (Table 5). From the results all the reported
compounds were considered as they can easily metabolized,
Preparation method
absorbed and transported through human intestinal [Example
spilanthol, oleanolic acid, ramnazin-3-O-rutinoside, 2,4,8,9-
Fig. 5. Common preparation methods of medicinal plants. tetrahydroxy-6H-(1)benzofuro(3,2-c)chromen-6-one, torvoside A,
150 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155

Table 4
ICF value for the illness category and FL and CII values for the reported plants in Sathyamangalam wildlife sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Illness category Number of Number of ICF FL% and CII

No citation species cited
(Nur) (Nt)

Illness with High ICF value

1 Eye ailments 8 1 1.00 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. (19/0.966)
2 Genitourinary 222 9 0.96 Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale (60/0.449) Boerhavia diffusa L. (65/0.584) Sesamum indicum L. (84/1.146a)
ailments Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. (100/0.382) Euphorbia hirta L. (100/0.315) Plumaria alba L. (71/0.921)
Abrus precatorius L. (28/3.191a) Annona squamosa L. (68/0.989a) Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (32/0.944)
3 Skeletal muscular 179 9 0.96 Cardiospermum helicacabum L. (63/1.820a) Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (55/0.494) Andrographis paniculata
ailments (Burm.f.) Nees (62/1.584a) Datura metel L. (100/0.326) Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. (46/0.831a) Acalypha
indica L. (28/1.461) Vitex negundo L. (67/0.876a) Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (100/0.169) Canavalia cathartica
Thouars (100/0.101)
4 Dermatological 333 19 0.95 Spilanthes calva DC. (100/0.225) Tridax procumbens (L.) L. (100/0.101) Abrus precatorius L. (17/3.191) Wrightia
ailments tinctoria R.Br. (100/0.202) Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (100/0.225) Acalypha indica L. (88/1.461a) Calotropis
gigantea (L.) Dryand. (54/0.831a) Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. (100/0.337) Solanum nigrum L. (39/0.697)
Sida acuta Burm.f. (100/0.506) Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (43/1.146) Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees
(17/1.584) Sesamum indicum L. (16/1.146) Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. (55/0.247) Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L.
(100/0.157) Saccharum officinarum L. (100/0.056) Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (46/0.438) Tinospora sinensis (Lour.)
Merr. (45/0.494) Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (16/1.820)
Illness with moderate ICF value
5 Ear, nose, throat 32 3 0.94 Zingiber officinale Roscoe (28/1.348) Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham. (100/0.157) Spilanthes acmella (L.) L. (100/
ailments 0.079)
6 Neurology 85 6 0.94 Zingiber officinale Roscoe (15/1.348) Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (50/0.899) Pergularia daemia
ailments (Forssk.) Chiov. (100/0.225) Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link (100/0.225) Vitex negundo L. (33/0.876) Eclipta prostrata
(L.) L. (21/0.944)
7 Gastrointestinal 375 22 0.94 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. (46/0.944a) Abrus precatorius L. (44/3.191a) Bauhinia tomentosa L. (100/0.236) Pongamia
ailments pinnata (L.) Pierre (39/0.775) Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. (44/0.202) Clitoria ternatea L. (100/0.393) Sesbania
grandiflora (L.) Pers. (81/0.966a) Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (59/1.101) Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (100/
0.371) Jatropha curcas L. (100/0.213) Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. (50/0.899) Solanum xanthocarpum
Schrad. & H. Wendl. (30/0.742) Solanum nigrum L. (61/0.697a) Solanum indicum L. (100/0.135) Abutilon indicum
(L.) Sweet (26/1.146) Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (21/1.584) Psidium guajava L. (100/0.124) Boerhavia
diffusa L. (35/0.584) Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy (100/0.079) Jasminum angustifolium (L.) Willd. (100/0.090)
Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob.(67/0.899a) Zingiber officinale Roscoe (58/1.348a)
8 Respiratory 179 9 0.94 Bauhinia divaricata L. (38/0.539) Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (23/2.562) Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. (100/
ailments 0.169) Ocimum basilicum L. (100/0.281) Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. Wendl. (70/0.742a) Justicia
adhatoda L. (100/0.292) Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (38/0.438) Cardiospermum halicacabum L. (22/1.820)
9 Endocrinal 44 4 0.93 Annona squamosa L. (47/0.989a) Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (35/0.775) Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (100/0.225)
ailments (L.) Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (11/0.899)
10 Fever ailments 71 6 0.93 Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. (45/0.247) Oxalis corniculata L. (50/0.449) Ruellia patula Jacq. (100/0.112) Aegle
marmelos (L.) Correa (46/2.562a) Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. (56/0.202) Bauhinia divaricata L. (63/0.539)
11 Oncology 30 3 0.93 Abrus precatorius L. (11/3.191) Plumaria alba L. (29/0.921) Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (18/2.562)
ailments
12 Poisonous bites 31 3 0.93 Rubia cordifolia L. (100/0.101) Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (26/0.775) Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. (100/0.180)
ailments
13 Circulatory 66 6 0.92 Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (43/0.899a) Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale (60/0.449a) Oxalis corniculata L.
system ailments (50/0.449) Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle (41/1.101a) Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (14/2.562) Rauvolfia
serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz (100/0.157)
Illness with moderate ICF value
14 Hemorrhoids 3 3 0.88 Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (29/1.146) Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (23/0.438) Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. (25/
ailments 0.899)
a
Species were considered more consent to treat particular ailment ethno-botanically.

Table 5
Plants with adverse effects from Sathyamangalam wild life sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. No Binomial name Adverse effect and interaction

1 Annona squamosa L. The seed is poisonous. Consuming seed leads to abortion. Sometime used as rat poison
2 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Over dosage of leaves leads to ulcer effect.
3 Abrus precatorius L. Consuming seeds leads to abortion, Hallucination, coma. Consult doctor after consuming
4 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Consumption of fruits of this plant leads to paralysis
5 Plumaria alba L. Accidental contact of latex of this plant leads to severe skin irritation
6 Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. Consuming seeds and latex causes ulcer
7 Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Over dosage leads to emetic condition
8 Vitex negundo L. Over dosage leads to gastric disorders
9 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Raw consumption will lead to abortion
10 Jatropha curcas L. Seed consumption leads to neurotoxic effects
11 Calotropis spp. The latex causes severe eye and skin irritation
12 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Latex leads to skin and eye irritation.
13 Datura metel L. Accidental consumption of fruits leads to coma, hallucination effects.
14 Sesamum indicum L. Consumption of seeds leads to abortion
15 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Consumption of seeds leads to vomiting
 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155 151

Table 6
New uses obtained from informants belongs to Sathyamangalam wild life sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. No Binomial name Medicinal uses from present study Reported medicinal uses from other studies

1 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Head ache Liver injuries, jaundice32

2 Abrus precatorius L. Stomach ulcer, Dysentery, Mouth ulcer Rheumatism, Anti-diabetic, Head ache35
3 Bauhinia divaricata L. Asthma Fever14
4 Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Snake bite Poisonous effect36
5 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Abdominal pain, Gas trouble, Snake bite Diarrhea37
6 Canavalia cathartica Thouars Body pain, Muscle pain Indigestion16
7 Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Heart problem, Cardio tonic Blood pressure38
8 Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle Stomach ache Blood tonic39
9 Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. Paralyze Stomachic, Anti-pyretic, Diarrhea40
10 Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Wounds Helminthiasis, liver disease41
11 Euphorbia hirta L. Leucorrhoea Boils, Warts, Ulcers42
12 Pergularia daemia (Forssk.) Chiov. Head ache Acidity43
13 Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Leprosy Dyspepsia, anthelmintic, stomach ache5
14 Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Burn, Wound Fever44
15 Rivea hypocrateriformis Choisy Indigestion Ethno veterinary important45
16 Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Anemia Urinary disorders14
17 Saccharum officinarum L. Rash Gastrointestinal ailments, infertility46
18 Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Piles, Cough Wound healing and sex related ailments44
19 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Burn wound healing Insecticides47

b-ionone, umbelliferone and (±)-limonene]. The toxicity profile and paste preparation are most common methods used in Siddha
also reveals the carcinogenicity and cardiogenicity of the identified medicinal system and similar results of various surveys also sup-
compounds and the results reveals some non-toxic [(±)-limonene, porting the present study results.23,24
umbelliferone, procyanidin B1 and spilanthol] and less toxic [4-(b-
D-glucopyranosyloxy) benzoic acid, vitexin, (2R,3S,4R,5R,6E)-5-
4.2. Quantitative analysis of ethno-botanical indices
acetamido-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(hydroxyimino) tetrahydro-2H-
pyran-3,4-diyl diacetate, isoorientin and swertisin] properties of
This study also proves the importance of ethno medicinal plants
the compounds (Table 6). The remaining herbal species also should
in the treatment of genitourinary ailment. The ethnic people have
be investigated to determine the efficacy and safety evaluation.
grater medicinal information on indigenous plants. Gastrointestinal
system and genitourinary ailment diseases have been reported to
have the highest ICF in other surveys and these results indicates the
4. Discussion
sign of unhealthy lifestyle.25,26 Some results from current study also
correlated with other surveys carried out in India, such as Car-
4.1. Demographical description and documentation of ethno-
diospermum halicacabum L. (63%), Solanum nigrum L. (61%) were
botanical data
mentioned to treat same ailment categories in a reported earlier,
however these two reported low FL of 63% and 61% respectively to
Comparing the demographical depiction of the present study
treat skeletal muscular and gastrointestinal ailments category.27
with other related studies in nearer area, the average age of local
Three of 14 listed ailment categories i.e. eye, oncology and Hem-
population is close in the studied area.14e16 Among the interviewed
orrhoids ailments reported with low FL < 50%. But related studies
communal tribes herbalist and traditional healers were also limited
also revealed the activities of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (18), Ses-
in number, it clearly indicates the improper sharing of their
bania grandiflora (L.) Pers. (19) and Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet (29)
knowledge on medicinal plants. The extensive single species usage
in the reported uses, it clearly shows the lack of sharing their me-
in herbal treatment was specify the particular medicine for
dicinal knowledge among tribal communities.28,29 The higher fi-
particular symptom which can be used to treat all related symp-
delity level indicates the consent use of these medicinal plants for
toms to the same category with some adjuvant like honey, milk,
the treatment of particular ailment by informants of the studied
etc.17,18 This study also claims some poly herbal combinations can
area. However, least CII, UV and IAR values were indicate the
be used in the treatment of various gastrointestinal and dermal
limited knowledge of medicinal uses and may be due to its adverse
associated ailments mainly from Fabaceae and Rutaceae family
effects of those plants. For example, Annona squamosa L. was
members. It clearly shows the various bioactive contents respon-
recorded and reported as anti-diabetic agent,30 despite the fact
sible for the medicinal properties in Fabaceae and Rutaceae.19,20
consuming the fruit may leads to the abortion.31 Eclipta prostrata
When compared this medicinal plant (61 plants) diversity of pre-
(L.) L. used for neurological disorders (headache) by tribes in the
sent study with other related regional studies (with 41 and 65
present study area. It is also reported to treat Liver injuries and
plants) it clearly shows the including of some new reports which
jaundice by the traditional healers of Chithoor district, Andhra
are not yet reported.14e16 This variation in medicinal plant diversity
Pradesh, India.32 Likewise, there are about 19 species were reported
clearly indicates the influence of nature and climate of selected
with new uses by comparing with other ethno-botanical studies.
region of the study area. The use of leaf as common medicinal part
This new medicinal information can lead to evaluating active
to treat various ailments was correlated with several ethno-
principles to derive new drug molecules.
botanical survey and also support the using of other parts
because its well known the plants are the factory of chemicals
hence its does not denote the particular parts contain more 4.3. Validation of ethno-botanical data using In silico studies
bioactive than other.21 However, the collection of whole plant may
be leads to its disappearance from the area and also the collection In silico studies are more valuable in ethno botanical research to
and abundance of leaf compared with the other parts makes the validate and find potential bioactive compounds which leads in
most using parts in herbal medicine system.22 Oral administration development of new drugs.33 From the PASS results of listed species
Table 7
In silico validation of important ethno-botanical plants of Sathyamangalam wild life sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Binomial name Ethno uses Reported pharmacological Reported compounds PASS prediction admetSAR
No activities predictiona

Predicted Pa Pi A M T
bioactivities

1 Annona Diabetes Anti-diabetic effect, Effects 4-(b-D-glucopyranosyloxy)benzoic acid Anti-diabetic 0.988 0.001 þ þþþ þ
squamosa L. Abortion on early pregnancy48 activity
Antiinfective 0.972 0.002

Procyanidin B1 Anti-diabetic 0.979 0.001 þþþ þþþ ND

activity
Phobic disorders 0.929 0.004
treatment
Antiseborrheic 0.881 0.006

2 Spilanthes calva Wound Vasorelaxant and Spilanthol Wound healing 0.820 0.005 þþþ þþþ ND
DC. Gums ache antioxidant activities49 Treatment of 0.802 0.026
and Spilanthes anxiety disorder
acmella (L.) L.

3 Sesbania Eye ailments Anemia, Bronchitis, Oleanolic acid Antidiabetic 0.987 0.001 þþþ þþþ ND
grandiflora (L.) Ophthalmia, rheumatism Anticancer 0.984 0.002
Pers. hepatoprotective50 Antinociceptive 0.895 0.001
Antineoplastic 0.877 0.005
Antiviral 0.836 0.002

4 Abrus precatorius Stomach ulcer Anti-microbial, Abortion51 Apigenin Wound healing 0.963 0.003 þþþ þ ND
L. Abortion Dystenry Anticancer 0.926 0.002
Mouth ulcer Cancer Antimutagenic 0.899 0.003
Bacterial fungal
infections
Vitexin Cardioprotectant 0.950 0.002 þþþ þþþ þ
Free radical 0.948 0.001
scavenger
Hepatoprotectant 0.920 0.002
Chemopreventive 0.864 0.003
Antihemorrhagic 0.826 0.002
5 Bauhinia Diahorrea Anti diarrhea, anti- Hesperidin Free radical 0.991 0.001 þþþ þþ ND
tomentosa L. inflammatory activity52 scavenger
Anticarcinogenic 0.985 0.001
Chemopreventive 0.981 0.001
Hepatoprotectant 0.977 0.001
Antiprotozoal 0.853 0.004

6 Pongamia Abdominal pain Anti-diabetic53 Cyqualon Anticancer 0.927 0.004 þþþ þþ ND

pinnata (L.) Gas trouble Antidiabetic 0.703 0.008
Pierre Snake bite Diabetes Choleretic 0.822 0.003

7 Acalypha indica Burns Wound healing, Analgesic, (2R,3S,4R,5R,6E)-5-Acetamido-2- Transplant 0.936 0.002 þþ þþþ þ
L. Itch anti-inflammatory54 (acetoxymethyl)-6-(hydroxyimino)tetrahydro- rejection
Skin lotion Bacterial 2H-pyran-3,4-diyl diacetate treatment
and fungal diseases Antidiabetic 0.856 0.001
Edema

8 Calotropis Rash Wound healing55 Ramnazin-3-O-rutinoside Free radical 0.993 0.000 þþþ þþþ ND
gigantean (L.) Edema scavenger
Dryand. Cardioprotectant 0.992 0.001
Anticarcinogenic 0.987 0.001
Antiprotozoal 0.918 0.003
(Leishmania)

9 Vitex negundo L. Joint pain Arthritis56 Casticin Antimutagenic 0.928 0.002 þþþ þ ND
Head ache Free radical 0.845 0.002
scavenger
Anticancer 0.953 0.003

10 Eclipta prostrata Head ache Antibacterial, Antioxidant, 2,4,8,9-Tetrahydroxy-6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c] Anticancer 0.956 0.003 þþþ þþþ ND
(L.) L. Abdominal pain hypolipidemic57 chromen-6-one Astringent 0.823 0.001
Jaundice Antiseborrheic 0.733 0.031
 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155 153

Table 7 (continued )

S. Binomial name Ethno uses Reported pharmacological Reported compounds PASS prediction admetSAR
No activities predictiona

Predicted Pa Pi A M T
bioactivities

11 Cocculus hirsutus Blood tonic Piles Spermatogenic and anti- Hirsutine Antinociceptive 0.814 0.002 þþþ þ ND
(L.) W.Theob. Dysentery Diabetes diabetic activity58 Analgesic 0.800 0.005
Vasodilator 0.736 0.006

12 Solanum spp. Mouth ulcer Neuropharmacological Torvoside A Anticancer 0.942 0.002 þþþ þþþ ND
Intestinal disorders activity59 Hepatoprotectant 0.902 0.002
Small pox Antiprotozoal 0.896 0.003
Antineoplastic 0.872 0.005

13 Aegle marmelos Fever Anticancer60 b-Ionone Antineoplastic 0.892 0.005 þþþ þþþ ND
(L.) Correa Cold Dermatologic 0.831 0.004
Blood tonic Cancer Antipsoriatic 0.786 0.004

14 Haldina Anemia Urinary Anti-amoebic61 Umbelliferone Cardiovascular 0.908 0.003 þþþ þþþ ND
cordifolia (Roxb.) disorders analeptic
Ridsdale Antimutagenic 0.898 0.002
Antiseborrheic 0.875 0.006
15 Citrus Stomachache Blood Anti-ulcer62 (±)-Limonene Carminative 0.961 0.001 þþþ þþþ ND
aurantiifolia tonic Antieczematic 0.896 0.005
(Christm.) Antineoplastic 0.818 0.010
Swingle Chemoprotective 0.781 0.002

16 Andrographis Skeletalmuscular Anti-inflammatory63 ()-Andrographolide Choleretic 0.980 0.001 þþþ þþþ ND

paniculata ailments Hepatitis 0.975 0.002
(Burm.f.) Nees Antineoplastic 0.964 0.004
Antiallergic 0.721 0.007

17 Sesamum Genitourinary Affecting sex hormones64 Sesamin Anticancer 0.800 0,005 þþþ þ ND
indicum L. ailments Antineoplastic 0.797 0.012
Antidyskinetic 0.742 0.010
Antineurotic 0.738 0.030
Carminative 0.761 0.004

18 Oxalis Blood tonic Fever Cardioprotective65 Isoorientin Cardioprotectant 0.963 0.002 þþþ þþþ þ
corniculata L. Anticancer 0.922 0.004
Hepatoprotectant 0.913 0.002
Antihemorrhagi 0.821 0.002

Swertisin Cardioprotectant 0.957 0.002 þþþ þþþ þ

Chemopreventive 0.901 0.002
Antineoplastic 0.783 0.014
Antidiabetic 0.769 0.005

19 Zingiber Ear, nose, throat Digestive disorders66 Zingerone Antidiabetic 0.920 0.003 þþþ þþþ ND
officinale Roscoe ailments, Fibrinolytic 0.867 0.004
Neurology ailments Antimutagenic 0.796 0.004

(þ)-[6]-Gingerol Preneoplastic 0.773 0.004 þþþ þþþ ND

treatment
Fibrinolytic 0.758 0.008
Vasodilator 0.729 0.007
Antipyretic 0.725 0.004
Shogaol Antimutagenic 0.851 0.003 þþþ þþþ ND
Antieczematic 0.842 0.011
Mucositis 0.803 0.013
treatment
Antiinflammatory 0.732 0.012
(continued on next page)
154 P. Chinnasamy et al. / Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 9 (2019) 143e155

Table 7 (continued )

S. Binomial name Ethno uses Reported pharmacological Reported compounds PASS prediction admetSAR
No activities predictiona

Predicted Pa Pi A M T
bioactivities

20 Cardiospermum Skeletal muscular Anti-arthritic activity67 Arachidic acid Anti-diabetic 0.945 0.002 þþþ þþþ ND
helicacabum L. ailments Phobic disorders 0.939 0.003
Mucositis 0.874 0.008
treatment
Antihypoxic 0.798 0.004
Luteolin Antimutagenic 0.915 0.002 þþþ þ ND
Vasoprotector 0.894 0.003
Antihemorrhagic 0.836 0.002
Antioxidant 0.717 0.004

a
A-Absorption, M-Metabolism, T-Toxicity; The scale of ranges from low (þ), medium (þþ), high (þþþ) and not detected (ND).

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