Student Solutions Manual and Stud,y Guide

IV1unson Young Okiishi ~uebsch

FU N DAM E NTALS OF
FLUID MECHANICS
/,/ I
1.1 The force, F, of the wind blowing against a building is given by
F = Cvp V 2 A/2, where Vis the wind speed, p the density of the air,
A the cross-sectional area of the building, and Cv is a constant tenned
the drag coefficient Detennine the dimensions of the drag coefficient.

F == ML 7-2.
() ~
/I/L-3
V = l 7-I
~:l::L2.
Thvs 1

Cr, :::.(ft/L T~ 2 )/[(/IIL- 3 )(L T- 1)2·(L'-)]:: M0 L0 T 0

Hence J Cn is dimensionless.

,-,
/. 2 I
LZ Verify the dimensions, in both the FLT and MLT systems,
of the following quantities which appear in Table 1.1: (a) vol-
ume, (b) acceleration, (c) mass, (d) moment of inertia (area),
and (e) work.

(aJ Vo I urne -. L3
(/,) a CC e f e Y- I?,, t 1 on :: /:Im~ r~i~ "/. c.h4111e d ~ Ytl()C.tfy
- LT-'-=- l T-.2..
T

ct. ) rm t:1.s s ..:.

-M-
()r- w/-fn F ~ ML , - 2

rm Ass = I= L -
1
T 2.

(d) rn(')r'l/el'Jf 1/. 1ner.f:1a.- (AY'I'"-):: seCIP,,d 1'111Jment- "f area:

.:.. (L 2 ) (L 2 ) • L 'f

{e) JN~rk == hr~t! .>< ci/s¼nc.e.

- != L
"r- Jv/-th P:::MJ...T- 2
Wt?rk : M L2 T - 2

1-'l..
1. 3 I
..
1..3 Determme the dimensions, in both the
FLT system anq_the MLT system, for (a) the
product of force times acceleration, (b) the prod-
uct of force times velocity divided by area. and
(c) momentum divided by volume.
(a) f~r(e I( C4.cceleral-1e>'1 .:_ (F)(L y-:iJ · FL T-.2
Since
I
-1-c rce x. a cc e e ra/Jt!)l#f ~ (ML T -1(L T-1 ;; 11 L 2
T- 'f

(b) --1-"rc.e X velc>t:Jf'.:f - (P ){L 7-I) ~ p L-1 r-,

L2.
. (ML 1-1(L T-,).:. 11 T- 3
L 2.

(C) momenfum rnass ve foe.if~

volume - ,1(.

VtJ/un,t!._

1
-• ( FT2/_-)(L T- ) -. FL- 3 T
L3

-. [J1)(L r-')
-. ML-ZT-1
L3

/-3
I.tr I

1.lf Verify_)he dimensions. in both the FLT

system and the MLT system. of the following
quantities which-.. appear in Table 1.1: (a) fre-
quency. (b) stress. (c) strain, (d) torque, and (e)
work.

(.6) s,-fr.es5 - hr~e

arett
-. F
L:z_
~
FL- 2

Since. F....!..
- ML 7-2.)
ML T- 2 . ML _,T- 2
.s -1-ress ~ j_:l..
-
(C) Ch/1!'7'f e //} lenj-rh ; L -
(dimen51iJnless)
/e111-/1J L

FL

Ce) Work = /4rce .)(. cliskl11ce -· FL

J. E I

1.5 If u is a velocity, x a length, and ta time,

what are the dimensions (in the MLT system) of
(a) au/at, (b) a2ulaxat, and (c) f (au/at) dx?

Lr-' . L T-z
{tl) Ju
Jt- - -T -

Ch) JZt<.
JxJt
-. l T- 1
{L){T)
-. T -2

CC) Jd~ at: dx

. (Lr-') (L)
- T
- L2 r--2

,- 5
. /.6 I

1.6 areIftli/s
what · .a pre~sure, .v a velocity, and p a fluid density,
pVp, and (c) '}!;;;~ons (m the MLT system) of (a) pip, (b)

(aJ
-p
---f -. Lz r-2..

(1, J p Vf =- We' r ~2) ( L y-1) (ML➔)::::: 112.L-~T-3

ce) -P

1- 6
,.7 I
1.7 If Vis a velocity, ea length, and 11 a fluid property (the kine-
matic viscosity) having dimensions of L2T - 1, which of the fol-
lowing combinations are dimensionless: (a) Vfv, (b) Vf/ 11, (c) V2v,
(d) V/ev?

(a.} V J.-v . (L y-')(L)fL 2 r-~ -. L~T-l fnot rltme12sionless)

VJ -
{b)
7/
( LT-')( L)
(l 2 r-tj
-. L~Tt:J ess )
( dirnensicm I
2
{e) V2-il - (L 7-) (L 2 r-1) _: L'IT- 3 (n~f dimens/onless)

{d) V . ( L y-1) , -2.

J.V (L ){L 2 T-') L (nof diinens/onles5)

/-7
1. a I

1.8 If V is a velocity, determine the dimensions of Z, a, and G,

which appear in the dimensionally homogeneous equation
V = Z(a - l) +G

V = r: {c<-1) + 6
[L y-j == [r] [PC -1] -t- [6]
Since. et:tcJ, l:.er111 ,,; €tg«t:bl:-IP~ rn11si have
-f}te
-/:he '5t1111e d,menSIP/1.SI /i j;,/l&ws -that
~ .. L T- 1

c(. - r" i 0
T0 { d1mens;~11/es..s since e.tm1bMe~
tviih if n11mkr)

1-e
/, 9 I
J,'f The volume rate of flow, Q, through a pipe containing a
slowly moving liquid is given by the equation
7TR4t:,,.p
Q=--
8µ,e
where R is the pipe radius, 1:,,.p the pressure drop along the pipe,
µ, a fluid property called viscosity (FL - 2T), and e the length of
pipe. What are the dimensions of the constant 7T/8? Would you
classify this equation as a general homogeneous equation?
Explain.

Th~ C.6,,, s ha ,d: -rr /g Is c\ i mens I on \ e~ s )

and
fn e ei u. a.J-, ~ n 1., 0- 1e11er-~I ht>m~ gen eo u5
ezuJ-,i>~ f'h~t- i:S 1/a.\,·d '
I VI Ci V1~ ~i, t1 .S IS ~e I\ 't"
lHl ,· t- ~1s.J-.em. 'f e .s.

/-9
 1.10 I
I, IO According to information found in an old hydraulics
book, the energy loss per unit weight of fluid flowing through
a nozzle connected to a hose can be estimated by the formula
h = (0.04 to 0.09)(D/d)4V2 /2g
where h is the energy loss per unit weight, D the hose diameter,
d the nozzle tip diameter, V the fluid velocity in the hose, and
g the acceleration of gravity. Do you think this equation is valid
in any system of units? Explain.

~ = (o. 01/- fo 0. D9) (-'j >" z.~l

[fFL]= [o.o~J-. o.o~ [ tJ[±] [-~:][f]

[L] ~ [0.04 +o 0.01) [L]
Since eac.Ji -hrr>t l>1 1he ezua,./-,;;, rnusl: h4ve fhe
Sq171e_ the CtJ11~l,,11i Mf"m (~.~'I 1?J (), ~q) rnusf
d/men51tJv
I
bt! c/im-n1Sl;,h/ess. Thus/ -the eza/lt./t1JH ;j a. .9-ent1n1/
h0m o 1enet:JvS el u.ll.iu/13 Ina i- ,:s Vtt //cl ;;,,, 411.!f ~y$./em
~f un,·-b. Yes.
I. I I I
1.11 The pressure difference, Ap, across a cosity (FL - 2T), p the blood density (ML - 3), D 1
partial blockage in an artery (called a stenosis) is the artery diameter, A 0 the area of the unob-

r
approximated by the equation structed artery, and A I the area of the stenosis.

tlp =- K ,.
1
: + Ku(~: ~ 1 ~V2
Determine the dimensions of the constants K"
and K •. Would this equation be valid in any sys-
tem of units?
where V is the blood velocity, µ the blood vis-

Since each -1-errn mv.sl- tJ/f.ve the same dimensions,)

k'v arid Ku are dirnen5io11fe~s. Thus1 fhe eiuafith1
1s e< t"jener11/ hor>10Je11eous e~ ual-itJ"1 -fhal- woulc/ k
vcdi cl /n Cltl!J t()11sislenf Sljsl-em o.f uJ1i-b. f es.

/-/ 0
I. It. I I.la Assume that the speed of sound, c, in a fluid depends
on an elastic modulus, Eu, with dimensions FL - 2 , and the fluid
density, p, in the form c = (Eut(p/. If this is to be a dimen-
sionally homogeneous equation, what are the values for a and
b? Is your result consistent with the standard formula for the
speed of sound? (See Eq. 1.19.)

{I)

r;;,- d1111e11s1011a/l'1 h(!)m~enebu5 -k?.!aal.,e;11 ea.ch +erm

1t.

In the ej U a.t1oy1 In us-I- ha lit ihe 511/Jt ~ d1mer151on.s . Tht15,

1ne Y-11 hf hand s/de ~+ l?tg. {I) rnt1s+ htt ve 1h~ d1mens10A.s
of- LT-1. There/4re;
a--tb==o (-ttJ -e//n11nai:e F)
zb:::-/ { io sa-1-t'sf.i; D,,u/, "f,o~ ~n T J
.ta -t I/- b = - I (-b ~I-,~ fy ~yt~J;+,;," "11 L)
a..~J...
2-
C111n h=-..!..2.

/-II
1. 13 I

1.13 A formula to estimate the volume rate of the dam (called the head). This formula gives
of flow, Q, flowing over a dam of length, B, is ·Q in ft3/s when Band Hare in feet. Is the con-
given by the equation stant, 3.09, dimensionless? Would this equation
Q = 3.09BHJll be valid if units other than feet and seconds were
used?
where H is the depth of the water above the top

Q = 3. or B ti lz
3

[L3r ~o9][L][L{'
1
] :_

[L 3 y-~ =[3. oq] [ L] !i/i

Since each -1-erm t"n -I-he ezaal-ion rnu5f hAve +he san-,e
dirnen~ion~ -the topsft1nf 3. oq rnusf h1111t:. d1me;15i"11S
t>f L'/2.r- 1 ond is ihe.rt'#)Jl'e nof d1111ens1011/e55. NL?.
5i/Jt.e fhe. u,r,!>-tt111I h,s d1mf11s1P11S ifs 11al&1e &Ji!/ ch11nfe
wi fl, &<. ch~o19e in t1nil-s. No.

l-12
 \ .....__.

\\ r----~---------------------------
\1 /.IS I 1.15 Make use of Table 1.3 to express the
following quantities in SI units: (a) 10.2 in./min,
(b) 4.81 slugs, (c) 3.02 lb, (d) 73.1 ft/s2, (e) 0.0234
lb·s/ft2 •

{~) /0, 2 :;;,; - (;o, 2 ;;,;,, ) (2.5"~)(/0-~ /:) ( ~;'~")

-3 /1">'1
- If. 32. .x. ID s =: If, 32 T
{b) 'f. 31 s lu7s = {1- fl/ slu1s ) {;.-'fs.P ;<IO s1u~) = 70, 2 J, :J-
{ t) 3. t i Ib = (3. tJ 2 16 )( If. If Iff f1 ) =- I 3. If Al

(d) 73./ /fi ::

ce.) C), ~23lf

lb-s
ft')..
:: (o. tJ23'f /~)
-1-tJ. (i 7J1tl0 '
iv'· .,.

lh,
) ,,,,., i.

s
-Ft,_
- I. 12 N-s
/n1 '2..

/-13
 0
/ ·-
.__,
\

I /:i, _ · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - ,
/.I 6 f 1.16 Make use of Table 1.4 to express the
following quantities in BG units: (a) 14.2 km,
(b) 8.14 N/m3, (c) 1.61 kg/m3, (d) 0.0320 N·m/s,
(e) 5.67 mm/hr.

(a.J / '-f, 2 -k1m - (i'f;2x!0

3
/1'n) ( 3,Zfl ~);- L/." 6 ;< /0 If ff
{ l,) 8.!tf.
N
/ J:l,13
=::: (s. 1'f if, ) ~- 1u ;( t/!· 3
t3 )
_&,
= s,1ix10- 2 li-
lb
3
1'»'13

N,,,,,,
(d) t),t>320 -s - .:- (t~. ()JZo N,tm
s ) (7, 37!&,,x /0 - I /f-. /.h
.s )
N,/1#
-2 .s
+f•/1,
- 2. 3 bx JD - .s
re) S,b7

-+f
..5
117 I

1.17 Express the following quantities in SI units: (a) 160 acre,

(b) 15 gallons (U.S.), (c) 240 miles, (d) 79.1 hp, (e) 60.3 °F.

Cl!) J.'-JO tn i =(:J.'/o rni) ( St80 t) (r O'/8 ,m-lg)= 3,8 t )( /OS" rm

-,q, 1 hp:: (7ct.J hp)(s-s-o .f½-I.} )(1.3siP _!

hp ,A;, \J,
)= 5.~bi<ID~ .:!
5
tln d l ~ :: \ W So -t'\,e2.1:
s ~
19.\ hp= 5,CfD:i<ID W

Ce) Tc_::: ~ (1,;fJ,3•~ -32) = IS,7 °C

'f
= 15'. 7 ° C -t 2 7 3 = :L8'i I<

,-, 5
 r
II I
I t,

i.18 I 1_.18 For Table 1.3 verify the conversion re-

lationships for: (a) area, (b) density, (c) velocity,
and (d) specific weight. Use the basic conversion
1
relationships: 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 lb = 4.4482 N;
and 1 slug = 14.594 kg.

1.)rra 3 Olf-~) ~
2
ra) 1 ft,,_= (1 .rt /J'n
2
] = o. o 9290 /1-11
L t-1: ~
Thu51 rnul-f,10 lt 2 hy 9. 2r{) E-2 -1-o c~nt1trl-
l-o ~ 2._

t!J J I

lhus1 rnultip/':J s/ugs/l-t 3 b:1 S: /S-lf E-t 2. -to Contl(rl

t:o lej/;m~
(~ J ; £J- = (/ £j ) ( ~- 3o 11i Z) =- o. 3 t) ¥ f ~
Thus" mu!l;f>/!J -If/s b'J 3. O'li E - / ~ Convert

I: o m,,. /s.
3
[d) I /1, - (! 1 1
!l ) · 'f. lflfi2 !:!..) [ I-I: l
f.f 3 - .ft3 t ~. lb { o, 3~'1-i)3/Wf 3 J

Iv
== /S7. /;;;;,

Thus) rnulfipl::; lb/R~ b!:J /. 57/ £-t 2 -l-o t:(!)nve~t

f o IvI m1 3.

1-/6

()
 0
0

/,19 .J 1..1 q For Table 1.4 verify the conversion re-

lationships for: (a) acceleration, (b) density,
(c) pressure, and (d) volume flowrate. Use the
basic conversion relationships: 1 m = 3.2808 ft;
1 N = 0.22481 lb; and 1 kg = 0.068521 slug.

(a)

Tnus; m ti l+i pI':1 ttn /.s 2

b:J 3. ;;. eI
to f.t/~i.
rb) I ~. = (! ~ )(0.01.~0;2.1 slugs) r I l"Wl
3
]
T"i L ( 3. zi oe) 3
.f-1:
3

- I ol.}o x Io - 3 s l t.< 5s
• 1 .ft 3

Th~s,1 multip/11 ~!J/rm 3 h.!J /.qlfO E-3 t-o t.o11f/frt

t-o sluC)S/+i 3•

r_C) ) Jj_ = (I N )
/Y\-1?. M12.
(0.221+8I 1
N
)fl(3'.i.rog)2ft2.J
l tM1. 7
-l lb
-=- i.oar t.10 .ft'-

Thu5; ml/4/tipl'j N/rrr. 2 b~ :).,ogq E'-1 -1:o ~tJMf/erl:

t:-o I h / f.t. 2,.

3
{d) I ~ 3
== (! ";.i) (Cs. :ms J3 ~: ]-= 3 5'. 3/ f-;
Thus/ rnultip/':J 1J11
3
/s b~ 3. 5"3/ E+I -1:.o (t:P11vert

-1:-o ft¾.

1-17

c. . _.)
-· .,,.-.,....

0
;. 2.0 I

t.:!O Water flows from a large drainage pipe at a rate of

I 200 gal/min: What is this volume rate o'f flow in (a) rn3/ s, (b)
liters/min, and (c) fr3/s?

(~) '
f./ow;-ate. =

-2
·7.57 X. JO

= J!)- m, ~
3
I liter
3
+fowra.te = ( 7.57 )l/o-
2
!!:!2 3 ) (10 llkr.s)((po_s )
.5 ,,,,,,,, :3 /111 / '1

f fawra.l:.t. - ( 7. s 7 )( ID- l !!/

3
( C) ) (3. s3 { X JD
+t]
-- s

J-18
 0

1.2 I An important dimensionless parameter the Froude number using SI units for V, g, and
in certain types of fluid flow problems is the Froude e. Explain the significance of the results of these
number defined as V/v'ge, where Vis a velocity, calculations.
g the acceleration of gravity, and Ca length. De-
termine the value of the Froude number for V =
10 ft/s, g = 32.2 ft/s2, and e= 2 ft. Recalculate

In 86 11/Jifs/
Io :.i:-

In JI unil-s :
V = (r o £±
s
) ( tJ. 3tJJff> 2!!- )=
ft
3. O!i" 7
~ :. 't, :g I ~
; - (:.+-1::) {o."3ol./-g rm)= O. lo/Dm,
-Ft

V 3.o~- sM1 -- /. 25
i
y J_

The val«e c,/ a. d /miJr1sie,n less par~ met: ey IS

in de;ende1Ji 0/ -the. u 11 it ~c.; sl-em.

I-I 'I
I. 2.3

1.23 A t ~ contains 500 kg of a liquid whose specific gravity is

2. Deterrnme the volume of the liquid in the tank.

m: : ~ V ~ SG r 112.0 'V
Thus,
V = m/(.SG ()11 0 ) 1. = soo 1~9/((2)( qqq ~ ))
= 0, 2so m3

l I
1.Z'r Clouds can weigh thousands of pounds due to their
,_l_
1
liquid water content. Often this content is measured in grams
,____J.....j, per cubic meter (g/m3). Assume that a cumulus cloud occupies
a volume of one cubic kilometer, and its liquid water content
b I
I
_+
I-
:t
,- -t

is 0.2 g/m3• (a) What is the volume of this cloud in cubic I

+ +

- miles? (b) How much does the water in the cloud weigh in ..
pounds?

-+ i -
- +----,- + -I t,

-+ ·----1-------l

+ I .

t-- + 't-
I

-+------l---+-+---+-~~'-'-'-~_..__-~
lf~ I

J,. 1- I ' 4

t t
I I

(h

J-20
 0
0

/, .2 5 I 1.2 5 A tank of oil has a mass of ZS"' slugs.

(a) Determine its weight in pounds and in new-
tons at the earth's surface. (b) What would be its
.--,· mass (in slugs) and its weight (in pounds) if lo-
cated on the moon's surface where the gravita-
tional attraction is approximately one-sixth that
at the earth's surface?
( 4. J w.e i9 I, f = l"Y'>?, a s.s x. J
= (zs- sluqs) ( 32.2· -~}== _8 os 1h

- (u slu9s) {t'I. Sf fi; ) ('f.g/ f..)"' 3S"8Q I\/

th) l"Ynt:ts.s = .Zs shu;s {/nlAss dtJes fJIJt" depb1d t!>II

J>"(( vih f /~1111 I a H-ra c./-i()f1 )

w-e,j//i = ( i, slu1~} ( 32,zlo~ ) ::: I 311 fl,

;,.26 I
1.2 6 A certain object weighs 300 Nat the earth's surface.
Determine the mass of the object (in kilograms) and its weight
(in newtons) when located on a planet with an acceleration of
gravity equal to 4.0 ft/s 2 •

½ CJ fr-ls 2 )

- ( 3t>.(p J#- ) ( Jf. o t) ( 0, 3t?'ft ~ )

= 37,3 N

l-2 I
1. 2.7 I

1.27 The density of a certain type of jet fuel

is ns kg/m3 • Determine its specific gravity and
specific weight.

1-12..
/,'J..1

1.28 A hydrometer is used to measure the specific gravity of liq-

uids. (See Video V2.8.) For a certain liquid a hydrometer read-
ing indicates a specific gravity of 1.15. What is the liquid's den-
sity and specific weight? Express your answer in SI units.

/-13
1, 2 9 I
1,2,q An open, rigid-walled, cylindrical tank contains 4 ft3
of water at 40 °F. Over a 24-hour period of time the water
temperature varies from 40 °F to 90 °F. Make use of the data
in Appendix B to determine how much the volume of water will
change. For a tank diameter of 2 ft, would the corresponding
change in water depth be very noticeable? Explain.

tntls5 of w4.,-/:er = -V x f
t.Jheve -ti ts the t10/t,fme and I 7he. del'15r/-t:i. Jrn~e.. the.
/rJ4S~ rnu$1- Ye/'11111;, ~rls-h:z11i t/5 · 1he -temµr11.-l:ure eh4119e.s
-¥.-x j
'fe I '/t>'
0
:= +ft> x;JftJ
t> ( O {I)

Thus1 1he. ,~crease 111 vo lwme: Jj

3
'I: !JJi L - If, tJOO-== CJ. ()/ fi, .ft
The ch1111re ;;, w{!-eY cle/~,1 Ji) .14 .f.jtN.I ~
<l T Cj, OJ J'i ..ft
3
-3
Ai= a re. ==- - - - = 5, 2 x/D r +./; = tJ. t)7JtJin.
~ 7, ~ft-) 2.
'f
Th,:s '5Jn,:t}/ c,,h1mre 111 de;1h k/011/tl f)bf he tler:1
l?o.frcettJle. Alt'.
Jtlott: .4 s/;1hfl!J d,"f-/.ey(11t f.p., "1J VI; II b'1. abtai11rA
w1f11(!.
1f s j?ec,'{ti. ,..1r,7hf ~f w~hr Jr w.ud f1t1/Jei,,- 1Jtq,-, 4trts,'i-!1 ·
Tl/ ,:s 1 '.J due lo ~ l,u.c -/hof- tltete is S8'/II e 111tcem1i1'f.7
In- -/}t~ ./i,11,.-h, 6191i,nc411f f1911t'e or tJteJ"<- 7"'t<.)o //tt/1,/t'S.1 ~,,,1
-fh~ -sclu l-1rn, ,:s S('/1S1'f I I/~ --ft:, ·1Juj Unc.a·hi n~.

\
I. 11 I
1.31 A mountain climber's oxygen tank contains 1 lb of oxygen
when he begins his trip at sea level where the acceleration of grav-
ity is 32.174 ft/s2 • What is the weight of the oxygen in the tank
when he reaches to top of Mt. Everest where the acceleration of
gravity is 32.082 ft/s2 ? Assume that no oxygen has been removed
from the tank; it will be used on the descent portion of the climb.

W=== mj
Lei ( )51 denofe se~ level Clnd ( )//JI£ denolefhe fup of Mf. Everesl
1hvs)
Ws, : : I Iii ::: ms, ~sl and
~IE :: ffJMIE ~/I/ff
However ms/ ::: m/J1lf .so -lhaf since tn ::: ~ , J

me
~,
----- ~
Ytl!YJI{
sf /.rl

} lb 32. 082 ft/s2. ~ 0 qq7J lb

32,l7tf f+/si. = ' ===
 1.32, The infonnation on a can of pop indicates that the can
. contains 355 mL. The mass of a full can of pop is 0.369 kg
while an empty can weighs 0.153 N. Determine the specific
weight, density, and specific gravity of the pop and compare
your results with the corresponding values for water at 20 °C.
Express your results in SI units.

tve1Jlif ()+
.f./u,c/ (1)

1/tJ lu m~ t:J./ -flut'c/

-hi-a! we1i1tf = mt1ss x 9- = (j, 3/,f J: )(r.JI ';1.) :: 3. /,2 Iv'

we,jhf "f. CtJn =- &. /53 Al
/' , _ /
VtP/trme ~t- -rlt1,d =- l.fS5 .x I~
-;;;,L) (/"/(J -3T/r113) =- :?SS- x/(J-~l'n13 •
Th u-5; rr"111 EJ ·: f I)
3. t2 N - ~. I 53 /V _ C/7 7o N
/2)13

F& r Waler d zo •c (see 7".J/e 13. Z ,~ Ap;r,-ul,'x B)

J': = Cf7g9 .l!. /!, = ft/t. 2 ~3 · 5{-, = CJ. Cf'?Kl
3 ,
J.l-z IJ /J11 ) J.J.z., /J . tm )

,4 etPm,P11n;11 ~f 1Aese Y11!11~s -:fer f()11.t:1r- with 1htJs~

_;r 171e. pt!>; sh()W..S 1},e,../ flu. ~c;-/2~ tJt1jht~
dt11s,fy1 4Hd 6j)ec/h,· :,r/? 11,:;., c,f- 7lte i"P C,l.re. al/
s/,j11f/f1 /p l()eY 1"h,,n ine eorres;t:Jnd1~ J/a/ufs hr waler.

/-16
•"I. 33 I
*l.33 The variation in the density of water, p, with tem-
perature, T, in the range 20 °C s T s 50 °C, is given in the
following table.
Density (kg/ m3) I 998.2 I 997.1 I 995.7 I 994.1 I 992.2 I 990.2 I 988.1
0
Temperature ( C) I 20 I 25 I 30 I 35 I 40 I 45 I 50

Use these data to determine an empirical equation of the fonn

p = Ct + c2T + c3T2 which can be used to predict the density
over the range indicated. Compare the predicted values with the
data given. What is the density of water at 42.1 °C?

f,-+ -fhe c/A-l4 -6&1 a $ec0 ,-,p l'JYdt'r p,lyno,,,,,'4 /

IIS in..:, a ~tll?hdt?rd' e~11-v,- .,C, ~I//~ jJJ"'Dj'rrl/11 :5vcJ,

t/5 -:6vHd' Jn l:XC!:L. Tl?u.s..,
fl = /P~J - o. t:JS-.sE' r _ t:J. oP 9-1 r2. 1 ,)

,,, -lne. below/ f ( Pl'l'd,c./r✓)

--&;1~
1s 1;, f«>II a,reeme/J I wi°hi I ( iJ"~,,).

T. °C p, kg/mA3 p, Predicted
20 998.2 998.3
25 997.1 997.1
30 995.7 995.7
35 994.1 994.1
40 992.2 992.3
45 990.2 990.3
50 988.1 988.1

Ai T= '12./ oc
t= I oo I - o .os 33 ('12. I •c) - tJ.bO 1/ / (t/2. I •c.)z- Cfqf. S !~

1-2- 7
;, .3 If I

J.3'1- If 1 cup of cream having a density of 1005 kg/m3 is turned

into 3 cups of whipped cream, determine the specific gravity
and specific weight of the whipped cream.

11 A~s 6 / cre11m; IYY2 = (1 oo !,-!1) x (-V~P )

wher< ¥ '"'"' Volume.
S Ince -

--

:::::

SG --
f ~'PP~"
wc.v-c,u,., -33S -h
- l\?1

-k~ -
~
= (), 3 3S-
~~(>@ ~•c. l ooo - /l')1 '3

ow i. ippf!ol
tt"'eam
- Pw~,p~;. )( #
CV-ctif m
:; ( 3:15 ;:. ) (q_g I ; .)

N
- =3 2qo
rm")

/-18
I .36 I

1.36 Determine the mass of air in a 2 m3 tank if the air is at room

temperature, 20 °C, and the absolute pressure within the tank is
200 kPa (abs).

m= eV where V~zm 3 and

p = f /RT wifh T::: 20°c :::: (20 +273) K:: 2q3 K
anJ fJ:::2ookP 4 :;:zoox/o3 .g.,.
Thvs,
e:::: (1-oox /03 ~ ) / [(2.e69XJ/ ~;~)(2.q3 K)]
~ 2,38,

HenceJ
m == pV::: 2,38 ~ (zm 3 ) =: 'I: 71, J<.
9
 1.37 I
1.37 Nitrogen is compressed to a density of
4 kg/m3 under an absolute pressure of 400 kPa.
Determine the temperature in degrees Celsius.

,p
T=-= 337 /(
/JR..

~ - ;J.73

· 1.38 I

1.38 The temperature and pressure at the surface of Mars

during a Martian spring day were determined to be -50 °C and
900 Pa, respectively. (a) Determine the density of the Ma1tian
atmosphere for these conditions if the gas constant for the
Martian atmosphere is assumed to be equivalent to that of
carbon dioxide. (b) Compare the answer from part (a) with the
density of the eart,h's atmosphere during a spring day when the
temperature is 18 °C and the pressure 101.6 kPa (abs).

-fo - q(')() ~
(~) - - 2.
- 0. 02 14 1,
fMars RT ( I lr1J.9 ~?) [ (-5tJ°C + Z13)j
3
rm

..p 3 N
ID I. lo >< 10 m,-a.
Cb) ~ ':'
= = l.2. 2 ~,.
eartl, RT ( 2.AJ.,ct .;r ) [( 1g•c. -tz13)k] l)yl3

--kr'<
T\.nis;
f M\ar.$
=
0 • 0214 -h~
/'lr'\3
- O.Dl'15 - l.risi
f€-.Y1"t1 ,. 2 Z -!a-
m, 2

/-3 0
 1.3 q A closed tank having a volume of 2 ft 3 is filled with
0.30 lb of a gas. A pressure gage attached to the tank reads 12
psi when the gas temperawre is 80 °F. There is some question
as to whether the gas in the tank is oxygen or helium. Which
do you think it is? Explain how you arrived at your answer.

3
Tti /,le I. 7 R :: /. S""S-lf. x ltP lor-
;€ = /, 2 if.Z X /I) If l,t. lJ, -:h,y
Sl/,/9, OJ<

+r-Pm E''J. {1) , .f. ihe 9as Is t!JX!ff.f n

/J 7,IZ s/1115 = J.f,si.x M-3 .slurJ!
::- I 5511- .(/~ 3 ft.3 h 3
he II tlfYJ
LJ- 7,/2... .x Jb- 't slut,..s
- 5, 7 3 .ft:.3
r- - /,2'f2XII> 'f

A- ~mft?'75tJII 6/ 11,e.se tJ12/11es w, fl, --/J,,e ac-t-t1al Je,,§/1:t

of -flte r~o 1;, the -ban I::. 1;,, d, t:.11~..s 'that 11,e_
9t1s musi-

/-3 I

.-,..
!.JfO I
1.40 A compressed air tank contains 5 kg of
air at a temperature of 80 °C. A gage on the tank
reads 300 kPa. Determine the volume of the tank.

I.!fl A rigid tank contains· air at a pressure of 90 psia and

a temperature of 60 °F. By.how much will the pressure increase
as the temperature is increased to 110 °F?

I
1·

I
I
j

78'. 7 f.5ia..

/-3 2.
 1.42 The helium-filled blimp shown in Fig. Pl.42 is used at var-
ious athletic events. Detennine the number of pounds of helium
within it if its volume is 68,000 ft3 and the temperature and pres-
sure are 80 °F and 14.2 psia, respectively.

■ F I G U A E P1.42

W::: oV where V == 6~ oootl~ and o::: ft== (f/RT)!

Thvs,
t = [tlf.2 *~ ( . ,. i
1Jftft)/«1,1-11;.x10\~t/.r<)(80-+'f~o)'R)] (32.2.ft)

::: 9,g1x10-;.2fv9 ( /Jb/(slv7fl/s 2 ) ) == q,82X/O-;-jp

ff · s2.
Hence~
'W = U2 x/0-2.ff, ( 6e,oooW) ~ 6 {, 8 lb

/-33
Master Typing Sheet
I Oo/c Reduct1011
8 1/2 x 11 trim :-.izc

---~
-- ~
- "
-~l-
*l.43 Develop a computer program for calculating the density
of an ideal gas when the gas pressure in pascals (abs), the tem- ' I
perature in degrees Celsius, and the gas constant in I/kg· K are I
I I
specified. Plot the density of helium as a function of temperature
-
t
·• from 0 °C to 200 °C and pressures of 50, 100, 150, and 200 kPa
(abs). - l
l
__,
I

- t t
L
~
-~-~I

k- .[ (I - -
I
I I

h. c,.r lfLI 1de11/ ~111 i:_ , I

-~~
"t I, l
- So/ -f}r4r
-6= ,OR, T
r
I - ~
I
t

+--rJ t - r
t:
~
I : I
I1
- r t /- ~/ - l J I ,
t------+---+--- - -

!
-:- _. ~-
: I,/ htl'e .i., q/,
-/~ 11h'Soll,(,,#
If'
l

I
-

lejf-RIA.i:.tl
- ---+---+- ~ -
$•(u ,~ ,.,,,.,..tf11....,.)
.l re. 7:h us,,
t 1he , ..s
,~ 1]1~
-
~ t 4 n.t
<lM s 1-.,
-l:~mpe ,-l 6ure
T
.,........_

, 1:s ,,, (Pc · -fne.11 _ J- 1

. : ] . : 1= "H ~- 1 1

---+ - : - 1:: !
.: t _· , - 1 spreads~,e' r'"eicFL) 1"".9"'"" -kr l"eu l,du,5 /J l-olYD C'4 I.VS .
0

I
This prog~m calculates th! density of an ideal gas !
t
I
when the absolute pressure in Pascals, the temperature I
in degrees C, and the gas constant in J/kg•K are specified.
To use, replace current values with desired values of
temperature, pressure, and gas constant.

~
~.••-t-·- . . . . -

I •
+- t-
...
.tt
!
j

i
➔

~
.

.
.
'

.
.
A

Pa
1.01E+05
B

15
'
C
Pressure, Temperature, Gas constant,
J/kg•K
286.9
oc
Jf
Density,
kg/m
1.23
3
D

Row 10
I
I
--

I
Formula:
=A10/((810+273.15)*C10) C -- -
-,- _____.,__.._ - 1

E,ca~ple. . : . ~+/~;1L.1·~~
, . ' 1': t.oo)t P.., irrnffrt~qre -

~ .... +---- '

I
r----r-·A. ,
l-- .ire,}~ R: L87 ~(-4JJ· ~, .
B C D
I'

Pressure, Temperature, Gas constant, Density,

Pa °C J/kg-K kg/m
3
- --
+ 2.00E+05 20 287 2.38 Row 10
T
T '
I j-
I
t I
rI I lI I

i
I
t I I
• t
,-
t j L -'-- - .,_.__ l ..
- /-3'f
•!.43 I (con'f)

1he dens/fy of he/ivrn is ploHed ,nfhe 9raph below.

Density of Helium

0.4

0.35

{) 0.3

k9/m3 ~
......
0.25 .........
..... -
-- --
------r--.__ f -; 2.00 I< Pa (~ b.s)
-- -- . - --- --
0.2 _r- _ _ 1 -----

0.15 ~ /50
- .... .. ..
0.1 ; - - - - - - - - - - 1 -- - - - - - - - - - + - - - -·- · _
· ·~· '--"-I ;: JOO
t-. -
--- ---- .. - - - - l'-- •- - -- -
0.05 ;----- -- - - - - t - - -- - + - -- - -
· -_ -_ . - ~ -"-----1

0 +--- - - - + -- -- + - - - - - + - - - - - - I
0 50 100 150 200

-r oc
I

/ _. 35
I. If£ I
1.45 For flowing water, what is the magnitude of the velocity gra-
2
dient needed to produce a shear stress of 1.0 N/m ?

N·s N
where /--
il:: /./2 xto
-3
m ano
---;:- 1
r =/,o-~
m

TJws,
~
r)u
cly
- ,a-c =
1.12. x
/,0
,o-
3 ~:!.. -- 893 s-
I

m'-

1.416 Make use of the data in Appendix B to determine the

dynamic viscosity of glycerin at 85 °F. Express your answer in
both SI and BG units.

Frcm Hf. 8. / in Append1'.t 13:

)'< {;/t1ee,-.;n er-I tf5°r (.:Zf.tf"C)) ;::. ( SI uni-ls)

/ - ~ (o. to : : ) (2. Of</ ",o- 2

_

J-36
1.41 One type of capillary-tube viscometer is shown in
Video V LS and in Fig. Pl Al. For this device the liquid to Glass
strengthening
be tested is drawn into the tube to a level above the top bridge
etched line. The time is then obtained for the liquid to drain
to the bottom etched line. The kinematic viscosity, JI, in m2/s
is then obtained from the equation JI = KR 4t where K is a Etched lines
constant, R is the radius of the capillary tube in mm, and t
is the drain time in seconds. When glycerin at 20° C is used
as a calibration fluid in a particular viscometer the drain time
Capillary-1~-,.u
is 1,430 s. When a liquid having a density of 970 kg/m3 is tube
tested in the same viscometer the drain time is 900 s. What
is the dynamic viscosity of this liquid?

■ FIGURE P1 .41

/;y 1/t1~er/n @ 20°{ -V= /J'lxJP-:m1/s

••
I. I '1 XII>-; m, ~ /s :: 1/c. R ~J ff; t.f~o s)
k.. R4-= 8, 5 2 X JfJ -
7
.,-m
2
/4 2..

i
ft u i°d w /in t =- 'fOOs

( i . 'i ;_ .x I tJ- 7 /'In i /4 2

) (9 o o s )

- ~-v
= {97 0 ~#Jr,3) (J. If 9 X /0 -'f tn11/s)

= (). 727 ±:_}_ = () , 7 2 7

tm · S ;m 2.

/-37
 Master Typing Sheet
I Oo/r Rcduct1011
8 1/2 x 11 tri111 -;i1e

I. ¥8
1.4 8 The viscosity of a soft drink was determined by using
a capillary tube viscometer similar to that shown in Fig. P 1.47
and Vidro V 1.5. For this device the kinematic viscosity, v, is
directly proportional to the time, t, that it takes for a given
amount of liquid to flow through a small capillary tube. That

.. is~ II = Kt. ThefoITowing data were obtained from regular pop

and diet pop. The corresponding measured specific gravities
are also given. Based on these data, by what percent is the
absolute viscosity, µ, of regular pop greater than that of diet
pop?
Regular pop Diet pop
t(s) 377 .8 300.3
SG 1.044 1.003

.. - - +

..

.l.

>< I OD

,.I

t
• l
------ +
1-
+- ... .. - ►

I I
.' ...
I
.... - -- i- - i t - -r - --
. ,. --

I ,
r
!I
i --i
I

~-i7
-1--

-~ f I
.i t I
I
½

L ... L - l

J-3 8
t,'+q I

l.4q Determine the ratio of the dynamic vis-

cosity of water to air at a temperature of 60 °C.
Compare this value with the corresponding ratio·
of kinematic viscosities. Assume the air is at stan-
dard atmospheric pressure.
Frt!>m °T4 6J~ 13, 1. ,'n A ppe,1diJl. B :
(1-e)r waler ai !Po#e.) ,)-' = 'f. t,,5 Jt-10-'I Al•;_;
. /In

Tl-ius.) _,,.
/11,-0 ::
If. t.t. 5 )(. Io
- ,J. 3, 7
J<~ur I. 'I "T x. I(> -5'

-1
½,_o -.. 'I-. 7'1-!i x Jo
= :l. !i5" x. Io -:2.
/.ti:.' )( 10-5"
½ir
 Master Typing Sheet
I OSf Reduction
8 1/2 x 11 1rirn size

/4 5 0
r
1.50 The viscosity .o f a certain fluid is 5 x
4
10- poise. Determine its viscosity in both SI and
BG units.
I I

ti tI Apper1J1x E"J /()-J ~'%.. = / pt:J;~e, Thv~

j t

( S .x. 10-'f.poise). ( 10-

1
~,._ ) = 5 .>G /D- S" _!:!.:3.
/H-1 .,._

-i
/b,.s
ft:&:.)=- / tJ. Lf X /0
-1 /h• S
;;~
I
~ = ====== i
. -+

l
t- -

r
/,SI ·,
I I t
LS/ The kinematic viscosity of oxygen at 20 °C
r
... · and a pressure of 150 kPa (abs) is 0.104 stokes .
Determine the dynamic viscosity of oxygen at this
temperature and pressure.

+ I

i
' .
= (t>.ltJ'f ~2.)(10-'fm1,. )(l.l/7
s em-i..
-5" A
-b- N• s
J,tJb.>t-/lJ -11<-f.. t2.tJ5 ;<.10

.. I
;I I
- l --
1-4-0
Master Typing Sheet
I 0% Reduction
8 1/2 x 1 I trim size

I
- '-'l.52. Fluids for which the shearing stress, T, is not linearly
related to the rate of shearing strain, y, are designated as non-
Newtonian fluids. Such fluids are commonplace and can exhibit
unusual behavior as shown in Video V 1.6. Some experimental
data obtained for a particular non-Newtonian fluid at 80 °F are
rt 7
1
shown below.
0 2.11 7.82 18.5 31.7
0 50 100 150 200
Plot these data and fit a second-order polynomial to the data using
a suitable graphing program. What is the apparent viscosity of
this fluid when the rate of shearing strain is 70 s- 1? Is this
.. --- - ... ... apparent viscosity larger or smaller than that for water at the
same temperature?
Rate of Shearing
shearing stress,
strain, 1/s lb/sq ft '; 40 -.-----,---"r=->J..._\L\L.jt"-f---'--'f"'~L-fi
0 0 !!!
50 2.11 :9 30 +---+---+--+----::;;"'f----j
.,;
100
150
7.82
18.5
...f
Cl)
20 -1----+---+-----:.,.;<---+-----i
200 31 .7 ~ 10 +---+-----J:.,,,C--+---+---
·;:
:ii O ....___ _,,
.::
en 0 50 100 150 200 250
Rate of shearing strain, 1/s

w ,J,eye.
the ra,/:e

I t + ~ j I I I
- - i - - - - - + - - - - + - - - - ir -----+----:---t--.-+------+-- - - - - - - . - i - ~ _j_~

4 -~ -+ t
+
+-

t
+
I
., I
--+- ...._
'j
t t'
;
'
'
I
I
. ~ I
. I ,I
/- '-11
 Master Typing Sheet
l 0% Reduction
8 1/2 x 11 trim size

1--/._5_3
__.,___ 1.5.3 Water flows near a flat surface and some measure- ------ - ---------1
..---_- --.,-- ments of the water velocity, u, parallel to the surface, at different
, heights, y, above the surface are obtained. At the surface y = 0.
_ _ . _ :...__._ t - ....
1
_ After an analysis of the data, the lab technician reports that the
1-t-l---'-+------+-+ velocity distribution in the range 0 < y < 0. I ft is given by
1

. ~ • . f- the equation
- 't + I
u = 0.81 + 9.2y + 4.1 X I03y3

,-
-
t +
I

• , 1
--
-;: -~t .
.. + '- L ' I

l. - ~ --'-· - +-
I

--
+ -
-
tt- ..
I t
I

.. I
t
l
t
T
t ..
t · ·-. •I
I
..
t

- t

· 1- - -

' I
 Master Typing Sheet
10% Rcduclton
8 1/2 x 11 trim . . ize

/.S'f
---- .,.
' I
+-
I
+•
I
I t· I
I.
•
+-
•
'
I
I
I I +
t- • [~ I
r
. - .
t,..S'r Calculate the Reynolds numbers for the flow of water
and for air through a 4-mm-diameter tube, if the mean velocity
_ is 3 m/s and the temperature is 30 °C in both cases (see Example
1.4). Assume the air is at standard atmospheric pressure.

( -lr()rn Ta t,/e B, 2 1h A-pp-er1d11. B) ~

),(.. = 7. '175" x. Io - 'f N,$
/ ,,..,,., ,.

Re .... !?__ V D __ ( 'lt/5'. 7 -p 3 ) ( 3 f) ( o. c;o lf ~ )

/ 7. C/75" ;< /0-'f N,S
/??"I.
t

/;r tt.tr a-t 3o'C ( +rom Tal:,fe B. 'f /11 4ppe11dix B) :

f " I. I(,£ :!, /- " /, !' "to-• :,s,_
(!. /t;G -'.~3 ) ( 3 7') ( ~. {)~L/ m1)
Re= /'n1
/, 8 lo .< Io~~- tJ, 5
- 75Z
/1')?4

:I
-1
t-

I
"
I
"f - +-

- t- ···- ·- -

.
I
t-
I

t-
t
4- I
l +
_jJ_ +- '
... , - - --
~

-+
I p .l !
+ .
-l- - - ~
--I- t-
+
I
t

~'
t

+
r I
i
'-
t

I
+
i
I
- ..J
'
j- t- I

- -----1--- I
~t: j t t-

t
t
.
7-__ , -------
.
''
t '
1
iI
I

- - r
f '

J- lf3
 0

.
1, ss I 1. ·5 :S
.,. .· - ~,.•-•-.. ---.; --.
For air at standard atmospheric pressure
the values of the constants that appear in the
Sutherland equation (Eq. 1.10) are C = 1.458 x
10- 6 kg/(m·s·K 1 ~) and S = 110.4 K. Use these·
values to predict the viscosity of air at 10 °C and
90 °C and compare with values given in Table B.4
in Appendix B.
3
{. TT.
=
T-t s
T --t- II 0, lf I<

Frorn Table

T:: 7tJ C. 0
= ro°C + J.7'.;, l':i =
3
_ ( /. If~8 X IO - &) ( 3 {,, ~- I G' k. ) ~
3 It, 3. / ~- k t- I IO. 'f

0
 0
0

·,
1.56* Use the values of viscosity of air given
in Table B.4 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80,
and 100 °C to determine the constants C and S
which appear in the Sutherland equation (Eq.
1.10). Compare your results with the values given
in Problem 1.55. (Hint: Rewrite the equation in
the form

T
µ
312
= (.!.)
C
T + S
C
and plot T3'2 / µ versus T. From the slope and in-
tercept of this curve C and S can be obtained.)

(J)

~r

T{ c) 0
T {k) /- ( N,sj/'/l'll.) /~ [ l<o/(J.j/4,•s)]
0 J73.15' /, 7/ ;t IO -S .2. 61/,~ JG /0 i
c:i. 0 J,t;3,/6 /. '! 2 x ID -S z, 7Sf X IO 8
-6" i. 963 >L /0 g
~ 313. I~ /.f7.x/D
I. f:/1 .X /0 -S' 3. 037 X ID g
60 333. 1£'
3 58, /!) J.07 ;I. /O
-:,- ~ b X I() S
}. :2
80
j()t) 3 73, , ; 2../7.,(//)
..5 3. 322. x /tJ 8

A- plot ol T~ V.s. T /5 ShDWJ? /,,e./ow:

8 ~

3.Sx}D

I
1ci:1!:l-l-l:!
+H-t w ..l...

] ...

2..80
T(k.)

I- 'f5
5,~,~ the. d'-tA. pl{)t a.s Q11 a.pprox1,nit.e sfrp191tt /1>/e-'
E3 . {I) G/11 bt. re1~11/.ed ./,'I t/H eg114,l:Jo';, ol 11,e
..fe,.m

a_ N

F/./- 1ni d aAa. -1-o a. kn-e1,4.,,- esu_aJ-1011 U.S1111 a..

.5i:Cfnd~rd d-UY'V-e -../'fhn_; JJrt>JY"t!m Such 4S lou11 d
I YI ex CI: L . 7n u s)
::J = {,, 'lb 9 )( /OJ><. -+ 7. 'fl/-/ x lb
7

So 1),4 t
7
2 :: a. = 7. J./.Jf/ X ID
C
ti h cl 1here/4re
S=:: ID7 I<

Th,se. v11/ues t,, C t111II ·s tire 111 il)tJd t1'jl"-teme11t

w1'tn 11.,lt,~s 1jivt11 i11 Pr"l:Jlem /. 55 .

1-'+6
 Master Typing Sheet
10% Reducti@
8 1/2 x I I trim c,i1e

I.S7
1.5 7 The viscosity of a fluid plays a very important role in
determining how fl fluid flows. (See Video V 1.3J The value of
the viscosity depends not only on the specific fluid but also on
-~
.. - ·r - the fluid temperature. Some experiments show that when a
1 liquid, under the action of a constant driving pressure, is forced
with a low velocity, V, through a small horizontal tube, the
1-------~ velocity is given by the equation V = K/µ,. In this equation K
is a constant for a given tube and pressure, andµ is the dynamic
viscosity. For a particular liquid of interest, the viscosity is given
+ by Andrade's equation (Eq. 1.11) with D = 5 X 10- 7 lb • s/ft2
- I
and B = 4000 °R. By what percentage will the velocity increase
as the liquid temperature is increased from 40 °F to 100 °F?
+
I
Assume all other factors remain constant.
I t
(. 2.)

(3)

--'

l co

t
t

' I'
I I +- 4
-_71__ I

' I

-+- t
j
~--1-
,
. r t
· I I

----y-----
I I
r+
___L
I--H1
 0
0
0
•t.S a Use the value of the viscosity of water
given in Table B.2 at temperatures of 0, 20, 40,
60, 80, and 100 °C to determine the constants D
and B which appear in Andrade's equation (Eq.
1.11). Calculate the value of the viscosity at 50 °C
and compare with the value given in Table B.2.
(Hint: Rewrite the equation in the form
1
Inµ = (B) T + ln D

and plot In µ versus 1/ T. From the slope and

intercept of this curve B and D can be obtained.
If a nonlinear curve fitting program is available
the constants can be obtained directly from Eq.
1.11 without rewriting the equation.)

£ s«a. il~I'} f. II LJ/11 be 1vr;llr11 /11 1h~ krm

/ 11 )'- =- (13) 7 -t In .D (I)

q11(1 w/t,, 7Ju c/,t6t, .//'1P/ff 746/e. 8 . 2 :

T ("C) T(1<.) 1/T(K) ~ ( I.J,s/4,,, i.) In j<

-3 3
o :l73. JS 3. UQI ;t. 10 /. 7K7 .xJo- - t.. 1z 7
-3
J.o cJ.,"13. 1; 3. I/// .( /() -:J /. (}()~ .f 10 - , .'lot.
1/o 3 J 3. 1£' d. lf3 x/o-J lo. 5".2. 9 ;</~-If - 7. ~3 'f
-3 1. I, t. fJ x Io - ii- - 7. t7o
,6 3 33. 15 .3. 002 ;( I()
t1 . f32 .x 10 -3 3. S"lf. 7 xto- If - 7. "f'f'f
fo 35'3. 1£"
_j - i' - 3. l7'f
:l.8/f.J(IO
/ ()O 3 7 3 . IS- ~- t.I'~ £10

vs. i/r /.S

~

s hDWn he/ow :

-8.o

Int
- '1. 0 1-7-'-:f~-:,t:J~:-+.-:+E.':':t:-:-:'i-tf.::2F.;.;+--t~ ......................---'-'-'-~-'-'-'--'-'

_3
'f. ox 10
S;;,c<- -/;,e d~-t:;1.. plot t1s an a..ppYo:xim a../-~ s,J-;-11; 9Jri
l/11-e I E 6- fl; c.t/11 b( used -1-o r-e.p~~.setti: -/he.se dA.,t-a.
To I!) bt:"f In B tin A, DI /,'+ tn (. da..:tA- t:-o a n b~
r2>'-pt>ner1 I-, 'a I ~ ?< (A,~,;;n " / -n, e ,Form lj = a. e
:5ucJi A.s .fbuyJc10 ,;, fi)(.,CG"L .
Thus)
D= ~ = /. 71o7 XID_, N,.5/m, 2

So 1Jurt. l<f'Jo
-1. -=r
)<,= /7t.7 )(ID c!

At Sc/( (323 . /£"1<),

1370
iJ2 3.1>-
LS 9 For a parallel plate arrangement of the
type shown in Fig. L 5 it is found that when the
distance between plates is 2 mm, a shearing stress
of 150 Pa develops at the upper plate when it is
pulled at a velocity of 1 mis. Determine the vis-
cosity of the fluid between the plates. Express
your answer in SI units.

(l7)
b

/- r, 0
 I. 60

1.60 Two flat plates are oriented parallel above a fixed lower plate
as shown in Fig. Pl.60. The top plate, located a distance b above
the fixed plate, is pulled along with speed V. The other thin plate
is located a distance cb, where O < c < l, above the fixed plate.
This plate moves with speed Vt, which is determined by the vis-
cous shear forces imposed on it by the fluids on its top and bot-
tom. The fluid on the top is twice as viscous as that on the bot-
tom. Plot the ratio V/V as a function of c for O < c < 1.
ll.1l F I G U R E P 1 .60

For con.sfanf speed) l,L of +he m1dJ/e f /4 /e, fhe nef force
Dn the plafe is 0. Hence) ~I/J :: ~of/om J where f::: "ell.
Thvs., -/he sh eat .sire.rs on /he !up a;?J boilom of fhe pfale
mvs f be eqval,
du (I)
'top -:: ~o++om where , : :/A cif
For /he bo-ftom f!vid. ~ == --¥.- while for fhe -lop f/vicid9.!!- == (V-V,)
ay co ' Y h-cl>
HenceJ from £qn , CIJ,
( V-V,) V,
(211.) - - == ( 11.) - - wh✓-c.h can he wr/Hen as:
1 b( 1- c) ,- c.b I

::z.cV-zcV, == V,-cV,
or

-V,V 0.8 ---- - -r--- - -+------+----- - - + - - -

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

/- £1
I. 6/ I
1.61 There are many fluids that exhibit non-Newtonian behavior
(see, for example, Video Vl.6). For a given fluid the distinction
between Newtonian and non-Newtonian behavior is usually based
on measurements of shear stress and rate of shearing strain. As-
sume that the viscosity of blood is to be determined by measure-
ments of shear stress, T , and rate of shearing strain, duldy, ob-
tained from a small blood sample tested in a suitable viscometer.
Based on the data given below determine if the blood is a New-
tonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Explain how you arrived at your
answer.
2
T(N/m ) I 0.04 I 0.06 I 0.12 I 0.18 I 0.30 I 0.52 I 1.12 I 2.10
duldy (s- 1
) I 2.25 I 4.50 l 11.25 ] 22.5 I 45.0 I 90.0 I 225 l 450

Foy t.... Net.Jl:~,11q11 -Plut'c/ -the ra.l:✓-o e>{ -t -h, du/d!f is 4..

C~11s&.111t:. F';:;y -th~ dAi:a- 91t/e n

Th~ ra.f:./o ,::, nc>t. ~ns-t.lni Pu-I: decrePS<!S tlS the ra-t~ of shetJr/11~
t:i-

StY11 ✓-n lncrel/.{l'!. Th11~ 1h,s Flwt'd (Jl~d) ;,j t.t. /'7011- llewio111tr11 -fl u/d.
A- ploi of in~ citt'f;a. 45 .s/11,w11 b~/ow. re,- A. llew'l:D,111J,, -f/ w,d 171e.
C-11>'-V! Wt:J11l,I h~ ~ .sl:r~(I;// t //,ie tv1Tk I( ~,~,,~ "f I -1-o I ·

10

,,. V
V I/

0.1
r Newlonian f/11id

0.01
1 10 100 1000
du ,
1y) s
Nole' C~JJ.,(ify)\ where a"'' for o. J/ewfonian fluid.
I. 6 2.

1.62. The sled shown in Fig. Pl. 62 slides along on a thin

horizontal layer of water between the ice and the runners. The
horizontal force that the water puts on the runners is equal to
1.2 lb when the sled's speed is 50 ft/s. The total area of both
runners in contact with the water is 0.08 ft2, and the viscosity
of the water is 3.5 x 10- 5 lb s/ft2. Determine the thickness of
the water layer under the runners. Assume a linear velocity
distiibution in the water layer.

■ F I G U A E P1. 6 2.

F lkrc.e) = 't A

-V
'r=f~=j<- d
TJ.1v1s)
p:: f ~ A
a 11 et
d:::f-.VA
J= I. 2.. IJ,

- 11.1 >< ID-'f +-l:

J.63

1..63 A 25-mm-diameter shaft is pulled through

a cylindrical bearing as shown in Fig. Pl.63 The Lubricant
lubricant that fills the 0.3-mm gap between the
shaft and bearing is an oil having a kinematic p
~
viscosity of 8.0 x 10- 4 m 2/s and a specific gravity
of 0.91. Determine the force P required to pull
the shaft at a velocity of 3 mis. Assume the ve-
locity distribution in the gap is linear.
t--- -0.5 m- - - ,
FIGURE Pl.~3

P= 7A

So 1h11-i
P= V t )(JTD,i)
f:: (3, 11/ };{ )(3 f!)(7T) f tJ✓ tJ2!Jt>t1 )(o, 5';m )
();(.JD-,
7 2. )(t)JII x.
( ~. 0003tm)

I- 5'+
 0.1 mm gap
1.6:4- A IO-kg block slides down a smooth in-
clined surface as shown in Fig. Pl.6'r. Determine
the terminal velocity of the block if the 0.1-mm
gap between the block and the surface contains
SAE 30 oil at 60 °F. Assume the velocity distri-
bution in the gap is linear, and the area of the
block in contact with the oil is 0.1 m2•

FIGURE Pl.6'f-

2 FJ(. = o
Thus ,

51nce

W ~,n lo
O
= f'- r A

w= ~ 9 )
Th u 5'
V=
( b!llh

b vi s,'n 20· = ( 0. ooo I~ )(t 0 -'.J )(f,J/ ~z.r,~ 2~

0
)

( 0. 3 g N • 5 ) (tJ. I rm '-)
/m "2.

0. D8K3 ~

1- 55
1.65

1. 6 5 A layer of water flows down an inclined

fixed surface with the velocity profile shown in
Fig. Pl.6'5.Determine the magnitude and direc-
tion of the shearing stress that the water exerts
on the fixed surface for U = 2 mis and h =
0.1 m.

FIGURE Pl.55

So

/-S6
•1.6b Standard air flows past a flat surface and (a) Assume the velocity distribution is of the form
velocity measurements near the surface indicate
the following distribution:
U = Cly + C2y3
and use a standard curve-fitting technique to de-
y (ft) I 0.005 I 0.01 I 0.02 I 0.04 I
0.06 0.08I termine the constants C 1 and C 2 • (b) Make use
u (ft/s) 0.74 1.51 3.03 6.37 10.21 14.43 of the results of part (a) to determine the mag-
· The coordinate y is measured normal to the sur- nitude of the shearing stress at the wall (y = 0)
face and u is the velocity parallel to the surface. and at y = 0.05 ft.

( 4.) Use ne,11/1nel!lr Yejr,srt~IJ progrr1m

fo C)/:Jt'1lh u;et.f1c1t11-i:r cl tint/ C.2. . The pr~9rt:1m prt>cluces
!et15t .siuares eshnu:de.s ~I tht. pt1r-11111ef:trs of 11 n&11ll11P4r
ft/&del. h:>Y -/J,e dtt-t:a.. J1ve11)

I b) S;~ce 1 du
T=/ d~
/f -hPl/af.lls 1ltai
ry {c; -t 3 c:2. :J
2
)

Thus; al:- the wall {'j=o)

t =1{, :- 67'1-/. /b-
7
~-:.)(1531)
A-1:. ::J =- tJ . 05 +t
L ,.(3. 1u10-" !fi:) ~sa} r 3 (lfqso _j- )?.t,£ft)
~1
5

/-57
I. 67

1.67 A new computer drive is proposed to have a disc, as shown

in Fig. Pl.67. The disc is to rotate at 10,000 rpm, and the reader
head is to be positioned 0.0005 in. above the surface of the disc.
Estimate the shearing force on the reader head as result of the air
between the disc and the head.

Stationary reader head 0.2-in.dia.

-l f--

Rotating disc

18 F I G U R E P1 .67

F,:: .r hear force on he4J -::: c A) whe,e ii lhe veloc/ly prolJ/e I

ill f he qap he/ween lhe J i.rc anJ head i.r /1/Jfdr and tin/I tJl'm
t1 vro.rs fhe het1,J. then 1

'}' du
1 ::. j), Ty ==f'- TU -'wn1 ere
_

rt-;:: w R::: 10" ooo!..e.!-- (

m,n t,o.r
J min}( 2 1t n,,J) (3:. P) ::: 17s Ji
rev /').. 1 s
Thvs)
r ::!(3,7'fx/o-716Fla·s) ( 9;°::f.-:r#N)
17
~
= /. S7 7{:1.
16

so fhaf
F = "r/1 = (1.s1 -ff,.)! (~-;- N),_ == 3,'f3 x ,o-'f- lb
I. 68
Fixed
outer
cylinder

1.68 The space between two 6-in.-long concentric cylinders is

filled with glycerin (viscosity = 8.5 X 10-3 lb• s/ft2 ). The inner
cylinder has a radius of 3 in. and the gap width between cylinders
is 0.1 in. Determine the torque and the power required to rotate
the inner cylinder at 180 rev/min. The outer cylinder is fixed. As-
sume the velocity distribution in the gap to be linear.
l f

l
Toriuel d r, du~ +o she11n11, sms.s
on /nner c::1/1nder ,~ e! t111/ -h,

d 'T~tdA rc:·
wh-ert:. cfA = ~- d&) ,,f. Thus)
2.
dJ=/?·JTda
L

and l-vrff J.1e rett(/red io re,fafe

in ne,, c'1/u1c/er is
211"

)= R/} t /de - J.rrR/1 r

(J
(1
t:CJp view

A, Cfj/1nder le;1qrt-i )

So

R
0
-R·'

3
:;_7r (f;_-ft) (/i ft)(8.S;</D-
3
J!ft.)(67T o/) =
( ~ -ft)
12..

power- = JxuJ -tha.i

fower = (tJ. tf'-l'f ft•lh)("7T r; 0 )-= 17. 8 -f;·!.b

/-59
!. 6q

1.69 A pivot bearing used on the shaft of an electrical instrument

is shown in Fig. Pl.69. An oil with a viscosity of µ, = 0.010 lb-s/ft2 0.2 In.
fills the 0.001-in. gap between the rotating shaft and the station-
ary base. Determine the frictional torque on the shaft when it ro-
tates at 5,000 rpm.

0.001 in. µ = 0.010 lb· s/ft2

Ill F I G U A E P1 .69

Lel d ~::: f or911e on area e Iemenf d/11

t;_ I

where dll = 7-1/'r di = 21rr dr /sin(} J

Thvs, du IAJr d,/i
dr ~ r dF = r \ dfl where r:: f' elf 1/1 T
so lh/)'1
Jr= r (fl 1tf) (21lrdr /sine) I -L i!'- 14--
=
2. 71'A !JJ
' :,~t dr
::: sin0
b sine 'V
Hence,
u~fd?== 2
71'_µ
b sjn8
w
(/)

/-6 0
/. 70
1.70 The viscosity of liquids can be measured through the use of a Fixed
rotating cylinder viscometer of the type illustrated in Fig. Pl.70. In outer
this device the outer cylinder is fixed and the inner cylinder is rotated cylinder
with an angular velocity, w. The torque <!J required to develop w is
measured and the viscosity is calculated from these two measurements.
I
e,
(a) Develop an equation relating µ,, w, <!!, R0 , and R;. Neglect
end effects and assume the velocity distribution in the gap is lin-
ear. (b) The following torque-angular velocity data were obtained
with a rotating cylinder viscometer of the type discussed in part (a).
Torque (ft• lb) 13.I 26.0 39.5 52.7 64.9 78.6
Angular
velocity (rad/s) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

For this viscometer R0 = 2.50 in., R; = 2.45 in., and e = 5.00 in.
Make use of these data and a standard curve-fitting program to de-
termine the viscosity of the liquid contained in the viscometer. Iii F I G U R E P1. 70

(o.)Torzuel d ,-: due. +v ~heAl'IHJ sms.s

on /nnt'r c1hncltr 1..j e11111/ ./ll
d o/':: rc:· T d A
wJhi>re. cfA=~- dcJ) .,f. Thus)
z
d J = ~- J T d0
and for111e Y-egu/red to
1nne,,,. c'1/1ncler- is

/de
2Tr

)= R/} t t:op view

(J
( J."" C1j/1ndrr Ien'J Hi )
a distribuf/on 111 f ,4e gap
R·W
L
-hu:,.-/:

,~)
. Thus ../4;,- " ./,,,;ed )
1e(!Jmefry
t:rHd a. 1111en II, ~c~s;+!:J, Ef .tn fs of the -/4nn

y=i:J X { '.1 rvo/' and x "'--' u..J )

lJher-e h ,~ A. t!4,II_j tr,11 f .Rft1al ft)

( con't)

l- 61
1.10 I (con'-l)

( 2J
/2(> - /2'-·
-r; o bf a 1 ~ h .fc: t the dQ.-1:-A.. h °' i
I i'n e1tv ~ t.,J.,M-J(J)n
o/- 1he /crm ~::..hx u.s,h-, a.. sl::1111dt1rd ~ui"lle,..f,·H-,n'j
proJNltn SMe,h ifj ./tJu/1d ,n l?XC~l.

· Th us1 from £g . l 2)

{ b) ( f?o - f2c:. )
~7T J'. _3 ,R
L

Ql?c/
w,·t,,, -h,e da.t-a.. g,;t11 b= 13. D8 .ft. fl, . 5
1
Se, 1ru-t
1

(:/3. of fi.JJ;,s )(.?.5'o - :z. LJ.s- fr)

. /2 .=. ,J.11-5 11,•s

}- 6 2..
I, 7 I

1.71 A 12-in.-diameter circular plate is placed over a fixed

bottom plate with a O. l-in. gap between the two plates filled
with glycerin as shown in Fig. P I,71, Deten nine the torque
required to rotate the circular plate slowly at 2 rpm. Assume
that the velocity distribution in the gap is linear and that the
shear stress on the edge of the rotating plate is negligible.
ta FIGURE P1 .71

Tor9 ue> d°J 1 clu~ lo s he,u'm'9 Sfr'fSUJ

t,n p/14+~ /.S e7u,d ../-o

d°;= r t'dA
t.J hert c/A-.: 2.,,- r- dr. Thw-, 1

cl <JT = J,- T 2-,r y d Y"

°t ,uf"-r •r
0
dr

7: }A- t~ J ,tn.t/ tr tt.

ve/tw:+i, J,str; b1A.t-lt, H c~elij~r,J

0

du. = V : 'r'W
cl':I .& T

= 0. 0 772 f--f:. ./t

I- 63
1.13 I
1.73 Some measurements on a blood sample at 37 °C (98.6 °F)
indicate a shearing stress of 0.52 N/m2 for a corresponding rate
of shearing strain of 200 s- 1• Determine the apparent viscosity
of the blood and compare it with the viscosity of water at the
same temperature.

•
rr=1- -d ; du.
== t 't
.....
N
'L = ". !J2. i;; ~
j) bloor;I
'i 2.f>b ...L
- -'-I N,.s
1.. t.. 0 xlD -
Im :a.
s _

l=rowa Ta b)~ B. '2 , ,; AP/:Jencl, ·,._ 8 :

@) 3 c, o C )A'-',. o =- 7 • f.f75' x I 0-'f N,.s
Mt ,.

@ 4o°C ~- s 2.q x,o- 11 N• s

Ith.,_

Th ws, w,'th \ 1~eo..r 111krpol4t1on; 11 (11°c)=-

/ .Hz.o
an~
-If N,S
2.~. D Xlb ~
lo. qlt, ;( 11)_,, JJ. s
l.?S I
l.75 A sound wave is observed to travel through a liquid with a
speed of 1500 mis. The specific gravity of the liquid is 1.5. De-
termine the bulk modulus for this fluid.

, where or -= SG o\ H1-o and SG = /.s

/-65
I. 76 j

I,76 Estimate the increase in pressure (in psi)

required to decrease a unit volume of mercury
by 0.1%.

1:,,,, = -

I. 17 I

J, 77 A I-m3 volume of water is contained in

a rigid container. Estimate the change in the vol-
ume of the water when a piston applies a pressure
of 35 MPa.

( Eg . 1.1;1.. )

L1¥ ~ -- 4/- .1f

Ev
= - ( I trr,3 )(3S.><JD'::.7.)
:l,15 X. /{) 9 ~
,,,,,, :t
=- 0 , 0/6 3 l'))1
3

decreAse ;n YP l11m~ ~ (), 0/63 /11'

3

/- 6 I,
, .1s I

J, 78 Determine the speed of sound at 20 °C

in (a) air, (b) helium. and (c) natural gas. Express
your answer in mis.

C = V;ieRT
J0fh T = ~l)"C + ,;7-3 = ;2.q3 k :

{bJ Fo,,. helium C :: (!. ,i)(.:l/J77 _£ ) (;2.13 k) n?1

1
-';·.k - /0/IJ s

u:} For natum I ;1as, C = (/.~I)

'
(~79. J .5L.. ) (:J.f3k) --
lt;•f< 4-4-b ~
s

I - 61
 ,,. '
\.•J

J 1.7 q Air is enclosed by a rigid cylinder con-

tajning a piston. A pressure gage attached to the
cylinder indicates an initial reading of 25 psi. De-
termine the reading on the gage when the piston
has compressed the air to one-third its original
volume. Assume the compression process to be
isothermal and the local atmospheric pressure to
be 14.7 psi.

For- i .so fherm11 / ~t'Jmpr-ess1t:Jl1)

--Pt.'
- = -b lJh ere 1..' l"V/ni-1-,il/ st~ i~ a;,,A
jJ~· ~.f. f -v -f1i111 I sia. ie. .
Thu.s)
Ii
/:>f = ~- f:·
(.,

Since. mt1ss
11= //tJ/vm e. )

i'herelore
t
t:ln,/

= { 3 ){f:1s -f p:; l 0

/'f, 7) fo!Jsj} ='

t (JtLJe) = (i /9- /Lf. ~f:,i :

,_ 6 8
1. ao I

1.80 Repeat Pro~Jem l.~ if the compression

process takes place without friction and without
heat transfer (isentro~c process).

tJhere 1.· ~ /nii/a I St:A. te e:1114'

.f. ~ l-t'ru, I :,-/::a,-&e.

ThusI ,/q.

~ ~ri J ~-
hn4SS
/ = Vt>lume )
/. 8 I I

1. 81 Carbon dioxide at 30 °C and 300 kPa absolute pressure

expands isothermally to an absolute pressure of 165 kPa. Deter-
mine the final density of the gas.

where ,.:~ 1r11'i14/ shtfe 1111/1

.f- ,v .fin II I S"t:ll te.

1-10
;, a2 I
1.92- Natural gas at 70 °F and standard atmospheric pressure
of 14.7 psi (abs) is compressed isentropically to a new absolute
pressure of 70 psi. Dete1mine the final density and temperature
of the gas.

u.Jhere t' rv 1n ✓--hid s-hite ~ntl

..f ,,,_, F/nd I s ta. i e •

-3
L/. 2S x JD s /1155
H: a

Cine/
.... f'-,e. ( .ft ) ( I 'I tf .!!:.:_2. )

- 7 C> l°n. i. +t,,_

7i- ~R ('I. 25" · ;,: ID-~ ff3
l<1f! ) (3. O'lfX IO
5 3
-I& lb )
slw1•{!)~

~,,.. -- 7~5 tr)R

T;: 7t&, 5 OR - IJ-!PC> - 3o5 °F

J-71
J.83 I

1.€3 Compare the isentropic bulk modulus of

air at 101 kPa (abs) with that of water at the same
pressure.

~r alt (E-1.1,11)1
Ey = -h,t = (J,'1-o)(lo/x lt'
3t) = /.If/ x/l)s-~

Fbr t11ater { TaJJe. 1,1, )

~" = '2. I 5' ;< I/) ,, R

Thus )
9
E.., (Wa.,,-ter ) _ :l.15";</() fk
Ev (a1~) /,'f/X. ;~S-~

/ -77..
*I.Blf I - ---
... 1.8"1- Develop a computer program for cal-
culating the final gage pressure of gas when the
initial gage pressure, initial and final volumes,
atmospheric pressure, and the type of process
(isothermal or isentropic) are specified. Use BG
units. Check your program against the results ob-
tained for Problem 1.7'1,

for- CJ!Jn,pr-ession e,y expq11J1011

1

f... = eo~s&ni
t-lt
wheye -k.=I .fer Jso'/1,e;mol process) CIJ1d -k = Jf'ec;ftc. hett.t y-4-/:10
lbr 1.st111ft"l'Jf'1c. process. Thus 1
-P1.· = ~
I:.* 4-p.
t.Jhere t.'r1; 1111t11il ~hi~ .f' "-' /'Ji,~/ skl:t: So 1h1rl:
I ~ I

1; = ( ff:J f;_. {/)

1'he11 ft= ½·
~- ~

w heY"e l!;· J ~ ; are

Thus) lr()m '=CJ _(1 J
i'f-3 T -p_
a.trn
:::
{ z)

t.Jhere flu. swbscripi 3 re/.er.s t:tJ Ja;1e pl"'essuye . E.3uab~rl 1 2;

can b~ w,,,.; H-eh as

-f;J = (~) -I, ( ~, ., 1:r.tm,) - />,_1,,., (3)

A .:spre a dsl1G>et- ( P-x{El ) proe;rt7m -k;r c>a I eu la.J-1 ;;3

-fhe. ./111(1/ q tt9e_ pr-es.suYe .f.o!lows.

/-73
 This program calculates the final gage pressure of an ideal gas when the
initial QaQe pressure in psi, the initial volume, the final volume, the
atmospheric pressure in psia, and the type of process (isothermal or
=
isentropic) is specified. To use, replace current values and let k 1 for isothermal
=
process or k soecific heat for isentropic process.
A B C D E F
nitial QaQe Initial Final Atmospheric Final gage
pressure volume volume pressure pressure
P;g(psi) V; Vt Pa1m(psia) k Prg(psi)
25 1 0.3333 14.7 1 104 .4 Row10
4
Formula: 1/
=((81 0/C1 0)" E1 0)*(A 1O+D10)-D10

,
Da, t.-t fl
-tr~m P,rob'}hn / • 7q tlY-! 111c.lt-cdei,/ 111 -th-c

a.btPve &bl~/ 7,:;,,;1 ~ t;.,~1 JA.j< py~SS(,IY€ ~1 /~l/.lf-psi .

/-7'f
 I "

1.as I

1.8.S An important dimensionless parameter concerned

with very high speed flow is the Mach number, defined as Vic,
where V is the speed of the object such as an airplane or
projectile, and c is the speed of sound in the fluid surrounding
the object. For a projectile traveling at 800 mph through air at
50 °F and standard atmospheric pressure, what is the value of
the Mach number?

fit Cle,), ntAmbtY V

C.

Ta,J,)e_ B. ,3 In

~,·>'" ~ 50 •F

fl Db .f--t-
.s
- J. 0 le>
I. 86 I
I. 8 6 Jet airliners typically fly at altitudes between approx-
imately 0 to 40,000 ft. Make use of the data in Appendix C to
show on a graph how the speed of sound varies over this range.

T= S'l. o o + f.60 ::: 51 9 "R

C -- 'Io/. 0 f"SI 9ie. = //I~ H

s
5/mi/a;,, ct1 /c,11/a.£1d,ns C4n t'e made ~r "11,n-- c1ll-/lal e~
Ql1t/ -/1,e res~lf1n1 1ra.1h is ~h()W/1 b~fow .

Altitude, ft Temp.,° F Temp.," R C, ft/s

0 59 519 1116
5000 41 .17 501 .17 1097
10000 23.36 483.36 1077
15000 5.55 465.55 1057
20000 -12.26 447.74 1037
25000 -30.05 429.95 1016
30000 -47.83 412.17 995
35000 -65.61 394.39 973
40000 -69.7 390 .3 968

1120 r - - - , --,----,---- --.----:-----,------,--__:_--,

<I> 1100 "---- ' " "

~ 10801--1---'~--t---t---t--+----f---J

-g1oso -i--i----t-~--'-i::----t--t----1'----f--~
~ 1040 -r---i----t----t-~--"'t--t----l-----if---

!, 020 ·r--t----t---t--+~--"-d---+----+---l

[ ,ooo •r---r---t----t----t---,+~---'~--1---J
~ ~~
980 t------t--;----t--+----+-----+------+-~~oe-+----l

960 .,....,-
0
- - . - -----c-----,--
5000 10000' 15000
---L-----;.---'-'---'---__J
20000 25000 30000
"r----
35000 40000
Altitude, ft

/- 76
I. 87 I
1.87 (See Fluids in the News article titled "This water jet is a
hlasL." Section 1.7.1) By what percent is the volume of water de-
creased if its pressure./s increased to an equivalent to 3000 at-
mospheres (44,100 ps1J?

= -
dp ~
EV d-V-/t' --
,.....
~v6/v-
( !=1,. ]. \ ~)

/1¥- - -
--
¥
~
E'v
- - 4LJ1 100 f;s,·~ - 14.l
3.Jl ><IO'S'f~Co..
p~t'1.. = - o. \4 I

"T'n ~ s)
o/l> ~e c.v-ecise I \1' voll,,\me = llf-, I 0 fo

I, 88 I
1.88 During a mountain climbing trip it is observed that the wa-
ter used to cook a meal boils at 90 °C rather than the standard 100
°C at sea level. At what altitude are the climbers preparing their
meal? (See Tables B.2 and C.2 for data needed to solve this prob-
lem.)

When fhe waler bods 1

fi 011 -;: /J1.1 where

J from Tahle 8,2 af i == 90°C j

fJV ::: 7. oI x / o'I ¾-2. (abs)

Al so from table
J
C,2,J for a sfandard almouphere
fJ == 7,01x10"'-!-,. (abs) af an q{fduJe of ~ooom

/-17
1.aq I
1. Sq When a fluid flows through a sharp bend, low pres- ,
sures may develop in localized regions of the bend. Estimate
the minimum absolute pressure (in psi) that can develop without '
causing cavitation if the fluid is water at l 60 °F.

can'.fafhn md'J occur pressure ezu,1/s fl,e

(A)htn fhe l(!)cq/
1/t<.fe>r Jressure. j::o;,- water- ai- lft>CJ "f' ~e;m Ta6lt B.J ,;,A-fptw:liJ(B)
?,r = 'I. 7 'f ps t ' {11ks)

ThusI

1. qo I

l ,qo Estimate the minimum absolute pressure (in pascals)

that can be developed at the inlet of a pump to avoid cavitation
if the fluid is carbon tetrachloride at 20 °C.

CaJl'i.fal-✓-~11 rna't tP,cur when fhe suction pn'SSt,1ye

a-1:-- -/J,e pwmj) inlet <?jttti/2 th~ VA..,Ptw pressure .
/;;,- ('tJ)'"l,t,n teh-ac.J,lor;d~ ai 2tf'C .,,1-, = 13 ..,Q,R_ {1r.6s )
'v
Thus) ::::- I3 It. P~ (41's )

/- 78
I, q I I
1.91 When water at 70 °C flows through a converging section of
pipe, the pressure decreases in the direction of flow. Estimate the
minimum absolute pressure that can develop without causing cav-
itation. Express your answer in both BG and SI units.

(tl/;'if,11/)·lf nu,r cc.cur In t1Je ~1111er9111!) sec.,t:/D;, e,f" P'/'e whe,r

rhe. ?Ye~SIJl'e ezaols -/ht!. t/tz.~}" pYe.JS-1/re . /:"rtJm· ?;1,/4 B. l ,;, A-f~11<I/K B
-kr WA.i:er at 70.°C.,1 1:,:: _31.2.-kPa... {q1,.,)_ Thu~
In

86 Hni-J-..s
l7J I /1 I fY) U/YI prrs~are :: (3,, Zx J~ 3 : : , 2
)v 1/5/J X'1/'f ;.11.' )
/1r'I ~

- f./..s;_ p~ia.

1.Q ~ At what atmospheric pressure will water

boil at 35 °C? Express your answer in both SI and
BG units.

The VA.for fressur~ ol- w,rier ol: 35•c 1.s

S. ii -'-& (iJ$) (h·a-n Tal,/e 8. :l. ,,, /1-ppe,ul/~ ,8
t/S/117 lint>p; i,,,-/-erfoh,l.ltP>! ). Tl,u.s ;,C u..11<..b,,,. boils
1
al:: 111is len,ph'"A t11re he 11-i.mt,sphPnc f>N'.f5to•e rnus-1:
.be efual i6 S. g/ -'.Pa.. /-,1,s) ,"n SI unih. .In 134 ""ifs J

( S. RI ;t. I{)
3
::, "2.) (1. 'I5""X I b - If ! ;a. ) = 0. !.lf.:L p~1.: (al,s)
y;;~

J-79
1.94 When a 2-mm-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid in an
open tank, the liquid is observed to rise 10 mm above the free sur-
face of the liquid. the contact angle between the liquid and the tube
is zero, and the specific weight of the liquid is 1.2 X 104 N/m3 .
Determine the value of the surface tension for this liquid.

)
where 0:; O
Th11s J
N (
thR ,. 2 xJolf m3 Io Y. Io-3 m) (2 x/ o-3 m/ 2 )
CT ::: 2 cos0 2. CfN 0
1.q S Small droplets of carbon tetrachloride at
68 °Fare formed with a spray nozzle. If the av-
erage diameter of the droplets is 200 ,,m what is
t_he difference in pressure between the inside and
outside of the droplets?

a.:t 1,9 •;=(=.20°c) J

-"l. Al )
~ = " ( 2.1&,1;110
_°'-_ ___ -=:.
,_,,.
/t)eJ X /D _, ,m

/- 81
 J. q 6 A 12-mm diameter jet of water discharges vertically
into the atmosphere. Due to surface tension the pressure inside
the jet will be slightly higher than the surrounding atmospheric
pressure. Determine this difference in pressure.

~I' e111i l/6rit1hl fsre fijure )..,

p(z~ If.)= rr (z tf.)
So 1},A t
? ==

=
IZ x /b-.3 "71
'z.
= 12. 2 Pa_
-ptu excess prrJSu re
surlou -lt11s1ot1 force=- <r i£2

I- 81
1.97 As shown in Video Vl.9, surface tension forces can be strong
enough to allow a double-edge steel razor blade to "float" on wa-
ter, but a single-edge blade will sink. Assume that the surface ten-
Surface tension
sion forces act at an angle (} relative to the water surface as shown force
in Fig. Pl.97. (a) The mass of the double-edge blade is
0.64 X 10-3 kg, and the total length of its sides is 206 mm. De-
termine the value of (} required to maintain equilibrium between
the blade weight and the resultant surface tension force. (b) The
mass of the single-edge blade is 2.61 X 10 - 3 kg, and the total ■ FIGURE P1.97
length of its sides is 154 mm. Explain why this blade sinks. Sup-
port your answer with the necessary calculations.

T T

(a)

1v = T s,-n e
Lu he ve O'lVJ
· ' ~
= '"'1 x t::i
(J Ctvid T ::- V)(.. Ienfh, ot-51Qe5_
ola de.

0. ( o. lt>Lf- x 10- 3~ef) (q, ~ I m/s,.) = (-r 3~ 1.10- 21/4) (b. zoi I'm ) s ·1 ne
:sine- =- o. Lf-15
t) = 2. 4. 5 °

(h) For 'S 1n7le- ed')e blade

'2J = //'Y11,/ad/ J- = ( 2, k I X 10
3
-k3-) ('{, )// rw, f,~)
:: O.OZ!il. N
a 11 d
T 5 ln e :: (v .x. len31h of. Made) ~In tJ
= (7,31.Jx 10- 2 Nk) ( o./541'ft1) -51>1 G
-.. 0.0I13 51~(9

th ov-ae~ fo,,. h Lide -1-o "+loa.i • ~ < T 51YJ 8 .

5 Jhc ~ IYY\ a x , rn um, Va. I u e +o Y ~ 1 11 e I s I J 1•+- fo I l o ws
-mat CZu > T Sin 0 and ~in9f~-eci3e blade wi / I sink .

/- 83
l.'18 I
I. q 6 To measure the water depth in a large open tank with
opaque walls, an open vertical glass tube is attached to the side
of the tank. The height of the water column in the tube is then
used as a measure of the depth of water in the tank. (a) For
a true water depth in the tank of 3 ft, make use of Eq. 1.22 (with
0 = 0°) to determine the percent error due to capillarity as the
diameter of the glass tube is changed. Assume a water
temperature of 80 °F. Show your results on a graph of percent
error versus tube diameter, D, in the range 0.1 in. < D < 1.0 in.
(b) If you want the error to be less than 1%, what is the smallest
tube diameter allowed?

The. excess he,jlt t I h) cau.sed /Je 1}11. sur/i1ctt.. l:en>tPM ,:s

h= 20-~s (Fz . J. iz.)
"oR
/;;,- s-:: 0° 1,v; th /) = 2.R.
t, = 'fO- {J)
rD
Pr--t!J rn Ta,J,/~ B. / Jn A-ppen4, x 8 ft; r-- We,.. -tev- a.i:.
3
0-= 'f.9! x/lJ- !b/-Pt cr11d ;r = C,2.2.z. i.b/1&~
Thu! ~r~m J:,q_ {I)
I " -J IJ, ) -3
h (.f-r) : If ( J/-. o/ / X. /0 J:i_ ~- 7q .)( JO
(,z. lZ. ~J) D (,i-i.)
12. ,~. /.f-c
.D ( i'n.)

0
/4 e-rr-or =- h l+-t J x
3 .ft
10 o

trt>m CQ _{ Z.)
0
1J1Al;
-3
0 /oer-r"y= 3 . 7qx.Jt> xl0O
3 D(1'n.)
C3 J

A- plot e;.f- o/o ey-r-"r- v-ersus t:t(/:;e cl,crmefer /5

S/1~w11 "n 1ht 11e~i. ;:;a 9e.

I- 8lf
' I

Diameter % Error
of tube, in.
0.1 1.26
0.15 0.84 1.50 -r----,----c---,-,---r--------,
0.2 0.63
0.3 0.42 0 1. 00 --'-- ---+----+---+-----+-----I
0.4 0.32 ~
~ 0.50
\~
+------P'""'=""--+--+----+-- - - -
0.5 0.25
0.6 0.21 ~T...._..,-+--+-4-..-~
0 .7 0.18 0.00 + - - - - - , - - - - - - - + - - + - - ---i
0.8 0.16 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2
0.9 0.14 Tube diameter, in.
1 0.13

'
Values obtained
from Eq. (3)

{bJ Foy- I¾ eYrPr #pm £g. (J)

t>./2'-
I= D(/11.)

D~ 6. I 21o in.

/-85
1. 9 q I
1. q q Under the right conditions, it is possible, due to surface
tension, to have metal objects float on water. (See Yiclco VI ..q_)
Consider placinf, a short length of a small diameter steel (sp.
wt. = 490 lb/ft ) rod on a surface of water. What is the
maximum diameter that the rod can have before it will sink?
Assume that the surface tension forces act vertically upward.
Note: A standard paper clip has a diameter of 0.036 in. Partially
unfold a paper clip and see if you can get it to float on water.
Do the results of this experiment support your analysis?

rrJ.. rrL
Ih /4r roef -1-o -//Pat {s~e f,,f11,e)
8-r&/ey

1 t ~I/"W.S i,ta t:

1- a--J .:: 'tu =p~){D 2

) l ~t~ I

ga-

-3 r .L
.
5 ll xi~ -n.

.
= O.Olol4 ln.

St'nce a. ~f..antl11Yd ~tee/ pa.peY e,/,p has &<

d14mef::rr "f in- J lJh,c,,h 1s Jes~ fna11

tJ, ~31,
o. t>I.Jf/. 1n. /t 1 shou/4 f/o4.t-. A- ~;mple e;Zperirnmi
l,u , / / V-e v,· .f1:1 1h 1.s . Y-e s .

/- 86
 I. I 00 ]

I. IO O An open, clean glass tube, having a diameter of 3 mm,

is inserted vertically into a dish of mercury at 20 °C. How far
will the column of mercury in the tube be depressed?

-3
3. oo x ID m1

3. 00 m'11'1'>'1

I. fo I j
1.101 An open, clean glass tube (0 = 0°) is inserted ve11ically
into a pan of water. What tube diameter is needed if the water
level in the tube is to rise one tube diameter (due to surface
tension)?

e= 0°

'cf R.
S: 1)3 ;x. JD- 3 t
-3
R :- ~- q8> X JD +i
2
clt' a n, e &e r == .2.. R == I. 8 D x1D- +.J:-

/- &7
1.102. I

1.10 l Determine the height water at 60 cf will

rise due to capillary action in a clean. ¼-in.-di-
ameter tube. What will be the height if the di-
ameter is reduced to 0.01 in.?

r- - 3 IJ.
CT= -.J,D3.Xlo -Ft

/-88
/. / 03
1.103 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Walking on water,"
Section 1.9.) (a) The water strider bug shown in Fig. Pl.103 is
supported on the surface of a pond by surface tension acting along
the interface between the water and the bug's legs. Determine the
minimum length of this interface needed to support the bug. As-
sume the bug weighs 10- 4 N and the surface tension force acts
vertically upwards. (b) Repeat part (a) if surface tension were to
support a person weighing 750 N. --=

D FI G U R E P1.103

o-).

-e1u1 l ~ br,~tr\ ,
0-W = <:r).
<lLJ
( ().) aw - qv rv Wi\!3 ht
a- N Sl41""ta c~ -l-t1-1s10,11
-3
1.3,>llD rm f N lt>nJfn 61 /f'Jt:frfuc~

-- (\.;>L. x,o-¼) (lo

3
~) =

( .b) (f-
'15oN l. 02 x JD lfr'I
/. /011

1.IO't Fluid Characterization by Use of a Stormer Viscometer

Objective: As discussed in Section 1.6, some fluids can be classified as Newtonian flu-
ids; others are non-Newtonian. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the shearing
stress versus rate of strain characteristics of various liquids and, thus, to classify them as
Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids.

Equipment: Stormer viscometer containing a stationary outer cylinder and a rotating,

concentric inner cylinder (see Fig. Pl.10'1}; stop watch; drive weights for the viscometer; three
different liquids (silicone oil, Latex paint, and corn syrup).

Experimental Procedure: Fill the gap between the inner and outer cylinders with one of
the three fluids to be tested. Select an appropriate drive weight (of mass m) and attach it to the
end of the cord that wraps around the drum to which the inner cylinder is fastened. Release
the brake mechanism to allow the inner cylinder to start to rotate. (The outer cylinder remains
stationary.) After the cylinder has reached its steady-state angular velocity, measure the amount
of time, t, that it takes the inner cylinder to rotate N revolutions. Repeat the measurements us-
ing various drive weights. Repeat the entire procedure for the other fluids to be tested.

Calculations: For each of the three fluids tested, convert the mass, m, of the drive weight
to its weight, W = mg, where g is the acceleration of gravity. Also determine the angular ve-
locity of the innc::r cylinder, w = N/c.

Graph: For each fluid tested, plot the drive weight, W, as ordinates and angular velocity,
w, as abscissas. Draw a best fit curve through the data.

Results: Note that for the flow geometry of this experiment, the weight, W, is propor-
tional to the shearing stress, r, on the inner cylinder. This is true because with constant an-
gular velocity, the torque produced by the viscous shear stress on the cylinder is equal to the
torque produced by the weight (weight times the appropriate moment arm). Also, the angu-
lar velocity, w, is proportional to the rate of strain, du/dy. This is true because the velocity
gradient in the fluid is proportional to the inner cylinder surface speed (which is proportional
to its angular velocity) divided by the width of the gap between the cylinders. Based on your
graphs, classify each of the three fluids as to whether they are Newtonian, shear thickening,
or shear thinning (see Fig. 1, 7).

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click l11n·
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Outer cylinder

Fluid
■ FIGURE P 1 ,IO'f
/. /Olf

Problem 1. JOI/- Problem 1, 10¥

Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, co Weight, W, vs Angular Velocity, co
for for
Silicone Oil Corn Syrup
4.50 4.50 -,------,.----,-- - - - - - - .
4.00 ,, 4.00 + - -- - - + - - ---+---

3.50 / 3.50 + - - - - - + - - - ~ - -, -

3.00
/ 3.00 + - ---------'-- - -
z 2.50 ~ z 2.50 + - - - - - - - . - -- ~ - --
3 2.00 / W=2.5 5 co
t 2.00 + - - - - +- - -- -t-----
1.50
/ 1.50 W = 12.8 co
+-- - - -, -----+--- -- + - -
V"'
/
1.00 1.00 -l-- -""4-----+-- -
0.50
/ 0. 50 -l--¥-----+- -
0.00
41" 0.00 +-------+-----,-----,---- -
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
ro, rev/s co, rev/s

Problem 1,10'+
Weight, W , vs Angular Velocity, OJ
for
Latex Paint
1.20
1.00
0.80
z
0.60
~
0.40
w = 1.466 (i)0.707
0.20
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
ro rev/s
I. /0 5

1.105 Capillary Tube Viscometer

Objective: The flowrate of a viscous fluid through a small diameter (capillary) tube is a
function of the viscosity of the fluid. For the flow geometry shown in Fig. Pl.10.S, the kine-
matic viscosity, v, is inversely proportional to the flowrate, Q. That is, v = K/Q, where K is
the calibration constant for the particular device. The purpose of this experiment is to deter-
mine the value of Kand to use it to determine the kinematic viscosity of water as a function
of temperature.

Equipment: Constant temperature water tank, capillary tube, thermometer, stop watch,
graduated cylinder.

Experimental Procedure: Adjust the water temperature to 15.6°C and determine the
flowrate through the capillary tube by measuring the time, t, it takes to collect a volume, V,
of water in a small graduated cylinder. Repeat the measurements for various water temper-
atures, T. Be sure that the water depth, h, in the tank is the same for each trial. Since the
flowrate is a function of the depth (as wel1 as viscosity), the value of K obtained will be valid
for only that value of h.

Calculations: For each temperature tested, determine the flowrate, Q = V/t. Use the data
for the 15.6°C water to determine the calibration constant, K, for this device. That is, K = vQ,
where the kinematic viscosity for 15.6°C water is given in Table 1.5 and Q is the measured
flowrate at this temperature. Use this value of K and your other data to determine the vis-
cosity of water as a function of temperature.

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined kinematic viscosity, v, as ordinates and tem-
perature, T, as abscissas.

Results: On the same graph, plot the standard viscosity-temperature data obtained from
Table B.2.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click h,·n
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Th
Water

1 Capillary tube
Q

Graduated cylinder

II F I G U R E P 1. I 05
I, 1.05 I

Solution for Problem 1.105 Capillary Tube Viscometer

From Table 8.2

V,ml t, s T, deg C Q, ml/s v, m" 2/s T , deg C v, m"2/s

9.2 19.8 15.6 0.465 1.12E-06 10 1.31 E-06

9.7 15.8 26.3 0.614 8.49E-07 20 1.00E-06
9.2 16.8 21.3 0.548 9.51 E-07 30 8.01 E-07
9.1 21.3 12.3 0.427 1.22E-06 40 6.58E-07
9.2 13.1 34.3 0.702 7.42E-07 50 5.53E-07
9.4 10.1 50.4 0.931 5.60E-07 60 4.75E-07
9.1 8.9 58.1 1.022 5.10E-07

V = K/Q K, m"2 ml/s"2 v (at 15.6 deg C), m"2/s

5.21E-07 1.12E-06

K =v Q =1.12E-6 m"2/s * 0.465 ml/s =5.21E-7 m"2 ml/s"2

Problem 1.105
Viscosity, v, vs Temperature, T

• Experimental
- - From Table 8 .2
>
5.0E-07 +-- ---+-- -- -_
+ _~
______::,...,.~~ ----1

0.0E+00 + - - - - - - + - - -- - - + -- ---+-----1

0 20 40 60 80
T, deg C
2,2 I

2.2 A closed, 5-m-tall tank is filled with water to a depth of 4 m. (0)

The top portion of the tank is filled with air which, as indicated by
a pressure gage at the top of the tank, is at a pressure of 20 kPa. (/)
Determine the pressure that the water exerts on the bonom of the tank.
• •
.. -
• J
. . .

.·. :·.
.Em -. ··t ·.
I .' l/-jf11 :: h

7..0 X 03 J!_
I m'"
l . ·. : '· ·., ·1,
. . '
.
• • : :(i) I

.:iN_ 3 N
== :;.ox10;;;;. + q_ eox;o m3 (Jfm)
= S9,J. x /0
3
f 2 -::: S?,2 k Pa
2.3 l

2 •3 A closed tank is partially filled with glycerin. If the air

pressure in the tank is 6 Jb/in.2 and the depth of glycerin is 10
ft, what is the pressure in lb/ft2 at the bottom of the tank?

P= o/4 + I?.
0

2. ,'f l

1. l/- Blood pressure is usually given as a ratio of the

maximum pressure (systolic pressure) to the minimum
pressure (diastolic pressure). As shown in Video V2.~ such
pressures arc commonly measured with a mercury mano-
meter. A typical value for this ratio for a human would be
120/70, where the pressures are in mm Hg. (a) What would
these pressures be in pascals? (b) If your car tire was
inna1c<l 10 120 mm Hg. would ii be sufficient for normal
driving?

f == 'J'h
{a) For J.20 amn µJ : -p:: (131 x /0 ~
1
)(o, /2'0trn) =J,.o.Jz&

--tJ:: (; 33
/ .
X /0 3 .!x..)(fJ. 070/J?t) =
/)'113
;. 31--k f?c.

tJ =
I
(;t. 0 x !~ 3 ..!x) {J.'l. l/-5'l)X/b- 'I IV/1tt11..
/111,.
Ii,/;,,~)

- :2, ~2. f~i

-t'.fp/c.a I -1-/r-e pvt1ssure J.s
:5U ~ C. J erJ t -/or /)~rmt:t I

2-2-
2.s I
2.S An unknown immiscible liquid seeps into the bottom of an
open oil tank. Some measurements indicate that the depth of
the unknown liquid is 1.5 m and the depth of the oil (specific
weight = 8.5 kN/m3 ) floating on top is 5.0 m. A pressure gage
connected to the bottom of the tank reads 65 kPa. What is the
specific gravity of the unknown liquid?

f, - (~;IJ{S-rm) -t (tu)(!.S"tmJ
boJhitM
¥, = '1~.#o~ - ~oi \]{S-tm)
fA. I.Sl't\'\
Ji,
= IS- X >tl /l'11
~ 3 .!1..
5G = C(. = 1 b- ;< lb 1'1)1 ., == I . 5 :3
0 ~(,CI0 3
7,0
]!_
/l'>t~

2.6 I

2.6 Bathyscaphes are capable of submerging to great depths

in the ocean. What is the pressure at a depth of 5 km, assum-
ing that seawater has a constant specific weight of 10.1 kN/m3?
Express your answer in pascals and psi.

p=-J'i. +~
A-i- -the sur/4ce . t =o ~o th11t
1
f= ~J(S-x10 3 ;m) =So.s x11J"_!!
(;l)./~JD r,,, '1t, ~
= so.s- MP'--

A-lso1
f = {s-0.5 ,oo'::~J(i.-,s-o "JD-•};_• ) _ 7320 p:n
/bt~

2-3
 2..7 For the great depths that may be en- of part (a) to determine the pressure at a depth
countered in the ocean the compressibility of sea- of 6 km assuming seawater has a bulk modulus
. water may become an important consideration. of 2 .3 x 109 Pa, and a density of 1030 kg/m 3 at
(a) Assume that the bulk modulus for seawater the surface . Compare this result with that ob-
is constant and derive a relationship between tained by assuming a constant density of 1030
pressure and depth which takes into account the kg/m 3 •
change in fluid density with depth. (b) Make use

{ a,.)

~: -t = -f3
Thus )
7 : - 'J di:
(I)

If f 1:S a.. .func:l-,~11 ~ f PJ we_

I l'1 fe9r11 l-;n f G'f. ti). 5 1n c e;
tl
df/f fJ

f~ /7
r:

at p=o

t,J here
2. 7 I (con'/:)

(b)

( ~) h:Jr- lDl"JS t-.on t densi½

P= "?//,, = /13- -t._ = (t.D3 )(,/(/~)('1,fl ~)(t )(,//mi)
= fo tJ. t. f.1 ~
2.e I
2.8 Sometimes when riding an elevator or driving up or down a
hilly road a person's ears "pop" as the pressure difference between
the inside and outside of the ear is equalized. Determine the
pressure difference (in psi) associated with this phenomenon if it
occurs during a 150 ft elevation change.

bf ;:; °t L>h = o. 076S }~.s (/S~flJ

Jb IF-I -)
:I:; //,·ST{,. (llflf in.,.
== O, 0797 ps/
2.q I

2. q Develop an expression for the pressure

variation in a liquid in which the specific weight
increases with depth, h, as y = Kh + Yo, where
K is a constant and Yo is the specific weight at the
free surface.
V

Let -R. == '1:o - ~

.so -n,"'t- d-N. -= -cl 1:

and

2-6
'lt:2,IO I
( ,:r;,, 't. )
-;,2, JO In a certain liquid at rest, measurements of the spe- 60 107
cific weight at various depths show the following variation: 70 110
80 112
90 114
h (ft) -y (lb/ft')
100 115
0 70
10 76
20 84 The depth h = 0 corresponds to a free surface at atmo-
30 91 - spheric pressure. Detennine, through numerical integration
40 97 of Eq. 2.4, the corresponding variation in pressure and show
50 102 the results on a plot of pressure (in psf) versus depth (in
feet).

Le.J: ~:- i -~ (se~ h 'it1re J So g

i - --
C)
--
- -
-- -
--
1n~-t cli=-dh C/Hd there .fo,,-e
{
dp ~ -'tl-clr ::: a-- di, ,/

,I,, .
tf> ~
I\

Thus,
fkdp ::: f/a1, i-

0 0
II
/ F I / r I' / / / ,r/
OY
[I)

where '/i· 1:S 1he f'r'eSSl,(re a,:!: depth -{_· .

Eyu/bt-1',;n {J) ,;,-1-err1thd nt1niey,cq//'J
Clllt t4!. U.ShJ_j

'/he -tYAP~ -;;o,'da J rule I l: e.;

m-t
I: -j_ L (fjt' + y.
•
l :. I
{.-,.J
)(x.£.+/ - ){.)
L

~ hef'e !J rv_ r ; x I"'\.., h, tl>ul n = hum brr "/. da.:1-a..

ft> I .,, f-. J

2-7
,r2. I 0

7he t:4}u)A.+e,1 rt1sulf~ a r-e. 91ven belt1~ 4, l~n,

w1'ih --nte ec,rr-t>.sf'tJl'JdlA.!J p/t,i 61 p-,essur~ vs. depth .

h(ft) y, lb/ft"3 Pressure,psf

0 70 0
10 76 730
20 84 1530
30 91 2405
40 97 3345
50 102 4340
60 107 5385
70 110 6470
80 112 7580
90 114 8710
100 115 9855

~ 8000 +---+------l---+-------1-----l
.e:
Q.

0 20 40 60 80 100
Depth, h (ft)
•2. ,2.. l
Elevation (ft) Temperature (°F)

5000 50.l (base)

*'.2.f 2. Under normal conditions the temperature of the 5500 55.2
6000 60.3
a~o~phere decreases with increasing elevation. In some
6400 62.6
situations'. however, a temperature inversion may exist so
that the atr temperature increases with elevation. A series 7100 67.0
7400 68.4
of temperature probes on a mountain give the elevation
8200 70.0
-temperature data shown in Table P2.12. If the barometric
pressure· at the base of the mountain is 12.1 psia, determine 8600 69.5
by means of numerical integration the pressure at the top of 9200 68.0
9900 67.I (top)
the mountain.

TABLE P2.A2.

1-yt),n Fr, ;._q,

~M
-b~
Pi
:::- '1-
R
il•-
--2-
I
cJ~
T
1},« t.~ m p.t YA iu t'< 1n (> I< I.I
''"("'
1n The. -1-~1;1~ . /Jc. I"w
4nd -f),~ /,, .,., fY"'II H d 1/r<•~; t4b1,t/4 /.t.,t.
Elevation, ft T, °F T, 0 R 1/ T(0 R)
5000 50.1 509.8 0.001962
5500 55.2 514.9 0.001942
6000 60.3 520.0 0.001923
6400 62.6 522.3 0.001915
7100 67.0 526.7 0.001899
7400 68.4 528.1 0.001894
8200 70.0 529.7 0.001888
8600 69.5 529.2 0.00189
9200 68.0 527.7 0.001895
9900 67.1 526.8 0.001898
.t./- k I lo11Js f;."m Cf .{I J kJ, 1h ~ = 12. I p .:s L. a.
0

1h11f
- 0.1753,
1i. : (12. I ps/a.) e :::: I 0, 2 0

f S L CL

2-10
2. ,/If

2.14 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Giraffe's blood pres-
sure," Section 2.3.1.) (a) Detennine the change in hydrostatic pres-
sure in a giraffe's head as it lowers its head from eating leaves 6 m
above the ground to getting a drink of water at ground level as
shown in Fig. P2.14. Assume the specific gravity of blood is
SG = 1. (b) Compare the pressure change calculated in part (a) to
the normal 120 mm of mercury pressure in a human's heart.

fvr h11drz:>skh;:, prezuY,e c+ran~e.. .1

.d p= ?f -1,. ::: ( Cf: Ko ~ )(1,,,,.) = SH. g!f,_ ~ S!'. f? -kfl...

lb) J; C!.IPmJtJ".c. Id,~ pyeJ.JHYc. '" hi1.,,,n heart.

C!.o/1 Veyf:- pt".eJ.r11r><. IYI p4y/:- (A) fo """" lfj '

53,2 -kN =
f>'n'2-
On."I- -1,_ J.J.d" = Q~3 ~~)
rm
{Jf
t
3
-J.. = ( o. 4 'f 1. IW\ ) { Jo ~) = Lf Lf2 IY>\Me Hj
Hj ~

ThusI '11re.. pYe.Mur'<- ~han1e

I.J '-I Y.Z 11HMt JlJ <!t9m p1t~eA I "'

-ht c.. hum,1 ~ h eaYt-.

2..-11
2-.,s I

2.15 Assume that a person skiing high in the mountains at an

altitude of 15,000 ft takes in the same volume of air with each
breath as she does while walking at sea level. Determine the ratio
of the mass of oxygen inhaled for each breath at this high altitude
compared to that at sea level.

lei ( )0 denole sea level and ( ~.s denofe JS,000Nalf/f114e,

ThvsJ since m :: ma.t.s -: : r 'VJ where '-f-:: Vfl/11111eJ

mf) == e Va
o ~nrA ~5 :: f,.s- v✓.s-J where ~~ Vs.
Hence.)
ITJ,s (J,s '11,., -:: f,s
/I,; =: (JO Vo f0
If if /s 4s.sv1J1cd fht1f fhe ail' colll/O•fl'f11Jn (e.1. 1 ~ ol
o,,'f fh,d 1'.s: oxy9m) is fhf same a'f se11/et1el a.r/l ;'s4f/~oodf~
fhen we c4tJtJre I-hep Jl4/ves ff'fJ/if Tt:i6/e c,1:
eo =' Z,377X/0-
3
s:t- anol p,_, :=/,Jl'llxJo-J t::- so fhaf
-mo .::: o, 61.. 9 -: :- 62.9 lo

2-12
2.16 I 2.J 6 Pikes Peak near Denver, Colorado has
an elevation of 14,110 ft. (a) Determine the pres-
sure at this elevation, based on Eq. 2.12. (b) If
the air is assumed to have a constant specific
weight of 0.07647 lb/ft3, what would the pressure
be at this altitude? (c) If the air is assumed to
have a constant temperature of 59 °F what would
the pressure be at this elevation? For all three
cases assume standard atmospheric conditions at
sea level (see Table 2.1).

{abs)

j->: ?a. - 54,.

J.1/rs,.2 ~1- - (().67IP'-f-7 ,! )(lrj /101-t )
3

- I 01.fo lk. (al,5)

ftl.-
2, 17 I ; 2, 17 Equation 2.12 provides the relationship
; between pressure and elevatior:i .in the atmo-
sphere for those regions in which the temperature
varies linearly with elevation. Derive this equa-
tion and verify the value of the pressure given in
~bf.CA
le in Appendix Cfo/ran ;~evation of 5
-dpf - - -Rg. -d"l:
T ( ~f. Z, 'I)
~, -r-,
l-I =- 0 )

'f:: 5"itrn w,fh ~ =!OJ. 33~?a.

0. ()t) ~~() & R = ;J.K7 ~
.,.,,,,., I A-j·I<. )

,_, N
S. 1(-0. X /0 -:z.
mi

2-/'{-
z, 1e. I
2../ 8 As shown in Fig. 2.6 for the U.S. stan-
dard atmosphere, the troposphere extends to an
altitude of 11 km where the pressure is 22.6 kPa
(abs). In the next layer, called the stratosphere,
the temperature remains constant at - 56.5 °C.
Determine the pressure and density in this layer
at an altitude of 15 km. Assume g = 9.77 m/s2
in your calculations. Compare your results with
those given in Table C.2 in Appendix C.

Fe>r 1;e;-/1,1rrna I c.4)111/1 -hims)

-1 (-i-z..-=i:,)
~ ::- ~ e RJo

-r; = - 5 &>. 5 "C -r J. 13. I i = ~It,. I. 5" k .

_ ~ 7 7 7.,_) ( Iff" 1' Ir}""" - II ;(. u//m )]

[ (.:l n tf,< )(211.. 1s1<)

~ 6/e C. 2 in 4-ppe11cl/x C)
2../'f I

2.19 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Weather, barometers,

and bars," Section 2.5.) The record low sea-level barometric pres-
sure ever recorded is 25.8 in. of mercury. At what altitude in the
standard atmosphere is the pressure equal to this value?

2-16
2. i..0 I
2.20 On a given day, a barometer at the base of the Washington
Monument reads 29.97 in. of mercury. What would the barometer
reading be when you carry it up to the observation deck 500 ft
above the base of the monument?

Let ( )b o.r1d ( >ad correspond fo fhe base and ohservafion

decl< J respectively.
1h11s) wif h H == hei9hf of f he monvmen 1,
fb -{Jod::: ~irH == 1.tSX/f,. t
(SoOU):::: 38,S 1/r2.

Buf
f) -
Tr -
rIlg h J
where tHa
./
== 8 If 7 .JA
rr
and h :: harome1er reqd/t}(/,
Thf/SJ
~'1 ( 29•97 ff)-t. ·h :::3Bslk
I 2. 119 or/. ' -r/2·
or
/I,
hot1 ==(
2
~1 ff) -
7 38,.Sw-
8-1/7 #-3 =K~N) -O,OlfSSfl]{12f,)
= (29.97 - o.s %) /n.
or
h0,J = 29.'13 If/.

2-/7
2. 1.J

2. 21 Bourdon gages (see Video V2.3 and Fig. 2.13) are

commonly used to measure pressure. When such a gage is

T
attached to the closed water tank of Fig. P2.l.l the gage reads
5 psi. What is the absolute air pressure in the tank? Assume
standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi.
12 in.
Bourdon gage

. .ii:...
ater ' ./
f = ~h + R, .- <

-D
~,e - IJ2. k) if: -
/72. ~t> -
E,t1tr 6 in.

1;,; - (5-,: 1 i- I'/. 7 j;,. ) -

(/ +t) (tl.lf t3) ■ FIG U R E P 2 . 'l.l

I 'fl/- th.%
.ft l-
2 .2-2. I
2. 22 On the suction side of a pump a Bourdon
pressure gage reads 40-kPa vacuum. What is the
corresponding absolute pressure if the local at-
mospheric pressure is 100 kPa (abs)?

-- =

2.?-lf I
2.24 A water-filled U-tube manometer is used to measure the pressure
inside a tank that contains air. The water level in the U-tube on the side
that connects to the tank is 5 ft above the base of the tank. The water
level in the other side of the U-tube (which is open to the atmosphere) a,r
is 2 ft above the base. Determine the pressure within the tank.

r--

or
Air - -( fl) o;Ld -
3 - (3ff)(62,'I ¾,)
Jh
.:: -/871fi
2.2s I

2..~5 A barometric pressure of 29.4 in. Hg

corresponds to what value of atmospheric pres-
sure in psia, and in pascals?

2-20
 2.2.6 For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa
(abs) determine the heights of the fluid columns
'in barometers containing one of the following liq-
uids: (a) mercury, (b) water. and (c) ethyl alco-
hol. Calculate the heights including the effect of
vapor pressure, and compare the results with
those obtained neglecting vapor pressure. Do
these results support the widespread use of mer-
cury for barometers? Why?

( J h c / u c/ln7 vcyc,y fY't'S~1,l'te. )

f ("-bm) : }'1, + "Pv-

wher-e. '? '\I 1,1a.po,,. ,,.~.ssur-e

3 N
I DI .x. ID ;;-i.
3
133 X/0 -1:L l"33xlo~J:L
m, 3 ,'IM.3

: 0, 751 M - e;,1sq ~

3 Iv
/;r W1t,,ter .' .Ji =
/(;/ )(. J() -l. - /. 771. ID .l!.
J
IO I tlD
J )./

~ =
;?H
lb) ~l, i,)\-a.

3
1. 80 x J0 ,.,,,
.1!..3 r.tox10 3A'M
K3

= I CJ. I /rYI =: lo,3 rm

(() h:>r efA1 /

{
ttJ/x./t;
3;/ 3 N
~ -S.9xl/J ,,.,,,,
,,,,, -'1. IOI >' 1/ N
~
mt 4
a/coho/ : '::' .::
7,7'fXID 3 _!:!._ 3
7. 7 't X ID ,;;-3
N
mt 3

-- I~- 3 m-, - /3,(J Ml

For tnereu r!J h11r11rneters the effect of 1111.;~r

is n e9/J'qil:ife J Ctnd tn~ vegu1'red he19hi of tl,e
column /s ru1S1tJn4ide .
2.. .27 I
2.27 A mercury manometer is connected to a large reservoir of
water as shown in Fig. P2.27. Determine the ratio, hwlhm, of the
distances hw and hm indicated in the figure.

f, ::: ~ hw + Ow hm
ll! F I G U R E P2.27
bu1 f, fi :;; 0111 ( z.h,,)
===

ThvsJ
Ow hw + Owhm == 2 o'm hr;,
or
( Dw) hw ~(2tm-'tw)hm
.so +hat
hw ,= (2 ¥,,,-.r., l ,:2 S G: -/ , where S 6111 " ' { ; ,:. /3 ..S6
hm ~w m
Thvs-J
3fm =2(/3 .Sh)-J == 2t,I

2-22
 - Closed valve
2.28 A U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank
containing air and water as shown in Fig. P2.28. At the closed Air pressure = 16 psia
end of the manometer the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the
reading on the pressure gage for a differential reading of 4 ft (I)
on the manometer. Express your answer in psi (gage). Assume
standard atmospheric pressure, and neglect the weight of the air
columns in the manometer.
T
4 ft

1
Water

Gage fluid
Pressure
( y = 90 lb/ft 3 )
gage
■ FIGURE P2.2S

i.-23
z. zq Hemispherical dome

SC= 0.8
2, 2. q A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hem- I
ispherical dome and is connected to an inverted piping system 4m
as shown in Fig. P2.2'f. The liquid in the top part of the piping
system has a specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of
_i-
the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at i
A is 60 kPa, determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the 3m
pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome
(point C).
Water

-+-
2m
I
___I_~

Water
1111 r-,,.,,., • P2..:z.q

(a.) LS 6 )( ~,, )
0
[3 ~ ) + ~ 20 ( 2 ~) = -fe

t; 0 ,4,fi + (0,8 )(r. SJ -<!~ !,) (3""') + (r, 8~x1/-;, 3 )

3
(ztW>)
I 03 .k Pa.

(b)
~ :: -p4 - ~z.O (3tm)

= ko .Je Pa, - (9. ~ ~ X ID \;:a )(1 ~ )

3
iP. l X JD _!!_
I)??).

3 N
-Pc Bo.lo XH -;,._
--Ii_ = -- ::
':::' tl,230,,,,,.,
cf4., /33X 10
3
..!:L
"""3

= C,,Z 3o m1 ( ,~ 3~M1 )
,.,..., = 230tmM1

2-7...'f
2.30 I
A+
+
t
0.5m,..------.
2.30 Two pipes are connected by a manometer as shown in Fig.
P2.30. Determine the pressure difference, PA - p 8 , between the pipes. Water ' I'
0.6 m
l_ 13 m
,,
I
Gage fluid
(SG = 2.6) Water

+ii _t_

1!1 F I G U R E P2.30

1', T ~ (~S'mi -,.o.t,~) - Yqf (o,lu,,,) 1" 'lfu_ (/,3,,,,-0,s-.,) = -f

~ ~o ~ ~o 8

ThusJ

pl}- -p/3 = ~ f ( ~,b/m) - cr/J-,6 ( o.s-;>ft t- t?· ',m t- /, 1,m -o. ,;,,.. )

:: -3,32-&Pa.

2-25
2. 21

2..3/ A U-tube manometer is connected to a

closed tank as shown in Fig. P2.3/. The air pres-
sure in the tank is 0.50 psi and the liquid in the
tank is oil ( y = 54.0 lb/ft3). The pressure at point
A is 2.00 psi. Determine: (a) the depth of oil, z,
and (b) the differential reading, h, on the ma-
nometer.

FIGURE P2.3 I

(a.)

= '/:ot>+t

Cb)

Thus )
-PA ;- 6'oi} (1. ft)
(Sb) ( 0,.10 ]

( :)_ ~-~) ( 14-Lt ~) + i

(s 4-. D l) (z tt)
( ~- 0 5) ( '12. 't ~:\ )

:::: 2, 08' +t
.2.32
Water
2.32 For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.32 the
pressure in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B
is water, and the gage fluid in the manometer has a specific
gravity of 2.6. What is the pressure in pipe B corresponding to
the di:ferential reading shown? ~
3 in.
f

FIGURE P2.32

-,. 'oJl.,.o (1 ft) - ~f ~ ft) si1136° - Y~t> (,! ft:) = f 13

"oj/ 1'.s "/11~ :5fec,'f,c w,e 'jlt l &>{ the. JqJe f-lu✓-d)

1}; - ~- "?!3-1- CI~ ft) .si ~ :3 0"

/J.,
-= (o,6 f!.~)(N4- ~:) - {J.1t,)({,2,'t !;l)(-!. ft)(tJ,S) =3t.3 J:i,.
::: 32.3 11'/.fti-/;lft/- 1i,." /Pt.:,.. = o.zz '-f fs l·

2.3 3 A flowrate measuring device is installed

in a horizontal pipe through which water is flow-
ing. A U-tube manometer is connected to the
pipe through pressure taps located 3 in. on either
side of the device. The gage fluid in the manom-
eter has a specific weight of 112 lb/ft3. Determine
the differential reading of the manometer corre-
sponding to a pressure drop between the taps of
0.5 lb/in. 2•

Le I: A rind /2.. ht. frtssures 11-t /ressure -b.1s,

Wr,ie rntt~Pmef:Pr -eg1,11-btJ,i bel:ween f>, '111&1 f;i. . 1hus1

-P, r °H2.o (-H., +~) - 't#f I - ;rH-z.o ~ 1 :a- 1>,_

.St> -fhA. t

= /. '+fi ft

2-27
 ....... "

2.3ll- Small differences in gas pressures are

commonly measured with a micromanometer of
the type illustrated in Fig. P2.31f. This device con-
sists of two large reservoirs each having a cross-
sectional area, A,, which are filled with a liquid
having a specific weight, y1, and connected by a
U-tube of cross-sectional area, A,, containing a
liquid of specific weight, y2 • When a differential
gas pressure, p 1 - pi, is applied a differential
reading, h, develops. It is desired to have this 1'2
reading sufficiently large (so that it can be easily
read) for small pressure differentials. Determine
FIGURE P2.3 l\-
the relationship between h and p 1 - p 2 when the
area ratio A,/ A, is small, and show that the dif-
ferential reading, h, can be magnified by making
the difference in specific weights, y2 - y1 , small.
Assume that initially (with p 1 = p 2) the fluid levels
in the two reservoirs are equal.

.\'
6j .,
1
,~;f,dl le~/ ;,
,,
{Dy gtJjf .f-/w, 'd

when ~ d,'f-ffY'fnt1al pyesswre) -If-Ii /J"-f'phe,1 w~ A-$${1/'llt th1t. lev~t 111

Ye5tr11t1ir dr~~ b'1 ,( cksk11c~,) A>,/ ('ilttl rit;lri /-l've/ rlSl'S b~ Ah. Thws✓
-f/1~ /?'Jtl/711meter ei11Ai11Jn b-e~tPme.s

~ T' °' (-1., + -A - J. .J,_ ) - d'2 _g - ~ ( -R., -,. i h ) : -+2

'h - /;_ = ~ 1 - d', -£. -t- ~ ( :l A{ ) {/)

i
S1 nee ihe I, w,JJ /n 1he rnt1n!Jmeter c;re /ncom1r-essi ble>
LJ l. A>- ==- j 4-i or- :ztih _ A-t
-It.. - A1-
A-i- i$ $t-n11/J %en ;;,~r, << _a, /115f ferrn ,ri
A>-
Ct/11 be nef)ee.1.e A. Thus;
?,- -P2 ::: (0;_ - 'o, ) {

tlnd lt1r1e vt1/t1'1S "f h

.
diP/e,Yf'ntia l.s if- 6',:2, - er, /J

2-28
2.3.s-

2.JS The cyclindrical tank with hemispherical ends shown Open

in Fig. P2.35 contains a volatile liquid and its vapor. The liq-
uid density is 800 kg/m3 , and its vapor density is negligible.
The pressure in the vapor is 120 kPa (abs), and the atmospheric T
pressure is 101 kPa (abs). Determine: (a) the gage pressure read- 1m
h
ing on the pressure gage; and (b) the height, h, of the mercury
manometer. t-
1m
..t

l
M ircury

GI F I G U R E P2. 35

CH1~

-pvo..por (jABe.) :
Th.us,
1As,(..:; -Pvap"r -t t'! ( LIW\)
\9 )( \b ~~ -t ( 1 8SD ~ ~ ) ( \ rw. )
3
=
z i. , -k. Po..

i=O.ZOLAY\

...,

2-29
 SG = 0.90"'

2.36 Determine the elevation difference, t::.h, between the

water levels in the two open tanks shown in Fig. P2.36.

FIGURE P2.36

2. 37
Open Open

~
2.37 For the configuration shown in Fig.
P2.31 what must be the value of the specific
weight of the unknown fluid? Express your an-
5.5 in.
swer in lb/ft1. 14.9in.

3.3 in.

FIGURE P2.31
L~t- ({ he S_Pecihi w-e,jht pf t1nK11t,Lt1n ./-luid. theJ?,
6': [(s:s--1.11) ft-1- r1(3.3-l,lf)-Pt]- ~ [('f.9-3.~).,ctl =o
I+,. o / :z. :.J L , z. lf2.o , ?- 1J
i.w~O [<s. 5"-/, 'I) - ('f. f-3.3 )] ,~.
-
( 3. 3 - ,. l/-) II'].

g;}.,/ }!a
 Ocean surface
-------::- - - -- - ----=--- - ------ ----- - ---- - --:--

2. 3 8 An air-filled, hemispherical shell is at-

tached to the ocean floor at a depth of 10 m as,
shown in Fig. P2.3.?. A mercury barometer lo-
I
735 mm
cated inside the shell reads 765 mm Hg, and a
mercury U-tube manometer designed to give the
outside water pressure indicates a differential
L
reading of 735 mm Hg as illustrated. Based on
these data what is the atmospheric pressure at the
ocean surface?

FIGURE J.>2.38

?a_ , . _, c,l,~r;/ute 41'r pt'essure lfl5td~ shell = ~J. ( o. 7(,,~m-,)

ti-I'm s u r/ru. ~
,1.,, at:m, {)sphent. pYessu ye

tsw- "'-' Sfec.ilic. Wt1fl1 t of sea~-bev-

.Jo 1ha t
thn +

,J.,
Id~ -- '4... - a°Sw- ( I c,, ,b m-i) -,. ;y;,~, ( ~. 7,s-_, )

== (J-q3 :f!, ){(}, 7,~-,,,.,) - f;o. 1 ~ ) (to. 31,,..,) -,. (i33 t )(,,,m...)
,,2,'3'7 Both ends of the U-tube mercury ma-
nometer of Fig. P2.39' are initially open to the
p~ Valve
atmosphere and under standard atmospheric
pressure. When the valve at the top of the right
leg is open the level of mercury below the valve
t--~ i h,
-r -
is h;. After the valve is closed, air pressure is
applied to the left leg. Determine the relationship ,..._ Lit l ~
~

between the differential reading on the manom- ...

~ ___k__ "'
eter and the applied gage pressure, p 8 • Show on Mercury ~
E
a plot how the differential reading varies with p 8
for It; = 25, 50, 75, and 100 mm over the range \:· ~-
\ :

0 !S p 8 !S 300 kPa. Assume that the temperature

-~

··' ='Ca

FIGURE P2.-3~
of the trapped air remains constant.

w,·tJi the. valr1( c,l,,sed Qlf<1 a. pye_sspre I P; I a.1;,l1~d I

f.?, -
i cf
J13
.tJJ : r~
h

{I)

'
a11.,t -t_ 11re ,Jl!.Je f r~ss,u·ts . /;;;- I.So thertn4 I

cf -Ira.ffed. a Ir
.:P.. :::: ~ ,1.s ·l,u, i

So 1h,i
t
U)/1Jft111t t11 r mas.s

tJheY'e. .,V- IS 11"/t,1n,e, 1 -f /s tlb~lt<k ;vess11~e, a1u/ ,· ~i1d f

I/Jr
ve/fr fo in/ft;,; artd ,4;,'"/ s /.,el-es/ r-f..s;ec.f,vd!:J. Th us>

}.a,t1111 t't • =- ( ~ -,. fa_~ ) *I- ( 2.)

.fra1pul , ,, r1ghi le3 t':t, :: -f.. (A re4- "f l,d,~ )

l,
J
Cq11 b~ 1c,1r; Hen 4 .s
J.
{:: Pa1:1m [ -R. _ An
L.
L'

::t.
- I] ( 3)

2 ...32.
 ( eon 't)
Etu,t:1(!)n t'f) Ct111 b-e ex.r~~ssed ,~ 1h c f-ov-J1't1
{Li.fl )"_ (Li.~ + -fa:, -,. P,_ f,,.,) Ah + z ,1 I..· = c'.l
~# 6"uf
tM4 -fhe roo-f..s of 1h15 g11adr-11l,'c. efltJa.tu;·I( aye.

A t :: ( --R- f- ~ -,. -f..,,,.,) -,. 3, --t·

,--(-/i-L.-.,.-/;.-t-..,.-t-1:,,.,,-)-2..___2_ft._ (s)
" .,1. ~a .;i. ~¾ 6",,,
Te, ev1tl,urh. IJt the. ne,1,-l-1v< s,,11 1::. t1JeJ ~1;ue J h=o lot- t,=o.
T4 bu I 4J-ed VP Iut's d f- <1--K lo y vIf ,-,,'ou.s v ~I" ~.s b I- f',. 4 r~ 71 ilr 11
1i, -fhe f!o/l~ulli1, +,11,/~ ../r;,,. d, f~rt'11f ¥1/11-t.1 "~ -ti, ( W,171 = /Dl,kf?:t 11-,
an A OJ+.. = Ii~ ~J.l/m, ~- ,4 plot ~f 17,e p/a.tA .P~Jlows.
""j
"""
hi patm Yhg Pg ~h(hi = 0) ~h(hi=0.025) ~h(hi=0.05) .1.h(h;=0.075) Ah(h;[email protected])
(m) (kPa) (kN/m3) (kPa)
0.025 (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
101 133 0
0. 05 0 0 0 0 0
101 133 30
0.075 0 0.0110 0.0212 0.0306 0.0394
101 133 60
0. 1 0 0.0182 0.0354 0.0517 0.0672
101 133 90 0 0.0231 0.0454 0.0668 0.0874
101 133 120 0 0.0268 0.0528 0.0781 0.1026
101 133 150
0 0.0296 0.0585 0. 0867 0.1143
101 133 180 0 0.0318 0.0630 0.0936 0.1236
101 133 210
0 0.0335 0.0666 0.0991 0.1312
101 133 240
0 0.0350 0.0696 0. 1037 0.1374
101 133 270
0 0.0362 0.0721 0. 1075 0.1426
101 133 300 0 0.0372 0.0742 0. 11 08 0.1470
0.16

0.14

0.12

h1 = 0.075
E 0.1
.c
<]
0.08
--+--I h1= 0.050
0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Pg, kPa

2-33
2.1/-0

2.lfO The inverted U-tube manometer of fig.

P2.'f0 contains oil (SG = 0.9) and water ;s
shown. The pressure differential between pipes
A and B, p,.. - p 8 , is -5 kPa. Determine the
differential reading, h.
Water
7 0.3 m

l
■ F I G U R E P2. '1-0

(P13-~) + OHz.o r~.2/111)- ()l+:z.D {o,3/ltl)

°!'"i I
3
5' XI b ,,,,2.
.!:{ - ( 'I. KO)( J(/' _!:!3) ( o. I
Mi )
/)lot
0. lf J/-Cf m,
2,'f/

. - - - - - , Carbon tetrachloride
2. 'l-1 An inverted U-tube manometer con- 8 psi
taining oil (SG = 0.8) is located between two
reservoirs as shown in Fig. P2.'tl. The reservoir ~===;,
on the left, which contains carbon tetrachloride,
is closed and pressurized to 8 psi. The reservoir h
on the right contains water and is open to the
atmosphere. With the given data, determine the
depth of water, h, in the right reservoir.
FIGURE P2.'f/

Lei: I;,_ l,e_ 11,e fllr pr-,ssu,~ 111 le/.t r-l'.se,-1,1()1'r-. lll1111111r>1ettY e1u,._f,c·~
Clf n 6e. w ri -Hen 4 .s
<f" ( ~ ft - I It - I ~ - o,-, ft \ (D. 7ft) - t. ({- I ft - I ft) = 0
'JJ -,.
J-,
cell¥ J
-t- ~.
bt I Hi.O

:Jo tfu,.t
2.'f2
/ p = 2 psi

SG = 0 .9
2.42 Determine the pressure of the water in pipe A shown in Fig. Air
P2.42 if the gage pressure of the air in the tank is 2 psi. .l.L
hs
>-----,~

Water
&ii F I G U R E
fh - ?wh, -(0,9ow)h,_ + owh3 ==fair P2.42

or
f11 ~ f1,1ir +ow(h, to,9h,.,-h3)
=2 ~ ( 1~~'rt) + 62. JI. ~ (. - ff +o.9 (~ff) - I If)
/b
:: S 7S fP-

2--36
2.1/3

2.43 In Fig. P2.43 pipe A contains gasoline

(SG = 0.7). pipe B contains oil (SG = 0.9), and
the manometer fluid is mercury. Determine the
04m
i Oil
new differential reading if the pressure in pipe A
is decreased 25 kPa, and the pressure in pipe B
remains constant. The initial differential reading
is 0.30 mas shown .
Gaso~'.'.J
-I0.3 m
D-
Mercury
-r-M.
i....:

FIGURE P2.43

/:;,y fhe ,;,,·.J,;,; CtPHhj14~a.i,oYI:

f11- -r <fps (p, 31?>'1) - 'lf#Q" (tJ, 3ttH) - 'a;;/ ( t>. ffM-f ) ~ ,P13 { I )

/,clj-/1,, .a d~cre#Se /11 ~ -1::o ~ _fjetfe .fluid, le~els_ Chi/Hf(! (IS

.5hPkln i'l1 .f,'l"'"'e . 7h 1,,1s; ,/4,,. ·fmR I (!IP,,, 1'1!)11,,..f:,10H :

t'+ ~ (P,3-a.)-t'1 {~h) -~;/ (tJ,1/--ra) =~ c21

whel"e a// lenf!hs

~ b -ta /n /

7lt- - 11/ + <YfLd <~ ) C.?)

J '(. -,. A h =- tJ, 3

a ::: &. 3- ~ h
:2,

and frpm l:'J _( 3)

1:)11-- ·P,4
I v ( (), 3 - ~h) y /. ) ~ ( o, 3 - I. h ) ::: o
+ 09,s -:1..- - 011-3 1"·3-~h + Ooil ;l_.

Thus;
A1 = -F»--F:4.' + 014.s (o.15)-6H-3:(o,3) + ~;;lo.is)
_ 6N; r 1:s ;
'tf (!'6;_'1 ,

CinPI with. PA -f/ = ~s-~ f,. I

Mi= is-};+{/!!. 1J{r.e1 ¥, )(o.1o,..) -{t33 :t ){o. 3,,.,) ~ {o. f)(f.8i't,)(o.,,.)
- /33 ~ -+ (tJ.7J &.s, ~,) + (l!), 9 J[9. e1 ~ )
.l ::i...

0,/60 ,.yn

2-37
2.44 The inclined differential manometer of
Fig. P2.44 contains carbon tetrachloride. Initially
the pressure differential between pipes A and B,
which contain a brine (SG = 1.1), is zero as
illustrated in the figure . It is desired that the ma-
nometer give a differential reading of 12 in. (mea-
sured along the inclined tube) for a pressure
differential of 0.1 psi. Determine the required
angle of inclination, 0.

FIGURE P2.44-

I I
0htl'J ~ - P13 1.s in creAsed lo ~ - ~ 111e le/i- co/11mn /4/ls 4.
d1.i-/-ance) t<. c111 d 7he r/9ht Co/tt/'Yln Y-1:Ses t:t d ishrJ,1 ce_ b ~/c119 .
)

111~ lnc//neo' -1-ube.. 4S $h~Uln IH l,9wre . {:;y -tJ,,'.J +tn, I ~nli:jwrabo;,:

1;'+ ~~ (/\-ta) - °c-cO~ (a -,-l,~/ne)-~b~ ({;-bstn0)= -p;

~' - is' + ( <1j,y - °c,i,,. )( a -t b ~,'n e) == o ( I)

The d, '.f-le rtn-t/al read,',,,J; LJ h; Q )tDn9 1h e -1:.ube i s

a..
~ h == ~e -,-b
Thus" +rtJrn k z. cI J
-h
'n I I
-f/3 + ( ~>- - rcci'r )(Ah 5 /n ~ ) ::: 0

-(~'-fr/)

qnd wdh
2.4·.S- Determine the new differential reading
along the inclined leg of the mercury manometer Water
of Fig. P2.45", if the pressure in pipe A is de-
creased JO kPa and the pressure in pipe B remains
unchanged. The fluid in A has a specific gravity
of 0.9 and the fluid in B is water.

Mercury
FIGURE P2.45"

f=oy fh~ Jn;f/q/ C(!)n 1,,~ra l:1tJrl

Pt_+ t (o. t) + 0/J (t;.0551n 30°) - ~,.o (0.08 ) ~ p13 {I)
A A ;
wh~/l't q// len11'ns a~ 1'n m. llAen t clec.rea.ses ltf.i ea/urn,,
rn(!)v-Rs up A. cl,sft'lnce; a.J aM&I rl9 nt ~lum11 m oves d()WM
et cfi~fflflCt!.. Ja_ J as .5/1t;Wh /n /IJ#r'~ . Fi,r -fhe -f-tna / C4Jl'J-/2jt-1rti.t:1i>11 .'

1,; '+ ~ ( i:,, 1- a.~,.,, 3o·) + Yu,_ {" ,,~ 3o' + o. o>,,;., 3o• + «) -

. r,J+ ( tJ. 08 1- a.) = 1, ('2.)

I ~o B
wh-ty,-~ ~ 1.s the 11ew ;ri'SSwyt. ,n i ,1-e. ,4 .
Subfr,:,.c.t Ei.(2.) from Eg . lJJ -1:.o ob-tlJ.lh

a. =
~A s,·n 3 0° - ~H-j ( si'tt '3o
0
-r1) -t o~ 0
I
~ - PA ~ IO -k p"-
- 10 ~ N
/)')1 ..
a.. -
( O, q) ( Cf. gI ;!~) (o, s) - (t 33 ~ )(o. ~-.,.,) -t-

0. 05'10 ;n-i

.z-3q
 2.4~ Determine the change in the elevation Water
Oil (SG = 0.9)
of the mercury in the left leg of the manometer
of Fig. P2.4'- as a result of an increase in pressure
Art4. -
.
8 tn .
6 in.
'
, --r-
12 in.
of 5 psi in pipe A while the pressure in pipe B
- l_
1
remains constant.
1
in. diameter
4
1 . /tre4,:A2.
2 1n.
diameter

FIGURE P2.4G,

f;y t-h~ ,~ ✓--1:/aJ (.(!)nf15ura.:b/J11

-/,, + °oJ.l~o (ff) - c/11J ( /;. Jin 30°) - ~if (~) = 'Pa {I)

lJher'~ lenJ1hs
4// 4re ✓-h f-t. 0he11 1 t'nc.renses -1-v ~' the
/~ft t.(J/umn +,q//.s b'1 f-ht. d/st-q>1ce. 1 a J and the r1'jhi ~/umM
rntJves Up 1"-e c/Js ./1:0,~e_ J bl q5 sh~wn in -the lrj"lre. h)y -rh<.
f.1nal tP11./;111rA-i-,;,11:
~ 7'-rtl)- ~
1

--1;, +
rr "~o
(
3
(a+ ,; 5Jn30° -r .b s/r, 31) 0
)-

1 ·; (!:!. - );
()J 12..
$/~ 10') :: ,p_13 { 2)
Subtrac..t £ . u) fre;m Fg.tz) +o
6 0~1'i1

~; - -f}i -t- ~,.

0
(a. ) - ~ ( 1<. + b $ /n 3o,.) -,.
3
!a; 1 ( b s /"' 3 o~ = D { 3)

S,nct!. -the llt>lume cl 1,zu,d rnusf l,.e ~s,fa,11: A, t1. = A2 b.J

2
( { in. ) .,, a.. = {; i n. ) b
.b =- If 4-

- (-1}, '-jA ) -:.

a. =
OJlp.O - 'o)Jt (3) "t 4;; (2)

= (!), 3 D 4 ft (down)
2, 47

r- --
2.47 The U-shaped tube shown in Fig. P2.47 initially contains 11
water only. A second liquid with specific weight, 'Y, less than J_ - • .. (t)
water is placed on top of the water with no mixing occurring.
Can the height, h, of the second liquid be adjusted so that the
left and light levels are at the same height? Provide proof of
Water
your answer.

■ F I G U R E P2. 47

The. pressure a.-b- f>(J/nt ( I J tn "1.S t- ln ezu4/ +-r:,

-ff, t. pr-~SStlY< a;t po,;, t Cz.J :S/11£~ -fnt: pr-e.ssuves
.
al:- esu61 e Ie tia fio ,u In a. et:)~•Jtn 1,(()1,/.s rnt:t .ss
0~ .tI t(fel /n"s-t be. 1nt! .sAme. 5,n, e,,

fz ~ ~,_ 0 h
fhe.}e +wo Pr'e.s.s11ye.s t!t1r1 e,M/'1 b.e egt.(1t/ ,·-/'
~= 0,-126 . S,nce. ~.:;6 tu2.o --fhe Cc911-h3°ura.f,";,,
Shown In 1he. -A1uY'e Is not pos.:s,b)e. 1Vo.

2 -'ii
 *2.118 An inve11ed hollow cylinder is pushed into the water as
is shown in Fig. P2.'t8. Determine the distance, f, that the water
rises in the cylinder as a function of the depth, d, of the lower
edge of the cylinder. Plot the results for O s d s H , when H is
IF
l
d i---------,
.- D-
:=:=---:-:-- -

f
e
equal to 1 m. Assume the temperature of the air within the cylin-
der remains constant. Open end 7 - - - - - .J_
■ F I G U R E P2.'f8

For CbtJSt::all i:- -t:.t:rnpeYt1-f:.l,(Y~ CtJ?/11 presS/~lf w;1h,'n -fh~ C'j/,~df.-;

ff·~- - 1; ~ {/ )

wheye -JI-- /.S t}u. o IY JltJlwme., /Jnd (.. 4nl f- re kr +P ht~

l,;,f,til tlHlf .,ti;,~1 Sl-..ks1 respec..f,v-~l!J . LI-- .,4,/JpJcJs tn.f
(see:. A9~r-e)
1;,. ~ t1:~ -I; -- (f ( cl- .i ) -t- +a_1-,tH
~- = 7:; Dz.)I 7; D 2
-vJ: = ( H -_R_)
Th "'5; /2r~m Fg. fl)

/;_1:1111 (7/;.D H) =2
( 'a ( d-.J..) +~+J ~ .D-i. ( H--J.) c2 >
a nl?l w/ 111
H-= lm-1

/?1,. CZ} $' I rn J;l, J, is +-c

f_ 2- ( d -t- I 1. 3 J) J. -t ol (t rm) =o
So -f>,a,,,c ( U~l~j 1h'!. Cfftu::«t/Ya-l:1e- -k)rmula.)

}. ~ ((il-+11.31) + Vd'-t 18.i,,( d+IZ.~

2.
'5'111~~ .f}oy d-= o .1 J_ =- 0 1 ·nu. 11e9al-, ve s,e,~ ~h"1,dd ke.
Used. d,., ?I-
f - (cl+ll.31)- V d2-1-JB.i,J d-+IZ-5'
2..

tabulaJ..e~ d~-bt. w,'111 1he_ &r/'fJS/Jf)l1clliJj plot: are.

Sl1cHDh on -1J,e. .flo/low1l1J paqe .
{ &r; '-t)
 Depth, d (m) Water rise, t, (m)
0.000 0.000
0.100 0.007
0.200 0.016
0.300 0.024
0.400 0.033
0.500 0.041
0.600 0.049
0.700 0.057
0.800 0.065
0.900 0.073
1.000 0.080

0.060 -+- - -- - --- - - ---------

I
<a<
o.oso +--- - - - - - - - + - - - - --Jc,,£-- - - + - - - - - - - l

ai
-~ 0.040 +--- - - + - - -- - +-------,;"'--- - r - - - - - f - - - -
'-
~
~ 0.030

0.020 +--- - ---+----,,<-- - - + - - - - - - - + - - - - - + - - - - - - j

0. 000 ~ - - - + - - - - - - ' - -- - - + - - - - - - - l - - - ~
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000
Depth , d (m)
*2. so A Bourdon gage (see Fig. 2.13 and Video V2.3) is
often used to measure pressure. One way to calibrate this type
of gage is to use the arangement shown in Fig. P2.S0~. The
container is filled with a liquid and a weight, W, placed on one Bourdon Gage 'IV
side with the gage on the other side. The weight acting on the
liquid through a 0.4-in.-diameter opening creates a pressure that
--- ......

is transmitted to the gage. This arrangement, with a series of I I / ~/ ~

._, ',
weights, can be used to determine what a change in the dial I
I ..,•. f ;.
t
I
/
movement, 0, in Fig. P2.5()b. corresponds to in terms of a
change in pressure. For a particular gage, some data are given
\
' ' .....___
•
.., ,,
I
/

below. Based on a plot of these data, determine the relationship (b) (al
between 0 and the pressure, p, where pis measured in psi? ■ FIGURE P2 . 50
W (lb) 0 1.04 2.00 3.23 4.05 5.24 6.31
0 (deg.) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

~ ~ {/.b)
f:::: /J-YeL -,,- (lO.'I- Jn.. )2
7 C/ to °lAJ {1~) (/)
-;r
(whert p
.
J:S I YI P-'1.'J
FrPm ;1rap ~
'2u =e>. 05"22 ~

So -fn4t. frtJm P-t:g. {j)

-p {~c.'J
7.&/b
- tJ. os-zz. e
Cb1,<
"fa { p~,) - o,'flt e

Theta, deg. W,lb

0 0.00
W= 0.0522 0
20 1.04 8.00
40 2.00 :B 6.00
60 3.23
80 4.05 t
·a;
4.00
100 5.24 s: 2.00
120 6.31 0.00
0 50 100 150
Theta , degrees

1-lf'f
 2. s, I
2. 5 I You pattially fill a glass with water, place an index card card
on top of the glass, and then turn the glass upside down while
holding the card in place. You can then remove your hand from 1
the card and the card remains in place, holding the water in the
glass. Explain how this works.

In order ~o hold f he inde-x. card in place when -fhe

9/11ss i.r inverf eJ, +he pres.sure a-f fhe card-waler
inferface) p,; mvsf he {1 II ~~ where II ,'.s fhe
area of the 9trJ;s.s ope1J1P9 a17d 1AI is fhe G4td Wei9/JI.
Thv$, A =-W/A . flef)ce, f 2.. == f✓ -rh or
J

/J2. == - W/11 - ifh (q1,19e).

Since fhe amovtrl of air in fhe qlas.s remcu't>.s lhe
same when if i.s i1?Verfe~
e,
fu.11 llu ~ fl f( wh~re u·and,· .sv6sur/pls
,
J

refer fo +he vpri9hf afJd itJVef'f(jd oondd/f/fJS. T/Jv-S_;

w H; == ¾Hu Buf f == f RT .so -Iha+
i11verfecJ

('JJ
e ( /JulRTu)
t; = ( {}1.·/fJ.T,·) == fJ/),
-p;
,
prov,Jed fhe femfJel'tJ1tlfle
remqins comfanl: Tt· == Ta . Nole: S11Jte we are fJS11J9 fbe pel'(eof 9as law
fhe presst1res mt)s-1 be ahsolt1fe - fu::: fa-In, J / { ~ f:J. -c:: -CWl!i-if'h +f4fm
Henc;e.) frr;m Eis. ( IJ and (iJ :
(3) H· :: I f!4-lm ) H T/Jof i's.) whelJ fhe Cf /4.ss /.s i/JIJerled the colvh!n
I, ( f11ilm -'WIii -~h "
of air l11side exp4ns sl/9hfly1 ca11.ri/J9 a ..rm4J/
9ap of si~e All lielwcen fhe lip ls fhe 9/4,r.r
qnd -/-he index Gard. From Eq, (3) fhis .t:.11 is
( /./- H· LJ -( /JAffrJ ) ,, H ( 1¥//21 +fh \
4-) A - t. - n1.1 - /Jafm -W/;9 - K1 h , nu - u == Pa+m -tj.v/}} - ';J1 h l Hu
If +his 9qp Is ''larqe enov9h fhe wafet wov/d flow ovluf -lhe 9lt1.s.s and a/1' /1Jto ii.
11

If ;f is'~mctll enovqh ;'s11rface lensiofl will allow fhe s//9h-f pl'f}.ss11re dif!ef'ence
qcross fhe air-w~fer inferface ( i,e.J fl, =-'WM) needed lo prevent flow a/Jd
1ht1s keBp fhe ifJdex card in place. Recall from £9va-JiDn (I, 2/) in Section///
(can't)

2-lf.5
2.s I· (con'f J
fha-f fhe press-vte dif(en~nce 4GrtJs.s an iniet'face is
propoPtibnal fn lhe .svrfaGe fefl.sion of /he li911ic( a;
and fhe rc,Jivs o{ cvrvafv,,eJ 1?J tJI the infetl4ce.
Tha1 isJ f, .- rr /~
1h11.sJ fot srn4// enovrh 94pI AJ/) wh✓-ch 9it1es t1 .rllla/1
enovy/? inferfar;0 radivs of cv,v4/11te1 ~ stJt/qce
fenslbfJ 1'.s lar1e ef)t1t11h fo kBep fhe Wafer ltotn
f low/nq and +he ,~Jex card rehJa1ns ,,, p/dotJ.
.
.
) . ..... ./
"

CfJnsfder some fypical nvmber-s fo ohfal/J an 'v12i11;

approx imal itJ/J of fh e 9ap prodvced,
--

or
h H;: 0 . 0 OJ 1 If ff ::; 0. 0 I lf-9 ii}.
Thi.s is apfarenl~ a .small enovph rr~P fo allow s11tf4ce tl71)Sion lo /<.eep fhe
wq fer in Jhe 9/as.s J qir ovfol i( ,,nrl fhe pre.s.s-11re al fne wafer -ca(Jr/
irderfGe,e low enovrh lo keep fhe card i1J place ,

2-lf6
2.s2 I

2. S 2. A piston having a cross-sectional area of

0.07 m2 is located in a cylinder containing water
as shown in Fig. P2.S2.. An open U-tube manom-
eter is connected to the cylinder as shown. For
h 1 = 60 mm and h = 100 mm, what is the value
of the applied force, P, acting on the piston? The
weight of the piston is negligible.

FIGURE P2.52

For €f«.i//);ri11m ) P == 4, .4/' ~ IS t1,e_ fl'eSS11re uC.t:.ln!J

CJn pist:tJn C,'nR A-p ,:s -Mu. -n,~ p1J/1!;11. A-l~c1

-fo. +
.,,
<}'"
JJ.i.. 0
--l, =o

:: /2.7

ThusI
p = (12 .?

2-'f7
 . ,

o? •.5 3
'.2. .5 3 A 6-in.--diameter piston is located within a cylinder
which is connected to a ½-in.-diameter inclined-tube manometer
as shown in Fig. P2.53., The fluid in the cylinde.- and the ma-
nometer is oil (specific weight = 59 lb/ft3 ). When a weight W
is placed on the top of the cylinder the fluid level in the ma-
nometer tube rises from point ( 1) to (2). How heavy is the
weight? Assume that the change in position of the piston is
negligible.

■ FIGURE P2 .53

k//fn pis-f;p,,,,
m411Pme ier
{I)
I
/.,Al/fh 1v~ ✓-,11t C(c/c/ed ;:,r-e~st1re. ~ increa~& fo ./J w h e ,,.~
~

~ -= ~ +
I wA-p ( Ap N "Y'e"- tit f l~+oH)
ah pt mt111tPmeier ...eg1(11.,.t;,'o)J hectt:Jm es
1
?/> 4i1 ( l, + -Ji ft)~,~ 3D =a
-
0 ( 2)

SI,,( I, I-ft¾, -1.. L: z.{J) -fr{!)m l:f .0) -fr:, obt:.a /)1

t'-;. - !:•; (.Jft.)5,;,,30°=0

r 'f "' I•

'\i,.,( :. (,:It) s/',1 3i/'

Af
So th.-/-
w = &1 ~3 ) ( : ft )(tJ,S")
-rr ( ~ ft),_
If J2
411&1
w ::: :;.,qo lb

2-lf 8
2.54 A circular 2-m-diameter gate is located on the sloping side
of a swimming pool. The side of the pool is oriented 60° relative
to the horizontal bottom, and the center of the gate is located
3 m below the water surface. Determine the magnitude of the
water force acting on the gate and the point through which it
acts.

FR = fr; f} = rh,/1) where he ~3m

Thvs •J

~ ==(9.3 ./f.)(1m)(JJ ('J.m)'-) == 9if.2 kN

/Uso J

YR -ye == fc'Ji , where for a cire le Ix c =71;{r- =11(~,,,)"= -Jf m'f

and cos30°~ ~ so fp4f
Yc
V - ~
le - C(J.SJO•
- 3 In
- G6S"3p• ~
3 LI.L
,TCJ fl}

Hence)
v
IR
-XC -_ 1xcfl
:ll. ~'I
'f- "' == 0, 0723 /ii
(3.'/·6m) f (2rn)2-
c:
Yc
Thv~ fhe te.su/fanf force acf.s notmq/ fo fhe 9t1fe and
O, o7:z3 m from lhe cenfroidJ a /0111 f he 941f.

0,072-3 rn
2..ss I

2.5 5 A v~rtical rectangular gate is 8 ft ,,ide

and 10 ft long and weighs 6000 lb. The gate slides
in vertical slots-in the side of a reservoir contain-
ing water. The coefficient of friction between the
slots and the gate is 0.03. Determine the mini-
mum vertical force required to lift the gate when
the water level is 4 ft above the top edge of the
gate.

f='"p_ ::: ~ ~ c. A
= (L,1,lf t~)(8tt)(tft"toh)
= 3q q oD lb
1

L Fhor-;1,,.,+., /
Thus;

=- 0

Thus,
'
11
li,ooo ll,
F = foooo lb -t- (0,03)(31/ioo lb)
f:f"" mux. 1m utm
7 Zoo lb +iid:1on4/ +oY'ce

2-so
2..56

2.5 6 A horizontal 2-m-diameter conduit is

half filled with a liquid (SG = 1.-6) and is capped
at both ends with plane vertical surfaces. The air
pressure in the conduit above the liquid surface
is 200 kPa. Determine the resultant force of the
fluid acting on one of the end caps, and locate
this force relative to the bottom of the conduit.

D ft "' Qy(?4
>-
C.Ovevt tl I,~ l1~u,·d
whete

1=j 3• 2,1 ll c.)

3
(~.~ ,c. 10 rJ

0, IO q ~ ( I m-i) 't
+
['+ ;';)] (:~)(~)(:i~/
S11,ce. FYt'$1<l-k111-I = Fa1.-- T
'~t";a :: (~oorr-..10.~J,cl; tJ = ro3qtN,
f
we c.al'I 5Ur'm rnomM-ls 4bouJ O -tt> 1¢>co..te Ye.sulht~-4 +o obta,·I\

( ;loo-rr ><. 103 N )( l "") -t- (10.s "JI.. 1c? tJ) ( 0 . 4I Oq ""4)
cl=
(o3q )( 10 3 N

z-st
2.s1 I

2.57 Forms used to make a concrete basement wall are shown in

Fig. P2.57. Each 4-ft-long form is held together by four ties-two
at the top and two at the bottom as indicated. Determine the tension
in the upper and lower ties. Assume concrete acts as a fluid with
a weight of 150 lb/ft .
3
-j io in. f-
-.--,-,-
• ,• · , 1 ft

Tie/
. ..-.'.·.' :/ · T
; :_: ..~. .
'
.. . ...
..
Concrete-..:.~ :::
.·.·......
..
·:•. ·_.. 10 ft
Form - :, · . : ·, ·
. : ,• .. ~
:. ·.:
. .. P2 ::/ H
' ··.·. =.·
.• ... : o'i....._~
..·.•.·. ...
. . .' .
.·. :: . _l_ wlr.lfh:: tf ff
.• ·: • l ft
t
{I) £ ~:::: 0, or r; + F; == ~ II F I G u A E P2.57

anr/.
(l-) 2 fr}o =oJ or ~ r, f f2 F;_ ::: iR ~ J where r;:: fell ;: r he II
Thvs J

~::. ;so-/fi(.5'ft)( 1of-l)(J/.f-f)===3°'ooo l.b

Also;
.PR = /Of/ - YR =Joi-I-ye -(y~-yc) :: Jo II -he -
= JoN - sf-f - ik.(J.fffJ(loNI
l1-
c.
S If (/olf)(Jffl)
:::.5ff-lt7H
or
JR== 3.33 ff
Thvs, from Er. (2.J :
(9 ff) F, +(I f+J Fi_ = (3.33 {-/) (3°' ooo 16) = 99✓ 900 ff ·/6
or
(3J 1 F, +F2 == 9~ 900
from £9. OJ, F, +F;. ::: 3°✓ooo II> J or & == 3 ~fJtJfJ - 0
ThvsJ from £1- (JJ,
C/ f, +3()_,00<J -r, = 99✓ 9Ol'J
Of'

F,:::8,7'/-o/6 .so fh4f ~ ==3o_,ooo/h-~71/-0//J -=-2~2 6tJ l6

2-s.z.
2,58

. . . sz Free surface
2.58 A structure IS attached to the ocean floor as shown in Fig. -:-·-:•Cr•-:-.-c-:--.-:-<-t-'-:-·-:-<-:-:-❖:-:-:❖:-:~-<::-::-<:,.~-<---:-::::,.--·-·-:-- -----:-:,-·--·-:-· ---·-:
P2.58. A 2-m-diameter hatch is located in an inclined wall and - · ·· - - -· - --
hinged on one edge. Detennine the minimum air pressure, p 1, T Seawater
within the container to open the hatch. Neglect the weight of the 10 m
hatch and friction in the hinge.
1
Air pressure, Pl ·

■ FIGURE P2.58

~ =- Y ./,c. A wheu. Jc. = /0 ~ t -J. {LAH) s,;,.Jb •

.::: /0, 5 Mt
lh115;
'k:: (Ip.; xlP3~ )(1b.fi~)(7/;)(z~)2.
= ?. ?,3X /PS"/ti
lo /t>CA,,k !=!!-,
tJher-e

So

-t 2./ flf,f

'F-e,r -R.3«ilibn~m.,
~lvf11 =o
So -/ha:c
2
(.z;.012-m-1 - zo-) = -f:[1r)(Jt»1) (J/},11,1)
~
find (3. ~ ~ X Io 5' N ) ( I. o J 2 m1 )
f;= /O'l~Pa.

2 ... 53
2.S9 I

2.5 '1 A long. vertical wall separates seawater

from freshwater. If the seawater stands at a depth
of 7 m, what depth of freshwater is required to
give a zero resultant force on the wall? When the
resultant force is zero will the moment due to the
fluid forces be zero? Explain.

So 1kJ-
-f...= 1.ll /)',1

Momt01. l t-o be -;e.t.o, ~s 411 d

* (J"M4)(7Ml)J

.,. 7.- l I .i h1 =
'l-

Thus1 -th~ c.l 15 ftl VI l <. t !=Rs 1he. bo~m ( ~D/ rJ J O)

from IS

7""" - lf, l, 7 /Y>1 =- '2. ~:, t""' F;,y

'ii 1n;.s d,.s 1-r,,,,e I!,
7./ltm - 't, 7'rm-c = -:i.. ~,.,,., Tke /ora.s 4>-e ,11,f ~/1,n~;n•. N~.
--

2.-5'-f
'2-. 60

2.60 A pump supplies water under pressure to a large tank as

shown in Fig. P2.60. The circular-plate valve fi tted in the short
discharge pipe on the tank pivots about its diameter A-A and is
held shut against the water pressure by a latch at B. Show that the
force on the latch is independent of the supply pressure, p, and the Pressure P "':===~.:.::.Supply
height of the tank, h.

Water

1'111 F I G U R E P2.60

The pressure on -fhe qafe /s fh~ s~me

tis it wov/J be for an open fank wdh ~
dep.Jh o-f 14 h

hC -- _,Le_t_o·-
~
a.s shown in +he fi9vre.
'£ /Yip :::. OJ
or
(J) ( YR - Yc) ~ '.:: R FB

where
r:R ~ fa fl = o'hc(1T RZ-) -:; ( f +r h) ( 1T R1-)
and 1 -rrR""· R:z.
)(C Lf -
(2.)
YR -yG ::: Pi - (-£-;"-,-rh-)rr-R-2. -== 11- ( 1(. +h)

ihus; f rotn Et1.s. (IJ and (Z)

F :::. 01g-Yc) ~ == R ( fl+J?h) (1J' R:L)
B R R 'f(/fr+h) r
~ == tJf R 3
, which is independenf of bo-/h f and h.
2.61 Cabl e

2.. bl A homogeneous, 4-ft-wide, 8-ft-long rectangular gate

weighing 800 lb is held in place by a horizontal flexible cable
as shown in Fig. P2. 6/ Water acts against the gate which is
hinged at point A. Friction in the hinge is negligible. Determine
the tension in the cable.

P2.. 6/

== 3 8'1o Ii,
Tr; I e;~a,te F1e.;
IX C. ..,..
':l;e :: 'Jc. A
'Jc where ~c = :J l-1:
So -/h11,/: 3
l{ {'l/i)(i ft)
JR. : + lf,-/:; -= 1,o t.f:
( ~ h >((.ft:,< Ifft)

ef"' i l//;ti11111;
and
ZMJJ =-o

T fali)fs✓-l'l t~, = 'iv [11-R)(e()st,~()) +

{3b~lb)(tt-lt)~s6o )+ (3' 3'1~ /J,) (2-Pt)
0
1;; r
2 -4 J

T= (g -ft) {J/H (d;o)

I 35D fl,

2-56
 2. 6 3 An area in the form of an isosceles tri-
angle with a base width of 6 ft and an altitude of
8 ft lies in the plane forming one wall of a tank
which contains a liquid having a specific weight
of 79.8 lb/ ft3 • The side slopes upward making a n
angle of 60° with the horizontal. The base of the
triangle is horizontal and the vertex is above the
base. Determine the resultant force the fluid ex-
erts on the area when the fluid depth is 20 ft above
the base of the triangular area. Show, with the
aid of a sketch. where the center of pressure is
located.

= ;).0,4-3 ti
-,R
e ::: ic
si'n /pl) 0
cenleY' "l-
press11re

fi O
t J., A = (7q_ 8 t, t,H.~3 f-t) 5/H l,,o~ (~)( Ht< 8Fi)
- 3 3 qoo lb

a(...1-:s th roufh -the

~
0
c/1:, /-q11~e of Ii - .2.~, t. H = J. 11- I/ f -1:
S;h !t,o()
~I- 1he -l-r/1111,le a .S S/,tJwn 1n ~Jetc.h.
 2, 6'1 Solve Problem 2. 63 if the isosceles triangle is replaced
with a 1ight triangle having the same base width and altitude as
the isosceles triangle.

- -
- -

1~
~C. I

0c -::
j I=
~':31 900 lb

.2. If q Ii
',,,J~
{see ~oll,,(t-i"11 -h,
Pr~l:,lern 2, 63 )
xi{

L':Jc.
'/-e,; ,4

- ( to ft J :J. ( t .f-t) 1.
7 :z..
Cind

(;i {) I 'f 3 ft J(i)(, ft,( f ft) 2, CJ7 ft

The: 'rce 1
1 1
ucl-..s th>-eJt,(f h the ce,,,/-er of f,,-e,;.su,,.~ w✓-~
lPordt'nt11,/.e.r ~~ = ~.07 .ft: q...,pt .::/= .:J.Y.'f -rt fs-ee. .skel-r..h) .

2-58
2,b5

2. 6 5 A vertical plane area having the shape

shown in Fig. P2.65 is immersed in an oil bath
(specific weight = 8.75 kN / m3) . Determine the
magnitude of the resultant force acting on one
side of the area as a result of the oil.

FIGURE P2. 6 5

6 reak Ci Ye/,(_ ;',,,fl> -/-u,,o ?4rf:s as shtJtV/J I/I ltrl,{l'e .

Fbr area., I
r::-
1?1
= J--le, A-,

For 4 reA. ;z :
~:l = tlcz. A:z..
~ (8, 7S--';;3 )( ~ ) ( ~ ) ( 'f-/l>t-' 1t-) - q3_3-k N

3'73--klv

2-sq
2. 66 I
'v
2. 66 A 3-m-wide, 8-m-high rectangular gate is located at the •-:-:-::- --·· · ---~-- ----
end of a rectangular passage that is connected to a large open
tank filled with water as shown in Fig. P2.66. The gate is
hinged at its bottom and held closed by a horizontal force, F H•
located at the center of the gate. The maximum value for
F 11 is 3500 kN. (a) Determine the maximum water depth, h,
I
h

4
above the center of the gate that can exist without the gate ..1._ __ _ _ _ _ ..--m_
opening. (b) Is the answer the same if the gate is hinged at the 4m
top? Explain your answer. ' - - - - - - - - - -- - - -Hinge
---=-- -.- 1

■ F I G U R E P2. 66

fi Y tj4.i~ h, n.qt>d q. l boffom

L f1H =o
So -fh"-1:
('-1-hn) Fi+ = }_ FR. (~f! h51iY<) (I)
Cl J1 t:1.
j:.R. :: 6' he_ A = {9.it> ~N3) (~) ( 31111 X~hn)
::: (9, 'l D X :Lif -{ )-k fl
+ ~c. " /2(3,.. fg.,.)3 + ~
~ (!1m x Yhf'I)

and 1-rom Etg.!O

(11 mi) ( g~ookN) = {1;-- !r:_3 )(cr.20 X :LL/J{J,_) .k.N

( Cont )

J-6 V
2. 66 I

Foy- g1t--l-e. h,rJqec! a.I- .J..c,p

2 f1H =o
Se, -/hat
(l.fl1f1JhI.J. = ri
)l I
F,;R
where
l.1 = l1 -
Je
(-{ -4) -

Thus; from F'J . (1)

(4rrn)(35t)~-k_}/) = ( 5 ;_ 3 +lf)(9,g~x1.LJ.)fh-)-AJ./
Qnd

/11 ax;n-u,1m depth +oY ga.t-c /2,n9ed at +C)p 1~

/e~.5 -rht111 tn11x,'murn dep1J, ~r ga-1:~ h,n9~d a..t
.bo fj-t::) ff1 .

2-61
2.67

Water
2.6 7 A gate having the cross section shown
in Fig. P2.67closes an opening 5 ft wide and 4 ft 8 ft
hiPh in ,1 water reservoir. The gate weighs 500 lb
and its center of gravity is 1 ft to the left of AC
and 2 ft above BC. Determine the horizontal re-
action that is developed on the gate at C. ~A
4 ft

!
FIGURE P2.67

711u~J
R::::(1s.2.Lf 1c3 )(,o-Ft){s+t ;£ fl-ft)
/

= IS1
r,; locate
loOO

Ft
JJ,

,1
l_
r ':J,,
g'.{t- -
, ; - .,.. 2, ':, -f-l = I 2, ~-Pi
?;-
So th.t J
-/4._ (b-~t)(S"ft) -,. / -;_, ,;- .ft ::- I")., I, 7 ff
{l.:l. ':J-H ){s-.ft;<. S-h:J
A-ls";
F..:i. = ~ .42 tJhev-~ -fo.,, :.- ~o ( i 1-t -t If It)
.St.> '/)," I:
/=_=
;2.
~ 0 (12. ft) ( A2. ) ~ (e;, 2, 't J!::, )ftz fr) (3 ft x s--Ft.) == II) :i 3 o /b

eiu;J, .br1v1n .1
Z No=o
f'; ( y, - ~./-t- ) + W ( I h ) - F,_ (-~) ( 3 .f.t) - Pc ('I-HJ
~

( ,~- t.otJ lb )(12. t. 1 Ii- - lo lt:) t- ( S-oo /I:,) (I ff) -O 11 230 J,)({ ft) 1
I":" = I : '7°83t> /J,
'c ¥ ft

2-62
ol. 6 'iJ

2,68 The massless, 4-ft-wide gate shown in Fig. P2.68piv- V - ---- -- -

ots about the frictionless hinge 0. It is held in place by the 2000
lb counterweight, W. Determine the water depth, h. Gate- I Water
I,

P~o-•~----~-----~l Width = 4 ft

~ 3ft -.
J
- -1 2 ft

_____.1_

'U
l f P:Z..66

lJ he're Ji C =- _b_
2..

Thus
0:,o ~
)

F:.-:::
R.
(h d)
"'o)JJ. O .Ji2. ~ (t f--t)

e$ti,/,'/; r1tim J
:EM0 =o
r;_ d = 2J (3-f-t)
J-i
3

:So --hia t-
[ Ze>~o lk ) (3 H)
( ~+1, A)(~<_)
V :z._
(t;. ft)

1t 3::. (3)(2 DC!>C> lb ) (3 f.1:-)

( tz.11-;f!t;J 'f ~ )(lfh)
i :- 5'. z 4- .Pt

2-63
~ 2., q A 200-lb homogeneous gate of 10-ft.
width and 5-ft length is hinged at point A and
held in place by a 12-ft-long brace as shown in
Fig. P2.'1-q. As the bottom of the brace is moved ft .:: L Moveable
to the right, the water level remains at the top of
the gate. The line of action of the force that the
brace exerts on the gate is along the brace. (a)
Plot the magnitude of the force exerted on the
FIGURE P2.bq
gate by the brace as a function of the angle of
the gate, 0, for O :S: () :S: 90°. (b) Repeat the
calculations for the case in which the weight of!
the gate is negligible. Comment on the results as
o-o.

~Y fht. lree- body - d,i.tfY//m cf 11,e

9tt t:e {St'~ r1Jlfl"tZ) 1
A

-fhAi
Jo

~ (*) + 'vJ ( 4- U> s 9) ~ (F; ~!) 4>) (1 :s I; e) i

-,. ( Fa ~Ii, <J) ( e()J B) (I)

AIs o,,
J. s,;, e -==- L .si'n tp { tJS.sum,~ 7 h1111fe. coul end l)f
br11ce 4f ~me elf,n.fto>1 }

.5/'t, f= f ~lh 0

Clt'U(
~:: o,{_ A ~ r (). :o,'b )(J w-)
.
w hert:. W- u 1ne 9a .f:e wu/th . Th«s1 1:3. OI t!4n I,~ wr, lfe11 tu

'If ( txs,n ~ w- T 'W ! C€1S G ~ 03 .i ( Ct;,s j SJ~ 0 -t- ,,,; ip &is 8)

..5o th,d
Fa = ( "t"l,_• w-) .s,,,s + ~ u,.s e ~ ( r 1'w-J 1::,,,, e + ~
(z )

"o=- toz. 'f- 11;/ft 3 1 1 = 5 H/ w-=- ltJ lt1 "'""./ C\x./ = 2~0 /I:,>

{~2.'1-fr~)(sft)2(toft) -h,11 B r .1. b(J o ft111 f) -t I tJ 0

F,, = z; (3)
8
c.,;~ t/ frt11 (} + j I II t/J t.L>s 9 h11 B + :,;i, <f
1
( CCII t)
 .S ;'n ce s, i, tj, :: fl. s,,,e ,f:: s-ft L = 12 Jt
I- .I

s/n/ :::
-s- SIIJ&
/ 'L

(( h d_ /4r- q t:Jlll'tn Bl t} tlln Je. de ./-enn1 ',, ol. Titus I

£3' (3)
b( ID tlel-ermin~ /4.v 4 _Jive,-, &.
Cttn. t1.5~ d
~
[.b) hJr °W=cJ I E g. (3) r-educes i"

~ = 2 ~~~ hn B
~~ ¢ -hJn& -t- Sin t/
£<g ./'I) Cttn b.e used ..J-o de-6rrm111-e 03
0. T46 4 /4,+eel d4,t:~ 6 ~ ~ vs
'ZlJ = Zoo )b 4n4 '1AJ ~ O )b aye 911'-t','J

0, deg Fa, lb (W =200 lb) Fa, lb (W = 0 lb)

90.0 2843 2843
85.0 2745 2736
80.0 2651 2633
75.0 2563 2536
70.0 2480 2445
65.0 2403 2360
60.0 2332 2282
55.0 2269 2210
50.0 2213 2144
45.0 2165 2085
40.0 2125 2032
35.0 2094 1985
30.0 2075 1945
25.0 2069 1911
20.0 2083 1884
15.0 2130 1863
10.0 2250 1847
5.0 2646 1838
2.0 3858 1836

A- plot: of- 11,(?_ data.. ,-:S t'j/Veh

.fol!ow1nj pa.;e.

2.-65
 1
{ Co11 t.)
4500

4000
3500 I
3000 j_

1500
1000 -t

500

0
r
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 9 11 I

Theta, deg

1-1-s B ➔o 11,e (/(l/1/e ~I ~ CQ11 i,~ deterrmne,! Ir&,,, E3.fJ1-J,1

t"'" e
F:, ::
e
2 IPoo
ui.s /; Ir,,, & t-s,,,,
.Since S"' .
Stnf = 7z 5111&
1f fo/l~w..s '1},~t;

U;.s f -- V I - s,'n2:r) -==

::
I+-£
I z.

Phl(51c11!!7 n,,; re.s11/t me1111s '1h11i ~r- tJ =0

1
1he va/11e {)/ ~
is I ;,deMr/'>1,.,,11f~ 1 bw t hY t1n1 "ve;-!J !lmtt/1 "v11/ea ~-I 8 ~
W/ / / Ciff >"Plll-h /? 1/0 lb. 1

2-6{,
2. 7D

2. 70 An open tank has a vertical partition and on one side Partition

contains gasoline with a density p = 700 kg/m3 at a depth of
4 m, as shown in Fig. P2.70.A rectangular gate that is 4 m high
and 2 m wide and hinged at one end is located in the partition.
Water is slowly added to the empty side of the tank. At what
depth, h, will the gate start to open?

;;J F I G U R E P2.70

t:Rj :=. d"i Jc i f-..,

Where '} re+ers +o 3asol111e .

~] = (7oo ",;, )('i 8/;) (2,..) {'f-,,.<Jl z.,...)

J
-::: / Io x to N == 11 o k N

t=p"-w- -:. 0.W- ~'w- A-w-

W heve. 1..u~ re .fers to w4.,t-e r- .
3
F;R = ('l.~O"-ID
W'
~)(111(1,w\){h)
2.
/)tt .3

w\ier(. n i'~ dtp-n, ot wo...¼.I"'.

~~: ( 't. gO t ~ i.
3
lb )

H:>Y' -eiu·,libri~rn)

Z: M\+ ::.o
~ ~d { 1
~.... 11,.r ::- l=llf .R.j w ,t,, J..,. = 3 aa~ .P.., : l, ""

Tn v.~, ( q. 8ox I o3 ) ( h"l) [ ~ ) = ( i I o " 1t? N) ( \ ~ )

2-67
'2. 71

l. 7/ A 4-ft by 3-ft massless rectangular gate is used to close

the end of the water tank shown in Fig. P2.7/, A 200 lb weight
attached to the aim of the gate at a distance f. from the friction-
less hinge is just sufficient to keep the gate closed when the
water depth is 2 ft, that is, when the water fills the semicircular
lower portion of the tank. If the water were deeper the gate
would open. Dete1mine the distance e.

■ F I G U R E P2. 71

~!,

i+,..

T
T
J2,
!//Z-
To loc a..+-e ..l.
FR
-'t:i<c.
:J ~ It
o. I D'J 8 R. Cf- -t 4 I<
(~)(rr:2.) 5 TT
4
= (6.IO'lS)(2fi:) 4 (z.-H::)
(4 ( z. fi=- )) rr (2.ft-) 2. -+ 31T
' srr 2.

FoY eiu·,l d, y•/um ,

':[ 1---1 '+ ::: o
:5o 1"ha:t

1,u _Q_ :: ~ ( I ~t -t ~R)

0. 11 "'
(3 3 3 Ib) ( I +t + \. I1 ~ fi-)
Q :: 200 lb

2-68
2.72 I

2. 7 7.
A rectangular gate that is 2 m wide is
located in the vertical wall of a tank containing
water as shown in Fig. P2.n. It is desired to have
the gate open automatically when the depth of
water above the top of the gate reaches 10 m. (a)
At what distance, d, should the frictionless hor-
izontal shaft be located? (b) What is the magni-
tude of the force on the gate when it opens?

3
/~ (Jrrn) {'fm,)
t- /'J. trn
(I~ /)'l"I) ( ,2,,.,, ;( /fhl)

Ch) Ft,,, lne. e/epth shown 1

7< = ~ ,te, A = ( 9. 30 :~ )(:i. mi)(~- x 4,,..)

2. 73

2. 73 A thin 4-ft-wide, right-angle gate with negligible mass

Width= 4 ft
is free to pivot about a frictionless hinge at point 0, as shown
in Fig. P2.7.3 . The horizontal portion of the gate covers a 1-ft- Right-angle gate
diameter drain pipe which contains air at atmospheric pressure.
Determine the minimum water depth, h, at which the gate will
pivot to allow water to flow into the pipe. Hinge

II FIGURE P2.73

Fo,, e6u; /, "br,um

2 f'.10 =0
f
i=R,

h/< I >< J. :: l=k )( ji.

I z.
{I ) )., l='Rz.
_:k_

~ I = 'o heI A-,

~

6)( 1 0!1

= (~z. If~,}(~) ( 4.f1= 1' n) ~J2l.~

= Jzs- hi.
/;;, fne /:,rt~ fh~ h~r/;pr,t4 / {J()Yt:1~1-1 o ~ 7tU' 5a, ~
~11

( tvhl(..J,, 1s ba/ru,ced b J pYessure ~n b,,-fl,i sicle.s except

/or -tht!. ct re~ 1ht.. pi'pe)
:J)01){7[)(/-F-1..)~
t> {

t:;z = ~ h (7;.)(Jft) 2
~ fiz.Lf
::: Lf1. D h
Th Uj 1 .fr~m ?1. (J) t.n 't,,, .£, ~ ~ d ntA

U25h 2 )(1}) = (1/.9,D h)(3ft)

J-i = I. f F ft

2-70
2. 7'f

2. 7 If An open rectangular tank is 2 m wide

and 4 m long. The tank contains water to a depth
of 2 m and oil (SG = 0.8) on top of the water
to a depth of 1 m. Determine the magnitude and
location of the resultant fluid force acting on one
end of the tank. 0

oil T
U$e -/J,e. ~ncert .,/ 7hc. tr-r.s.su,,.~ I -Pi.,:: 1,..,

p,,., srrn (sei:- -!, ,., .,,,.,!)

~2 I

::5o 11,,a
=
t
a;:, j le., A, t
~, = (CJ.8)fr,r,~)r 1;J(t,.,;1.2,w,) l
= 7.85 kN
F;,_ = -I:. A2..2
whue P. ,s r1:J'f'ess1.1,.-< ,,,I: de1-lh ..J., . Thus 1

I:~ )(1-
.2..

~ i = ( ~,·; J,) ( t;z_"w-) ::( tJ, 8 )(9. 8 )(2m1 ,dMt) .: 31. i+ .k.N
Alst.?1
~3 = ~.zo ../,c 3 A 3 so -fhA ./:

fi3==- ;,~t) r-:2.1(~2,-<v) = (Cf.ro:,,~)(;i.:)(;i.,,..,.-;.~) = 3r.?- k>J

Thus>

Tt!J I OCtl-/:e. i J11m me;mf/J h t:l>'tJUnd a.,c 1-s fhl"'t,u7h tJ J s" th<?. t
~ ~ =:- ~' c~ + ~z. d 2 -r ~ 3 d3 {I)

whe,,-~ di{ J~ cl I.S timce. -I. '7e.. 501t.e... ~ I I l~z. ) /Jh# ~J qc.,/. 1hl'/!}l,('I>,
the CerJfr(!)iels of. 1he/,- Y'~~fec.bi./e. )h'es.r,o•e pYtSrn5 /f +o/l1JuJ 1ha-l
d 1 == ~ (1tt-1) J d, == 1""1 -1- 1,,.,, .:. :l.""' J d -=- t
3
M-1 -,. ~ (2,,..)
an ,1 .f.,,.,"" E"f. OJ
{ 7. KS- i II){; )(1'1H) -t- ( 3 ). 1/--k.)J )(2.,tt,) -t {3q, 2 ), N) ( / ~ -t 'l#f)
d .::: :,
7 8'. ~.Ju./

2-71
"2.15 An open rectangular settling tank contains a liquid 2.0 12.3
suspension that at a given time has a specific weight that varies 2.4 12.7
approximately with depth according to the following data: 2.8 12.9
3.2 13.0
3.6 13. l
It (m) y (kN/m3 )

0 10.0
0.4 10.1 The depth h = 0 corresponds to the free surface. By means
0.8 10.2 of numerical integration, detennine the magnitude and lo-
1.2 10.6 cation of the resultant force that the liquid suspension ex-
1.6 11.3 erts on a vertical wall of the tank that is 6 m wide. The depth
of fluid in the tank is 3.6 m.

-- -- - --
The
<!.1111 k
n,11111, I-"'✓~ t:J/ tlte ./lw/tl kJl'ce ~
L.. L -,.-,~,. • ,I I
rr;,,VHI/ uy .S11mm1111 ,n.... d, ~re 11 1-,lt/

/2rce.s a.c hn9 !>'1 tlte.. htH'1'0',,,I-,,/ $.fr,p sJ,,,w11

~
TJ.t
,,,; 171e .frrt1re. . Th"' s)

;:;=
fl

j t//J ~ bf f
J-1

dJ, oJ
t: l_
6 6 ~ b ~1
whe,,.e -jJ J.J the pressure at r/ephr -l .
To f;,,"I( p W( U.S(! Gf- ~. ~
c!.J.. ::-~
de
q11tf w,111 d'i,= -dh {

jrA.)= 11r di 12)

ffu dt~ Y1 Cl ) C4#'1 he

+rA.re. ? 0 I 'tia / J' t( / e/
r;~ >!)
f f"e s.s wy-e.
h, m y, kN/m"3 Pressure, kPa
0 10.0 0
0.4 10.1 4.02
0.8 10.2 8.08
1.2 10.6 12.24
1.6 11 .3 16.62
2.0 12.3 21 .34
2.4 12.7 26.34
2.8 12.9 31.46
3.2 13.0 36.64
3.6 13.1 41 .86 I
( C, tJtJ i)
---
1.-77..
£11.uz,.).,t;n fl) Can ndw b~ ,,,-/.eJral-e./ ht.{mt>·o ~,ll:1
WJ 1;,
1 th ~ -f- rape '7 ~ ✓- d ~ I Y t< Ie w ;-t;. :J -p and .x "'"' -/. . l'\.J

The_ CLf'p,..~ .x: ;n,'a.f-e. J/a)we c I -th~ ,;,+e3ra/ i.s 71. 01 -4Y .
l"l'n

II
j (:,
'fa d I, = 71. O 7 -k JI
/1?1

/=,e = f ~ ttn ) ( 7I. 0 7 ~) -= J.J 2 t, Jc /'(

~

To l,c4/.e fie .sum nu;me,1-k 11/,~11i ax.1'.s /4rmetl b~ Mtersec.i:1"i, a .f

1/Prhc,/ w~// /Nu( .flutff Sl,(r/;ue. Titus~

~ ..f,.. : I, 1;0
f d.f. (3)

The 1n.feJY/fn~ hp; Can ntJw h~ de.fernu11ed t:/11~

1.s t:-q611 la-re,,( bt:-le1w.
h, m Pressure, kPa h *p, kN/m
0 0 0.00
0.4 4.02 1.61
0.8 8.08 6.46
1.2 12.24 14.69
1.6 16.62 26.59
2.0 21.34 42.68
2.4 26.34 63.22
2.8 31.46 88.09
3.2 36.64 117.25
3.6 41.86 150.70

~ratvi-,;;11 L..3) C,t/1 J1PW bt! ,;,.;-e-,r~l-e~ l'Jl,{menc"//~

fA .5 ;,-1
1
-t}?e.. --f-r~ pe'j oi da I r u I~ w ;-ht .!:J ; v h ,p t/nlf Jt...., h.
;h e. q pprt>x, m 11l-<. valw~ cf 11t~ in l-e9ral 1'.s 17 '-f. Lf J. N.
Thl(51 l,c)/tJi j if>di= H
/71f.¥ill
0

if /.e,l/ows lr~m li''f . (3)

b f.'-1 lh - { ~ m1 )(17'1; If. 1'#)
- .Y.z, ~ JI
= 2 . 'f-&, m,
fi

1..-73
2. 7 6

2. 7 6 The closed vessel of Fig. P'l ..76 contains

water with an air pressure of 10 psi at the water
Air
surface. One side of the vessel contains a spout
-------.--- -- ----- ---------- -
that is closed by a 6-in.-diameter circular gate that
is hinged along one side as illustrated. The hor-
6-in. diameter
izontal axis of the hinge is located 10 ft below the Water gate
water surface. Determine the minimum torque
that must be applied at the hinge to hold the gate
shut. Neglect the weight of the gate and friction
at the hinge.
FIGURE P2. 76

Lt!. I: P,"" -kn~ due 1-r, 1111-

pre.ssure I t:/111( ,i:;. ~ /oY(c. clue
/-o h ij 4hS -ht I, c- ('°"~JSIJY< dish-; b~t,011
or water-.
Thur,

~O 11-iAt:
f::2, :: ( (p 2, If ~ 3 j( /0. lfift )ffi fi~ +-t) 2. :

Al.so.)
1~2 ~ +'JC. whe'f'e.
':le.. A

(;1;)(-;ih)¥
-t- //,,, 92 ft .:: Jlo.12.ft

For esu·,;,·~r/um/
L.f1o =o

I t>2 f.t. lb

'2.- 7+
2 , 77

2.77 A 4-ft-tall, 8-in.-wide concrete (150 lb/ft3) retaining wall is

built as shown in Fig. P2. 77. Duling a heavy rain, water fills the
space between the wall and the earth behind it to a depth h. Deter-
mine the maximum depth of water possible without the wall tipping
over. The wall simply rests on the ground without being anchored
to it.

fJ FIG U A E P2.77

For eqv/lt'hp,·vrn)
Z Mo : : 0 J or
(I)
f~ ==-(L/-t"n.) WJ where w,"lh L= wall len9fh1

W== ~Mcrefe V == (;soj) ('2_H)(1 ·F./-) L = '-KJO/.. lb

anJ
FR= fc fJ ::: 'the /J ==(62-.tf-ft) {ft) Lh= 3 J, 2L h2
Also;
o- h
,._ - Z:- -
(
YR-Yt: ) = 2h - YiIxcfl
3 C
_ }L _ fzL h _ h h _ h
- 2 (~)Lh - z --;;- - Y
Thvsj E9 (IJ becomes
j (3!,2l h2 ) == .fi ('fOOL)
or
h= 2,3J/-ff

2-75
-1r2. 78

~2.. 78 Water backs up behind a concrete dam

as shown in Fig. P2. 78. Leakage under the foun-
dation gives a pressure distribution under the dam
as indicated. If the water depth, h, is too great,
the dam will topple over about its toe (point A).
For the dimensions given, determine the maxi-
mum water depth for the following widths of the
dam: e = 20, 30. 40, 50, and 60 ft. Base your
analysis on a unit length of the dam. The specific
weight of the concrete is 150 lb/ft3 •

FIGURE P2. 78

A !-ue- hod~ - dia~rt.tm o ~ ""'e cltt>'i\ ,'s

snown in The -h~IAV! a.t 1>,e d~;,.i)t.J),ey,e.'

I==-
I
~ ...v,,2.
;i_
( fov Lrni't le,;jtu,) F,

F.3 = ('?1-t + 't~,.) ~

2.
80
F: = ~ (-e_, ) ( ~r \ = T
'2. T s11,e J

-t
~,= 3

Surnm ,n, mtJmf,tt:;S abou:t A)

\:93 ~3 = FI (~ ) + ~ ( ~ J)
( Cc11't)

2-76
 Fr({)-,. ~ (f~)
~
5116$/., f-11,/.,c~ o/ e.x;vess101ts
f_ ( :!:I.
'3
-t- 3; ,R,
$
)

Ft:>'(' egui /jJ,,,.,um of -fhe dt1m 1 :Z: fi1A = OI So 1h~t

', '1, - ~ r:,) - !=2. '1;;_ + ~ :13 :=o

3
and witA (f = lo 2. If t'1/ft ; d'c = iso llr./fr'1 t1114 17 = 10 ft " then :
F; = 3/.2 .e_ 2 G\,v = r,,t!>oo.f F..
2
= 3 12 o '1 = 10; 3
s,'>,~ 2 sin0

F..3 = 3/. 2 ( ! -rto) J. 'j3 -:

/J {'30.,. -;-~n)
_>'-_~~_,,__,.._ ~ ( 2.. ~ -t- IO ) ~
-i-r~T 3(~-tlO )

Subs+,l-,d:1011 t!Jf 1hese e.l(pre:.s,olt.5 ,;,fv 1:z .u; ':Jields )

( 3/.2 J.. ~ )c:) - (f.ooo.P.) ( ~ ~) _ ( 3~,~: )?:~:~)

-t- [3/. 2 {-f..-t-lD)J.][ (2...t_+io).QJ :: 0
3(-f..+,o)

ThusJ +oy tt.. .R. I

01~tH
I
B ca11 l,~ de.t.erm111t>d lrtJffl th e
~1P"'d,.ho·11 -hn, !) = fo/.J. J an4 Ef . £2J :,()/vcd ,h.,,- h.
F'r>t the dt1m w,dfhs sf'.ec.1/1Pdl -the liUo( 1mum WAl:t;, depth-5
Clre 91vf11 be/,w. A/4,te il,at lr,r -/1,~ +1uo lan1e5t dtlm
µ;io'f"h.s -/he l</4.f.er /vl)u/,/ ~rPr-f/()t.J the d.tm hetol't' 1l /dt,ult:I
f-ofpl~.
Dam width, e, ft Maximum depth, h, ft
20 48.2
30 61.1
40 71.8
50 81 .1
60 89.1

2-71
2.79 (See Fluids in the News article titled "The Three Gorges
Dam," Section 2.8.) (a) Determine the horizontal hydrostatic force
on the 2309-m-long Three Gorges Dam when the average depth of
the water against it is 175 m. (b) If all of the 6.4 billion people on
Earth were to push horizontally against the Three Gorges Dam,
could they generate enough force to hold it in place? Support your
answer with appropriate calculations.

(ci.l ~-=-~he.. A -= ( 'f.Vo ,oo

1
;
3
) {
11
~ "" )(11sl'tt\" 2, 3drl)WI)
11
= 3. 4-iD >< 1D IV
,,
=;f 4-/o X.1 0 IV

Yes . I-\:- Cs \ir:e.\~ 1)-t,_,~ e>1ou~h te,y,e Cot.l ief J,e 9e11era,-tea
.s,~,-e. vezu,·Yee( C(\JeV"'j< +or-ce pe~ ~rsll ;i is Y-eltc.f;vQ.{~
Sm,a 11.

'2.-18
2. 8 /

2.81 A 2-ft-diameter hemispherical plexiglass "bubble" is to be

used as a special window on the side of an above-ground swimming
pool. The window is to be bolted onto the vertical wall of the pool
and faces outward, covering a 2-ft-diameter opening in the wall.
The center of the opening is 4 ft below the surface. Determine the
horizontal and ve1tical components of the force of the water on the
hemisphere.

~ Fx ::: 01 0r ~ == ~ :: f c fl
ThfJ.rJ
FH == one fl -:- 6'J..t/· t ('f fl) f (i ff) 2. == 7 8 Lf //; c+o rf~hfJ
FBD o.f wafor

and
~ Fy~~ ur Fy == W: aV = o' 'J,rR3/2- 1

where R== I ff
ThvsJ
Fv := 6Z.Jf t (4-11' ( I f1)3 /t) ~ I3/ lh (down on bvtl,/e)

2-19
2 ,8 2
2.82 Two round, open tanks containing the same type of fluid rest
on a table top as shown in Fig. P2.82. They have the same bottom
area, A, but different shapes. When the depth, h, of the liquid in
the two tanks is the same, the pressure force of the liquids on the
bottom of the two tanks is the same. However, the force that the
table exerts on the two tanks is different because the weight in each
of the tanks is different. How do you account for this apparent
paradox?

T h

Area= A Area = A
!)]} FIG U RE P2.S2

F/JY /)1~ w/f/, the ,;,,c.J,ned walls.) 1he prRSSt/l'e t)n 7}/e
-/-,111.lt

b" ffem b Qwt! -/2 1Jr~ we i1J-f ".f -/7,~ /J i11,n ,; 1he t:.olumn
C/Jrecf/_y t/blHle ih~ bl)/k,/11 as S°flf)/,d/1 '1~ -/he dttshed /ldt'J /ff
The h9ure. Th{s JJ the :JA/11( we1j11f IJ.S ihAI- few the t:a11J:.
w/h, 1ht: ~l-n1i911f 5fdff..S . Th us/ -lhc. pr~s~wre tin the b"lfr;IYI
"f- 17,~ ..f--wo k11t~ ;j the ~11111&. 7he t1dd,·.,.,P;"; w~11hi
lh -the -bn1k w1'-t-h th~ 1°'1c.J tH~d w,d/s Js ~"< ppor-l:ec! b'f th~
lncl,n'e4 Wtflls _; /IS 1llusfr11kc( lit 1he f-,ju;,e.

2-80
2. 83 Two hemispherical shells are bolted together as shown
in Fig. P2.S3.. The resulting spherical container, which weighs
300 lb, is filled with mercury and supported by a cable as shown.
The container is vented at the top. If eight bolts are symmetri-
cally located around the circumference, what is the vertical
force that each bolt must carry? /Sphere diameter =3 ft

■ F I G U R E P 2 .83

Ji ""'
-krce 1n dJne ho/I:.
P"' f r~J.sure a-I: rn,d-plt1ne
A~ ~Y'eA ai rn,d-pl~ne
W N we.1ghi of rnf'rc1,0•!J 1n b~fftJm ho/I
I+/ ot:- sJte I I
\¾ ""' w-e11Jrh of 6oi/t!J1>1 h~lf ttJt she//

!=or eg u //;/,;,/um1
L Serf, ct1 I =0
Thus}
ilj - p A -r w11- -,..
1
w5
- o"u/f)(f o1 + 'ol/i ~ )(f ])~ T .2.
(3 00 /J,)

=(8~'1 !,)( 3-f")(;)(m) \ ~l/7 l,)(i)([)(3rt)'+ J5o lb

ct,,,.. d

Fi - I 890 Lb

2-8/
 p
2.81+ The 18-ft-long gate of Fig. P2.8'f is a
quarter circle and is hinged at H . Determine the
horizontal force, P, required to hold the gate in
place. Neglect friction at the hinge and the weight
of the gate.

Hinge
FIGURE P2.81t-

p
fe>y egu;f,"J,num ( fMm ~e-bod.!J-dt4'fl'l/1'J
o/. .f:lw,'d 1'>?1.i:-ts:s),
:z-,::;. =-o
:So -ntllt;
F~F-::.
II I
't/.e, A,
:: ~ 1.ff -!It,_,)( r..:t)(IP-f'tx /'lft)
Sim; )4,-/.!J 1
~ f:"'1 ="
So -rJ,,af

F,V = w ==

.x.. I =

(, .ft- - 2 -Ft
3

For eJu;/,br/um (from free-borf,-d11i9,,m e,f :1a.i:e)

L f1o =o
So fha.t
p { t.ft) :: ~ { ~I ) -t- ~ (;t.l)

'-Fi

2-Sl
2 .85-

'l. 95 The air pressure in the top of the two liter pop bottle
shown in Vidt·o V2,5and Fig. P2.8.5is 40 psi, and the pop depth
is 10 in. The bottom of the bottle has an irregular shape with a 1 in. diameter
diameter of 4.3 in. (a) If the bottle cap has a diameter of 1 in. Pair= 40 psi
what is magnitude of the axial force required to hold the cap
in place? (b) Determine the force needed to secure the bottom
2 inches of the bottle to its cylindrical sides. For this calcula-
tion assume the effect of the weight of the pop is negligible. (c)
By how much does the weight of the pop increase the pressure
2 inches above the bottom? Assume the pop has the same spe- 4.3 in. diameter
cific weight as that of water.

■ FI G U R E P 2 .as

(a) 3/. 4- 11

(b) L ~t'Yiic,J =o

F.'SI~
d =- F = (pre5suv-e@ Z,n. a.hi11~ b, tfom
I
)
'I. (A Ye0-..)

= ( 4o ;~ ~ ) (-~) r4 3 i nY
= 581 lb
hoitom
(C)

1ncveaje. Ln pre~sure <rue .Jo w~·19ht ==

less i\-tai-1 1°10 of a,r prrssuv-e).
.2. 86 I
2..El6 Hoover Dam (see Video 2.'#-) is the highest arc.:h-
grav;:y type of dam in the United States. A cross section of the
dam is shown in Fig. P2.S6(a). The walls of the canyon in which
the dam is located are sloped, and just upstream of the dam the
ve11ical' plane shown in Figure P2.96(b) approximately repre-
sents the cross section of the water acting on the dam. Use this
vertical cross section to estimate the resultant horizontal force
of the water on the dam, and show where this force acts.

1· 880~

( /7)

U F I G U R E P 2 .(ll;

!3reak avea 1',,,fo ~ parts as ~hown.

n:JY aYea.. I .'
liz I
= ;rhe '1 = ~2. if ft-3 Y~) (11s-ft)a) (iqs-ft)(7!5"ft)
= /.:>-7 .x/{)q /);
hJr arell 3 .' Fo
.3
;<.
-== ff? = /. S7 X ID 'f
I
/.b
f?o.,,,. area. Z:
l='e~~ 'ohe. Ai -= ~1.1/ 1/t3){-f.)(71s-ft)G.9o 1t)(71sfi)
If.. !3 x ID 'I I/:;

1 1
~I -t ~z. T ~3:: /,57 XID /J + J/-. t3 I/~ /); -t 1.~-7x JD 9 /J,
7. 77 )( ID &f /j,
.Since -fhe. 1he. Yf5u/1zu1i /4rce a k;" f 1ht:. b11se
/'nomen / of
~I 1he dam 17', u .st be egaa J -/2 flu! rn(!)meYI -f.s due. i:o
Fi<, ) F:<,._) 411'1 h3 ) 1 f- /z,/J()ws 1)14.,,t
(c~n '-l-)
.2 8 6
I I ( Ct}l'J 'i )

Ii X cJ " /=~ (f )61~ft) T !j/j_) 6s-.f-/:) T ~ ~ )(11s-+-t)

a;.:: (; S7 x
10
• ;dJ'"){71s-!t)+(HJi/D f;,f.1){7if;f-l.)-t fJ. 51:i/Dq fi/})(71~ It)
q

7 -77 X J'!J er /j
- i/, Ol -f--t

Th11s) fhe_ r~su/frjn-t- hl);11r>11/al le,vc~ 0;'1 -/J,e dcun /.5

7 77 X /() 9 Ji, ac},n, I-fol, 1-t ~p /rm, ihc b4se

~f- the dt1m u!tJllf 1/,e tlLJ.5 0 / ~tp,me '"'f ol the 11rea..

2-85
 I
2.e1
"
0
~----'
lfc kPa

2. 8 7 A plug in the bottom of a pressurized

Air
tank is conical in shape as shown in Fig. P2.87,
The air pressure is 'lo kPa and the liquid in the I ---- -------- -=-=- ---=-=---=-=----
tank has a specific weight of 27 kN / m3. Determine
the magnitude, direction , and line of action of 1 Liquid
3m
the force exerted on the curved surface of the
cone within the tank due to the Lfo r,_Pa pressure
and the liquid.
Ifm ._____ 1
,60q \ - \ - - - '

FIGURE P2.87

fo.t·,,. A t
I 'I
Fer e0u;/,'br,urn) I
I
I
2 Fverb,t.al = 0 I
low I
'y
So -f},4.. t: I
I

F;_ = -Pa.i,- A -t- l\,11

wh er< Fe. 1.s the. force. The C(!)tie ei. eris
Of- 1ne .fl ui'd.
A ls<')
:~N
I
I
p_
C
I

r~,r A =
-b • ( 'lo t?a. )(Ir'¥ )(c1 :i)
= ( 'lo -k,p4. )(1:; }{!. l5"£rm)! L/1. q All

I 17 "kN

a n cl 1n c. .(, ,,,. .c. ~ tD ,,, 1h e. C.o 11 e. h "-5 a. rn 4 7 111 ./-,,a/-e. ~ I- I I 7 k. JV

Qncl ,~ d,,-u./.eP! t1ey./-1c11/I~ dtJwnwt1r"I q/°'J-11 the f:.tJ11e ca:.,~.

2-86
 2.88 The homogeneous gate shown in Fig. P2.88 consists of one
quarter of a circular cylinder and is used to maintain a water depth
of 4 m. That is, when the water depth exceeds 4 m, the gate opens
slightly and lets the water flow under it. Determine the weight of
the gate per meter of length.

Cl F I G U R IE P2.88

'fR ~/2. q,
3 Tl . - -- - - - - 4 ~ ~ O;t
Consider fhe free body dia9ratn:: of
~ x. o/Y~/
/i .
. u. 1
,,
~
fhe 9,de 4nJ a po f'fion ol f he wafer asshown,
qafe
1/
1
J:. _
'/ i ~~.l
w

2.Mo =O ; or widfh == Im w,
I
F.v I
I
( I) f 2- w+i Wi - Fit 13 - rv1'f:: OJ where •
.- ht,-
(} I

(2) F11 = a1hc II = 9, 8 xIo

3
!,
(3.s rn) (Im ) (Im) ::: 3Lf.3 kIV
si nee. f Of' -fhe 11erfic~I sicl&j he -== 1./-m - o. S,n :::: 3, .5m
fl/.so,
(3) Fv ~ o'h&II = 9.cf x/o:i ..J. ('1-m) (/ m) {I f}'J ) ::: 3 ?,2 kN

(.S ) Now ILL ::: o,.sm and

J T I, I ( )( 3
(6 ) f :::. (),Sm + (½ -½_) = 0,S"II) + _.!£_ =0,5tn + 12. Im Im)
3 It c Yell 3 ,SIIJ (Jm)(/th)
(7) a{Jr/. f 2. :: / m - fg = / -
. 317'
If (Im) ::
:1 ti'
0, S 76 rn

To def ermine i, J
consirler a on11 .s7f/are ff;af
cons/fs of a qvatler c,'t'c/e and fhe remainder
as -shown in -I he ti9.11te. 7/;e ce1Jlro/ls fJ t arecl,S
{j) qnJ 0) 4retls ind1ct,led.
Thv.s J

( o,s - 3 t) fJ 2 ;: ro.s - i, JII,

2-87
2-, e8 ICc-on'JJ
so that wdh 1/2 == f o/:: lf t11Jd 111:: 1-f f/Jis 91i/&.s
( 0, 5 - if, >'ff ::: (o..s -~) (I -f)
or
{ 8) I, := 0 I 223 fh

Hence) by comb/n/tJg £rs (IJ fhrorJ9h ( aJ :

( o.S76rn) W +(O, l.23m) (2 ./Ok N) - (3'/-,3 kN) ( 0, !,J.1-/th) - (3 P.2 ru11) ( 0 ,Sn,) -:: 0

01'

W == 6~.'i· kN
 2.eq The concrete (specific weight = 150 - -----::------- ------r----- .-}
3
lb / ft seawall of Fig. P2.8'f has a curved surface
) Seawater //;
and restrains seawater at a depth of 24 ft. The ly = .(\
trace of the surface is a parabola as illustrated. I ••·
Determine the moment of the fluid force (per unit 24 ft
Fj ..:•-:·.
• • • e;

··......
length) with respect to an axis through the toe ......
•. :0 .•
(point A). :;:;·..·.
# •••
. •·.

~ 1 5 ft .1
FIGURE P2.eq
Th~ Compeme,,+s ol -the flu/d -ku·ce ac-hilt
(!)11 The w1tl! /'/re and W ff fl s s ht')t1,m
orr -f"he hjl,(r~ wl)ere

r-;= oJilA = (t,'t.oft3)(.1.~t:)(2'tfi)(11t)

= J~ 'foo IJ, c:tnd
/)./so; T
W-= <l"-if-
To de:l-eY"n11ne -pL -hn&/ t'lrea BC IJ. Thus J
(se~ .l'J911re -lo ,.,,1rf) >Co

Ji. : f :~'/-
0
!J ) dx_ = ((.i'i- "· ;JX ~) dx.
JQ'
>'o = ~
;: [ ~ tJ- X - o. ~XJI~t:> ( /'lt>f(! : All ltnfh1 s ,~ It )
tin ti with x,::: tl120
)
A- = l7S ./-t2-
-¥- ::: A- 1< I f-1:: - /7~- -H 3
Thus>
4v = ( (, 'f. b
1.
.lt
L
J ) ( I 7!t h 3) = I 0 Z(!)O /1:,
To I()Ctlte ce11lro1~/ o I A :
.i, A = 1;•
0
dA = f ;;'1-':f J
u
x. dx: • [r;;x - z/)
t:)
o, dx =

Cli1«
){.(. = 't 4.JJ /.t
J,5

= f::I JJ
lA - Kl ( ;~-- .Xe )
= (; ~ t/-oo /1, )(S'.ft:) - (I!.J 2()0 /J) (;s +-t - 'f. 11 .fi) = ,J ~- 200 +I:.· /I,)
 2. q O A cylindrical tank with its axis horizontal
has a diameter of 2.0 m and a length of 4.0 m.
The ends of the tank are vertical planes. A ver-
tical, 0.1-m-diameter pipe is connected to the top
of the tank. The tank and the pipe are filled with
ethyl alcohol to a level of 1.5 m above the top of
the tank. Determine the resultant force of the
alcohol on one end of the tank and show where
it acts.

cenfroid

/::i = 'er~~ A
tA..Jhe,,,.e lie. = /. t,-nn 1- I. t1tH1 = 2. 5"'1H1 _J_
So -tha i

I;. : (7. 7 lf- :,~ ) (2.s- m1 ) ( ; {)(.:1. o~) 1. == lo tJ. J J JI

Also)

So ffu-1.
7T(/l'l'Yl)'t
't 2. 5" 1M
( :[. 5-tYYI )(1;) (zMf),.
Thus) fhe Ye.sttlfr?l'Jt fr>rce h11s Cf rnC19nrfutle t:>/ 6 /J. 8-k )I
Clnu ac./-s af a c/1.5 l-t,nce cf IA U :: ~ - ~O,n,,i - .), St> hYI = 0. /OOM1
✓,/<. - Jc.
beltJw ~en/.er ol l-1111k. encl w<1//.
 2. q I If the tank ends in Problem 2.Q0 are
hemispherical, what is the magnitude of the re-
sultant horizontal force of the alcohol on one of
the curved ends?

t='or e g,o· ),'j,rn./;n 1

Ji = ~~) / ( se~ .f-t,,ae) ~ I

---1
I
I

{since solul1'rPn ~-r hor-1jo>1./-o/ /4rt'(' +n~

Sqme qS ./o,-- 'P;,,t!)l:,/em 2. 'f O).

2-91
 2. q2, An open tank containing water has a bulge in its vertical
side that is semicircular in shape as shown in Fig. P2.'12., Deter-
mine the horizontal and vertical components of the force that
the water exerts on the bulge. Base your analysis on a 1-ft length
of the bulge.

6 ft

Water l

■ F I G U R E P 2 .qz

FJ.+ l'V hor,-,onJ.al kYle ~I tiJall ~n .flui'd

t='v N v-erJ./c4/ lt?r-a 6/. w,11 ~;, fluid

~ :: 'o;ft,O ~I
= {, 2. ~ Jt::_,) ( rr fW ~) ( /! #)
::: ~<?2. l.b
Fj :: 'ob A G = ( b 2. ~ t !> ) ( I. {4: + 3 -Pt.) ( l, .ff- ~ I +i:)
:: 337 0 lb
J=oy ei ,/, 1i bri°um ,1 Fv =- iv = 8 8 1. l.b t
a,,~ F. :: I= = 3 ~70 lb ~
J.l I

Th~ foYCe.. 1h<. wa. l::ev ~.x e r--1:-s "n -th, bu/9e. J:S
e111a/ --1-c, I b/A. I: c p pe>s, 'l-e /11 d, ',,-e e,f, o· 11 f f) t=v and
0.f ~bcve. Thus,
(FH-) W4/l - 3 37 0 lb ~

(F.,., \.""' -- 83 :i. I.!, t

').-92
 'J.... q3 A closed tank is filled with water and has a 4-ft-
diameter hemispherical dome as shown in F ig. ~2.'1 3 A U-t~1be
manometer is connected to the tank. Determ111e the vertical 4 -ft diamet er
force of the water on the do me if the differe ntial manomete r
reading is 7 ft and the air pressu re at the upper end of the ma-
5 ft
I
nometer is 12.6 psi.
2 ft
_L I
Water
t
2 ft
Gage
t flu id
(SC= 3 .0)

Ft, r egu·, /;' /; rI um ,I

2- Fven-,ca
,. 1 =-o

.So fha. t ftA

F;= pl+ - '2u ( I )

F; ,~ /4,,.c -e. -th~ dt:Jm e ex erfs on The fu.;14

.
p ,~ wa.ieY Pr"e ssu¥"-e at- --fke ha se d f- 1he dtJmf.
the tnnntJme teY')
~ -f ~I ( 7ft) - d'"H.io ('f.fi) = fa
So Th4 t=
t "(; n t )(i,; ~ 'f ~• ) + { ~ ") ( t 2. ¥ k, )(,, H)- (i z. 9:.)ft. ft)
= 2~8tJ t-..
Th us J frt;m Pi .(/) w17h volume of spher-e = 7[ (d,4,n et:fy- } 3
F,, = f2 Ho~!~ )t?;Y'IH l - 1[7 (~!t)J (c2. Yft,)
- 3 f:) JtJo lb
The £rte. 1;,(l,t; 1he Verl-,ca I k,rce. 1na+ The. Wtl::e,,.
exer--/:5 !>n The d()me.. Is 3o; I oo Ib t
 2 . qIf A 3-m-diameter open cylindrical tank
contains water and has a hemispherical bottom

r
• -~- - --:-- - C

as shown in Fig. P2., tf Determine the magni-

tude, line of action, and direction of the force of
the water on the curved bottom.
Water
8m

l f-- 3 m--,
El F I G U R E P2 .94

n,y-ce = we19/,f t).f wA. 6e,,, s«fJJ"Y-ted .b~ hemi5phenc"'- I b .. ire">"

=- \.zo~ volume df cr/,114tY ) - (w>Lt,fme. e,i hem:.lp>,e,-e)J

= 'U'o :~ [ if (3,.,)' Cs-) -;:: ( 3,.,. )3 J

Tlie. ./.,,i,ce 1.s di.-ed;{'d. ve -vt:/c11/l!t d1>w11~11rd I

qHd due..
fo symmeh-; ;t '4.Ct, t!>1t the nern,'sphe~e do.,~ the.
vevt,e.al axis of. 11-ie c'1li1-1de,,..

2-9'-f
 2.Cf S Three gates of negligible weight are used to hold back
water in a channel of width has shown in Fig. P2,q.5_ The force
of the gate against the block for gate (b) is R. Detennine (in
tenns of R) the force against the blocks for the other two gates.

- ------ h :~- - ------- .-----· ------ .,,.

)2 Hinge

(a) (b) (c)

Fi>r CAse{.J,) ■ FIGURE P2.<tS

0?. = }he A= J'c{ J(hxJ,) = ~~2 b

t111i 'JR= ! J_
Thu>;
":2: M J.J = o
So th,d h R. = (: f ) Ji
i R = ( ~ i ) ( lf:_2-b ) 2.,.

2
R_-- d"'h
- b {/)
3

For case {Cl.) 011 free-b()dj-dtttfrttm sJ,owh

f;. = t1"h :.b (frPm t:?b~t/f) 411t/
T
11<- ::- ~ 1.
t111J
C7/_,J = 6 )( ¼!
= J-[tr1)~J,)J
=- 1TJh 2t
It:,

Z J1H =o

~(:- ~;)r ;:;_(-:;,) -

2-95
.tI -/4 lh1u.J 1k, t.
~ = ;y)i 2/, (t. 3fo)
FrtJm i.=f . 0) J- h b =-5R.1 t ft ~..s
2

FB = /, 17 R.

4;
/;,r- t:!kse re J.) /4,.
free- btxl:,- cltiiJ'rt1m .show1t)
±he ~
J.I.:,(.

-fhe .fcrce ~. ~n -/he eurve~ sec.-i::10·11 p11.s.se.s 1h;""J'1

ht e. h, n9e ~n « theYek)ye dl)es 11,ri CePnfrd:11<& -/2
'
''
'
1
J~,.
fhe. mome11r 4YtJtlnt/ /I. {)n /n,Ha111 p11rt o./-j4:te

f;t.: thclt = t(~lfh)(}xi,) === fih 2 b

Fli! z.
l
Fe,

Thus
.J 2)111-=o

r_
~
(!:...!
36
;, ) =- F_
B
/2

~r 0?, ~ (j Y4 26 )~:) = .z~ :i J,Z/,

From Fj. [/) J-hi,b = 5 ~ 1 -fhu..s

Fa : j I:. = tJ, i7SI<

2. .97

2.97 A freshly cut log floats with one fourth of its volume pro-
truding above the water surface. Determine the specific weight of
the log.

V == lo9 volvme

2-97
Z. 98 I

2. q 8 A river barge. whose cross section is ap-

proximately rectangular. carries a load of grain.
The barge is 28 ft wide and 90 ft long. When
unloaded its draft (depth of submergence) is 5 ft,
and with the load of grain the draft is 7 ft. De-
termine: (a) the unloaded weight of the barge,
and (b) the weight of the grain.

(o.) J:;y €iu;l,.bnuMJ

--- /---l~
Z. ~e""li'cc.l =o j F8
So 11u.i

\j,.jb = ~= d'U,_ox {s,.,.knierjed uolu,,-,,,e) W1 ,... we,·jkt o+ btt""qe.

( u11 loiidecl )

= ( ~ z. Lt- J;?, )(5" .ft x 28 +i ;( ro ft)

- 7 gt,,) ooo lb

Cb)

= 3/s; 000 /6

2.-9 8
2-.qq I
2.99 A tank of cross-sectional area A is filled with a liquid of
specific weight -y 1 as shown in Fig. P2.99a. Show that when a
cylinder of specific weight -y2 and volume Vis floated in the liq-
uid (see Fig. P2.99b), the liquid level rises by an amount
t:. h == (-yif -y 1) 1//A.
t t
H
r,

(a) (b)

W-= wei9hl of cy!i1Jder == 6"2 1/ □ Fa Gu A E P2.99

Fol' eqvi //-bl'ium,
W = wei1hf of liruid d/.sp/aced = o,h,./12 = o, -Va where¾ ::::h1./11,.
Thvs J

0: V = di¼, or
(LI - <)".2- c, L
V:z_ - 7, V

lloweve~ fhe finlhl vo/vme wHh,n !he fank is ertJal lolhe in,/14/
volvme p/V-s fhe I/ofvine) ~ J of lhe cy!tnder fhat ,·s -s()bf}Wf'fjed.
thrAt h1
(H+Ah)A = HIJ +v;_
or ¾'
Ah== _!:. c= 02. V
11 r, 11

2-99
Z. /00

2. IO O When the Tucurui dam was constructed in northern

Brazil, the lake that was created covered a large forest of valu-
able hardwood trees. It was found that even after 15 years un-
derwater the trees were perfectly preserved and underwater log-
ging was started. During the logging process a tree is selected,
trimmed, and anchored with ropes to prevent it from shooting
to the surface like a missile when cut. Assume that a typical
large tree can be approximated as a truncated cone with a base
diameter of 8 ft, a top diameter of 2 ft, and a height of 100 ft.
Determine the resultant vertical force that the ropes must resist
when the completely submerged tree is cut. The specific grav-
ity of the wood is approximately 0.6.

F't,y esa/!d,r,'urn I
-s- P:.
£- ver-h~Q I :::..o
so -th" -I::
T= Fs-CW (/)

/i;y a fru11caiPd (;()11e.)

0/vme = i h ( tj
2
r ~ Yi_ + Y'1-,.) T
Whe~ : r; ~ .bnst ra..d, us i.; ,v we,~ I\ i:.
>"2.. = t:r.>p rad I u.s ~ ;\.I btAD!jan I: (r;rce.
h ;: height. T IV iens1011 111 ropes
Th11s )
¥. = ( 77) (,~~ f,,t )[(tJ R:J'+ ('flt"' Jh) + (1 Hf]
+vec 3
- 2 2DO f!.1:.3

f;;r b1tb'jtt111- ~r,~ ,

~B ::: ([,llz. o ](. -v-+Yet = ft 2. ~ ~j) (
'T'"1.
22-00 .f-t/) = )3~ /)Ot; lb
Fir- we,9h t , 1 ) r\
2,u = ;r;..J-Yee x. -¥- ~ (e>.t,)("z.lf :~ (-z.i.oott) = g~ 'f~o/1,
-J-ve~

rt'l)/11 Ej. CJ J

T= I 3~ P{)() Jb - 3 ;l./-f tJO /J, SJ.~ 600 /.b

2-/00
2. /02.

2.. 101. An inverted test tube partially filled with air floats in
a plastic water-filled soft drink bottle as shown in Yiclco V2. 7
and Fig. P2.f02..The amount of air in the tube has been adjusted
so that it just floats. The bottle cap is securely fastened. A slight
squeezing of the plastic bottle will cause the test tube to sink
to the bottom of the bottle. Explain this phenomenon.

Water
Plastic bottle

■ FIGU R E P 2.1 0 2.

.........
r
----
-
.
. ..· ...
•'

2-/ oI
2. 103 I

2 , IO3 An irregularly shaped piece of a solid

material weighs 8.05 lb in air and 5.26 lb when
completely submerged in water. Determine the
density of the material.

W (,;, t.?li- ) -::: f> 3 .1' ( 1to/11m<) Whey<. (J ~ clen~iry of. m aht1:J

W {/k wa ftr) :: /? .<. [1tol~m~) - b'"'':l""f .fcye~

=- / / I( {I/oil/me) - /.J 7- ,< ( volwm<-)
11120

W [,;, a,'r)
=
W {i'r. WAffr) I-

~y
/J.l:z.O I. q'f ~
t= w {, H WA t~r) = -k;J

S. 2.,t,, lb
-
sluqs
S,l o f-t3
I - w {,";, a i >- ) I- 8'. {) !, )J:,

2- /02-
2,/04-

2. I Olf A 1-m-diameter cylindrical mass, M, is

r
connected to a 2-rn-wide rectangular gate as
shown in Fig. P2.J0!t. The gate is to open when
the water level, h, drops below 2.5 m. Determine
the required value for M. Neglect friction at the
4m 1-m
gate hinge and the pulley. diameter

FIGURE P2.104-

~==~·(_A
T
= ti {~ ) -l (2. )
= )! {
_r
r:Ji'!
[]
l.

wh-ere a JJ le11fths are

Few eiu~ l,'J:,.,.iurn)
·~ rm. 1-l_'j

0
<

l+J(
t{
i3
t~
Z M0 =0
5o -fnof.
~3
'f T = (";) Fi,- = ')f_
3

1he 2 ~t'v'•h'cJ =o and

Mqc:r - 't-V-
l'll'\1U.{

M=
i

-r (, . .)'(~.,-.. -1.0-2

2-/v3
2.105

2.10.5 When a hydrometer (see Fig. P2.105 and Video V2.9 ) hav-
ing a stem diameter of 0.30 in. is placed in water, the stem pro- Fluid
trudes 3.15 in. above the water surface. If the water is replaced surface
with a liquid having a specific gravity of 1.10, how much of the
stem would protrude above the liquid surface? The hydrometer ·---- - --- -- -
weighs 0.042 lb.

■ FI GU RE P2.IOS

Whtn -Mt.
n~drome/:ry JS ./-/c,a.f.1nj
i'fs we, 1h t J "hJ, i.s hA la11 cetJ. b'1
-fhe bu oy1111 i /4rc e) Po . !=or
eiu;J/bn'um 1
2. F1/fyft~a/ -=o

--rf.'111~ .fe,Y W ~ /-e V

I
~ --
r13 'tu
(~t-0)~=~ (I )

whevl. ¥, i's fhe Ju/,mer9ed volume . W(fn 111e flew

l,iu,d
(SG) ( ~2-0) ~ ~~ u.)

C~mh1nmj Egs. {IJ 1111/t(ZJ WJTh ~

Crff-1.o ) +; = (s 6) r'ri,;1- 0 ) -v- 2.

-it.; ::: ..\t,

~ 56

2 - / Olf
2_,05 J

2-/05
2.106

2.106 A 2-ft-thick block constructed of wood

,. . ."T~ , , ,:., ; ,·:. ,. · •,:' ' '"' "' . .,~",.· ··"•""
(SG = 0.6) is submerged in oil (SG = 0.8). and 6 ft Oil

051t.~✓;" m
has a 2-ft-thick aluminum (specific weight = 168
lb/ft·1) plate attached to the bottom as indicated
in Fig. P2,106, Determine completely the force
required to hold the block in the position shown.
Locate the force with respect to point A.
Al, 10ft •I
FIGURE P2. lb6

lr>r ~z"~ /,/mum J

L fver/.,c" I =O
So thaf
F = Ww - 031,v -t- wa. - r:;q,
whel"e :
w ~ w()od
a. ~ alum1°num-
:= ( o. ~) ( tp2, ~ ttl) ({ ){to+tic lftiit Zft): ISooll, F~ +ov-ce -1-o holJ bloc.K

w~ == r11og l;l ){ o.s -HJ( ,o+-t: J( 2.-H) ~ , ,.,ao 1.1

~w- ::- ( S60 ; 1 ) ('t/"2.o )-V--w- ::- (0,8) ("12, If~., x~) (10..ft ,c 'rft" z .ft) : z ooo lb
~~ .: - (s~.,i/) {cr11i.u) ¥a. ::= Jo.8)(1,z,4-!::) )(o.5.f-t.,. 10-?t it 2-f:t) = '-191/ ll,

Thus)
f= = I 5'oo lh - 2e,oo /1, ...,- lb BO 11, - <t-tJq lb = &, ~ I lb u pwarcl

A-lso J

2-106
2 .10 1 I
2.107 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Concrete canoe,"
Section 2.11.l .) How much extra water does a 147-lb concrete ca-
noe displace compared to an ultralightweight 38-lb Kevlar canoe of
the same size carTying the same load?

~u; \; bYi1A1m 1
L Fverhc-.1 =o

'2u = Fe =- r.
Uz o
-V- -v-
l=or &mcr-eJe. CanbeJ

ILtl U, =- ~1.lf ~ !~)

Vc_=2.3to+!t, 3
h,y kev la..- C.ahoe)
38 lb =(fo 2. l/- i~
¥1<
.Y.'< = D. toer ft3
3
3
- 1. 3L tt. - D. bO'( ~
1.75 +t 3

2-101
2.108 An ice berg (specific gravity 0.917) floats in the ocean (spe-
cific gravity 1.025). What percent of the volume of the iceberg is
under water?

SG- :: 1.0
OGeM
For eqvi li'hrivm1
i-t/ : wei9hf of iceber9 -== Fe ~ b11oy411f f(Jrce
or
¥ce Ofce ~ ¥.'v1, 6';ceatt I
wher6 ~v6 ~ volvme of /ce J't1/Jmel'r;ed.
Thvs I

o,9/7
== - - - 0. gq.5 ::: 89. s '%
- /-.02S v

2-108
2 , /10

2. 110 It is noted that while stopping, the water surface in a glass of

water sitting in the cup holder of a car is slanted at an angle of 15°
relative to the horizontal street. Determine the rate at which the car
is decelerating.

whe11e
Tht1sJ
0 268 .::: -
I
~
/j ==
- .32,2ff/42-

2--1oq
 ,,I

i:2.111 I
2.111 An open container of oil rests on the
flatbed of a truck that is traveling along a hori-
zontal road at 5 5 mi / hr. As the truck slows uni-
formly to a complete stop in 5 s, what will be the
slope of the oil surface during the period of con-
stant deceleration?

.f/1111/ ve!Dc,·~ -1~1'-1-,,,;1 velo,;-6;

-e.,,;, 'f! 1',,,hr1111/

o - (5 s m,ph ) (o. L/L/10 ~ )

l'nlpn - -'f.fl1.

di- -=
d!:J

2.-110
 2. I I :1. A 5-gal, cylindrical open container with a bottom area
of 120 in. 2 is filled with glycerin and rests on the floor of an
elevator. (a) Determine the fluid pressure at the bottom of the
container when the elevator has an upward acceleration of 3
ft/s 2 • (b) What resultant force does the container exert on the
floor of the elevator during this acceleration? The weight of the
container is negligible. (Note: I gal = 231 in. 3 )

Thus, -R. A = w\i.{m~

-f:t,

a~d
f
0
df -t (/20 ;~ ,1.

-{ = o/.63
J: (s 9A 1) (~~ja\i~:3)
,·l').

iJ, :: f ( 1 + ar J{
- (::J,4 1T, Sl~q.s
.f-t~
)(32 , 2 +t
52.
-r 3:f.E){r.,
S2.
3 ft)
12.

(6 ) From +rte-bodft -d1a3r4m of c.on-1:a,~e r J

q = 11, A
: ( l,i, 9 J}/_ } (12~
' -ft-i.
ih?-)( LB..'-._}
l't4,111,
L1~
: 57. 4- lb
Thus 1 J.c-rce t:,/ CtPn-ba,ney 0/') f /001-- '
Js 5'7, 1/. I6 dowriwa v-J.

2.-111
J.113 I
2: I 1.3 An open rectangular tank 1 m wide and
2 m long contains gasoline to a depth of 1 m. If
the height of the tank sides is 1.5 m, what is the 1

maximum horizontal acceleration (along the long

axis of the tank) that can develop before the gas-
oline would begin to spill?

-....

T
T
d-t - I. 5 ~ - I, 0 M-<
,~ --- -..

=- ~
J;; < I 1\,1,,\
0,5'D .____ _ _ _ _ ____J_

...,.
( s ~e +J 51,1 te) .
51n ce;

2--112..
 2•.114 If the tank of Problem 2.113 slides down
a frictionless plane that is inclined at 30° with the
horizontal, determine the angle the free surface
makes with the horizontal.

Fr-t>m Newbon~ J.met law- 1

I

Z F~, = m1 a!J
S1~,e, f-he. 0nl:; l:>Ne /fl -thf!. :J ~ d,;ec.-hou
Is ihe. ecmft:Jl1fn't o/. t.ve/qhf (rrn'J)s111t9J

( t1r13)s1n0-:::. rYY1 a.~ fYt\ rv m e.s~ o~ +a..t..k <o,d

iaso I 111 e..

= ' . ::
J - a.~ .SJ>1/:; {J _ 9- sin 0 sit! tg

.s/ne cos e .s//1 f) c.,OS 0

:::
I - sin-ie =

Her;ce, M~ -fah B, so fhtJJ/ }he free

surfo,ce is a-f +he same anq le as fhe plcine.

'J.-1I3
:;.11s I
2. I IS A closed cylindrical tank that is 8 ft in diameter and
24 ft long is completely filled with gasoline. The tank, with its
long axis horizontal, is pulled by a truck along a horizontal
surface. Determine the pressure difference between the ends
(along the long axis of the tank) when the truck undergoes an
acceleration of 5 ft/s 2 .

1--

{i.)

1..vhe-,.e

-fa, {2¥-h)

- (1.32 ~ )(s
II,
_ 1se
1--t '2..

2-l/lf
2.. II 6

2.'l 16 The open U-tube of Fig. P2. I f6 is par-

tially filled with a liquid. When this device is ac- a
celerated with a horizontal acceleration, a, a
differential reading, h, develops between the ma-
nometer legs which are spaced a distance r apart.
Determine the relationship between a, t', and h. ·

FIGURE P2. I 16

d-=c
d~
-

S111ceJ
cir ::
cG
+het1
-~-:I =
a..

or

2- 115
o?. 117

2.1 / 7 An open 1-m-diameter tank contains

water at a depth of 0.1 m when at rest. As the
tank is rotated about its vertical axis the center
of the fluid surface is depressed. At what angular
velocity will the bottom of the tank first be ex-
posed? No water is spilled from the tank.

EztAaf/6'~ +t,1- 5u.r.f~ces c{ U!Jl1SttJ;t/ /Y-eSSWI"~

( c,Z , 2. 3 '.2.) :
I

-l = w '" r l. r ~tP11$k11 t
:..;
For f.tee surface w,fh --£. =o a.t: r-=-o J
{:: W'r'2.
!lj

Tne volijme. of +luid I~ V'ok-t1n1 -tt<1tk is ';lile11

~ = f.t:
D
i--#, di- = 2. rr
7-if Jo
~
w (~3d r =

'f (r.~, t )(o.7mi) I 0.5 r-ad

( o. s/YYI) 2 s

2-116
2. 118

2.118 An open, 2-ft-diameter tank contains

water to a depth of 3 ft when at rest. If the tank
is rotated about its vertical axis with an angular
velocity of 180 rev/min. what is the minimum
height of the tank walls to prevent water from
spilling over the sides?

For f}'ee. -surface>

/J = w2.,--2. +I.
Yl. ;i.; 0

:z. y
1T (110 .!:.!.."' " :z.1r W " Im,;,) (I -Ftl n :z.
= mm "'" hes + 7r1iD {I -Ft)
If- {3z.z.-E!)
s ....

--v';_· = rr/27. .,£_L. ::;- 7T (1 ~if· {3/t) ::: 3-u .ff. 3

C111t/ the. h1tQ/ volume. musf be €8u~IJ

1 = -f;,'l·
OY
7T (1.. 71. -,....£
0
) It 3 = 3 7T +t 3

2-117
 2,1/q A child riding in a car holds a string attached to a flo~
ing, helium-filled balloon. As the car decelerates to a stop, the
balloon tilts backwards. As the car makes a right-hand turn, the
balloon tilts to the right. On the other hand, the child tends to be
forced forward as the car decelerates and to the left as the car
makes a right-hand tum. Explain these observed effects on the
balloon and child.

A flocdinq balloon aHacheof. ·lo q sf ritrj wdl ali9n /fse!F so -lhai

fhe strinq ;f norm aI lo /itJes of con.sfan f pressvl'e. Thv~ /{ fhe
car i.s ncrl accele rc1,f in9 fhe lines of f == collslanf pre.ssvre are
j

hotfionlal (9rav/-ly 4v1s verfictJ.1& down), and fhe ba//or)/J f lor.ds

s1tai9h-f up /I (i.e. 0-:= 0 )~ If forced fo f, Fi -:-YI.: bt1oya11~ forqehf
+he .side (e :t o)j fhe br,,,//o~n. wd/ relt1rn fi _ _ __ J~ we,9
fo lhe ve,r1ir;a/ (e~o) e7,11//br/11m f.3 - -
pos,'+ion. in which fhe fwo forces
T and Fg-W J,ne vp cons J,an,1 . / . drin in
.T ;-tension
ore.ssvre lines
I I I/II///
9
Fi9,(I) No acce/eralion fJ=O{or
e911/h'hri11m, )
Cons/der whaf happens whelJ fhe car decelerafes w/fh ,'An
omo11nf Cfy<O, !Is show hy £9. (2.J..f)J
the litJes or CofJ,rfanf p~essvre ore nof
horiionla I, buf have q .t!ope of
di
dy == - ·-+'-Ta
Qv

g. .t
== - a
ay
(I
.
"?0 S//JC6 a2 ==0

and ay<O, '1(jal/J.i fhe hallool)s e7vili6ri[}/i1

pos,'fion is wdh fhe .sfrit19 notmal fo f -::c()Mf.
lines. 1naf i.r., fhe ba//ob;J h/l.s b4ok as·
fhe car sfops.
When fhe car Jurns-; Oy ==
2.
f (
' J

fhe cenffllv1a I , I

acceler()fiofJ); the !ilJes of f ::cof)sl. are q.s ', .J

.shown and fhe balloofJ 1//ls fo fh e

1
-
L1d r 11.,~ _ Pi9. (:z.J Balloo/J ali9.ned .so fhcrl

r~zr' "
,. --.....,..,~
OIi,~, v Or wr.• r;vrve j' ~' ,, , sfrln9 is nottnd I fo p ~cofJsfanf

Oy::: V1/~ ------s;; ~-- ',

.
IJ -,-,..-,,-,,-,-~
//.I
/,'nes
F/9,(3)Lefl fvrn, bqj/1Jon
• t.J
1/f/11 J
h'//.sfc,
:2,JJ.0

2.120 A closed , 0.4-m-diameter cylindrical

tank is completely filled with oil (SG = 0.9) and
rotates about its vertical longitudinal axis with an
angular velocity of 40 rad/s. Determine the dif-
ference in pressure just under the vessel cover
between a point on the circumference and a point
on the axis.

Pre55t,(r~ 1n r-trl:a. .f:.,;, ~ llwul vt1 r; es

4
/J1 accc;rdtvJCe t.»ifl, -fh~ -e3ua-t1tbn 1
.t)(.() 2. /- 2..
f> = I~ - d' ~ -t UJ11 s.f.rnrt:
l
,,. --
- f._tJ l.
:z.
{t;8 2. -f-,
A-
2.) )(

- (o,q)(I0'-±1 )(f./o r-ad)2

:i_,,,,,,-a · ~J
fi
L(o. z.-m) 2- o
J
~ g, ~ -k Pa..

2-119
2 . I 2. 1
Receiver
2.121 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Rotating mercury
mirror telescope," Section 2.12.2.) The largest liquid mirror tele-
scope uses a 6-ft-diameter tank of mercury rotating at 7 rpm to pro-
duce its parabolic-shaped mirror as shown in Fig. P2.121. Deter-
mine the difference in elevation of the mercury, t. h, between the
edge and the center of the mirror.

Ii F I G U R E P 2.121

Foy fr-ee ~UYftlCe O {:- rD ./: o...t:,n j I I ~ IA 1 'cl )

t; lJ-z.r
- 2
-t- ~f1S1::t/i"}
-t
~ 'J-
Le,t. f =- 0a.,:i: y- =o an" 1hu~ .fuv-t2
~ 6 n ,tan-I:- =O . Thus;

L\h=ll1: ./!o.,. r= 3f!- ch1tA

y
wii-1' (r
w = '7 Y'ptrt1)(1.rr
r~d)(lrm•n)
rev F;os
= 6.133 y-;d
ib tollow.s -tht1.t
6h = ( 6,/;33 ~d)"(.5 -He) 1 - o. 015 1 +l
2 ( -32. 2. fr)
s>

2 -12..0
2. I 22.

2.122 Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate

Objective: A gate, hinged at the top, covers a hole in the side of a water filled tank as
shown in Fig. P2. I 2.2 and is held against the tank by the water pressure. The purpose of this
experiment is to compare the theoretical force needed to open the gate to the experimentally
measured force.

Equipment: Rectangular tank with a rectangular hole in its side; gate that covers the hole
and is hinged at the top; force transducer to measure the force needed to open the gate; ruler
to measure the water depth.

Experimental Procedure: Measure the height, H, and width, b, of the hole in the tank
and the distance, L, from the hinge to the point of application of the force, F, that opens
the gate. Fill the tank with water to a depth h above the bottom of the gate. Use the force
transducer to determine the force, F, needed to slowly open the gate. Repeat the force mea-
surements for various water depths.

Calculations: For arbitrary water depths, h, determine the theoretical force, F, needed to
open the gate by equating the moment about the hinge from the water force on the gate to
the moment produced by the applied force, F.

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined force, F, needed to open the gate as ordinates
and the water depth, h, as abscissas.

Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical force as a function of water depth.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

l-b-1
Ill! FIG URE P 2. 1 2.2

(cont)
2-11-1
2. /Zl

Solution for Problem 2.1 Z2: Force Needed to Open a Submerged Gate

L, in. H, in. b, in. y, lb/ft11 3 lxc, ft114

5.5 6.0 4.0 62.4 0.003472

h, in. F, lb F1 , lb Yr - Ye. ft d,ft F, lb

21.1 10.1 15.69 0.0138 0.264 9.03
18.5 8.9 13.43 0.0161 0.266 7.80
16.2 7.6 11.44 0.0189 0.269 6.71
14.5 6.7 9.97 0.0217 0.272 5.91
12.8 5.8 8.49 0.0255 0.276 5.11
11.1 4.7 7.02 0.0309 0.281 4.30
10.1 4.3 6.15 0.0352 0.285 3.83
7.4 2.9 3.81 0.0568 0.307 2.55

Since h > H, A= H*b = constant and lxc = b*H 113/12 = constant.

F = F, *d/L, where F1 = y*(h - H/2)*A, d = H/2 + (Yr - Ye), and Yr - Ye = lxcl(h - H/2)*A

Problem 2.122
Force, F, vs Water Depth, h

12

10

8
.c
LL 6 --Theoretical
-II- Experimental

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
h, in.

2-/l'l
2./23

2.12.3 Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Rectangle

Objective: A quarter-circle block with a vertical rectangular end is attached to a balance
beam as shown in Fig. P2.123. Water in the tank puts a hydrostatic pressure force on the
block which causes a clockwise moment about the pivot point. This moment is balanced by
the counterclockwise moment produced by the weight placed at the end of the balance beam.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the weight, W, needed to balance the beam
as a function of the water depth, h.

Equipment: Balance beam with an attached quarter-circle, rectangular cross-section block;

pirot point directly above the vertical end of the beam to support the beam; tank; weights; ruler.

Experimental Procedure: Measure the inner radius, R 1, outer radius, R2, and width, b,
of the block. Measure the length, L, of the moment arm between the pivot point and the
weight. Adjust the counter weight on the beam so that the beam is level when there is no
weight on the beam and no water in the tank. Hang a known mass, m, on the beam and ad-
just the water level, h, in the tank so that the beam again becomes level. Repeat with differ-
ent masses and water depths.

Calculations: For a given water depth, h, determine the hydrostatic pressure force,
FR = -yhcA, on the vertical end of the block. Also determine the point of action of this force,
a distance YR - Ye below the centroid of the area. Note that the equations for FR and YR - Ye
are different when the water level is below the end of the block (h < R2 - R 1) than when
it is above the end of the block (h > R2 - R 1).
For a given water depth, determine the theoretical weight needed to balance the beam
by summing moments about the pivot point. Note that both FR and W produce a moment.
However, because the curved sides of the block are circular arcs centered about the pivot
point, the pressure forces on the curved sides of the block (which act normal to the sides)
do not produce any moment about the pivot point. Thus the forces on the curved sides do
not enter into the moment equation.

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined weight, W, as ordinates and the water depth,
h, as abscissas.

Result: On the same graph plot the theoretical weight as a function of water depth.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Pivot point
f+------1.,----_...,

Counter
weight

Quarter-circle block If.I F I G lJ R E P 2 . 1 2.3

2-/23
2. 123 I

Solution for Problem 2.1 Z.3: Hydrostatic Force on a Submerged Rectangle

R,, in. R2, in. L, in. b, in. g, ft/s"2 y, lb/ft"3

5.0 9.0 12.0 3.0 32.2 62.4

Experimental Theoretical
m, kg h, in. W,lb FR, lb Yr -Ye, ft d,ft W,lb
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.750 0.000
0.02 1.11 0.04 0.07 0.719 0.048
0.04 1.58 0.09 0.14 0.706 0.095
0.06 1.92 0.13 0.20 0.697 0.139
0.10 2.51 0.22 0.34 0.680 0.232
0.12 2.76 0.26 0.41 0.673 0.278
0.14 2.99 0.31 0.48 0.667 0.323
0.16 3.20 0.35 0.55 0.661 0.367
0.18 3.41 0.40 0.63 0.655 0.413
0.20 3.60 0.44 0.70 0.650 0.456
0.22 3.80 0.48 0.78 0.644 0.504
0.24 3.99 0.53 0.86 0.639 0.551
0.26 4.17 0.57 0.94 0.0512 0.634 0.597
0.28 4.33 0.62 1.01 0.0476 0.631 0.637
0.30 4.50 0,66 1.08 0.0444 0.628 0.680
0.35 4.95 0.77 1.28 0.0376 0.621 0.794
0.40 5.39 0.88 1.47 0.0328 0.616 0.905
0.45 5.83 0.99 1.66 0.0290 0.612 1.016
0.50 6.27 1.10 1.85 0.0260 0.609 1.127
0.55 6.70 1.21 2.04 0.0236 0.607 1.236

W = 32.2 ft/s"2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg) Sum moments about pivot to give W*L = FR*d

Forh<R2 -R 1:
FR = y*(h/2)*h*b
d = R 2 - (h/3)

For h > R 2 - R 1:
FR= y*(h - (R 2 - R 1)/2)*(R2 - R 1)*b
d = R2 - (R2 - R, )/2 + (Yr - Ye)
Yr -Ye = lxelh/A
lxe = b*(R2 - R,)"3/12 = 0.000771 ft"4
he= h - (R2 - R,)/2
A= b*(RrR,)
2. /23

Problem 2.1Z3
Weight, W, vs Water Depth, h

1.4 ~ - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - , - - -

1.2

1. 0 +-----+------+

.0 0.8 + - -- - - + -- - -- - r - - - z - - - - j - - - - - ,
- Theoretical
~ 0.6 +------+--
111 Experimental

..

0.0 2.0 4.0 6 .0 8.0

h, in.

2.-/2.5
2.12'1-
2.12.4 Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box
with Slanted Sides
Objective: When a box or form as shown in Fig. P2.124 is filled with a liquid, the ver-
tical force of the liquid on the box tends to lift it off the surface upon which it sits, thus al-
lowing the liquid to drain from the box. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the
minimum weight, W, needed to keep the box from lifting off the surface.

Equipment: An open-bottom box that has vertical side walls and slanted end walls;
weights; ruler; scale.

Experimental Procedure: Determine the weight, Wbox, of the empty box and measure
its length, L, width, b, wall thickness, t, and the angle of the ends, 8. Set the box on a smooth
surface and place a known mass, m, on it. Slowly fill the box with water and note the depth,
h, at which the net upward water force is equal to the total weight, W + Wbox, where W = mg.
This condition will be obvious because the friction force between the box and the surface on
which it sits will be zero and the box will "float" effortlessly along the surface. Repeat for
various masses and water levels.

Calculations: For an arbitrary water depth, h, determine the theoretical weight, W, needed
to maintain equilibrium with no contact force between the box and the surface below it. This
can be done by equating the total weight, W + Wbo,, to the net vertical hydrostatic pressure
force on the box. Calculate this vertical pressure force for two different situations. (1) As-
sume the vertical pressure force is the vertical component of the pressure forces acting on
the slanted ends of the box. (2) Assume the vertical upward force is that from part (1) plus
the pressure force acting under the sides and ends of the box because of the finite thickness,
t, of the box walls. This additional pressure force is assumed to be due to an average pres-
sure of Pavg = -yh/2 acting on the "foot print" area of the box walls.

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined total weight, W + Wbox, as ordinates and the
water depth, h, as abscissas.

Results: On the same graph plot two theoretical total weight verses water depth curves-
one involving only the slanted-end pressure force, and the other including the slanted end
and the finite-thickness wall pressure forces.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click hae
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

"~ ....
/ Footprint of box
I'
I I
L
I
b

l !
II
Ii

WI FIGURE P 2. 1 2.4

( ton t)
2-12-0
2.121/- I

Solution for Problem 2.12.4: Vertical Uplift Force on an Open-Bottom Box with Slanted Sides

8, deg L, in. b, in. t, in. Wbox, lb y, lb/ft"3

45 10.3 4 .0 0.25 0.942 62.4

Experimental Theory 1 Theory 2

m, kg h, in. W + Wbox, lb h, in. W + Wbox, lb P avg, lb/ft"2 W + Wbox, lb
0.00 2.06 0.942' 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000
0.05 2.23 1.052 0.25 0.009 0.6 5 0.047
0.10 2.42 1.162 0.50 0.036 1.30 0.111
0.15 2.53 1.272 0.75 0.081 1.95 0.194
0.20 2.67 1.382 1.00 0.144 2 .60 0.295
0.25 2.81 1.491 1.25 0.226 3.25 0.414
0.30 2.94 1.601 1.50 0.325 3.90 0.551
0.35 3.06 1. 711 1.75 0.442 4 .55 0.706
0.40 3.16 1.821 2.00 0.578 5 .20 0.879
2.25 0.731 5.85 1.070
2.50 0.903 6.50 1.279
2.75 1.092 7. 15 1.506
3.00 1.300 7.80 1.752
3.25 1.526 8.45 2.015

W = g*m = 32.2 ft/s"2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg)

Theory 1. Including only the slanted-end pressure force:

W + Wbox = y*Vol
Vol= b*h*h

Theory 2 . Including the slanted-end pressure force and the finite-thickness wall pressure force:
W + Wbox = y*Vol + Pavg *A
= 0.5*y*h
Pavg
A= (b + 2*t)*(L + 2*t/sin8) - b*L = 8.33 in."2 = 0.0579 ft"2

2-127
2.12.lf

Problem 2.12A
Total Weight, W + Wbox, vs Water Depth, h

2.5 ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~

2.0
I
4•
♦ Experimental
I
.c •♦

1.5 /,,
)(
0
.0 Theory 1
3: (slanted ends
+ 1.0 only)
3:
- - - - Theory 2
/ (slanted ends
/ and bottom
0.5

I
edge)

0.0
0 1 2 3 4
h, in.

2-128
7. 125"

2.125 Air Pad Lift Force

Objective: As shown in Fig. P2.125, it is possible to lift objects by use of an air pad con-
sisting of an inverted box that is pressurized by an air supply. If the pressure within the box
is large enough, the box will lift slightly off the surface, air will flow under its edges, and
there will be very little frictional force between the box and the surface. The purpose of this
experiment is to determine the lifting force, W, as a function of pressure, p, within the box.

Equipment: Inverted rectangular box; air supply; weights; manometer.

Experimental Procedure: Connect the air source and the manometer to the inverted
square box. Determine the weight, Wbox, of the square box and measure its length and width,
L, and the wall thickness, t. Set the inverted box on a smooth surface and place a known
mass, m, on it. Increase the air flowrate until the box lifts off the surface slightly and "floats"
with negligible frictional force. Record the manometer reading, h, under these conditions.
Repeat the measurements with various masses.

Calculations: Determine the theoretical weight that can be lifted by the air pad by equat-
ing the total weight, W + Wbox• to the net vertical pressure force on the box. Here W = mg.
Calculate this pressure force for two different situations. (1) Assumt: lht: prt:ssure force is
equal to the area of the box, A = L 2, times the pressure, p = Ymh, within the box, where Ym
is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. (2) Assume that the net pressure force is that
from part (1) plus the pressure force acting under the edges of the box because of the finite
thickness, t, of the box walls. This additional pressure force is assumed to be due to an av-
erage pressure of Pavg = 'Ymh/2 acting on the "foot print" area of the box walls, 4t(L + t).

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined total weight, W + Wbox• as ordinates and the
pressure within the box, p, as abscissas.

Results: On the same graph, plot two theoretical total weight verses pressure curves-
one involving only the pressure times box area pressure force, and the other including the
pressure times box area and the finite-thickness wall pressure forces.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and c/;cl... here
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Weight
T
/r

1!~------L------li,, Water
' _...
ti FIGURE P2.12.5

2-12.q
2.125" I

Solution for Problem 2.125: Air Pad Lift Force

L, in. t, in. Wbox, lb YH20, lb/ft"3

7.5 0.25 1.25 62.4

Experiment Theory 1 Theory 2

m , kg h, in. W + Wbox, lb p, lb/ft"2 W + Wbox, lb W + Wbox, lb
0.0 0.54 1.25 2.81 1.10 1.17
0.1 0.64 1.47 3.33 1.30 1.39
0.2 0.74 1.69 3.85 1.50 1.61
0.3 0.82 1.91 4.26 1.67 1.78
0.4 0.94 2.13 4.89 1.91 2.04
0.5 1.04 2.35 5.41 2.11 2.26
0.6 1.12 2.57 5.82 2.28 2.43
0.7 1.23 2.79 6.40 2.50 2.67
0.8 1.32 3.01 6.86 2.68 2.87
0.9 1.42 3.23 7.38 2.88 3.08
1.0 1.52 3.45 7.90 3.09 3.30
1.1 1.63 3.67 8.48 3.31 3.54
1.2 1.72 3.89 8.94 3.49 3.73
1.3 1.83 4.11 9.52 3.72 3.97
1.4 1.96 4.33 10.19 3.98 4.26
1.5 2.06 4.55 10.71 4. 18 4.47
1.6 2.12 4.77 11.02 4 .31 4.60
1.7 2.23 4.99 11.60 4 .53 4.84
1.8 2.32 5.21 12.06 4.71 5.04

W = g*m = 32.2 ft/s"2 * (m kg * 6.825E-2 slug/kg)

Theory 1. Involving only the pressure times the box area:

W + Wbox = p*L 112
P = YH2o*h

Theory 2. Involving the pressure times the box area plus the average pressure times the edge area:
W + Wbox = p*L 112 + {p/2)*({L + 2t)112 - L112)

1.-130
2./2.S-

Problem 2.12.5
Total Weight, W + Wbox, vs Pressure, p

6 ~------,------,--------,

.0
4 +-----------t----~1 --- I
• Experimental
X
0
- Theory 1 (box area
~ 3
1

only)
+
--Theory 2 (box area
s: 2 -+----- - -..
~ ,,____ __ -----t plus edg e area)
v~
♦ J'
1 -1-------- - - - - - -- - t - - - - -

0 -+1- - - ---1- - - - - - - 1~ - -----,

0 5 10 15
p, lb/ft11 2

2-111
.3,2 I

3.2 Air flows steadily along a streamline from point (1) to point (2)
with negligible viscous effects. The following conditions are mea-
sured: At point (1) z1 = 2 m and p 1 = 0 kPa; at point (2) z2 = 10
m, p 2 = 20 N/m2, and V2 = 0. Determine the velocity at point (1).

(l)
..1. 2. 2 Zi.::: /Om
f, +- 2. (1~ -ftl, == f,. -ftp¼. +d4Z,. Al :::;.oJ!.
a,r y2. lh2.
Thv~ w/fh f, :: o qnJ Vi.::~ ¼:o
{p V,:i +o Z, == ~ +o'Z2. CJ) Z,=Zm ~ ::/,23-f)
f, =0
a::e:J
k i JI_ ~ V,==?
m
-f(1,13iJ)V, = ionf -+(l,1-3 ,n3)9,ils2-{lorn-21H) ·
or 2
v,, - _ 2 (lO) N·r,, f(I 2
7. 23 ~ + 2 ( 9.~ lsi,) ( 8m) = Ie?-f;.
Thvs J

V, .: - /3, 7 rnl.s

3-1
3.3 I

3.3 Water flows steadily through the vari-

able area horizontal pipe shown in Fig. P3.3. The
velocity is given by V = 10(1 + x)i ft/s, where
xis in feet. Viscous effects are neglected. (a) De-
termine the pressure gradient, ap/ax, (as a func-
tion of .r) needed to produce this flow. (b) If the
pressure at section ( 1) is 50 psi, determine the
~~th~,
(1)
pressure at (2) by: (i) integration of the pressure f----x
gradient obtained in (a); (ii) application of the FIGURE P3.3
Bernoulli equation.

*
(a) -lf'sin0-%f == fVf-¥ hul 0-=:O al'ld V=!O(/+X) Fils
~ = -fV¥s or = -rvPx- = -r (10(1+x))(!O)
Th11s1 *:::: -!.9'14ri-(lofj)~(/+X) 1 with X i1J feet

.::: - 19'1 (I+ X) Ira

f2.. X2. :::3
(b)(i)ix:::: -19/f{/-fX) sofhat frff ==-:-1r'1f{1+x)dx
1 ,:::sops, x,~o
or h_ == sops,· - l?J/ (.3 +f )~ (ff~~i'-) == so -10. I :::3q,9 ps/

(il) ;;,+ d pV, 1 ~t'z, ==/z +fp~ ...+tf1Z2. or w/fh 2,=-~:i.

I{=/; +fp(V/1· - ~a..) where V;::; /O{J +o) == Jo!f

l/2.::: 10 ( /+.3) = 'lo#
M~ i

f 2 == £ 0 pst +-f: (/.9'1 .s.!f/J-J (10'-- ifr/ )!/4 ( f'f:~:1-)

1
= 3 9, 9 ps/

3-'l-.
3. 'f I

3.4 Repeat Problem 3.3 if the pipe is vertical with the flow down.

~
I
&'- -
(a) -o .sin0 -M- = pV ~ wif/2 0 = - qo and V:: 10 (It x) f/-
0

~=-pVll+r
as as or *::- f Vjf + o = - (J (IO (I +X)) (IO) +a'
Th11.s) 1f == -t'lff~j~f(lolj) (/+x) + 2
62,i/- ~ 1
wNh x in feet
== -/9// ( /-t X) + 62.11 i
f:i.. x~=.3
(b)(i) jf == -l9'f {/+x) ..,.t.1..1-1 .stJ that f d/- = ji?'l(lfX) +62..¥]dx
If :SOp.t/ X 1 :::0

.32.) lh ( I fi lb ( I fl 2.
or T1.
fJ
= 5 0 p.r1,• - /?L/ (..3 +-r 1. )
ff:L J'f'f Ii.,. + 6:i.. 'f- (3) ff 2. -/'ff- IIJ.")

= .5 O - Io. I+/, 3 ;;:: If I. 2 f .s/

(it) /JJ + J.. pv✓ ].. + IZ; = /1.2. -1- d. f Vi. 2 + ~ 22. tJI' w /th z 1 -:: 0.1 Zi. -,: -3 II
t,1/1ti ~1 == /o (If o) :::: lrJ.j ~:: /0(/13 ) :::- //,p.fi-
.1 s

f,_ ~ /1 + j_ f (0 ~- ~2.) - oZ2.

= SOfJS/ f i (/.9'f s;f )(JOz-lfO'") -t:1.,~ff:1 (-3 fi)
= ~l.2.ps/

3-3
3.5

3..5 An incompressible fluid with density p flows steadily

past the object shown in Video V3.7 and Fig. P3,S'. The fluid Dividing
velocity along the horizontal dividing streamline streamline
(-oo :5 x :5 -a) is found to be V = V0 (1 + a/x), where a is
the radius of curvature of the front of the object and V0 is the X
upstream velocity. (a) Determine the pressure gradient along Stagnation
this streamline. (b) If the upstream pressure is p 0, integrate the point
pressure gradient to obtain the pressure p(x) for -oo :5 x s; -a.
(c) Show from the result of part (b) that the pressure at the stag-
nation point (x = -a) is p0 + pV6f2, as expected from the
Bernoulli equation.

■ F I G U R E P 3 .S

or
¥s- :: ~ == - f Vo ( H- -~ )(- ~ ) == f a ¼ ( ~
2
+ ?°)
f X X
(b) { dp ~ J1 dx = pa •.,t2f {-f,. ~ {;) dx Nofe: f "'fq afxr-oo
fo x~-01, -oo

or X

p-fo==raVo2.[--f-if.-
- 00

Thv.s
p~f. - ra Vo f 2
[ +;x\]

(c) From parf(b) 1 when X=-a

2
p/ = f• - p V.
11 [-f + fa~]
{Jo+± f Vo:z. :a- f✓ +tp i{
2
From -fhe Bernovf/,' eqvafion
where/
V, = V == Vo (I +c~>) = 0
x-c:-a
ihvsJ fJ, ~ /Jo +-1 f Voi 4s expecfed.
3. 6 I

3.6 What pressure gradient along the

streamline, dp/ds, is required to accelerate water
in a horizontal pipe at a rate of 30 m /s2 ?

dS -- - o.ri1J8
#:- - p Vf e ==O and
V/f=a.s =
T/2us1
M- = - pas == - 999 ~ (Jo-Pr) :: -30,000~)/m
or
~
dS
= - 30.0 kPa/m

3-5
3,7

3.7 A fluid with a specific weight of 100 lb/ft3 and negligible vis-
cous effects flows in the pipe shown in Fig. P3.7. The pressures at
points (1) and (2) are 400 lb/ft2 and 900 lb/ft2 , respectively. The (1)
velocities at points (1) and (2) are equal. Is the fluid accelerating
uphill, downhill, or not accelerating? Explain.

.,
. • (2)''

Ill F I G U R E P3.7

If fhe flow is .sfeady (i.e.1 nof acceleraf/n9t fhen

(I)
_L \/2.
f,+2.pv, +u.Z1
}1
~f2 +-zpv2.+0~
I II 1.
2
}'t.7

Buf V, == ~. T/Jv~ fors1e~dy flow

A +tz, ~ f2. +d"Z2 J where) /{we se-1 Z2 ::~ fhe11~,~(loff)s/n3u°::Sfl
For -fhe 1,·ven dafaJ £r, O) becomes
(Jfoo1fi) +(Jooi)(Sft) :::(<;ooi)
or lb - lb
900 ft2. - C/00 f{z.
rhaf is; 4. (JJ (fhe sfeady flow ervrJ,hon) is valid,
The flow is nof accelert1h~9-
Noie: 1{ 1he flow were accelero,-f/119 fhe pre.r.stJte difference
between poi/J-ls (/J tJYJr/. (:i.) wovld be d,'fforetrl ihdn the qiven
(900-1./-00) t
=:: E'ooif:i.

3-6
3.8 I

3.8 What pressure gradient along the streamline, dp/ds, is required

to accelerate water upward in a vertical pipe at a rate of 30 ft/ s2 ?
What is the answer if the flow is downward?

T/2f/s, for llp I/ow

*::: -62,if(J)~ -1.9¥

ond for down flow
~~¥(30~) = -12.0.6(.//!pz.)/ff =- 0.839 e;f

1~ = -6J.,'f (-1) J/p - /.?4' ~:r (30.!j.) = lf. 20 ( ;~s )/fl =~02.9~ Jf

3-1
a .q I
3. 'l Consider a compressible fluid for which to obtain the "Bernoulli equation" for this com-
the pressure and density are related by pl p" = pressible flow as [11/(11 - l))p/p + V 2/2 +
C0 , where n and C 0 are constants. Integrate the gz = constant.
equation of motion along the streamline, Eq. 3.6,

if f + +j £ = constant along a slream line

or so that

n n
n -/ n -1

3--8
3./D

3 ..f-0 An incompressible fluid flows steadily past sure at the stagnation point (x = - a) is Po +
a circular cylinder as shown in _fig. P3.I0. The fluid pV'f/2, as expected from the Bernoulli_equatio n.
velocity along the dividing streamline ( - oo s
x :S - a) is found to be V = V0 (1 - a 2 /x 1 ), Dividing
where a is the radius of the cylinder and V0 is the streamline
upstream velocity. (a) Determine the pressure
gradient along this streamline. (b) If the upstream
pressure is p 0 , integrate the pressure gradient to
~----~-..,
Vo

Po
obtain the pressure p(x) for - 00 s x :S -a.
(c) Show from the result of part (b) that the pres-

{a)

or f-)-j!Jo == -.2pa'-Voj[1-(f/J
-00
X
t
= -2.pa2.Va2 fx[£3-a'-x-s] dx
Thus, --
fJ = fo + pVo .2[ ({- )2.. - ±(f )"'] for - 00 :5 X :s -a

(c) For Xi:: -a J from pqrt {b):

1I == 110 -ff\lo
2
[(- 1 ),.-i <- 1f] =to+ tr->Vo2.
X-::-~

Note : Ber/Jou/// eivat/on /rpm P"ilJf Cl/ whel'& ~~Vo f,~/o

anJ. ~ =Zo fo poi11f t.i.J where V2.. ::O .1 ?z -::z/ 9/11t1..s

/J2. .J- 2...1... {' ~ ..,.

.__.. ._. ._.,0
.L
ti, -f 2. f l1 2.
-1, J'.2, =<
2. }"
0 .Z2

(I) (l.) I

X, ~-oo X:.z.=-a

3-q
.1.11 I
3. 11 Consider a compressible liquid that has a constant bulk
modulus. Integrate " F = ma" along a streamline to obtain the
equivalent of the Bernoulli equation for th is flow. Assume
steady, inviscid flow.

From Er. .3. 6

dfJ +ff d(V 1-) + odz:: o where r~ fj,
and dp:: £i, if where
£v::: hvlk modvlv.s == con.r/4nf
(see £~. /.13)
Thus, a/on, o .sfream/ine:
Ev·1./ tfpd(Vj.) +egdz :::0 or

£" ~ + d (f V2 ) +7rl.2 ~o which can_ he infe9ro.fed between

f between pomfs to and C2.J fo 9ive
f:1. v,- 12..
Ev {
e, v,
f
~ + d(iv'-) + 9Jl
~,
f ==O

or
-Ev[ f -fr,]+ t[v,.
2
1
-- V, 2 ] +i[z,.-z,] ::o

Hence =
?z - ~ + }2. = consf4nf 4/0/Jt/ a sfreamline

3-10
3,13 I

3.13 Air flows along a horizontal, curved streamline with a 20 ft

radius with a speed of 100 ft/s. Determine the pressure gradient
normal to the streamline.

-o ,Pn - * 9(v"
== 1
where f ~o .s111ce fhe .sfteamil)e is hon2onfa/,
Thv~
9.j. ~ _ fl_i= -(O.OOJ-38 ~)(/00 ~ )2
an "R 20N
n
- -/ 19 s/119 ( I J..L-.:-:
- I f~2. ,.s2 (if!#±)) = - /, 19 ffe
Jh

3-1/
3.1 't Water flows around the vertical two-di-
mensional bend with circular streamlines and
constant velocity as shown in Fig. P3.l'I-. If the
pressure is 40 kPa at point (1), determine the
pressures at points (2) and (3). ·Assume that the
velocity profile is uniform as indicated.

FIGURE P3.14
-'o' dr
Tn
_d.f- _
an -
ex:
1< w/fh ~ ==I 011J
(1)
V::: 10 m/s

1h11sJ w/1/2 -f<-== 6 -n

j_

h
==-t-ft
t-n or
n n v2.r1,
S1/n dn f rdn - f
fl

=- .e6 _ n !!
n=o n=o n =O
.so that since o' and Vate
n
co1Jsta11ts

1-11, -on - pV2 f 6d!'n

::=
n=O
Thv.s
J 6
f = /J, - tn - Fv2. /n ( 6 -,i)
W/lh f; == 'fo/(/Ja t11Jd /l2 :/m :/:i =::l;f1J/r/>a,-f.!XJ/-f,(!1>1)
- 99? ~ <1~/- In ( -i-)
or
I{=::: 12-, o kP~
·atJd,
wlfh f; : : 'f.O }/4 4nd IJ3 == 2.m s /J =: 'lo kPa. - 9.1ox1li {:im)
-</99 .!;!s (101}) 11 ( f)
2

or
/.J : : - 2 O. I fr POI

3-/2
~3,15 Water flows around a vertical two-di-
mensional bend with circular streamlines as is
shown in Fig. P3 .15 The pressure at point (1) is
20 ft
Ii 1<_ i·
measured to be p, = 25 psi and the velocity across
section a-a is as indicated in the table. Calculate
and plot the pressure across section a-a of the
channel [p = p(z) for 0 5 z 5 2 ft].

FIGURE P3. IS

a
wilh Tn
dr = I I ~ == 22-n, and V= V(n) as 9/ven
in lhe /able wifh z :::n.
Thv.s, 2.

dl---o-ev_
dn - (22-n)
orf

J(J~ = -5odn
p n
n:=2
-sf
n
n=2
V
(22-n)
2
dn
or n=2
( V'-
fJ,-f = -a' (2-n) - pj (2. 2 -h) dn
wi lh
'-" n /I,
p_-I.I/If -E_llqs d _ /I:, 1'1111. i,l:)
Hence o = 6J..Jf- 1P , fl,3 , an f.JJ-25 ,n?- ~1,,.,1fi
= 3600.!k..,_ fhis 9ives
2 ff
fl= 3600 + 62.11(2-n) + IJl'f f 2:_:) dn .1 where f ~-ffi.., n ~ff (t)

n
For O !fn~2 use +he dafa in lhe fable (V-::::V(n)"where n=~)
and inle9rale nvmerically lo de1ermine fJ~ f{IJ).

z (ft) V (ft/s)
0 0
0.2 8.0
0.4 ]4.3
0.6 20.0
0.8 19.5
1.0 15.6
1.2 8.3
1.-l 6.2
1.6 3.7
J.8 2.0
2.0 u
(con'f)

3-/3
n, ft value of integral p, lb/ft"2
0 13.33 3751
0.2 13.04 3738
0.4 11 .8 3723
0.6 8.98 3705
0.8 5.32 3685
1 2.37 3667
1.2 0.879 3652
1.4 0.361 3638
1.6 0.107 3625
1.8 0.02 3613
2 0 3600

__7
3800

3750
f, lb/ff
3700

3650 +------+------!-

3600 + - -- --+-----4-----
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

3-l'f-
.3.16

y
3.16 Water in a container and air in a tornado flow in hor-
izontal circular streamlines of radius rand speed Vas shown
in Video V3. 6 and Fig. P3.I 6 Determine the radial pressure
gradient, ap/ ar, needed for the following situations: (a) The
fluid is water with r = 3 in. and V = 0.8 ft/s. (b) The fluid
is air with r = 300 ft and V = 200 mph.

■ FIGURE P3.16

Fo·r

and
ourved sfreaml!ne.s1
_#,, e;1 + ~ ~ ,
=
2

fn- = - -Jr
or with
fhis l>ecome.s
* :::o ( hor/ionf a I s freamlines ).1 1?::: r,

:le==
c:/.r
.EJ-2
r
a) With r == Ji H and V== 0,8 fj and wafer ( p= l.9'f ~ ))
/.9'1- ~¥ {o,8 lj/z. sl119s == L/-,?l Jb
( f½ fl) == '-I, 97 f{l. . .s'- H3

881±.
(b) vii-lh r == 3ooff and V.: :- 200 mph( .s ) = 2 931±.
s
1, o mph

and air. ( p-==O.00238 E_vqs)

f+3 , .

~r ~ o,oo:i.38 ~~ (293 li)2

.s . =O. 681 ffs,v9.s
' lb
O 681
Tr 3 oo ff s:1. 2. • == • ff3

3-/5
3 .11

3.lJ ~ir flo_ws smoothly over the hood of your car and up
past the windshield. However, a bug in the air does not follow
the same path; it becomes splattered against the windshield.
Explain why this is so.

An air porf icle f /owin9 alvnq

sfreamline (l)-(1-) is immersed. in
a press vre field prodvceJ by all
of lhe .s11rrovnJin9 air pafltic/es.
Gravily anrJ presstJre ef{ec.fs precisely
balance cenf rifv9al acceleration effec;fs.
Tho/ is1 2.
where rand p are fho spec,1'c we,9hl and
- t!.!, ,n === .eJ.
m - lt- r? J
density of fhe aif'

air parf icle follows

.sfreo.r,iline past wind.rhie/d

A hv9 is more dense fhan air J eh"9 > pJ huf if "{etJ/S" -/he -S4/IJB
pressure. fre/JJ whic,h is nol .svfficielll fo n,a)e ii fvrn as .shaflpfJ as f/Je
air does. f/ence1 ~u > 'I? and lhe PllJ hits lhe w/114.sh/e/J·
9

3-16
3. /q I

3.19 At a given point on a horizontal streamline in flowing air, the

static pressure is -2.0 psi (i.e., a vacuum) and the velocity is 150 ft/s.
Detennine the pressure at a stagnation point on that streamline.

f, + t pV, 2. +Kz, :: f +f. pVi. +rl.2.

2
:i.

where -z, :: Z1.. and 1/4. ::O

Thvs 1 . 2-

{12:::. f, -1-{pV,'"~(-2.o~)(IJflf~~~) +f.(o.002-38~~9f)(1so!/-) 2

.::: - 2. 88 .& + 26 8 s /vq- tf ( J. lb )
ff'- ' fl': s 2. slurff
s-2.
= - z 61 ~
fP·
== - 1, eI ps;

J-11.
3,2 I I

3.2 I When an airplane is flying 200 mph at relative to the airpl a ne. What suction pressure is
5000-ft altitude in a standard atmosphere, the air developed on the wing at that point? What is the
velocity at a certain point on the wing is 273 mph pressure at the leading edge (a stagnation point)
of the wing?

( a) /J + l. f V
2
+.Z =C ()/JS7anf

or

(b)
/llso.I

3-/8
3 '2.2.

3. 2.2. Some animals have learned to take ad-

vantage of the Bernoulli effect without having
read a fluid mechanics book. For example, a typ-
ical prairie dog burrow contains two entrances- I.07V0
a flat front door, and a mounded back door as
shown in Fig. P3.'ll..When the wind blows with
velocity V 0 across the front door, the average
velocity across the back door is greater than V 0
because of the mound. Assume the air velocity
across the back door is l.07V0 • For a wind velocity FIGURE P3.22.
of 6 mis. what pressure differences, p, - p~, is
generated to provide a fresh air flow within the
burrow?

/Ji +2
.L
f v,2.
/ + ~2 I == /J.2 .L
+2 p 1/2.
v2 + ti!:;.

Thvs. w/1/2 ne7lir/lble 9ravilafional effecfs (~: a. 2 1 -;: Z.2.)

✓

fl I - /J:;_ == ~
J
f ( V.2. -
2
~
'-)

= ~ { /,]..1 ~ ) ( ( / . 07 ( 6 !ff-))2 - ( 6 fl)

m
or
11 -,,. == 3 · 2-/ ¾,:
.3.2.3 I

3. 23 A loon is a diving bird equally at home

"flying" in the air or water. What swimming ve-
locity under water will produce a dynamic pres-
sure equal to that when it flies in the air at
40 mph?

or

3-20
.3.2.4 I

3.2 'I- A person thrusts his hand into the water

while traveling 3 mis in a motor boat. What is
the maximum pressure on his hand?

w,11, z, ~~2
I/ - 3 .f!l..
VJ - ,S

/J; =- 0 1 ~ =-0

3-2-l
3.2£, I
3.2...S A Pitot-static tube is used to measure
the velocity of helium in a pipe. The temperature
and pressure are 40 °F and 25 psia. A water ma-
nometer connected to the Pitot-static tube indi-
cates a reading of 2.3 in . Determine the helium
velocity. Is it reasonable to consider the flow as
incompressible? Explain.

L!L + v/- + ;! ; /Ji + Va. + 2

~ :i.7
2
. .:
(I) ('-) I
f Zj I 2

wd/2 -:z, == Zz J ~ :: II, and ~ =- o

where
-~ .s/v9s
p=fr = (!. 2 If1. X/0¥J:!:.&_) ( 1/-60 + 'fO) 0R
stv7sf/l
== s:ao x 10 ffs

and .since t.'/1:zO >> °",re

lh ( 2,3 ff) _ lb
Ir ::: 62.¥ n3 7r - //,?6 7-P-
i½o h
L) - L} ::::
V-2. tr/ ,.
TIJu.sJ l
2 (//.96 tp) -- 203 Ji
½= S,80X/O-~ sit¥ s

No-le= /YI-: cV where C ==,fkRi

or
/YJ =
203
]../0 J:1.
!/ = o. 06.3 << 0. 3 TAvs f/;e I/ow can DfJ
3 .s
✓

consid&l'Bd //JCOll'lf)res.rible

3-21.
3.Z:6

3. 2.6 An inviscid fluid flows steadily along the stagnation

streamline shown in Fig. P3,l6and Vidl'n V3.7 starting with
speed V0 far upstream of the object. Upon leaving the stagna-
tion point, point ( 1). the fluid speed along the surface of the ob-
ject is assumed to be given by V = 2 V0 sin fJ, where fJ is the
angle indicated. At what angular position, 02, should a hole be
drilled to give a pressure difference of p 1 - p2 = pV5/2? Grav-
ity is negligible.

D FIGURE P3 . 26

/o + -1 pVo /! +i p~ 2. ::: fo. +i p~ 1

:l. :-

where ~ =o
Th11sJ
f I - /J;_ C: ±p( ½. 2. - ~ ,.) :: d f v,_2.

.so fl1at if
f, - fl,. =: I
2 f Vo:Z. 1he11 1/
V.z. :;- Vo
1/

T/2(1,I is:
½_ == 2 Vo sih ~ - Vo or sin~== 1
flence.1 0L == 30°

3-23
3.2.7 I

V, .
ct=:"
3.:1- 7 A water-filled manometer is connected to a Pilot-static (I)
tube to measure a nominal airspeed of 50 ft/s. It is assumed that
a change in the manometer reading of 0.002 in. can be detected.
What is the minimum deviation from the 50 ft/s airspeed that _l
can be detected by this system? Repeat the problem if the nom-
inal airspeed is 5 ft/s. h
(2) ~-
T
where A== o) V2. =0
z,';:;;2:1,. J and /J2:: °'12oh

f V, 2 = (0.,0023B#,!t)(V,:i. ~~){l2ffj
or h= 2 ~~o 2 ( 62.lf ~ )

JI
11ence1 h == 2. 29X/0-.I/- v.!1- h
, , w ere V, ~ tl/4 and h ~in.

Fol' ½: : 501} -lhis 9ives

h = 2,-;.9x10 4 ( sol== o,S7.3 in.
while (or V, ~ 5 His ii 9ive.s
h ::: 2.~9x1o'I-( 5)2. = o. ooS73 in.
W/fh h ± o. 001.. in.. {110111 fhese nominq/ valves we obfain
h, in. V,, Flis
O,.S7I 'f 9,q
0,573 50.0
0.57S £0, I

0.00313 'f. OJI,

o. 00.573 .s.oo
0.00773 5.RJ

Th11s1 wilh V: == so ff/4 fhe minimvm ail' S/Jeed de11/a.tion fhal can
be delecfed. is ± O. I flls j for ~ = 5 ff/.s if is +o. 8/ His•
3.28

3.28 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Incorrect raindrop

shape," Section 3.2.) The speed, V, at which a raindrop falls is a
function of its diameter, D, as shown in Fig. P3.28. For what sized 25
raindrop will the stagnation pressure be equal to half the internal
20
pressure caused by surface tension. Recall from Section 1.9 that the
pressure inside a drop is !:ip = 4a/D greater than the surrounding 2 15
pressure, where a- is the surface tension. -;,:
10

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

D, in.
■ F I G U R E P3.2.8
De ferm/ne diarnelet D fol' wht'ch
tp V = ~ [ 'f <rI l)] or
2
J

l (o. 00239:!!fl,3s) V2 ::: ~ [ If( S: 03 x,o-~ #-) / D]

orD:::: 8. i;s/v
2
J
where D ,-.,ff and V"" His
or D == IOI IV'" where D~ in. aJIJd v"" ff/4
J (/)
TIJt1~ fhere are 21111l<nowns) D and ~ and 2 er11afions1 £r, fl) and F/r. P3, z.s.
The so/vi-ion is 9iven bl fbe ,nfetsecl/on of fhese fwo D-V9r1Jf/J.r t:f.s
shown below.
30

25 -+------+---
~ - - -j
20 . - - - - - - + - - - r - - - - + -..r-i~ : ~ ; ~ flw-t.-~.

-1
10 _ 8: F'a/1 ~~J vs
+---/--1---__,__·_p_3_,l diameter
5

0 - - - ---+- J_
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
D , in.

Th()sj D~ O.JL/-in, == 3.6 mm

3. 2.q I

3.29 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Pressurized eyes,"

Section 3.5.) Detennine the air velocity needed to produce a stag-
nation pressure equal to 10 mm of mercury.

ieV2.:: f.rft17== /Omm of mcrcllf>J-==dg9h J where~ ~/331-/03!.

T/J{)s.1
i (l.1-3 f;'3) v:i.::: Jomm (,od':n,111) ( /33X/0 Ji;) 3

or m
V= 1ft, £ m/4

3.30 l
3.30 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Bugged and plugged
Pitot tubes," Section 3.5.) A airplane's Pitot tube used to indicated
airspeed is partially plugged by an insect nest so that it measures
60% of the stagnation pressure rather than the actual stagnation
pressure. If the airspeed indicator indicates that the plane is flying
150 mph, what is the actual airspeed?

When unpltJ77eJ -/he a/r speed i11Jic,.ftJr wovld retj/s/t'f' a prM-ttJre

J;{{erence of
Af-= tp V-;_.: .J:p(lsomph) 2

af /Su mph.
flowever.1 when p/!)170d 411J f/2e readi1J9 ,i?dicafe.s /.S-0 m1/2, f/Je ac/vr.1/
speer/, w()11/J be
Af::: t ~ (Jsum,Phf;; CJ. 6tJ [ip V~]
or
V=== JCJ'fmph

3-2.6
3. 32. 1

3.32 Water flows through a hole in the bottom of a large, open tank
with a speed of 8 m/s. Determine the depth of water in the tank. Vis-
cous effects are negligible.

I 1/ 1
I
{J, + tp ~ +-ti,
2.
= /2 +2 p V2. +0Z2.
T/Jt1s; wif h ft == f,. ~ Z2 ~ V, ~ c'JJ

'6 2, == f p v: ., hhere t::: P? and ~:: h

.so fh4f
I \I 2.
Pffh =- 2 f V').

( € P-t
== 3. J..6 m
2(9.8/J)

3-27
3.33

3. a:J Water flows from the faucet on the first floor of the
building shown in Fig. P3 •.3.4 with a maximum velocity of 20
ft/s. For steady inviscid flow, determine the maximum water
velocity from the basement faucet and from the faucet on the
second floor (assume each floor is 12 ft tal I). (3)

(/)
I : 20 ftls fr

12 ft

■ FIG U R E P 3 .3.3

ff~ fr ::: 2.
CrJl1slt:111f

2.

T/211.s.1 .i!L 'J-/j +zI -

(' +-~ ~ +{j- +Z2 w/lli 17,_ ='/7; ~ o { free /&/)
a/ld v; =- '2 offIs , z1 :: 'IfI
01'
2.
ff 2.
(2.os) + 'I- fl = ~ fJ + (-?ff) Z 2 ==-Bff
,:;.. (:n .2 .fj;) J. (32.1 .s2.)

or l/2. = 3'f,i 1j
and w,th /4 ~171 = o (free Jet)

or
QI} d, vt =: 2 0 # ,2 I =' 'f ff
(2-0fj-)2 V:2. Z-3 = /6 ff
~-' + 'f If == t '.3 th.) + I 1, ff
2.(32 .z :fJ 2- 32.,2 .s

or ~ == 7-0 2 y - :i. {32.,2) ( I J.).... = ,/ - 373 ' Im/J()ssible! Alo 1/tJW

from .secfJIJd {/t7or fewest.

3-28
,..3. 35 I

•13, ~5 An inviscid liquid drains from a large

tank through a square duct of width b as shown 'v ( I)
in Fig. P3.35. The velocity of the lfuid al the outlet
is not precisely uniform because of the difference
in elevation across the outlet. If b ~ h, this dif-
ference in velocity is negligible. For given b and
h, determine u as a function of x and integrate
the results to determine the average velocity,
I
V = Qlb2 • Plot the velocity distribution, u = b
u(x), across the outlet if h = 1 and b = 0.1, 0.2,
0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m. How small must b be II F I G U R E P3.35
if the centerline velocity, v at x = b/2, is to be
within 3% of the average velocity?
A+ v,2- z
't 2.r; + 1 =
{J:,_ Vf
T+zg +Z2, were p,=f2.=0J
h V, l/
,=::OJ r2.=~
z,= o., and 22. = -h + g-x
Thus) 1

O=';gz +(-h+2.b -x) or fV':;-y2p(x+h-2)

/ b
(I)

Also x"'b b X"'b

Q~ f11rdll =~,,,-b dx =129 j(x +h - ~ /~Jpbfz:,"(;)(x+h-f /-i j
X-O O X=O
or
Q== ~Vzg'[(h~tf~-(h-¾)¾]
Hence, with Q::: AV= b2 V fhis qive.s

V= AY2i[(ht!>3 -(h-i/4
4
] (2.)

PJal ,v-=N'(X) from Eq.0) from X=O fo X=b wilh h= In; and
b=0,/, 0.2, O.'f-, 0.6, 0.8 and/, Om. See fhe 9raph al fhe end
1

of /his proh/em solufion.

Lei \lc:::: ce11fer/ine velocily = N" / .b. ., where fn:;m Er. ti):
X= 2

'Vc::: 1/ijh" (3)

Nole fhqf in fhe /inJ1tin9 case of } =h f he avert19e

ve/ocily (see Ef. (1-)) is
v/ = 3 /zh) v21 · [ r2n)
34
] = ~-%. V2jh · = o.1~3yz~h
i=h = o.9~31{
~ 3, 3.5' I (con'fJ

Thu.s , for b== 2h Vc 1

== - - = 1 060
v o.q'IJ ·
In fhe other limif a.s b-o we can vse lhe expansions ( valid for smallb)
fha.J- (h ~ ~ )3/:1. ~ }, 3/'-(/+ 1;,l4 -::: Jt'-( l+ -J(f,j)f --·) and
(h- ~/i = h3/2-(l-f,;/-i ~ J-?12 ( 1-f(f,;)-+--)
Hence £q, (2) in fhe /imil
J fJ; - 0 gives

V) ~3! ~[(h'4 )[1+ .NJt)-J+Uft)]] = 3! Ylf h¾(-#)

b--o
or
v} = Yz<;h) as is -lo lie expecfed. ThvsJ YE-
V
-1 os b-o
b....O Ve I.trj. {)6_0 - - - - - - -
v
We are lo defermine Jhe
valve of b that qives
\{.- V = O.03V, or I

0 2h
VVc = J,03 b
Thof Is J qs. (2)411J f.3):
frPm

tz~h.., =1,03 (3t) vzi [(h +f J;,. -(h-f t~] , or wilh 1/:; fn
3fl = /,o3[(1+J'/J½. - (l-n//2]
. . r, .3,1_ ( )¾ ]
HenceJ fmd fhe roof of the fvncf,on F(r;) = /.o3tfJ+I/) - 1-r; -3'>/
i.e./ iJ svch fhaf F(r;)-::O, By vsin~ a .standard roof- {/ncliPa1
compvfe r pro9r~m we obfatfJ
f/ -= o.179
ThvsJ i; = 0. 77'f = ~
or
b= 2{0.77q)h == 1,s6 h
For b ~ 1. 5 6h ii follows fhaf fhe centerline velocily i's iv/lhin
3 7. of fhe avera9e velocdy.

( con'1)
3-30
4
J.3S (con'f)

Typico, I ve/oc/fy profiles 4re shown he /ow.

1.0r--------,-------------.....-,---~
Legend /
/
- - - b-0.1 m /
----------· b-0. 4 m /
/
- - - - - · b-1. 0 m /
O.B ~ ~ - - - - - - _ _ J /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
0. 6 '- /
/
/
/
/
/
X /
/
0. 4 '- / ,
/ ,
/ /
./ /
/ /
/ /
./ ,
./ ,
./ /
0. 2 - ./
./ ,
./ ,
./ /
./ /
_,,,,,,,,,✓
0.0..._--'-_,___.....__.......,_-1.._
,/ , /
__.~_...______...1..,__.....__........_ ___.__ ___J
3 5 6
v (m/sl

The velocily protile.s for b:::o.Jm ,nd h:::/.om are drawn lo.scale he/ow.

b=O.I m

b==J.om

.3 -3 I
3,36

(I)

3 ..36 Several holes are punched into a tin can

as shown in Fig. P3.36. Which of the figures rep-
resents the variation of the water velocity as it
leaves the holes? Justify your choice.

(a) (b) (c)

FIGURE P3. 36

f + zj.2. + 2 == con.sf4nf .so f/2al w/lh V; ~ o.1 /,::: o t',/nd 2 1 .::: h,

af fhe free .surface./ f/;e/J

so f/;at

Thvs)

or

Fiq. (a) ls corflec.f disfrihuliol}

3-32
3.37 I

3 .31 Water flows from a garden hose nozzle with a velocity

of JS m/s. What is the maximum height that it can reach above
the nozzle?

hvl jJ; ==O

A_~o
½_~o
V,:::: IS f>J/s

II.£ m

3-33
3.38

3.38 Water flows from a pressurized tank, through a 6-in.-diameter

pipe, exits from a 2-in.-diameter nozzle, and rises 20 ft above the
nozzle as shown in Fig. P3.38. Determine the pressure in the tank if
the flow is steady, frictionless, and incompressible.

Tht1~
4 ::
Of'
Z1..- -- Z,

/J, ~ o(Z2-Z1) ~~2.lf i)(22.ff-2f+)::: /2'/J -j;-

2

Note: The diamefer ol fhe pip~ or /l()z?.le ane oof neerlerl

3.3Cf

3 ,3q An inviscid, incompressible liquid flows steadily from / 10 psi

the large pressurized tank shown in Fig. P.3.J9. The velocity at
the exit is 40 ft/s. Determine the specific gravity of the liquid Air (I)
in the tank.

,· (2)
~ O ft/s

El FIGURE P3 . 3q

3-35
3.lfO

3.'fO Water flows from the tank shown in Fig. P3. 'fO. If viscous
effect~ are negligible determine the value of h. in tenns of Hand
r - ---- - - (I)

H
the specific gravity, SG, of the manometer fluid.

FIGURE P3.'f0
(
(3) ; J
SG
where /Ji = o 1 ~ = ½_ ::: tJ
and z, -Zi == H
Thvs 1
b.
t
:::fl ( J)

But, f 3 == f:i. + o'l == /J¥ == /Ji + if (fl+1- fi ) + sGa h

or
12 ==o(H-h+sGh) (2)

Combine Eqns. (1) and (2) fo give=

H =(H+(SG-/)h)
or
(SG-t)h =O
Th11s1 if SG =II I
fhen h =O {or any SG

3-36
3 .Jf./

3.41 (See Fluids in the News article titled "Armed with a water
jet for hunting," Section 3.4.) Determine the pressure needed in
the gills of an archerfish if it can shoot a jet of water 1 m vertically
upward. Assume steady, inviscid flow.

From fhe Bernoulli eq11af ionJ

q,'lls
.f-!J_ t y: +i! =
6° 21 I ()" Zf
ii
+ Jl -t i!.
2.
'{/)

/ls.sulY/e V,,;;; 0 ( larr;e 9/1/s 11 b2 4 ~ Im (small fi-rh) 1 f'2-::: 0 ( free jet )J

and ½. =O ( +op of ver11c1,1/ w~for je-lJ,
,hv-r/
If : : -z,..-z✓ (JI'
3,11-3 I

3.43 Air flows steadily through a horizontal 4-in.-diameter pipe and

exits into the atmosphere through a 3-in.-diameter nozzle. The veloc-
ity at the nozzle exit is 150 ft/s. Detennine the pressure in the pipe if !

viscous effects are negligible.

From Berno v IIi :S e 'I uo, Ii onJ

f, -+ t ev,2· +oz, -.: f2. t-1.pv/ +r~ 2

Thv~ w/fh z, =Z 2 .1 f:i. ~rJ1 t11Jd 1/4_ ::- 1~-0# J

I, :: d. p(V,.1-V,:t)
2_) ff:
Bvf, ,4, V, "'II2. V,. , or V, \i th¼.
[ :tZ D
"' {},) V, ={~'.~:) (Is a.fl)
2. 2.
c: 8'1-.'I s
Thvs1
£J
lF'
===- J_ ( o. oOl-39 s !t19.r)
2.. ft3
[o~o .sf±):z. -( f'f.1/-
,
tf.)2.] - / o 3 .s /v9_ ( JJ_h --)
s - o, ff ,.s2. slvff±
.... s.z..
or
{J, ;:: / 8,3 -:/t-2. ::: 0, I 2 7 psi

3-38
3,'1-lf I

3..'l-1/- A fire hose nozzle has a diameter of H

in. According to some fire codes, the nozzle must
be capable of delivering at least .250 gal/min. If
the nozzle is attached to a 3-in.-diameter hose,
what pressure must be maintained just upstream
of the nozzle to deliver this flowrate?
D ::.3in.
I D2 = 1,/2..s in.
ben VJ -(i-)- -- v.2
with z 1 =Z2. ) 1-?z =::o
qnd l-fr.J =(2so g_qj_) (23/ iL )
3
111 .3 11 mil/)= o,ss7 ff 3
/IJIIJ jtt, 1
(
/7J.8 J/J 3)
,-6Os- .s

T/2vs;
~I = ~: [ V;_ ~ - V: ~]
a11ri

.so f/2qt r111'1/J f ~f

if, = j_ (U'¥ ~;f~)[ 80.T ].ffz
2 2
- /1.3'1-

lh == i./-3.0 p.sl
= 6/qo f-12.
.3,lf5

3. 'fS Water flowing from the 0.75-in.-diameter outlet

shown in Video V8,/~and Fig. P3.'l-.5 rises 2.8 inches above T
the outlet. Determine the flowrate.
'L.
■ FIG U R E P 3 . 'f5

The flowr~fe is Q::: A, V,, where from

ihe Bernoulli e'lvation
£!- + ~ +Z :: b, + ~ -l- Z2
0 :J..j I t Z/J'
Thu~ wilh · f, ::: /& : : ;r, ~ Vz == o we o~fa111
~ =/2j22 == y2(.32.2ft/s 2 ) (2,8/n.)ft = 3.8Bff/.s
so Iha+ 2. 3

Q=- fJI 'V11 == If 10.H H) (3' 88 £1)

1T \. I ;2. .S
::: 0, oI /9 .£:L
.S

3-4-0
.3. lfb
3, '1-6 Pop (with the same properties as water) flows from a

>I~
4-in. diameter pop container that contains three holes as shown in
Fig. P3.'t& (see Vidt•o 3.q). The diameter of each fluid stream is
0.15 in., and the distance between holes is 2 in. If viscous effects
Sflrf a Ct. Surface at t= 0 ~(/) t
are negligible and quasi-steady conditions are assumed, detennine alt 2 ;, - 015 ;, h,=h
the time at which the pop stops draining from the top hole.
Assume the pop surface is 2 in. above the top hole when t = 0. h3 j:__ 2,n. I ~
Compare your results with the time you measure from the video. 2in. 1 ~ ( 2 . }

--4;,.J (3).

Q = Q, + Q2. -+ Q.3 ::: - !Ir # ■ FIG URE P3 .'i' 6

IJ, ==IJ:1. :: A~ ~ f (
2
where /> ·
I.(,
c ~-A·
' t
= V2 trah· A·
J I,
and
0
;'; ff )
2
( / ~1J 2✓ .l) = /, 22 7 X /0-'I f/
AT== f (JR ) o. 087.3 {✓2.
2
~

where i is lhe time it

lake fur thB {res .stJnace
f o re~oh fht 1/jlfBl' hfJ/e
( h::o},

( con'l)
3-Lf/
3.1./-6 I ( con'i)
The nvmerical valve of -/he i11fe9ral i.s obfaf11ed by v.r1n9 fhe
lrapezoidal rule since lhe closed form analylical so/uhon
is not 9/ven /n inle9,al fahles. The £XCe1- sprecJ.d sheel //.ted
for fhi.s is 9irJe1J below,
L /
i == .88. 7
St{h) dh
0
where f(h) == ( 1/h +1/hiI -1: 1fhiii- )

"" 8 8.7 [ :±t; (f,- +(:i, )(h;t1 - h.-)] "-(Ba. 7 W4) ~-1.zoffi"],= I o. 7 s

h, in. h, ft f(h), 1/ft112 (1/2)*(f1+ f1+1 )*(h1+ 1 - h1), ft 112

0.0 0.0000 1.015 0.00804 1
0.1 0.0083 0.914 0.00743 2
0.2 0.0167 0.870 0.00711 3
0.3 0.0250 0.837 0.00686 4
0.4 0.0333 0.810 0.00665 5
0.5 0.0417 0.786 0.00646 6
0.6 0.0500 0.764 0.00629 7
0.7 0.0583 0.745 0.00614 8
0.8 0.0667 0.728 0.00600 9
0.9 0.0750 0.712 0.00587 10
1.0 0.0833 0.697 0.00575 11
1.1 0.0917 0.684 0.00564 12
1.2 0.1000 0.671 0.00554 13
1.3 0.1083 0.659 0.00544 14
1.4 0.1167 0 .647 0.00535 15
1.5 0.1250 0.637 0.00526 16
1.6 0.1333 0.627 0.00518 17
1.7 0.1417 0.617 0.00510 18
1.8 0.1500 0.608 0.00503 19
1.9 0.1583 0.599 0.00496 20
2 .0 0.1667 0 .591 21
Sum of column =integral = 0.1201 1

Thus, t =88.7*0.12011 =10.7 s

3-Lf2..
3,'f7

3.47 Water (assumed inviscid and incompressible) flows steadily

in the vertical variable-area pipe shown in Fig. P3.47. Determine
the flowrate if the pressure in each of the gages reads 50 kPa..

From lhe Bernovlli er11~hon,

Q

f, +tpV/·+tl, -::({. +-i.plii_1..+if1~2-J

II F I G U R E P3.47
whe,e f, ~1J.. ~ so kPa
Thvs,
(J,) ± p ( v,.2- - v,,.) = r (z, - z 2.)

'Vi : *
1/l.roJ /1, V, ~112 t/4 1 or
~ ==(f~'!:) V,_ '" ({~)2¼ ==(-1:J'¼ =
HenceJ E9. (1J becomes
~ I
*V~

~-eI v/-;t v,_~J :: e?-cz,-z~)

or
hi) (Jom )
16 ¼. = zp z, - 22.
,~ 2. ( )
==- 2 ( <f,81-:s
or
\/,_~J'-1,Sf
Thvs J Jl 2- 3
Q :::fl,_V1.. == 'f (/m) (!¥.Sf):::: 11,1/-.!!j-

3-'+3
3.'f8
3 ..'f8 Air is drawn into a wind tunnel used for testing auto-
mobiles as shown in Fig. P3.'18. (a) Determine the manometer
reading, h, when the velocity in the test section is 60 mph. Note
that there is a 1-in. column of oil on the water in the manome-
ter. (b) Determine the difference between the stagnation pres-
sure on the front of the automobile and the pressure in the test
section.
Wind tunnel

(I)
•
60 mph
~

,=:;;.: . ;;;.:;:;;;:;!:;= = ....__

n,.;;;:;;;;; _
--
_,If

...._,
,..-open

Water Oil (SG = 0.9)

■ F I G U R E P 3 .'f 8

/JL Vi :z. ~ 2.
-ry- +z 1 + f,. == -If
,/"J"
( a) -1- ~ -1 :Z:z.

where
Z 1 ~ Z 2. J f, ~o J Cl/lei L1 z 0
Thvs.I w/f/2 ~ ~ to mj'JIJ
r ~ ee 11:.
S ~ I

/1;- = - ';f ur
f 2. ~ - "j:
J
(J v.;2 /( ~/Vi:£) ( ee J1)2-
'2. = - .2. o. OOJ-38 Na
9. /iJ
s ::::: - .J.2 Tf'-

Buf fi + ;i. h 0
-~i1(;ffl) =O where ~,'/ ::O.?fu,.0 :::0.9(62,'fff:1)
56 2
Thvs; == • -J:-3

- ?.iz '1 + b2.tl-j ( h If) -st.2. i (,I-r-1) ::: 01 or h:: o. 2.z:s ff

(b) f1
=-,z,.,..
-I Z, -/- s :: 7
/J.;_ z... J
""/f
-f -f 2.

where
Z2.::: ~ 4lld ~ :-(}
Thvs.I
£; ~I:; = /fa-
2.

or
({ - /J:z. ~ j: f 1/2.2.::: -f (o. OOJ-.38 -t.~'1.s )( ~8 JJ-f- = ?. J..2 l

3- 4-4-
 3.lf 'I Small-diameter, high-pressure liquid jets can be used
to cut various materials as shown in Fig. P3 ..'f9. If viscous ef-
fects are negligible, estimate the pressure needed to produce a
0.10-mm-diameter water jet with a speed of 700 m/s. Deter-
mine the flowrate.

Thv.s
fl/so,
Q = ~ A~ = 700 : ff (,o-~ lh)
2
] =
3
s. so x ;o-".!j-
3.50

3.50 Water (assumed inviscid and incompressible) flows

50 lb/ft3
steadily with a speed of 10 ft/s from the large tank shown in Fig.
P3.50. Determine the depth, H, of the layer of light liquid
(specific weight = 50 lb/ft3) that covers the water in the tank.

■ F I G U R E P3 . .SO
From fhe Bernoulli er11a-fion 1
2
/J~ + .Ji + = f~ + VJ: .f z
7 J.J -7i 7 1-p 2.
where /J .:= ~ H-' V; :: O) f:i. ~ O, z, == If fl; and :z2 =- 5 ff
Th11s 1
2.

~ H+ Z1 == 'iJ- + Z2. so lhal wifh ~ ~ Jofl/4-J

50 Jh/fP ) (Jo f-1/s /
( 62, if I b/f.13 JI + Lf ff - -2~(3_2_,2--::ft-:--:/s-::2:-:-) +5 ff
There{oreJ
H== s.1q ff
3.5/
f
3. 51 Water flows through the pipe contrac- t 0.2 m
t
tion shown in Fig. P3. 51, For the given 0.2-m h, ♦
difference in manometer level, determine the flow-
h2.
rate as a function of the diameter of the small Q
pipe, D. ~

FIGURE P3.S I

A-+
t '02. + z,
Zj
=-'; + 2.jVa.2. + '2:;. or wilh ~1 :: i!2. and 0 =O
v,_ =,/2-1 (t, ~N '

huf ft== oh, and f:i. = th2 so that ;>;-1:i.:::; o'(h1 -h1..):::: 0.21
Tlws1
½.=-i/2.1 o,;tt' ==i/2.1(0.2,'
or
3.52..

3.52 Water flows through the pipe contrac-

•
0 .2 m
t
tion shown in Fig. P3.52. For the given 0.2-m
difference in the manometer leve l, determine the
flowrate as a function of the diameter of the small
pipe , D.

FIGURE P3.S:i.

wifh

T/21).s.1
0.2. ( 2-fj)
Q.2~ or V,I :::
r [(4/)lf - !]
and
Q=A,V; == ;<o. ,)2 0,2.(2. (9.81))
[ (2if )'r - 1]
or
2-
Q_ 0.01S6 1)
- i/(o. !)'I - /) 'I
3.53

3.53 Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in

Fig. P3.S3,For the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer
level, determine the flowrate as a function -of the diameter of 0.2 m
the small pipe, D.

■ F I G U R E P3.53

b +1.L'- +z == /J2. +~ +z.

,~ ?'"~2.
where z, : : ~2. 4nrJ Vz ~o.
Tht1sJ
kr +ff=
:z.,- b~
Bvf
f/- ::: _X and -fl/-::: 0,2m +x so -lhaf
x ~,
V,'-
+-1- == 0.2m

-----
+x or
¼
2
~=fi1(0.im) = (2(9-811lz,)(o.J.h1)) :::: J,98f!-
T/JtJsJ
3
Q :=: II, V, = j (O.!in/· (!.?I .fl-);:; o.ot.s6 !p- for a/ly D

3-4'1
3.5Jf A 0.15-m-diameter pipe discharges into a 0.10-m-di-
ameter pipe. Determine the velocity head in each pipe if they
are carrying 0.12 m3/s of kerosene.

m3
0,/2-:s m
- :!L( 2. = 6.79-:s
-Sl 0.1.sm)
m3
0,/2. :s
== 15.271}-
f (O,/Om) 2

Thvs.,
'VJ' 2 ; (t. 79 P-i}. ::: 2.35 m,
'J-j 2. ( 9.SJ ~)

4nd
(IS.2? t)2· _
\.{2. _ I l.'lm
2 f - 2(1/.BJt) -
3.Ss I
..3 .5.5 Carbon tetrachloride flows in a pipe of
variable diameter with negligible viscous effects.
At point A in the pipe the pressure and velocity
are 20 psi and 30 ft/s, respectively. At location
B the pressure and velocity are 23 psi and 14
ft/s. Which point is at the higher elevation and
by how much?

wdh t== 9f/.S ~

lb .1
= {2.o-:Z.3)7ii..2. (/i'Lf#i)
99.S 11
3

or
Zs -Zn= 6.S9 fl , Bis ahove ll

3-s,
3,56
3, 5 6 The circular stream of water from a faucet is observed
to taper from a diameter of 20 mm to IO i:nm in a distance of
50 cm. Detennine the flowrate.

/!.L + V, 2- +2
r zp, ,
= {Ja._ + i{:L
T 2-
+ i!
.2. o.sv m
1
where ft =fz = O J z,.. =O I i!, = o, som
and (l) D2. : : : o. 0/0fll
V,I -_ 71;-
Q
J
II
V,2. =::
0
flz Q

~~ ~
(*')'+2p,=(lJor Q=[r;,~t.)r =
YI
A2.fiii',
-( A:;. 111,l
or smce
2
A2 === (- D,._ ) we obtain
fl, D, I

Q- -
f)
2. ,,
1/212,
I -(D2ID,l -
- :fl(
'I- 0,0/0n,
)~r 2(9.j/lJ;.)(o,som'1
-(O.0JO"':\'f
2

' I o,<)1..o J
-'I- ,n3
=2,.5'/X/0 s

3-52.
3 .57
Closed end

3.57 Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig. P3,51. The (O)
water barometer indicates a reading of 30.2 ft. Dete1mine the
maximum value of hallowed without cavitation occun'ing. Note
that the pressure of the vapor in the closed end of the barometer
equals the vapor pressure.
I
30 2 ft

-1_..i......J.-5-1n, diameter

■ F I G U R E P3.S7

J:L+lli2-+Z
f ~, I where flt -==OJ V; :;-O, /':z. =/vapor
Thus, Z 1 :::0 1 Z 2 ==6 ft

0 = ~apot' + ~2. + 6 ff
bvf lo + .30. 2 fl 4" =It or .since ft= /J//apor 1
/Jvapor =- -Jo.").. ff
'?f'
/lel)cOJ

0 = -30.2 ff + ~2. -1- 6 fl

:i..p
T/2{ls,
Vi.== 3t"/.~ !sf
Since ~ 1/3 = ~ 112 ,

or
'(: == l'f..2
3
fl
.s

floweverJ
.J/f +:i.p
0
½:z. +z, = h+
<f
v;
1-f
+23 or ~ = f2.~h ·
T/2vs,
/'1-.l fl
s ::: i/2. (32.2ft)
s.J. h .ft' or h == 3.13 ff

3-Sl
ti3,5g As shown in Fig. P3.58, water from a large reservoir flows
without viscous effects through a siphon of diameter D and into a
tank. It exits from a hole in the bottom of the tank as a stream of di-
ameter d. The surface of the reservoir remains H above the bottom
of the tank. For steady-state conditions, the water depth in the tank,
h, is constant. Plot a graph of the depth ratio hlH as a function of the
diameter ratio d/D.

II F I G U R E P3.58

From /he Bernovl// ervtAtion)

fd:.~Y:+$
d1 >-/ I
C: ~ +S
2-j
+Z:2.

where fJ, -= V, :: 0 > ~, -::: fl and al fhe '' free Jef '' end uf -/he -s-ipl»nj
J

f:L =t(h-~.
ThvsI [a,{' (I) becomes ~

H == (h-.Z;.) + ~ +Zz.
or
( I) V2 == y2!I ( H- h ).,
!//so, ,. h
b
~
+YI+
ii
l f == .¢. +j -I-
~ff O
P3} where /¥ c i4 :::/.1 -::.£3:::.0 and z'I-~
ThvsJ 2.

,_,
h ;: 1i or
~-:::fijh
R/soI for con.rf~nf f,'rvirl /eve ls ,n fh~ fanks; Qi.. : :. Q3
or
fl,_ II,. C /JJ VJ
so fhaf
1{. D2-V2. ::: 1fd 2. ~
From ['f!. (J))i.)J and /3):
1
"lfy29-(fl-h) =d 2 fijh or fl-h ::(.!p;) h

J.
I +( d/JJ)"'
This re.s11/f /s plo-fled on 1/Je nex/- p49e.
( con'fJ

3 -5'-f
( con'fJ

h/H
0.6 + - - - -- - + -- ~- + - -- - - + - - - - - i

0 0.5 1 1.5 2
d/D

3-55
3.Sq I

0.2 m
3,5 q A smooth plastic, 10-m-long garden hose with an in-
side diameter of 20 mm is used to drain a wading pool as is
shown in Fig. P3.5'f. If viscous effects are neglected, what is
the flowrate from the pool?

Fl(_
; u1u: P3.5'f

./;L + Vt:z. + z where fl,::: f:i.. == o) z 1 = o. -i..m

t ?-9 I
z 2. = - o. 2am.) anrl. ~, ::()
Thus,
k
'4=f2~(z -z 1 2 ;' =(2 (9.8/ ';.)(0.2 m -(- 0.1-Jm)~ 2

or
0 == /}2- ~ = -!_f:-(o,02-om/·r2.9o!p-)

3-56
3,60

3.60 Water exits a pipe as a free jet and flows to a height h above
the exit plane as shown in Fig. P3.60. The flow is steady, incom-
pressible, and frictionless. (a) Determine the height h. (b) Deter-
mine the velocity and pressure at section (1).

Ill F I G U R E P3.60
3.6/
/

3.61 Water flows steadily from a large, closed tank as shown in

Fig. P3.61. The deflection in the mercury manometer is 1 in. and l ft d iameter
3 in. diameter
viscous effects are negligible. (a) Determine the volume flowrate. 8 ft
(b) Determine the air pressure in the space above the surface of the
water in the tank. .(I)
T·

Mercury

II F I G U R E P3.61
{o.) From the
:J.
Bernoulli eqvahon
I J

-i.i +~ =- 6
id-f -1-Ji. I ('
+~ -t ::2
~ , ~,_ ;
u/"ere
fl
V~ ~o 4nd 2-1 ~ $i
/l!s1 1 fot ihe liJ4fJOmfJI e"i
f2 4 ~,,_
0
h :f, -ldi/,.0 (h-/in.) +~(/,i,.)
or
f2. -f, .: : (~, - ~,.o) (/in.)= <fu:1.o ( sr;J/1 - /) (I /n.)
=(6 2.Jf ¾3> ( 13.St -/) (i fl) ::: b 5, 3 i
Thvs1 from £'( {/ )J
v,2. _ f_,.-e_, _ 6 s. 3 Jb/fl _ fl
2? - a' - 62.'I 16/ff J - /, Olfl> T

so fhaf- - - - - - - -
v, ::: (Z) (32, 2-f{) (/. 0tf6ff) =:: 8. 2/ #
Hence, 3
Q::::fl,V, ==!/Uffl(e.1-11})==6/fs fj
(b) From -fhe Bernov/li eq114-f ion)
tP'I- +y; +Zif ~ 12., f }ft +Z3
1
(2)
7' ~, ~ :i.1 J

Thv~ -N3
V. .: : 6. J/.5s = I 3/Jjs
3 1l(2.f-t)2.
If /2-

Heace, from £rlJ..J;

...o, ~ i: p~
2
f.t_ +Z¥ .:: §_ -t Z or +K' (:z.3 - &If)
I 1-/f 3 J {I 1

Hence)
/J'f ~ i 0.91- .s/{1)(/3/ l}f +62.i/-~ 3 (-8ff) ==I~ /SO ~2. .:= 1/2 psi

3-58
3.62- I

3.62 Blood (SG = 1) flows with a velocity of 0.5 mis in an artery.

It then enters an aneurysm in the artery (i.e., an area of weakened
and stretched artery walls that cause a ballooning of the vessel)
whose cross-sectional area is 1.8 times that of the artery. Determine
the pressure difference between the blood in the aneurysm and that Cl)
in the artery. Assume the flow is steady and inviscid. ---½. (

~-
(1-)

fl 'L -:; /. 8 /JJ

rrom the Berf)o11/// er{/alion}
~ +2pV,
' 1- +a'.
2+oz., =- ft. .,.£' p~,. ~i.

where z, == Z:z. 1.1nd V, == o,s -ff-

Thv.s;
co f,_ -1, ~ dp (V,~- V,_2)
Howeve~
{] = PH2.o sr;b/ood :: P112-o ( I) == 99q~
4nd
~ fil ::: i{ t9L () f

,4, V,I -- (_L)

\/2. -- ~ 1,8
ViI
Thv~ Ect ti) becomes
f,.-f✓ = i (9q9-,) m -
k [ (o.rs) i ( m
-r:eI /·(o.ss)
2
]

.:: 86.3(!:9'~)/m
s~
2
lf
= e6,3 m : : 8t,3 Po.
3 . 63

3.63 Water flows steadily through the variable area pipe shown in Density = 600 kg/m 3
Fig. P3.63 with negligible viscous effects. Determine the manome-
ter reading, H , if the flowrate is 0.5 m3/s and the density of the :f;.;,,;~ i-:1,1•/!Iei ':,.'.',::',"-'!iJt,.._,.,~-'l,1. •·:;rl,,~ ·;

manometer fluid is 600 kglm 3• ?1 H

~~-~. ----:-::--' ' - - -~

·. i f
( I) . (2) .

Area = 0.05 m2 Area= 0.07 m2

ml F I G U R E P 3.63

From -fhe Bftrnoul/t' e911P.fion,

f' +K
fli- ;i.,9' +z I
~ +'!I.-t$
== o'J-f J.. /
where ~, ~i.. .k, -

Tlw~
(/) f :i. - f, = I; (~ -i._ Vi.'") == }.. p( V/'--Vs.J
Bt1t; (J =II, 'It : A.2. ~ .ro fh4f
l.'l m3
V, = ,¾ == o. 5 -::s
I n, 0,05m 2
He nee/ froni Er, (IJ:
(l) f:z. -/, = 1(999~)[(/o~/- -(7,14~/] ==2'f,SX/o (k~~)lmz. 3

:::: 2.Jf, S'X/0

3
t
For fhe manome-fe~
f, - ~,.oh -~a,:H -:: f:i. - %,_o (h+ IIJ
.so tht11
f2 -(}; == 0/,.o(h+II) -~j,o h -ta/J /I = ( ~-;.o- °"11111) /I = j ( f11:1.o-frn,M) J-1
Hence.) Ff'Otn Fis (iJ4nd {3) 1
3
LL sxJo .!i :::: /J1. ~I !!2 JI
2 T, mi s:z. (999!<.9
7£3 -60o~3)
fiJ

or
H~ 6.26m

3-60
...3.6/f

3 ,61/- Water flows steadily with negligible viscous effects

through the pipe shown in Fig. P3. ~-f. It is known that the 4-
in. diameter section of thin-walled tubing will collapse if the
pressure within it becomes less than 10 psi below atmospheric
pressure. Determine the maximum value that h can have with-
out causing collapse of the tubing.

■ FIGURE P 3. 6/f

2-
-h + {le.sff/s)
2 (32 .2. f//s:1.)
or
h= /.3I ff

3-61
3.6s I
3,65 Helium flows through a 0.30-m-diameter horizontal pipe
with a temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 200 kPa (abs) at a
rate of 0.30 kg/s. If the pipe reduces to 0.25-m-diameter deter-
mine the pressure difference between these two sections. As-
sume incompressible, inviscid flow.

/!L + Vt2. + z,
~ ?-ff D = o.3m
where z, = 21.
11/ = 2.00 kl'o. abs
-r; = 2o•c
Thu.s, 3N
_ ....:f:.!_ _ 2. 0 0 X IO m'-
(I) flt -f12..:::: ~ f (~ 2- - \,/-) where P -
~ llT,
-
(2 0 7 7 _!1:!!!. )(2.13 -0 ..0) k
kj •·I(
or J.
r-= o.329.!fft

or
0, 3m )~(12.9!}-)
==( 0,1-S = /8.6~
fl1

ThvsJ fron, E'l· {JJ:

2-

11-1:i. =-}:-(o.3~1J )(1e.6"-12.9')%-

3 == 2.9.s Pa

3-6'2-
3, 66 I
3.66 Water is pumped from a lake through an 8-in. pipe at a
rate of 10 ft3/s. If viscous effects are negligible, what is the pres-
sure in the suction pipe (the pipe between the lake and the pump)
at an elevation 6 ft above the lake?

3-63
.3, 61
/ b =width= 0.06 m
3. 67 Air flows through a Venturi channel of rectangular cross
section as shown in Video V3.IO and Fig. P3.67. The constant
width of the channel is (l.06 m and the height at the exit is 0.04 m. • (l)
Compressibility and viscous effects are negligible. (a) Deter-
mine the flowrate when water is drawn up 0. IO m in a small tube p -.. ,I _J_
attached to the static pressure tap at the throat where the chan- 0.04 m3' 0.10 m l i 0.05 m.;: f:i.. 0.04 m
nel height is 0.02 m. (b) Dete1mine the channel height, h2, at 1 l• ,.. 7
section (2) where, for the same flowrate as in part (a), the water · "r).
is drawn up 0.05 m. (c) Determine the pressure needed at sec-
tion (I) to produce this flow.
Water
■ FIGURE P3.67

(a)
{ /)

or ~ == 23,/ lf

<2.) (b)

From parf (a), ~ == :J.3./ f

Th1.1sj E7n. (2-) becomes
- J.J. no
11
;.-.m'½._ "Y2.2. m) ::z.
(Z3./ s
----+---
n..o-i 2(q.a;-f;_)
==
z(q,8/f;.)
BlJ/- ~ A.a == V'f ,44' so -fha1
(J6 ..s.!f)(o,o6m)h:i. ~(:i-3.Jl}-)(o.oom)(o.o'fm) or h:i. =:O.0253m
/?.!-V,'- /J'i. ~,.
(3) (c) Al.so.1 0 + ~ :: ? + ~ where ff -:::o and /11 v✓ ~ lip l4
Buf SJ.nee It,:;; (0.011-mx o,odn) ::: II, fhen V;:: ~ a11rl £111, (3) r/ve.s
-f}; :: /If~ 0
 3,6S I
3.68 Water flows steadily from the large open tank shown in 'v ( I)
Fig. P3. 68. If viscous effects are negligible, determine (a) the
tlowrate, Q, and (b) the manometer reading, h.

t -= ,- 1
11
4m
2m ;
Q ~------1.l_ ~ T
~~L-------.t-;3-)--'\--------'-__.
0 _08 m Mercury
0.10 m
■ F I G U R E P3.68

ra) From fhe Bernoulli eqvalionJ

f, f-j p V/ +?i!, == f2. f-j p ~ -z +r 2z I where f,:: f:z. ::01 ~ :-0J z, .:: 'ftn.J and Z2.-::0
Th11sJ
: : f p ½ so fhaf ~::: Y'J.~ i,
2 2
oz,== J. pVi 1
or f9 z,
or
v'}.. == ii (9, 81 m Is 'l) ( ~l'YJ) = 8, 86 m Is
He1Jce 1
Q:= f/2 V2 := 1/ (o.Jom/(8.86n,/s) == o. 06C/ 6 m 3/s

(b) From +he Bernoullf erualion

f3 +f()V./ +aZ.3 = f:i. ff p½~+ oZa .J where -Z:i.:: °23 and /J2. :::0
so fhaf
/1:J ~ t p( ½.2- ¼'-)
Also, A,_ V, "/13 V, so fhAf 10 =i V,- ~ (¾/V. "' (~:~;/fl{8. 86m/s "'/3, e'Imis
Hence1
2
f3 i ,.:= (qqq /~9/m.3) [(8,8tm/s) -(/3.8'fm/s)2.] == - s°-'.soo l'l/11/· (/)
Al.soJ from fhe manomefetJ

rLJ.3
:= -er h +t
,., "2.0
(2!h+(o.oeh.)tn)
3 3
-= -(/33X/0 /il/m 3 )h +(9,Rox/0 /V'/m 3 ) (2.011-m)
= -/33X/o h -1-J.99x/o'f Nin/ whereh~rn
3
(2.)
.I

1hv.sJ from Eqs. (I) and (2):

3
-I>.6£x1o'IN/m 2 -== -/33XJ0 h f/,99x/o'I Jl/m,._
or
h == o. s 7 lf m
3.69 I

3,6q Water from a faucet fills a 16-oz glass

(volume = 28.9 in.J) in 20 s. If the diameter of
the jet leaving the faucet is 0.60 in., what is the
diameter of the jet when it strikes the water sur-
face in the glass which is positioned 14 in. below
the faucet? JQ
1i--A,
I (I)
D,::: 0,60i11.

b ft.J

8. 6 7 fl
s

Bui.,
fl, V,:::: 112 ~ so fhal
or ½. k
D -(Ji_)
2
y.,_ D - ( o. g,
-
1
-
76
Ff
z ) i.(O,60,n.
1/,1,.6f± . ) :: o,/Ztn
3 •.
.$

3 -66
 3,70
3, 70 Air flows steadily through a converging-diverging
re; 1ctangular channel of constant width as shown in Fig. P3, 10
and Video V3.IO, The height of the channel at the exit and the
exit velocity are H0 and V0 , respectively. The channel is to be £...+ H (x)
shaped so that the distance, d, that water is drawn up into tubes
attached to static pressure taps along the channel wall is lin-
ear with distance along the channel. That is, d = (dmaxl L) x,
where L is the channel length and dmax is the maximum water
depth (at the minimum channel height; x = L). Determine the
height, H(x), as a function of x and the other important para-
meters.

u F I G U R E P 3 . 70

1-1- z'( -1--J.pVZ.::: /o-lZoo-1-tpVoi where f =:-Q1rde11s/ly

where
Z ~ Zo J
LJ -o
ro - J trn ::: - '11'
flNJ.o
r/. = - °' -r
dm4x X
'/6.0
Thvs)
d X + ..J_ p v2. ::: z'1/'z..
- ait. . o ~ 2. p Vo

Bvf
IJ V::: Ao 'lo J or V-- &V, _ floV,
,.q o - 7f o so fh"f
- %,a
or
dzu X + -f f ( !fr V. t = ±f V/

Typical shapes are .shown below-.

H/H 0 vs x/L

0
::c
i:

e .2 -, - -

1 0 .8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

x/L

3-67
.3 ·71

3,71 The device shown in Fig. P3.7/ is used 0 .10 in. diameter
to spray an appropriate mixture of water and in- D

secticide. The flowrate from tank A is to be

Q,. = 0.02 gal/min when the water flowrate
through the hose is Q = 1 gal/min. Determine
the pressure needed at point ( l) and the diam- h
eter, D, of the device. For the diameter deter-
mined above, plot the ratio of insecticide flowrate A . Insecticide
to water flowrate as a function of water flowrate, SG = l.C ,____ _A_,
Q, for 0.1 s Q s l gal/min. Can this device FIGURE P3.7/
be used to provide a reasonabl\' constant ratio of
insecticide to water regardless of the water flow- (:I..) t v,.
rate? Explain.
(0)
Vo:1- +z 0 = ~ +~
(0)
7 + ,.,
#~ ¥ ~
+~:i. J
where AJ -==O
{rfJ J
V.:0 ~o

z O -== o., z, = o..s ff, and ~ == 1 wilh

~ / 1-31 f+3 ) ( /min )
QII-_ 0 • 02 minOns _ -s If!
"iiif' 60sec - "fJl·£x/O s

T/;vs, _ 9.46 X/0

-s.fi.3
.s _ 1f
30 3
½- 1l. (0.01s
If ,,;-fl
) 2 - · s
Hence,
f:z. = --J:e l{1 -1Z2. = -f (!.9ff-slft-9J-)(36.3fj-f°-(62.'1'J/p){o,sff)::: -1310 :,.
Now 1.1ss11me f,::: f:i. and 1Je9/ecl fhe kinelic ener9J of /he insecf;cide
co111pqred lo lhal of fhe waler al 0). Tha-1 is,
~ 1 + : ;+ z 1 ::: Rf +tf, t Z.; J svhere 21 - :Z.1 , V, ==- ! J anJ ~ =~ (I)

Thv~ w,th
Q= J~~~ (;~ !$ )( lr/.:) := 2.23x/o-.3-!/-
3
we have
3

~=
fJ
2.:J.3X/tF
f ( ¼!-flt
3
= if0.8 !/- so 4h41 E'l. (IJ 9ive.s
- /3/0.Ji ~,. (11-0.8!!)~
or V, = S"l-,9,l
62..'fl .,. 2(32.2 ~ =- :z.(32.2.{i:L)
J

2
Thvs, 1fD 'VJ= Q or
D=[ ;~ J!.!.:z.=
1 J
[-
"I-
( 2 23
(· x;)
-3

1T 5-'l-.9 .s
J:P
s
)1~ = 7.111x10-..3ff = 0.0863 in.

Wilh fhis diomef~r determine ~,1 wilh 0./~ Q ~ I ;!/;,

( con'-f)

3-68
3. 7 1 I (con'+)

(:L)

A/soJ frcm £1, (o) with fJ:i.=f,

LJ, +
0 = .v:;- s.
~ ., or v-i
~,- + .1-2.. .,() == - ..1.
~
e":3. )t 2
r..i - o .1-:z.

where
V.. = I =¾(~flt = 8./SX/O";lr11 !f ,.,i/h Qll hfj-'
Thv~,
f1 ::: - f (1.911.S~"J) ( 8,/5 X/Os Q11 ~l - (6~."l~)(o. Sfl)
or ,, '2- lh. H3 p)
-f, = - 6J/Jf·X /o ~ - 3/.2 7P I where ~11''' s

Combine £qs. (2.) and (3) fo 9ive

8 2 ,, 2.
2 .62-XIO Q =oJl'f X/0 (rlf + 31. 2
~ 2 ~
(t) == Jf.07X/O-J/_ lf,8;~10 ., where qN!J.3
Thv.s, ,
~ 7
Ji.l
-if = 0.02 02 · J-
/ /9XJ0-
• Q'1 ., where Q~ .s (It)

?Joi EttJJ/.) from ·Q=O./ ~ :::;i,2.3ffolf!! lo Q=J~

3

-::2. .23XJ6.1.[j-
No/e: t 7
==O when Q = (/./qx10- )~ = 3."/Sx/<r'l-_p!
Wilh !/f <.3. '1-.S xI o-¥..f., Ef, ('I) qives fhe .srvore roof of a ne94fite
num/Jer- nrJ/- p/Jysicolly po.ssi6/e. Wilh Q-:::3J/·£x/o-'f £r.(2J qives
f, =-3/.1.. ~ 1 the mitJimvm needed lo draw fhe inscct{cide up I/Je
o.s fo11f eletalion fo poinf (2.)
11

00 ~ 3 •
,..._ _.,_______________
I XIO- Q 2x1D3
__..1• w ~J3

0.1 I Min

3-6q
3.72.

3. 72. If viscous effects are neglected and the tank is large, de-
te1111ine the tlowrate from the tank shown in Fig. P3. 72

FIGURE P3. 7 2
h + IIJ2. t Z = :ti + V2.2. + z where {), = ~ +t;h = 4ih
~ Zj I O ~1 z
z, = 0.7m 1
22- :01 and V; =o
ihvs,
!oh + ~ = V2.'" or where ~ =0.8/
~ I 'i-j-
and,
Q ~112.~ = -:Ltv;.
Thus I

Q= -;(o.osorn)-i.. 2(?.Bt1f-)(o. e1(2.m) +o.7m) := 0.0/32.~

3-70
 Oil SG = 0 .7

3.73 Water flows steadily downward in the pipe shown in Fig.

3.73 with negligible losses. Determine the flowrate.

Ill F I G U R E P3. 73

lm

From fhe Bernoulli e1uo. lion

(I) I!}.+ 2 ~ '!L'L == f3.: t ::r2 + ~2. where z, - z).. ~ 2m
r ' -i.1 r ~ ~, 1

o,1Jd
II, V, ~ ,4:. V,_ or .1 f (I, 2 m)V, ::: j (/mt ½
01'

(2.) V, == o, 6 9'f V2.

Also from the manometer~
1

f, == th1 a11d f,-.::: Oo;i h, +th2- ) where ~;1 :: 0.1 r

Th11s1
f~ -f, == t (o.1h 1 +h,..) -~h,
or
(3) f2..;f:. = h 2
-0,3h1 :::. 2m-0.3 (/.S,n):: /.SS'm

Now) f roni £1, {I )1

z - -z ::: /!4J- + lil-
r
~2.-
12 ~ 2-f .
wh,.ch when combi%ed w/lh £rs. (2 ) and {3), 91ve-r:
} v!i 2.
2-m::;; J.rsm + 2.(?.f!:l.r'-) ( I -(o.6?'1-t)
Of'
V2.:: 'I-, 13 !J-
Jlence1
Q~ II,_ V2- ~ ffOm) ('f.13 !J-) ~ 3. 2q.s
2 m3

3-71
3.7/f

0.6-in.
3.7/f Air at 80 °F and 14.7 psia flows into the tank shown diameter
in Fig. P3.7'f, Determine the flowrate in ft 3/s, lb/ s, and slugs/s. (/) Q
Assume incompressible flow. • --+-~--,

FIGURE P3. 7Jf

Thvs 1
Q ~ !92- Vi. :: ; ( ~26 _fE)-;. ( l7t [!:.} = o. 3 lf.o lj-J
!YI= fQ:::: (2,28X/0-.3 ~f?)(0,3 1Mff.) ::: 7.89X/O-'I- ~
and
9m• = (.32,:J.. si
tf )( 7,8'/X/O- ¥ ~ ==
ft~) o. 02S'f- slb

3-12.
3,75 (0)
- ---- --
3..1S Water flows from a large tank as shown in Fig. P3.7.5.At-
mospheric pressure is 14.5 psia and the vapor pressure is 1.60
psia. If viscous effects are neglected, at what height, h, will cav-

l-~-D-
h
itation begin? To avoid cavitation, should the value of D 1 be in- 3
creased or decreased? To avoid cavitation, should the value of =4~
in_._----..,t~~~
D2 be increased or decreased? Explain.

D1 = 1 in. D2 = 2 in.
FIGURE P3. 7..5
where /Jo :::/lf.Spsia,f1~ /.60 ;,sia,
Z0 ~ h 1 z 1 :::01 and Vo :::O

( I)

with

(2)

(3)

From E?- {3) if 1'.s .seen fhaf h increases in increasin9 ~

and decreasin9 D2 , Thu.s, fo avoid cavilaf/on (c:~. fo have
h small enov9h) D, shovlol be increq.sed. and q_ decreased.

3-13
3.76 Water flows into the sink shown in Fig. P3.76 and Video
VS.1 at a rate of 2 gal/min. If the drain is closed, the water will
eventually flow through the overflow drain holes rather than over
the edge of the sink. How many 0.4-in.-diameter drain holes are
needed to ensure that the water does not overflow the sink? Neglect
viscous effects.

FIG U 8 E 3. 76

~ f;- +ff+ Z1 , where f, =O, V, =O, ttnd $:,. "O, fi =0

Dr V2. ~ V2~:z,, = [2(32..2. J}) ( Jt1~ H)]v,. = 2.sf-#

2

n~ f dt V,. J where n == n11111ber of hole.s re9vired,

d2.-:: O.'I ini and. ~:: confrac.fion coef.
== 0, 6/ ( see ri9 ,3.I'/-)
Thvs, wdh
3
!W( I mi11 ) (2-3/ in.J) ( I H 3 ) _
Q -_ 2 min If. 1t x,o-.i fi.J
60.S I 9a,J nie in. - I .& J

~Q ~ ('I-. 'It, x,o- f 11/..s)

3
n == =
-rrcc. d~'" V2. 11'(0.61)(~)"{·/2·(2.~'lflls)
= .3. 30

Thus ~ holes are needed.

J
-
-
3.77

3.77 What pressure, p 1, is needed to produce a flowrate of

0.09 ft 3/s from the tank shown in Fig. P3.77?
•--~•! :~~~1~11(~( fi2.o tt =h

Salt water
FIGURE P3.77 SG = 1.1 3.6 ft

0.06-ft diameter-""_-_ <""""

1
3 )-:--1
Where -,')2 = f1 +0:, h 1 ~ 3 -:: O
Z2. :::- 3. 6 fl I Z 3 :: o
ThvsJ and ~ :::0

f, + aah
t
where
or
- 'I- (0.0</ ·ff3) 3/ .81j
- 11 ( o ..06 f-1 )2. ==

-3.6 r,J
3. 78 I
( 1)
3. 78 Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig. P3.18. De- • •I
termine the tlowrate from the tank and the pressures at points 3 ft
(1), (2), and (3) if viscous effects are negligible. i • (2) 'v
(3) • - -

_.. ~ l f t
4tL~ co) l 5ft

.., _ _.__~_,,.....,,-,__,..,l
( f./.) ,., 1' • ,_.,..

■ F I G U R E P3. 78

Fron, fhe Bernovll; eq11df,·onJ

lo f dFVt/+ 0Zo :::: /f f t pV'l2 +t Zif I where /Jo:;-/Jf:: 01 Vo =o_, -Zo ::: 5{~
Thvs ___ (JtJd z-st ~ o
't4)
1
::. -J: f 1/1/· 1
0/' ~ := Y2 0 Zo / f--, 1{i. j Zo- ~ /J---(-32-.2-~-f~-)(_5_f-l_)
==
1

-::: I 7. 9'-f #,
He11ce1
Q == fllf ~ == f(o.Jff)'-{1?,91-!/-) === o,1J1-1Jf

f, +-f f V/1.} d' Z, f'I 1-f p~ 2. 4-t12'1-

=== wh/ch wdh 1
/ii::~ z'f:: ~ ~ceff
a11J ~-::: V~ ( since fl, ~ 11'1-) becomes
f; :: - '(2 1 ::: - ( tl.'f /h/f-/ 3 ) ( 8fl) :::: - lf99~

For f.3: /..1 +1 pV_/1. +t Z.1 -.::; 1~ ft f '4 +rzlf which w1/h flt;::: fJ, z'I~ ~ z,.y::sff,
2. j

anJ ~ == ~ (s/nce 1/3 ://'f) beoomes

fs::: -lZ3 == -(!2.'f/6/fl.1)(sff)~ - 3/2 //;/fl;J.

For I{: S/nce Z2 -== Z.3 and½.~~ d follows fhaf

2
fJ2. ,:::f3 -== - 312 lh/f-1

3-76
3.79 (3 )

3.79 Water is siphoned from a large tank and discharges into H

t
the atmosphere through a 2-in.-diameter tube as shown in Fig.
P3.79. The end of the tube is 3 ft below the tank bottom, and vis-
l
cous effects are negligible. (a) Determine the volume flowrate
from the tank. (b) Determine the maximum height, H, over 2-in. diameter
which the water can be siphoned without cavitation occurring.
Atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia, and the water vapor pressure
is 0.26 psia.

3 ft
II FIG U RE P3.79
( 0.) l. c2)
t

(b) Fron, fhe Bern(Jvlh e1114fion)

b.
d +X(+z
2--j' 3
== t?r +§
J--<j
+7
i. .I where ~ ~ ~ .since Q::='92- V,. ~t?J Vj
and II~ ~113
Thvs1 wdh 2 3 -z].. ~ H+7ft +3fl == H +fl-f(
P:1 +t (-z.i - z]..) == ,P2
where I{ :::: /Jl-.7psia and f~ ::: o. UfJsiq
Hence
J . 2
lb ft llf-Jf 11J .
( 62.3/-wJ{)l+/2{1)-= (/'f-,7-o.7-(,),n': f-12-
or
H== 21.3 f.J.

3-77
3-.eo I
I h
0.37 m
T

3,80 Determine the manometer reading, h, for the flow shown J 1 .-.
__._---1--+-r_-...,-.-- Free
in Fig. P3.80 0.08 m ,::...,
-'--------,(~ jet
diameter (I)

=============
::::=!
C::I
I
0.05 m diameter

FIGURE P3.80

where z, =Zz , t{ =01 and

V2 = o
TIJu.s,
f, = f:i.
llowever1 fJ;::: o/2 and /J2.:: o' (o.37m)
so 1/Jof
h = 0,37 m

3-18
3.8/

3.81 Air flows steadily through the variable area pipe shown in
Fig. P3.81. Determine the flowrate if viscous and compressibility
effects are negligible.

L
h1 :: 0.1 m ·

f .- Water

II F I G U R E P3.81

(t)

(2.)

(3)

Thvs from Ett, (2.)

1 1
3
Q == f (o. z rn/" (l.f o. o /f) ::: /, 2 6 ~

3-79
3.82
r~
1
6 ft
3.81 JP-4 fuel (SG = 0.77) .flows through the Venturi meter
shown in Fig. P3.92 with a velocity of 15 ft/sin the 6-in. pipe. If
viscous effects are negligible, detennine the elevation, h, of the
fuel in the open tube connected to the throat of the Venturi meter.

V = 15 ft/s
■ F I G U R E P3.8 .2.

where 2 1 -::o , 22 ::::frFI, (I)

and ~ == 15 f 1-/.s

or
l!f ==-7,S3{f
Buf ~=-h so fhoj h = 7.53 ff
3.83

3.83 Repeat Problem 3.82 if the flowing fluid is water rather than
JP-4 fuel.

Nofe from the solufion -fo Problem 3 . 82- fhaf fhe

va Iue of ois nol: l)eedecl, Thv.s1 h = 7. 53 ff for
either waler or JP-'f fvel.

3-8fl
3.8'f

A = 20 i~;~ f•...____,
3.8'/ Oil flows through the system shown in
Oil
SG - 0 .86 JJ 1 FIGURE P3.8¥

~
Fig. P3.8'fwith negligible losses. Determine the
flowrate.
0
n-,zzzzzzzzz;.:zZZL! 5 •
m 1. , o.a tt == h
'\! f - _J_
~
..t.L + \/42. + z = P.a. + v:z-2 +z
t
Q
\ A 50 in 2
cf,,,
.
·
· '-._
.y,'. SG = 2.5

d' 2J I f 2-7 2 where 2 1 =OJ Z2. = 5 fl., and

v✓ = 0
fl/so; Vj_ = ~
2
Thus,
/l,-(fa. \/4 2.
d' =Z:i. + -f, where flt +of; =A +f/2 -1-J;,,h
or
~, -tJ2. == 1 - II+ rl)?h
r 2. ~, r
wllh i2.-J, =Sfl-h
Thvs.1 fhe manomeler eyualiun 9ive.s
A ;t11:2- = s fl +f~m - 1)h (2)
Combine Eis. (I) and (i.), vsinJ Z:2-:: 5 fl, lo ohlain
2.

1; ~( 4}:-!)h ~(-1~nz -l)h

or
~= 2 (32.2!t.J( ~e! -1) (o.e rn = 9. ?1 !'
Thus1
• 2. I flz..)
Ji f-1 3
Q == A2 ~ =( 2 0 Jn. x PPf in.2· ( 9. qI .s ) = I. 3 8 T

3-81
.3.85

3, 85 Water, considered an inviscid, incompressible fluid,

flows steadily as shown in Fig. P3.SS Determine h.

D FIG U R E P 3 ,85

f1 -I- t~ + ~ pV,:l = fz f rz2.-1-ip'4.2.

f, = !Ttm;t.
f.1.l
where ~ "'0, z,."' -3 (I, 1/2_ "'~ and V, = = s. 0 9 f/
-S'
7nvs)
f-Ji + -1 (1. 9.Y. .s'fl:) f£.()91./-l ~ ;; 2
+ 02 .11-1'3 <3 t1 J
or
tf✓ - /:i. : : I ti. -!j,. CtJ
Bvf from fhe hJ4nomelerJ
f1 -rrJ-1.111J -1-t(h+J.):: A
or
f, -02,11- !/p (3 ffJ -l-ti,11- i h = /12.
1/ence,
f 1 -== f2. + 187 - 62.'fh w/2/c/2 tvhe11 col)fbillfJd wdhEj. fl) 9,t1e~
f2.. + /87 -62.'f/; - /1:i.. -::: / '5.2
or
h = o. J/. ooff

3-&'L
3. a6 I \l (I)
-- ----- -------- --

_______-- -------- - --------

3. 8 €. Determine the flowrate through the submerged orifice
shown in Fig. P3.86 if the contraction coefficient is Cc = 0.63. I -r-·t
4ft
JEl (3)
6 ft

3-in. 2 ft
diameter !
/

FIGURE P3.96

li..3
..s

3-81
3.87
3, 8 7 An inexpensive timer is to be made from
a funnel as indicated in Fig. P3.87 Ihe funnel is
filled to the top with water and the plug is re-
moved at time t = 0 to allow the water to run
out. Marks are to be placed on the wall of the
funnel indicating the time in 15-s intervals, from
0 to 3 min ( at which time the funnel becomes
empty). If the funnel outlet has a diameter of d
= 0.1 in., draw to scale the funnel with the timing
marks for funnels with angles of O = 30, 45, and Plug
60°. Repeat the problem if the diameter is FIGURE P3.87
changed to 0.05 in.

.i!.)_ + '.f' + .?'

t 2.g '
=~
T
+ v:- +
2-9 2
:z.
I
O) . - - R -----
where ~ :::;0 J ~ =0., z, ==01
oJ r1nd \I.I == - ~
::z -
-=2 - a:t << ~, ,_ h
if R >>½ _j
Thu.s,r----. . -l i!-2~
f
½. = 2~h· which when combined wifh '1 ~ :A2. ~ 9ive.s
-IJ, j~ = ll2i7-1h. or - YR 1/f = ff d 2f~9h
2 1
(I)

where R = h fane
ThusJ £i, (/) becomes -h 2 fan2-0 ~ = .JJ;V2g/2'
or
3
H/a dh = -~{!f
"n
0 df whic.h ca/7 6e infe;rated from h zh0
al t=o a.s
h t
fh 3/~·J1I
n
= - d'}.1/ij
lffan 2 e
fdjr or
2- [
s h -
.5~ hS/2.] -
0 - -
d2fi
~ fan~e t
h0 o
Thv~
h = [ ho -
5/ 2 s
B
df V2i
2
:z..e
t] 2.11;

S!/'Jce /2 ==O whel') f.:::: 3min

<2.)

an " ii {ollow.s fhat, = /BO.s

SA S d2. 1/2 (32.2 lJ) (JBOs)
h0 ::2. = + 2 which whe1J combined
8 an 0 ~ wdh £i, (2.) fives

h -[ sd
2
/2.(32.2f}-,_)'{leos)l (I - _t_)'-/s
- 8 fan 0 2
J 1ao

or
d. 1/.s t ~/2
h = 15.2 ( +ane ) (l-18 0) where h~ ft 1 d.~ftJ andt/"s

For f = o, 15: 30~ .• _~

I BO .s ca/cu/ofe h from Er, r3J wdh
0 = 3oJ '1-S" and 6oq and cl== O./ ond o.os in. The calcv/qfeJ da/Q
-For d:; o. as ifJ. and e ~ 30 dfy. are .r/Juw11 in f/Je f1J1b/e heioW.
Other d~fa ate 9r"'phe4. (cofJ'f)
3,f1 (con 'IJ
Ford = 0.0500 i n and theta = 30.00 d'3g
t. s h . ft
0 .0 0 +2 . 9 4 1E- Ol
15. 0 0 +2 . 841 E-01
30.00 +2 . 73 4E -01
4,5 . 00 +2 .6 21E - 01
60. 0 0 + 2 .SO l E -01
75 . 00 + 2.37 1E- 01
90 .00 +2.229E -Ol
1 05 . 00 + 2 .0 72E -01
120 . 00 +1 . 895E -01
1 35.00 +1. 6 89E -01
150 . 00 +1 .IJ. 36E -01
165 . 0 0 +1.0 89E - 0 1
1 80 .00 +O. OOOE+ OO

7 I A I 'I / /
I
- '
; ' ,., I/
I "'
'-~
T
O,I ,_L Li-, I/ ~

,~
I

V "" I
I
I ,
·- .....
,
1,
,.,
:,

i;;;
I
- I
I
'
I I

,,. ,_ ,.. ' ~- ,_,__ ,__

·-~- -~
I

0 ~- - I
I
I
I + f-+ H+ ~L

I
I ~~ ~

~
"'~ '
0.5

I " lJ

I
I "
I

I
0.1/- ,_
..... f- -1--
I t..,
h, H I
I
,.
.

-
I ,ca
s. l,

I '
I '7
I [J
0.3 '-
'
I
,., I ,

I
I
-~ ,., LI
.
I

I
,. u
I,
,,

u
,,

0.2
I
""
I
I " ,~
I ~

I "
I , __
O.I
I
I ] V -
I L "'
I ·~ ,,
I
I
!'
V
. I .
.,
0
3,88

✓.~----:;,~

.3.SS A long water trough of triangular cross ?:

section is formed from two planks as is shown in
Fig. P3.89 A gap of 0.1 in. remains at the junc-
tion of the two planks. If the water depth initially
was 2 ft, how long a time does it take for the
water depth to reduce to 1 ft.? 0.1 in./t~lb~' I
t!Al'n
FIGURE P3.88

tf!!_ + Vt 2.+ E' :: i'.2- + ~2 + z. (I)

J" 2.f I (' 2.lj 2 (I)

where A = o ~ J :: o J i!1 =- h I alJd z2::: O h

II/so V✓/4 == !{A2 or .since ,/>>.,ur ;/ t
follows 1/Jaf V; << ~ ; woere
.L dh
V; == - ti[
ThtJs ✓ q.(I) gives
~ ==/27h
1

so fhaf
-IJ, ;7 = 112.I 27h I
wHh ~ == ll = 2t;h and IJ2 = iJw
where b is fhe fq11k lengfh.
T/2v~
-2iJ/2 f/f == bw/2?h
1

or
{h clh -= - w{fdf which can be infegrafed fo ~ive
h::, I t
[idh -;,rlf'jt, =
/,;=
(
2 t==O
i

or
t, := 3
2
w
t2[ h·3..,,.;;z_nfI. 3h_] -- 3
YT 2 t=I::'[
( ~} )flY 32,if-:,. 2
3/..2..
- I
-½.] fl ~

.::. 36. 5 s

3-86
1t3 ,Sq ~3.~q A spherical tank of diameter D has a
drain hole of diameter d at its bottom. A vent at
the top of the tank maintains atmospheric pres-
sure within the tank. The flow is quasisteady and <J) ~,..
inviscid and the tank is full of water initially. De-
termine the water depth as a function of time,
h = h(t), and plot graphs of h(t) for tank diam-
eters of 1, 5 , 10, and 20 ft if d = 1 in.
TT
h
i
d
~ : : -j << ~ ifr>>d

whic/J ct1/J he i11le9rafed fr1J/ll

fhe in1t1t1! flme aJJd de,lh (t==~
h ==ZR) fo tJIJ arl>1/rt1/'J fi111& and
t
J
h depl/J { f//2) as
frh%-2Rh½.)dh = JZfl dt
0
2R
or · 5 d2.,r;:;-:
¾(h /2 -(2Rf/ 2
) - %R(h34-(2Rf~) = fl t <2)

Use d = ,:i ft 4/)d j :::- 32.2 J:

al'ld plrJf ); =-/2(1) frJr
valve.s of R = o ..s) 2 . .s 1 ._s; a/Id /Of/
/Vole: Ji is easier lo .solve Er, (2..) as t = t (h) redher
fh4n h = h Ii)

3-87
Results of an EXCEL Program to calculate h(t) from Eqn. (2):

D = 1 ft D = 5 ft 0=10ft D = 20 ft
t, s h, ft t, s h, ft t, s h, ft t, s h, ft
0.00 1.000 0 5.000 0 10.00 0 20
0.09 0.950 5 4.750 28 9.50 158 19
0.35 0.900 19 4.500 110 9 00 620 18
0.77 0.850 43 4.250 242 8.50 1370 17
1.34 0.800 75 4.000 422 8.00 2390 16
2.05 0 .750 114 3.750 647 7.50 366 1 15
2 .89 0.700 161 3.500 913 7.00 5163 14
3.84 0.650 215 3.250 1216 6.50 6876 13
4.91 0 .600 274 3.000 1552 6.00 8778 12
6.06 0 .550 339 2.750 1917 5.50 10846 11
7.30 0.500 408 2.500 2308 5.00 13055 10
8.60 0.450 481 2 .250 2718 4.50 15376 9
9.94 0.400 556 2.000 3143 4.00 17782 8
11 .31 0.350 632 1.750 3577 3.50 20237 7
12.69 0 .300 710 1.500 4014 3.00 22706 6
14.06 0.250 786 1.250 4445 2.50 25144 5
15.37 0.200 859 1.000 4862 2.00 27502 4
16.61 0 .150 929 0.750 5253 1.50 29714 3
17.72 0.100 990 0.500 5603 1.00 31695 2
18.62 0.050 1041 0.250 5889 0.50 3331 1 1
19.14 0.000 1070 0.000 6053 0.00 34239 0

3-88
 ( Coll 'f)

Water Depth vs Time Water Depth vs Time

D = 1 ft D=Sft
1.0 ,----,-------.------,-----,
5

5
0.8 +-\----- - t -
4
0.7 4 ..
0.6 - t -- -x-
3
¢::_ 3 +
.r::
0.4 ----+-- 2
0.3 2
0.2 1
0.1 +----+------+-----+--"<-- 1 +------------jf----------+-1 ~ j..
0.0 +----+------+-----+--~ 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

t, s t, s

Water Depth vs Time Water Depth vs Time

D = 10 ft D = 20 ft
10 ~-------r-----~ 20
9 .-J+-- - - - + - - - ~- - ---1c-------l

8 16

7 14

6 12
¢::
5 ->-- .r:: 10
.r::
4 + - - - - - + - - ~- + - - - -f------l 8

3 - + - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - + - -• 6

4
2 ;-----

0 +---+------,--~----i
0 2000 4000 6000 0 10000 20000 30000 40000
t, s t, s

3-8'1
3,9o I

3.90 When the drain plug is pulled, water flows from a hole in the
bottom of a large, open cylindrical tank. Show that if viscous ef-

I
fects are negligible and if the flow is assumed to be quasisteady,
then it takes 3.41 times longer to empty the entire tank than it does
to empty the first half of the tank. Explain why this is so.
t---,---•_- 1_a----1fi
-~-L..
•3. q I The surface area, A, of the pond shown
in Fig. P3. qi varies with the water depth, h, as
shown in the table. At time t = 0 a valve is opened
and the pond is allowed to drain through a pipe
of diameter D. If viscous effects are negligible
and quasisteady conditions are assumed, plot the
water depth as a function of time from when the
D
valve is opened (t = 0) until the pond is drained
for pipe diameters of D = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, FIGURE P3. q I
and 3.0 ft. Assume h = 18 ft at t = 0.

h (ft) A [acres (1 acre = 43,560 ft2 )J

0 0
2 0.3
4 0.5
6 0.8
8 0.9
10 I. I
12 1.5
14 1.8
16 2.4
18 2.8

T~usJ 'vz = ,/ 29 (h -1-3)'

91ve.s
-A, 1/f = '% D:i.y2i(h-1-3)
1

This can he rearrantJed and /rde1raied fo tjlve

{A,,;;~,
h
== - ;; dt ==
nit
vzl~ -1
D"fi t = - , D' v~,3;__2· t
/8 fl 18 0

t:: o.1sqJ
or
0 2
dh
ll,yh+ 3
• 1
:z
where i"-'.sJl/1 ~ff 1 t111dh,.../I OJ

h
Nole: If is easier to defermine tar a foncf,011 of h raf/Jer
fhan h /JS a fuatioll of t

-2.
Nofe: t- D
An EXCEL Program using a trapezoidal integration approzimation was used to calculate the results
shown below.

D = 0.5 ft D = 1.0 ft D = 1.5 ft D = 2.0 ft D = 2.5 ft D = 3.0 ft

h, ft A, acres A, ft2 t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s t, s
18 2.8 121968 0 0 0 0 0 0
16 2.4 104544 32181 8045 3576 2011 1287 894
14 1.8 78408 59530 14882 6614 3721 2381 1654
12 1.5 65340 82354 20589 9150 5147 3294 2288
10 1.1 47916 101536 25384 11282 6346 4061 2820
8 0.9 39204 117506 29377 13056 7344 4700 3264
6 0.8 34848 132412 33103 14712 8276 5296 3678
4 0.5 21780 145035 36259 16115 9065 5801 4029
2 0.3 13068 153988 38497 17110 9624 6160 4277
0 0 0 157704 39426 17523 9857 6308 4381

The graph for D = 1 ft is shown below. The shape of the curve is the same for any D.

Water Depth vs Time

for D = 1 ft

20
18
16
~. T--

14
~
T~~
12
~
T ~

~ 10
.c:
8
~
~
T'

6
4
'"'-.
2
~
0
\ T

0 10,000 20,000 3Q000 4Q000

t, s
3:92 Water flows ~rough a horizontal branching pipe as shown in V3
Fig. P3.92. Determine the pressure at section (3). A 3 = 0.07 m2

3,
t
L
) ~ V2

~ ) ~:=~~g2k~~
/ (1)
vi= 4 mis
P1 = 400 kPa
A 1 =0.lm2
ID F I G U R E P3.92

Q1 == Q2 +Q3 or
/J/so Q'l. == A2 ½ where

or
fJ3 -::.{ff-OO +Lf,S--St) ~ = slo'I.S kPa
3. 93
/ A2 0.07 ft 2
=
P2 = 5.0 psi
3 .q3 Water flows through the horizontal branching pipe shown
in Fig. P3.'l3 at a rate of 10 ft3/s. If viscous effects are negligi-
ble, determine the water speed at section (2), the pressure at sec- A3 = 0.2 ft 2
tion (3), and the flowrate at section (4).
- ( 1)

A 1 =lft 2
Q 1 = 10 ft 3/s
..__ ___
(3) -
--,, V3 = 20 ft/s

p 1 = 10 psi

From (!) fo (2-): where 2t:: z 2 1 f 1 == 10ps-1;

f 2 ::: 5 psi) alJd \t;:: ~ or
v, ==(lo Jf)/(1-f.f'-) ~ 101}-

From (I) +o (3);

ThvsJ .,, '.2

(10¾.~ ){t'f'f-f'ji) (10~)2 f.3 (20 f}):i.

62,'f -f/p t 2 (.32-,2 f{) - 62.'f-$ + 2 (32.2 ft)
s.2.

or lb .
{).3 = /ISO ffL ::: 7.9Bps1
Also,
Qlf :: QI - Q,_ - Q3 =:: Q, - II:;_\{ - A.1 ~
or 3
QIf= 10-r ff) -0.2 fi ( 20 ii)
f./3 - o.o7fr,.,_ ( 2.9.os 2
s - 3. 9 7 _.sf
I
 ~ t
3. q 'f Water flows from a large tank through
a large pipe that splits into two smaller pipes as
shown in Fig. P3,qf If viscous effects are negli- T
7m
'--------. r-------'
3m
_+

L
gible, determine the flowrate from the tank and
the pressure at point (1).

FIGURE p3,q9-

--8. _y; + z O :::

t + 2j #+Ji.\
O 29 -i. 9'_ w/2ere /Jo:: o , fl2. = o J Vo = o J i'b == 7m

Thus1 and Z2. = ~m

V
~ == 2 j (Yo - z,. )' = f 2 ( q 8 I lfo_) ( 7 - 7') m' = 7, 6 71f-
5 im//arly
~ -,=,j~'i?-(:l-o--Z-z,~), == f 2(9.FJlfA.)(7m) 1
= 11.7.f}

Thvs, 0 = Q~ -1- Q3 == f D: V,_ .f ; D./ ~:i.

or
Q::: J[fo.o3n,)~(7.67~) 4-(0,02.!n)2,(//.7,P.)] :::: 9,/IJX/0-.3.t/

/
3.9s I

3. q5 An air cushion vehicle is supported by ground clearance were reduced to 2 in.. what
forcing air into the chamber created by a skirt flowrate would be needed? If the vehicle weight
around the periphery of the vehicle as shown in were reduced to 5000 lb and the ground clearance
Fig. p3_q5 The air escapes through the 3-in. maintained at 3 in. , what flowrate would be
clearance between the lower end of the skirt and needed?
the ground (or w11ter). Assume the vehicle weighs . Fan Q
10,000 lb and is essentially rectangular in shape, \J f ~le
30 by 65 ft. The volume of the chamber is large
enough so that the kinetic energy of the air within Sk~~ _L~
the chamber is negligible. Determine the tlow- '//7////////////// ////////////////////,//// ////J/fi//J//l/7/l,
rate, Q, needed to support the vehicle. If the 3 in.
FIGURE PJ. qs
To supporf fhe load where W= vehicle weight
2
and A0 = (3off)(65f-l) == I qsoff
Al.so,
2
.£E.. Vo .2. + z. = A+
r + 2? o ~
½. + :i!
2/ 2

.so Iha-I
1/
V2. =
J
2,fo" \I,
f' or 2 = Aof
~ 2 W

Wi-lh h = tjrovnJ clearance ii fo/low.s fha-1

Q == /J2 ~ =: 2h (L+b)~ where L=65fl and /J::Joff
Thus1 r----------
1
Q = 2h(tsff +3oH)y(/qsoff•-J(:.~Bx;o_3 ~ )
or fl

Q == /2 '1-.7 h )W Jr
.s where h"" ff and W,.., 16
Th11s, if h =il fl and W=I g001J /J f /;en I
/.) == 3 12-olt
4' .s
i{ h ==,~fl -<Jnd W=-/~ooo /1, 1 fhe11 Q == 2 oeolf
and it h-== ,i fl and· W=s ooo/h I
fhen Q = 2 2001fJ

3-96
3. q 6 r
tH
3. q 6 Water flows from the pipe shown in Fig. 0.1 m-++--+----i
P3.CJ6 as a free jet and strikes a circular flat plate.
The flow geometry shown is axisymmetrical. De- ...,_~~~'-"
termine the flowrate and the manometer reading,
H. I
0.2 m

l. .7 llIIr
11
1

, (J) 0.01-m
diameter
P1pe/b,)J

tQ
J<'IGUltE PJ.q6

2.
11,2 ~~ V.2
1;' T t,
_f)
f &/ : If -1, "ii t z:J. I

ThusJ
where A, ~ = Ii,. 1/2 ::: <? (I)

714.h " = L/-b2-h V = 1/- (o,/m)('l-xlo-JJm) V.: = I. ~

:aD'- 6
If I
V2 D,2- (O.Olm)'- 2. ' 2

Hence, £q. 0) 9ives

(J.60~ )'l == ¼ -1- J. (9. Blf,.) (o. 2n,) or Vz =
2
I.sq If
so fhof 3
(J-= II,. V,, = Tl ( o,I hl)(tfx/o-J/-th) (;.sql}) = 2..oox10-'l-.q-

Also,
lj!- +if+ 2, = flt- t ~ + Zo J where Yo ::0 1 -Zo::: 0,2r,,, Vt'::: /,£0 ~
or~ ~J.60(/,SC/l1-) = 2.s~ffeJ 1111df1=0
Thus,
V,'- (2 511.111.f
H== b = --1- - z = • .s - O.2m = o,12q m
r 29- o 2(q.e1~)
 i-----D = 0.15 m- --i

3. Cf? Air flows from a hole of diameter 0.03 m in a flat plate as

shown in Fig. p3_q7, A circular disk of diameter D is placed a
distance h from the lower plate. The pressure in the tank is
maintained at l kPa. Determine the tlowrate as a function of h if
viscous effects and elevation changes are assumed negligible
and the flow exits radially from the circumference of the circu-
lar disk with uniform velocity. lm
p • 1.0 kPa

FIGURE P3.'J1
V, 2. -A. 'h.2.
T + 29
A)_
where /<.II
+ Zo = -Y + 'J-1 + i!:;_ /Jo = I 7iji- , A : : - 0, Zo -;::j 2:i, J
and Vo-:: O
Thus,
~ = ✓ 210·=
.so flud
Q == 1/2 ~ :: rr D2 h ~ == 77 (0.1.srn) J, ( 4to.3J}-)
or
3
Q = 19.0 h '; where h/Vm

3-qg
3.98
V

Free jet..........._/
3. q e A conical plug is used to regulate the air
flow from the pipe shown in Fig. P3.9s . The air
Pipe
I 0.20 m
leaves the edge of the cone with a uniform thick-
Q = 0.50 m3/s
ness of 0.02 m. If viscous effects are negligible
and the flowrate is 0.50 m3 /s, determine the pres-
sure within the pipe.

FIGURE P3,qe

where Z; =Z2.

3-qq
3.qq
3.99 Water flows steadily from a nozzle into a large tank as shown
in Fig. P3.99. The water then flows from the tank as a jet of diame-
ter d. Determine the value of d if the water level in the tank remains 0 .1-ft diameter
l
4 ft

constant Viscous effects are negligible.

1/
I (/.f) 0.15-ft diameter

f.
\ '--' - - - ----a

3 ft

From 1he Bernoulli e711a1ion 1

II F I G U R E P3.99
(I) fJ, y: ~ - -h- ~
:ff +zl +"", - o' + ~, 1.,t;zJ where
':2
z, ::: z,,. q11J /7:1- =0

/I/soJ
flt : Lffl and /4 V, == flz 1/2

(2)

~ ~
(/ - ( 0. Jf-JfJ/-) ) v,.
2. (32. '}.. NJ.s1... J

where ()3 :::f/3 ½ and~== f1-3-(zJf--z.3) = 2(32.2f}-J(3fl-lff)

== I /.3S #,
flenceJ
f. d, 2
(//.3sfj) ::::O,/lf07%
3

or
J:::0./26{-f

3-/fJO
3.100 f Card

3./DD A small card is placed on top of a spool as shown in

Fig. P3 ..IOO. It is not possible to blow the card off the spool by
blowing air through the hole in the center of the spool. The
harder one blows, the harder the card " sticks" to the spool. In
fact, by blowing hard enough it is possible to keep the card
against the spool with the spool turned upside down. (Note: It
may be necessary to use a thumb tack to prevent the card from
sliding from the spool.) Explain this phenomenon.

Cl F I G U R E P 3 . 100

As fhe air flows r4dially ovfward in fhe 9aj) he/ween fhe card ancl
fhe spool i"f .slows down .since fhe Flow area increases wilh "1 fhe
radial disfance from fhe cenler. Thaf ,'s J

Q = :z 71' r h VJ or V = ,;..//4 r ( see fhe f19vre ). 1

1- rexif 7 (I)
I r .. exit

r
If vi.sco{).s effecf.s. are nof imporfanf, h r---, V/

~ +L,_ :: consfanf == flexif + v,exif

/hen 2. ,f//
77
]/ ~/
i ~, r ~,
or since /exd ==0 (a free ,jet) if Q
fo/1ows fhaf
{J ~ f p(Ve:~ -V'), where frorn Ef(, OJ
2 2
\1e,d - V =( ih) [~,,-?] 1
2

Bui 'ex/I > r .so fhaf f < 0, ihere is a VactJtJm w1/hi1J fhe 9ap.
The card i.s sucked a1ainsf fhe spool, Tl;e harder one blows fhrWJfl/2
fhe .spool(/4rge11()J1 fhe lar9er fhe Vac1111m) and fhe harder fhe card is
held a90. ifJ.sf fhe spool.

3-JO\
3. IOI I
3.101 Water flows down the sloping ramp
shown in Fig. P3. IO , with negligible viscous ef-
fects. The flow is uniform at sections (1) and (2).
v1 = 10 ft/s~, lh1 .. 1 ft l2
For the conditions given show that three solutions H = 2:%tt1,[2:1/U
. ~~ ---~-
>-,....--........... - ---- (~}.
--..v.
for the downstream depth, h 2 , are obtained by . . . ~W/,1,//1////417,w/ 2

use of the Bernoulli and continuity equations.

However, show that only two of these solutions FIGURE P3.IOI
are realistic. Determine these values.

( I)
where f, =O, tf2 -:::0 J z,::: 3 flJ
and 22 =h2

or
3
6 L/-, 1./- h2 - 2 93 h2.z.. +- I 00 -::: 0

a roof {indinq proqram fhe fhree roofs fo fhis oubic

By u.sin!J
ervation Clre fovnd fo be;
h2 == o. &3o rt
h2 = 'l-,lfB ff
or
h2 = a ne9q/-ive roof C /early if is nof passihle (physicq//y)
fo have h2. ~o 7hvs, h:z. = o. 630 H or
h:i. =~JfB ff

3-/02
3.,oi I
sz (2.)
3.IOl Water flows in a rectangular channel that is 2.0 m wide as
shown in Fig. P3.102.The upstream depth is 70 mm. The water
smface rises 40 mm as it passes over a ponion where the chan-
nel bottom rises 10 mm. If viscous effects are negligible, what is
the tlowrate?

FIGURE P3.I0Z

where /JI::: o, /2. :::0, z, == o.o7m, CJ)

and Z2.::: ( o,o/ +o,1o)m ::: 0.11 m
Also) A,~==A2.V,.
or h, 0,07m , 1 v,
Vi,= h.2. \I,I = 0,/0 m v, == 0. 7 ,
Thvs1 £11- (I) become.s
[1-o.1 2
]\{'=Z(q,gJ~)(o.11-0.07),n or V,= /.2'1~
f/enceJ
Q=A,~-= m3
(o.07m)(2.om)(1.1..'I-!}-)::: 0. /7~ s --

3-/03
*3. 103 1

..3.103 Water flows up the ramp shown in Fig.

P3.J 0.3 with negligible viscous losses. The up-
stream depth and velocity are maintained at '1 1
= 0.3 m and V1 = 6 m /s. Plot a graph of the
downstream depth, h 2 , as a function of the ramp
height, H, for O :5 H :5 2 m. Note that for each
value of H there are three solutions. not all of
which are realistic. FIGURE P3.l03

(I)
/J, + v,2. + z, = A + V./· + z.:;. w/;e,-e /Ji =O, /1:i. ::O, 21 = o.3m,
c :iq o 2q
t:1l'ld z'.2, == fl+ /2 2.
Ill.so J /4 /I; == A2. Va. so fhal:
Va_= 4; I{= (o· 3 6 .P.) = t( \! where h,~m
Thvs Er♦ (/) become.s
J

2- ( 1.8 y-
2~ + 0,3 n, = IJ; + (// +h,_) or w,M V, =,;-ffe-,
(6 JJ-/· + 2(9.81 ';12.)(o.3 -f/-/2, )m =(-~: y-lf..
1_

which can /Je wrillen as :

h:- (2-135-H)h: +0,/£5/ -=O (2)

Ra-fher fhan so/11in7 a cvb/c e9valion for h,. (9/ve II), one
con d/reclly .solve for II (9,"ven h~ ). From £1- (7-):
J/=2,/3S -h2 - 0,165/
4
(3)
h2
A 9rt1ph of Er, (2) or(3) is 9/ven on fhe {Q//ow/ny pa9e.

(con'./)
*,J ,/03 { con 'f)

The results of an EXCEL Program to calculate H for given values of h2 are shown below.

h2, m H, m
0.3 0.001 Water Depth vs Elevation Change
0.4 0.703
0.5 0.975
0.6 1.076 2.2
I
0.7 1.098
0.8 1.077 2.0 - -- - -
I

0.9 1.031
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.970
0.899
0.820
0.737
1.8

1.6 I
1.4
1.5
0.651
0.562
1.4
-r
E 1.2
+-
1.6 0.471
1.7 0.378 N
..c: 1.0 +- -- - - t-
1.8 0.284
1.9 0.189
2.0 0.094 0 .8 - - - ;-----
2.1 -0.002
0 .6

0.4

0 .2

0.0
1-- -r-- ,. - -
I

I
I, oqg
0.0 0.2 0.4 0 .6 0.8 1.0 1.2
H,m

For H ~ /,OQB m fhere are no ret,t} J posili11e roofs of Eq. ( 2..) .

Thal is for fhe 9iveh vp.slrearn condilions (Vi:: 6 I and h,::: 0. 31n )
J

we mvsf have fl<= /, Ol/8 m, II WCJvld nof be po.ssible fo have

fhe flow 90 llfl a ramj) of 9re1rler heigh/ fh4n fhi.s w/-lho11I
/ncreosinq e/lher ~ and/or h,. 1he fwo ptJss//ie waler de;//;.r
for a 9iveh fl af~ p/ofleJ above.

3- Jos
3, I 05

3.105 A Venturi meter with a minimum diameter of 3 in. is to be

used to measure the flowrate of water through a 4-in.-diameter
pipe. Determine the pressure difference indicated by the pressure
gage attached to the flow meter if the flowrate is 0.5 ft3/s and vis-
cous effects are negligible.
-
co
v,
2_2J
'L

D-i. ::Jin.
D, ~ tf-/11.
11 f-lJ flvtfS
l{ == 0, 5 s and p-:::J,91/- rri

0 I'

f, -f,_

3-/06
 3.106

3.f.06 Dete1mine the flowrate through the Venturi meter shown

in Fig. P3.106 if ideal conditions exist. t
3 1 mm•(I)
i
i' = 9.1 kN /m3
FIGURE P3./06

or (73s -.sso)kPa '

~(9.8!1.f;.) ( 9./ ~ ) = 2./.5 .p-

l
_ {- /9 mm )'f
3/111/TJ
.so fhat
Q =112.. ~ = vfJ2
11 i.
\{ == .:IL/. m) --
f l0,0l9m )'"( 21.5 s 6./OX/0-.3 -:s
1>13

3-/01

1/
3 .107

3.107 For what flowrate through the Venturi meter of Prob.

3.I06will cavitation begin if p 1 = 275 kPa gage, atmospheric
pressure is 101 kPa (abs), and the vapor pressure is 3.6 kPa , ( ~ g mm
(abs)?
'Y = 9.1 kN/m3

(I) .£.!. + \12. +.i!' ==.:&. + v.z.2 + z where z, ::: -z2. ~ == :3. 6 k?t.i.o,h.s)
(' 2,~ I f 2j 2 1
and fl =(21s+101)kfa.{abs)
Tht1s, wllh A, V; = 112 ~ = 376 kPa Cab.s)

(376-3.6 )kPQ.
Z('l.81 If) ?./ kN/m 3

J
-(/9 mm )'1-
3/
111/'IJ

or
Yz = 30..6 _p-
Thvs,
Q == /12 Vz = vL>:i
11' V,2. =-;;-
7T
2.
(0.019. m)2 (30, 6 sm) == 8. 68 xJo-3sm 3

3-/08
3./08

J. I08 What diameter orifice hole, d, is needed if under ideal

conditions the flowrate through the 01ifice meterof Fig. P3.108is
to be 30 gal/min of seawater with p 1 - p 2 == 2.37 lb/in. 2 ? The
contraction coefficient is assumed to be 0.63.

FIGURE P3.I08

I3. 0 6 .fl)J.. + 2. (32 . 2 £i ) ~ 2. 3 7 XI1/-'f 7Ta.

/b)
~- .s ¢2. 6Lf.O _&
. ft.3
or
½_-::: l8L8 Jj
Thvs, since
Q = /12 ~ = ¼ J d ~ if {ollows fhcd
2

d.
-
-I 1/-Q ~½ _ ..s J½._
'IX 0,0668 il.3
7l'Cc. V,_ J - [ 1l (0.63)(/8,81f-) -
3. 1oq 1

at 'y__ _ ~----,-~ch
• ~ C / /112_
-- - j
3.loqwater flows over a weir plate (see Video VHl.l3)which 'Z r-.-Q••,, \ *
has a parabolic opening as shown in Fig. PJ, IOUhat is, the
opening in the weir plate has a width CH112 , where C is a con-
t
Z,
♦ D U
H
-qr j (----~-
~
\ Lt/
tL \ .J 11
stant. Determine the functional dependence of the flowrate on dA
the head, Q = Q(H). Z cO ~---'--
i:

or 1,/, 1. u,.
(}l-z,) +ij +z, :: o + q: + (11-h)
Thvs) _
~ f1-1-h ii Vt is "sp,a//
11
U :: V2.1h +V, 2.
Also
dlf=cff dr (i.e. d/1::odz forz~o. d/1:Ctfii lor7~11) so fhai
bH
f ,~1 · 1/h c1ff d.x
J

Q= where h::: H-z.

_y:o H
Thvs) Q =: cfij Jv-z-11--z.i. . di, where
H O __ ~~H

foVii/-H,k= i:frz-~) Vnz-z'-· +( 1)':s;n-'{(z-1 )/{H/1-)flz#o

1

whic.h reduces lo:

Q == ¥ fij H2. Thaf is Q- H
2

AlfernativelyJ Q =: Vt1 where fhe avera7e veloc/lj is fJf/J/fltfifJJJ4/

fo rfi (1.·.e. Vrv v;:jif) anti fhe l~tal flow area., is pl'r7porfional
f o H.J/4 (t". e. fJ ,.., II x ( C Hi's.) ::: c IIJ/2). T/Jv~

Q ,._, Yz~H (CH /2.) 3

== C V:i.j· Ha.
Thaf IsI Q-v 1/1. as oblained ahove.

3-/10
3, t/0

3.110 A weir (see Video V10.13)of trapezoidal cross section

is used to measure the flowrate in a channel as shown in Fig.
P3.'I 10 If the flowrate is Q0 when H = e12, what flowrate is ex-
pected when H = e?

FIGURE P3.II0

Q ==fJ V where if i.s exp_ecfed lhaf Vi.s o. f unclion of fhe he4rJ. J f/,
Thal is, V~f2pl(
Al.so, from fhegeomefry A=-fll(i+J7 ) where i.-=i+2 7
f/fq113o(I
T/2usJ A:::: II ( i + II f111J.30°) so +hat
4r,:-' :3/.2.
Q == ~ r~ (J+ H i.an30°) H where ~ is a con.sfan!
Lef Q0 when. II==
= {lowrafe f
and Qi.::: {lowrale when H=i
Thv.s, 3/4
Q0 c,-{2] (i+
_ f ft1n30°){t) :2- _ (I+ f fan30°)
~- C,V?-i(i.+ ffan3o 0 )(i,) 3/ 2 - (t+fan30°)(Z~/2.) :::-o, 2 aq
or

3-111
3.1n I

3.111 The llowrate in a water channel i~isome-

times determined by use of a device called a Ven-
turi flume. As shown in Fig. P3.H I, this.device
consisrs simply of a hump on the bottom of the
channel. If the water surface dips a distance of
0.07 m for the conditions shown, what is the
flowrate per width of the channel? Assume
the velocity is uniform and viscous effects are
T
0.2 m
negligible. FIGURE P3.1II

A+ V, 2,.+ z = A- + with Pt
(I)
<J 2j I i" 'J.,
~2. .,. ::2
~2 -:::O., /12. -::::0 1 z 1 = /,Zm,
and z 2 :: I. 2n, - o.o7m = /.13 m
Also1 A,~= A2 ½.
or
~ h, V, I. 2- m Vi =
2-= hz. ' =(1.2.-o.07-o.2)m /,29V,
T/J11s Fron, Ei (JJ:
1

or [(l.'J.9J2° -/] t/· = 2 (1/.81%) ( /,2-/./3 )m

or V,=l,'138~
Hence,
C/ = h, ~ =(1. '138 f )(t.-i.hJ) == I. 73 ~

3-112
3 .112.

3.112. Water flows under the inclined sluice gate shown in "v (I)
Fig. P3. 112 Determine the flowrate if the gate is 8 ft wide.
••

I
6 ft

I ' .
(2-)

i 1 ft

• I • ll 11 P3.ll2

where f, ~ o I fo :: O., ~: t M,
and Zz. $ !ff
Th11sJ
:fl
.,.,. + 6 ft V/ + Iff
= z.1 (I)

B()1 A, V, = /1,. V:z. 1

or
"V2. -- 7f
A, "VI -- 6 f+
/ ff I/'f/ /
;:: o V1
,,
1

Hence., Er, (I) becomes

,,_,V, 2.
,.,,
+ 6 f-1 ::: {J_ )'- v, 1-t / ff

or
[6 1 -J]~~ ~ 2(32,2-~){6-l)ff 0 V.I == .3• 03 Ji
.s

Hence., .i
Q=-11,V, == ti-I (efl)(.J.o.3fj.) = 1~s!f

3-1/3
3 .113 1
f Q=o.1-f
3. 113 Water flows in a vertical pipe of 0.15-m
diameter at a rate of 0.2 m3 /s and a pressure of
200 kPa at an elevation of 25 m. Determine the
velocity head and pressure head at elevations of
20 and 55 m.

m3 D=o.1sm -
_!l, = 0. 2 ~ /lJ II
V:= LI
n
JI.
If (0,15m) 2
= //,3~ =
-->
Vro :::- ~
~
7, = ').5/1) • (1)
ft= 2 ookPa
IN poinl {o): -z0 :: 20m • (o)
'ltt -- (JJ,31}-)2
= 6,5/ m
-;.g 2(9,Bl';'J.) vO

and '°- 112 ..,o1

.JL!L.+...Y.Q_+z =.JL_:,_+__.L+z
Vi~
o' 29 0 (/ 2/ I

orrl, _ 200 bf;.

r - ?. eo l51L + ( 2 s - 2. o) m == 25.'fm
m3
Si11J1!al'J, af poinl (2):
~2. = ~2.:: 6,5/ m
2.fj 2. 9
and

3-1 /If
3.114- I
(1)
3.H't Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the •
flow shown in Problem 3,78

_ ,_Q_.l ft

■ F I G U R E P3, 78

For inviscid flow wifh no (llllil/J~ or f11r/;/(Jes.1 fhe ener1y line is horizonfal
al lhe ~/eva fion of lhe free .surface of fhe lank. The hydravlic 9tade
line ,s onB velocify head1 V~?J he/uw fhe er;ery1y //ne. S,nce
v1/- -== Vi? (zf) -2','i ,I fo/l()Ws fhl,fj- fhe hydravlic 9f'4de line i.s
~2-/2.,z::. (z -Z'r):: Sf./ he/ow +he ftee .svrface a-1-fhe exit ot
0

fhe p,p e. II l.r°-1 s/1Jce fhe /Jt'pe is a G(Jfl..danf diamelBt f/;e ve/Dc1~ 1

is cons-la,d fhtov;Af fhe ftje. HefJc°.; ff;e /2ydravl/c 9rade li11e is

horiionfa I 5f/ he/ow fhe frte svrfr1ce. #ofe fp4f s/11ce fhe
.1

p/pe is ~hove fhf hydrav/ic; 9rade /ifJe 1

ff e fte-r.rvre fhr1v,h1vl
fhe pt'pe is les.s fhan alm11sf1he11/c.

l
'f/t

y;
23-
Hydravli,
9ro.Je line
_/ -FiF
v'f

3-//5
3.lfS
(0)

3./1.5 Draw the energy line and the hydraulic grade line for the
flow of Problem 3. 7.S

FIGURE P3. 7.5

For inv/.scid flow wilh no pumps or ftJr6ines, fhe ei)er9y /Ji-Je

i.s hori2onfo~ a dis lance /J a6ove fhe ouf let . From Pr oblem 3, 7S
we obft-tin h = I. 79 fl..

The hydrtJ1Jlic qrade line i.s fl.~ below fhe energy line, sf4rfi119
al lhe free surface wjere Vo= 0 and endinq af fhe pipe exil
where -fJ:i. = 0 and l; =h. /JI polnl (1) fhe press1Jre head
i.s /JV? = ( 2.ri8 -llf,.5) ¾2. (
1
"?-) /62 .~j = - 26.8 fl;
1
i:
and Z 1 =O. 2-

In l/2e 4t1n. ;}/;oe ~ ~ fl,. ~/IJ.1 =( ~;) ~ so f/2al

;z. 1/42
If //, JI
V
_3
29
=( D:z.) ~
D3 2-g
=( D3Di) h ==(_2:_)(t.7C/f/)
'f
= 0.112 f l

The corresponding EL and JIGL are drawn fo scale below,

v~
2.. = 0.112 fl
V (O) _J_2-9 __L,- , ( EL)
L= --=- - (3) -r--=;;- cnr=--=-= --=-=-,,(2.)=~eor 9 y Ltl'/e
- - - ~ ~ .. ~- : - •2.· " -
pipe cenferlineJ : : _i. = h = I.79 fl
I I 2fj
I

'
I
I

'
Hydravlic Grade --..'
I
; ij!- = -26,8fl
line (HGL) ,
I

I I
LJ_

3-116
3,116

3.116 Draw the energy line and hydraulic grade line for the flow
shown in Problem 3.64.

m FIGURE P3 . 6Jf

T='o,- sfeadyJ inv/scid I/ow wi/h no ffJf11f.s or ttJrb,°IJes fhe e1Jer1y l,ne
i.s horiionfal () disfance of h+'fff = /,3!/f tlf(I :::S, 31 ff tlbove +he
J

o·ufle-f. (See ~o/tJ-li~n fo prob/em 3,iJf for VtJ,/Ves ot hJ /J-iJ v,.J tindf.31 ½.)
The hyJravlic qrade /il)e is one ve/oc/fy head1 V;.i1 1 below fhe enerrJ)'
linfJ.
Thvs) wilh v,1"/1-1::0 J l>-j :: ( Lfl, 7J//"(2 (32.,2 t2. ))
~z_ == J. 7, 0 f~
and 'i.J:./2.i -{!e,sj//(;. (3-;..2.lJ)) ==S,J;f/
fhe fo //owin 9 £L alJd 1/GL are oh/4ined:

(/)
..,__ - :--

\
---. I
I
I
~Hydrav/ic (;rr,ide Linf: ( /IGL)
I
~ ==/-')..3 ff
I I
I I
I I
I I
l_ - - - .J

If- = -/~'f i / ( i) ~
I, i. f J-3, tt

3-//7
3.1ts I
3.118 Pressure Distribution between Two Circular Plates
Objective: According to the Bernoulli equation, a change in velocity can cause a change
in pressure. Also, for an incompressible flow, a change in flow area causes a change in ve-
locity. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the pressure distribution caused by air
flowing radially outward in the gap between two closely spaced flat plates as shown in
Fig. P3.118.

Equipment: Air supply with a flow meter; two circular flat plates with static pressure
taps at various radial locations from the center of the plates; spacers to maintain a gap of
height b between the plates; manometer; barometer; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure: Measure the radius, R, of the plates and the gap width, b,
between them. Adjust the air supply to provide the desired, constant flowrate, Q, through the
inlet pipe and the gap between the flat plates. Attach the manometer to the static pressure
tap located a radial distance r from the center of the plates and record the manometer read-
ing, h. Repeat the pressure measurements (for the same Q) at different radial locations. Record
the barometer reading, Hn,m• in inches of mercury and the air temperature, T, so that the air
density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas law.

Calculations: Use the manometer readings to obtain the experimentally determined pres-
sure distribution, p = p(r), within the gap. That is, p = --ymh, where 'Ym is the specific
weight of the manometer fluid. Also use the Bernoulli equation (p/-y + V 2/2g = constant)
and the continuity equation (AV= constant, where A = 2'TTrb) to determine the theoretical
pressure distribution within the gap between the plates. Note that the flow at the edge of the
plates (r = R) is a free jet (p = 0). Also note that an increase in r causes an increase in A,
a decrease in V, and an increase in p.

Graph: Plot the experimentally measured pressure head, p/-y, in feet of air as ordinates
and radial location, r, as abscissas.

Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical pressure head distribution as a function
of radial location.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click her<'
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

'T
c.:::r_.~Water

111 FIGURE P3.1IB

(con'/)
3-//8
3, I IB ( conJn
Solution for Problem 3.118 Pressure Distribuition between Two Circular Plates

Q, ft"3/s R, in. b, in. Hatm, in. Hg T, deg F YH20, lb/ft"3

0.879 5.0 0.125 29.09 83 62.4

Experiment Theory
r, in. h, in. ply, ft V, ft/s ply, ft
0.7 -9.05 -663.75 220.8 -740.7
1.0 -6.02 -441.52 161.2 -387 .2
1.5 -2.02 -148.15 107.4 -163.1
2.0 -0.96 -70.41 80.6 -84. 7
2.5 -0.48 -35.20 64.5 -48.4
3.0 -0.24 -17.60 53.7 -28.7
3.5 -0.13 -9.53 46.0 -16.8
4.0 -0.03 -2.20 40.3 -9.1
4.5 -0.01 -0.73 35.8 -3.8
5.0 0.00 0.00 32.2 0.0

p = Patm/RT where
= =
Patm YH/Hatm 847 lb/ft"3*(29.09/12ft) =2053 lb/ft"2
R = 1716 ft lb/slug deg R
T = 83 + 460 = 543 deg R

Thus, p = 0.00220 slug/ft"3 and y = p*g = 0.00220*32.2 = 0.0709 lb/ft"3

ply = YH20*h/y

V = Q/(2nrb) = 0.879 ft"s/(2*3.1415*(0.125/12)ft*r)

Problem 3.118
Pressure Head, p/y, vs Radial Position, r

-200 - t - - - - - - t - - - - t -- -- - - 1

~ • Experimental

--;.. -400
0.
- ! - - - / - - - ~- -- - - - +
- - Theoretical

-600 -+----f-----t--------t-----

-800 +-------'---------t------i

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0

r, in.

3-11'1
3. I I q.

Calibration of a Nozzle Flow Meter

Objective: As shown in Section 3.6.3 of the text, the volumetric flowrate, Q, of a given
fluid through a nozzle flow meter is proportional to the square root of the pressure drop
across the me ter. Thus, Q = Kh 112, where K is the meter calibration constant and h is the
manometer reading that measures the pressure drop across the meter (see Fig. P3. l 1q ). The
purpose of this experiment is to determine the value of K for a given nozzle flow meter.

Equipment: Pipe with a nozzle flow meter; variable speed fan; exit nozzle to produce a
uniform jet of air; Pi tot static tube; manometers; barometer; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure: Adjust the fan speed control to give the desired flowrate, Q.
Record the flow meter manometer reading, h, and the Pitot tube manometer reading, H. Re-
peat the measurements for various fan settings (i.e., flowrates). Record the nozzle exit di-
ameter, d. Record the barometer reading, Haim• in inches of mercury and the air temperature,
T, so that the air density can be calculated from the perfect gal law.

Calculations: For each fan setting determine the flowrute, Q = VA, where V and A are
the air velocity at the exit and the nozzle exit area, respectively. The velocity, V, can be de-
termined by using the Bernoulli equation and the Pitot tube manometer data, H (see Equa-
tion 3.16).

Graph: Plot flowrate, Q, as ordinates and flow meter manometer reading, h, as abscissas
on a log-log graph. Draw the best-fit straight line with a slope of½ through the data.

Results: Use your data to determine the calibration constant, K, in the flow meter equa-
tion Q = Kh112•

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and click lll're
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Flow meter Pilot tube

maometer

Air Pilot static

Q tube

d Exit area = A
Nozzle flow
meter Exit nozzle
11 FIGURE P3.1 lq

( con'fl

3-1:W
Solution for Problem 3.11q: Calibration of a Nozzle Flow Meter

d, in. Hatm, in . Hg T, deg F

1.169 29.01 75

h, in. H, in. ~p, lb/ft" 2 V, ft/s Q, ft"3/s

11.6 5.6 29.1 162 1.20
11.1 5.4 28.1 159 1.18
10.7 5.2 27.0 156 1.16
10.1 4.9 25.5 151 1.13
9.6 4.7 24.4 148 1.10
8.8 4.3 22.4 142 1.06
7.9 3.9 20,3 135 1.00
7.2 3.6 18.7 130 0.97
6.1 3.1 16.1 120 0.90
5.4 2.7 14.0 112 0.84
4.5 2.3 12.0 104 0.77
3.8 2.0 10.4 97 0.72
2.9 1.5 7.8 84 0.62
2.1 1.1 5.7 72 0.53
1.0 0.6 3.1 53 0.39

p = Patm/RT where
Patm = YH/Hatm = 847 lb/ft"3*(29.01/12 ft)= 2048 lb/ft"2
R = 1716 ft lb/slug deg R
T = 75 + 460 = 535 deg R

Thus, p = 0.00223 slug/ft"3

V = (2*~p/p)112

Q = AV where
2
A= 1td /4 = 1t*(1.169/12 ft)"2/4 = 7.45E-3 ft"2

112 112 3
From the graph, Q = K h = 0.358 h where Q is in ft /s and h is in in.

3 112
Thus, K = 0.358 ft /(s*in. )

3-/2/
 7
Problem 3.11'f
Flow Rate, Q, vs Manometer Reading , h
I
10.0
:_ ~ .--1-~-i-
---~-
I -t
--i I

_i _t-_lJ I _I: ±tt

~
M
~ 1.0
_ 1 1

'
1 1 , i~ 1 _j__
+ +
I
t ,-.
ci ~ I
R=
.~ -=+= ! I '
The best fit equation
' I '
I with a slope of 0.5 is
-r-1 rr
-- 1,1-r
0 50
I I I
Q = 0.358h
I I I
0.1 I I
I
I I I
1 10
I
100
h, in.
j

3-111.
3,120

3.120 Pressure Distribution in a Two-Dimensional Channel

Objective: According to the Bernoulli equation, a change in velocity can cause a change
in pressure. Also, for an incompressible flow, a change in flow area causes a change in ve-
locity. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the pressure distribution caused by air
flowing within a two-dimensional, variable area channel as shown in Fig. P3.120.

Equipment: Air supply with a flow meter; two-dimensional channel with one curved side
and one flat side; static pressure taps at various locations along both walls of the channel;
ruler; manometer; barometer; thermometer.

Experimental Procedure: Measure the constant width, b, of the channel and the chan-
nel height, y, as a function of distance, x, along the channel. Adjust the air supply to provide
the desired, constant flowrate, Q, through the channel. Attach the manometer to the static
pressure tap located a distance, x, from the origin and record the manometer reading, h. Re-
peat the pressure measurements (for the same Q) at various locations on both the flat and
the curved sides of the channel. Record the barometer reading, H.un, in inches of mercury
and the air temperature, T, so that the air density can be calculated by use of the perfect gas
law.

Calculations: Use the manometer readings, h, to calculate the pressure within the channel,
p = 'Ymh, where 'Ym is the specific weight of the manometer fluid. Convert this pressure into
the pressure head, p/-y, where -y = gp is the specific weight of air. Also use the Bernoulli
equation (ply+ V 2/2g = constant) and the continuity eq uation (AV= Q, where A= yb)
to determine the theoretical pressure distribution within the channel. Note that the air leaves
the end of the channel (x = L) as a free jet (p = 0).

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined pressure head, p/-y, as ordinates and the dis-
tance along the channel, x, as abscissas. There will be two curves-one for the curved side
of the channel and another for the flat side.

Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical pressure distribution within the channel.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and c/id, ht're
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

Static pressure taps

f+-- - - - - - l - - - - - - -

l Water
h
l
Ill F I G U R E P 3 . 1 .2.0

3-/2.3
.3 .Ji,o ( C,01)) !)
o ution for Problem 3.110: Pressure Distribution in a Two-Dimensional Channel

b, in. Q, ft"3/s Hatm, in. Hg T , deg F L, in.

2.0 1.32 28.96 71 21 .75

Experimental Theory
X, in. y, in. h, in. h, in. p/y, ft ply, ft ply, ft
flat side curved side flat side curved side
0.75 2.00 0.28 0.31 20.2 22.3 00
2.50 2.00 0.21 0.37 15.1 26.6 00
4.00 1.28 -0.42 0.03 -30.2 2.3 -50 5
4.63 1.05 -0.77 -1.63 -55.5 -117 4 -92 .2
5.38 1.05 -1 .01 -1 .05 -72.7 -75.6 -92.2
8.14 1.29 -0.63 -0.62 -45.4 -44.7 -49.2
10.75 1.54 -0.32 -0.31 -23.0 -22.3 -24 1
13.25 1.77 -0.15 -0.15 -10.8 -10.8 -9 7
15.78 2.00 -0.05 0.00 -3.6 0.0 00
21 .75 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0
p = Patm/RT where
= =
Patm YHg•Hatm 84 7 lb/ft"3*(28. 96/12 ft) =2044 lb/ft"2
R = 1716 ft lb/slug deg R
T =71 + 460 = 531 deg R

Thus, p =0.00224 slug/ft"3 and y =p*g =0.00224 slug/ft"3*(32.2 ft/s"2) =0.0722 lb/ft"3
ply = YH20 *h/y

Theoretical:
ply = Vex/l2g - V 2/2g where
V = Q/A = Q/(b*y) and
= =
Vexrt O/Aexn (1.32 ft"3/s/)*(2 *2 /144 ft"2) =47 .5 ft/s
-i

Problem 3.12.0 I
Pressure Head, ply, vs Distance, x
40 I

20
j__ - - - - --+- - - -

0
-20

it::: -40
.:i-
C. -60
-80
-100
-120 + - - - - - ----~ --
,,
I
--+-- Experimental , flat side
------r-----, - ,. - Experimental, curved side
r
--Theoretical I
-140
0 5 10 15 20 25
X, in .
.3./2./

3,121 Sluice Gate Flowrate

Objective: The flowrate of water under a sluice gate as shown in Fig. P3. l 2( is a func-
tion of the water depths upstream and downstream of the gate. The purpose of this experi-
ment is to compare the theoretical f1owrate with the experimentally determined flowrate.

Equipment: Flow channel with pump and control valve to provide the desired flowrate
in the channel; sluice gate; point gage to measure water depth; float; stop watch.

Experimental Procedure: Adjust the vertical position of the sluice gate so that the
bottom of the gate is the desired distance, a, above the channel bottom. Measure the width,
b, of the channel (which is equal to the width of the gate). Turn on the pump and adjust the
control valve to produce the desired water depth upstream of the sluice gate. Insert a float
into the water upstream of the gate and measure the water velocity, Vi, by recording the time,
t, it takes the float to travel a distance L. That is, V 1 = l/t. Use a point gage to measure the
water depth, Zi, upstream of the gate. Adjust the control valve to produce various water depths
upstream of the gate and repeat the measurements.

Calculations: For each water depth used, determine the flowrate, Q, under the sluice gate
by using the continuity equation Q - A 1V 1 = b z1V 1• Use the Bernoulli and continuity equa-
tions to determine the theoretical flowrate under the sluice gate (see Equation 3.21 ). For these
calculations assume that the water depth downstream of the gate, z2 , remains at 61 % of the
distance between the channel bottom and the bottom of the gate. That is, z2 = 0.61a.

Graph: Plot the experimentally determined flowrate, Q, as ordinates and the water depth,
Zi, upstream of the gate as abscissas.

Results: On the same graph, plot the theoretical flowrate as a function of water depth up-
stream of the gate.

Data: To proceed, print this page for reference when you work the problem and clil'k h1•N·
to bring up an EXCEL page with the data for this problem.

RI FIGURE P3.12.I

( con'l)

3 -I ')..5
3.121 I (conJf)
Solution for problem 3.1,-1: Sluice Gate Flowrate

a, in. b, in. L, ft Z2, ft

1.2 6.0 4.0 0.061

Experimental Theoretical
Z1 , ft t, s V1, ft/s Q, ft"3/s Q, ft 11 3/s
0.183 4.2 0.952 0.087 0 .091
0.267 5.0 0.800 0.107 0.114
0.343 5.2 0.769 0.132 0.132
0.453 6.2 0.645 0.146 0.155
0.569 6.4 0.625 0.178 0.175
0.725 7.0 0.571 0.207 0.200
0.877 8.6 0.465 0.204 0.222
Experimental:
v, = Lit
Q = V1bZ1

Theoretical:
2 112
Q = b*z/' *(2*g) *[((z1IZ2) - 1)/(1 - (z2IZ1) 2)] 112
where
Z2 = 0.61 *a

Problem 3.121 I
Flow Rate, Q, vs Depth, z 1

1. 00 -,-------,----,----,---,--,-1,--,--r,
I
I
f - -- -- - t - -- --1---r---r---t--:-i~--~

- - -- - - - i - - - ~ ---.-- - - - , -,--- c-

• Experimental
-Theoretical
0

I
0.01 I

0.1 1
Lf.lf I
4.4 The x- and y-components of a velocity field are given by
u = -(Vole) x and v = -(V0 /e) y, where V0 and e are constants.
Make a sketch of the velocity field in the first quadrant
(x > 0, y > 0) by drawing arrows representing the fluid velocity
at representative locations.

If-I
If. 5

4.5 A two-dimensional velocity field is given by u = l + y and

v = l. Detennine the equation of the streamline that passes
through the origin. On a graph, plot this streamline.

u -:: I+ y and Ar::: I so fhe slreamline.s are riven hy

*~ f ~ /t;
Thvs1
J( 1+y)dy Jrlx
== or
y+ f y2 ::: x t C 1 where C ,~ a con-slant.
For fhe sfreaml,11e fhal roes fhrdllfh x:;y=-0.J C:::O.
Hence 1

x=y+iy2.
Th/s slteam//ne i's plolfeJ below, Nole fha/ since /JI" :::/>01 fhe
direcf ion oi flow i.s qs shown.

X
II-. 6 I

4.6 The velocity field of a flow is given by V =

(5z - 3)1 + (x + 4)J + 4yk ft/s, where x, y, and z are in feet.
Dete1mine the fluid speed at the origin (x = y = z = 0) and on
the x axis (y = z = 0).

u.,::: Sz -3 J
rv-::: X+Lf J )If-::::: Lfy
-rhvs
I I af fhe on.gin u~
J
-3 J IV= ¥ #== o
.1

so fhaf
V== ~u,--~-+-/1)_1._+)Jf-2. == / <- 3 J:i. +Lf 2 ;: s ff/.s
Similarly✓ on -fne X 4X/.s (). == -3 1 1/J c X+~.I ju== 0
so -fhaf
V == /i,......u.2-...;_+_/11_2._+_)lf--=-2. ::: / (- 3) 2. +(x +'!-)~ == JX:i. t 8 x +2s ffl.s where x ft
1
,-J

'f-3
'f.1

4,.7 A flow can be visualized by plotting the velocity

field as velocity vectors at representative locations in the
flow as shown in Video V4,2.and Fig. E4,l. Consider the
velocity field given in polar coordinates by v, = -10/r
and v 8 = I 0/r. This flow approximates a fluid swirling into
a sink as shown in Fig. P4.7 Plot the velocity field at
locations given by r = 1, 2, and 3 with 0 = 0, 30, 60, and
90 deg,

'wilh rv;.-=-IO/rand 1110 ~ 10/r -/hen ■ F I G U R E P 4 .7

V~../«r2-+fVe 2 = ✓r-10/r? +(JO/r)1 = l'l-;1/-

The a119/e ex between fhe radial direcfion and
the velocily vecfor is r;iven DJ
~ 10/r
fano<= -11/r = -(-10/r) =I
Thv.s rx == ~5 ° for anv r B
J / J
0

f.e. fhe veloc,fy vector is alway orienfed .lf.5° relalil/e forad,a/ lines)
3 8=60
Nofe: V1s
indepencronf
of e. e ""30

1 -_ _...,__ _~_ __,__ _ e~o

Ve"'· 11 af r-::::3

4-1-f
7'.a I

4..8 The velocity field of a flow is given by What is the angle between the velocity vector and
V = 2.0y/(x: + y:)1 2i - 20xl(x 2 + _v 2) 112j ft/s, the x axis at points (x, y) = (5, 0). (5, 5), and
where x and ,. are in feet. Determine the fluid (0, 5)?
speed at points along the x axis; along they axis.

Also, -20X y 2ofi

( x2. +y2)½.. ..s
fan e ==-fr-= 2.oy
(x2 +y2) y,_
or
fan 0 = - ;
(5,0)
ThusJ for (xJ y) =(sJ o) ---lt------------x
zo ft
fane:: -00 ore:: -qo
0
f ..s

(or (xJy) =(5JE)

~v
fon0=-J or 0=-'15() u
for (xJy)=(o,s)
fan 0 = 0 or 0 = 0°

4- -5
 4,q The components of a velocity field are given by u = x + y,
v = .xy 3 + 16, and w = 0. Determine the location of any stag-
nation points (V = 0) in the flow field.

V=(uz+ /If"'). +J.Jr 2

== /( X +y)').. +{xy3 +/6) 1 -=O
or
u.::::. x + y = o .so fhaf x-== -y
and .3 .3
N :: X y +16 = 0 so fhaf Xy = -I6
3
Hence) (-y)y ,=;-/6 or y:: 2 1

Therefore J v~o af X::-2 I y:::2

If .JO

'f,/0 The x and y compo nents of velocity for

a two-dimensional flow are u = 6y ft /s and v =
3 ft /s. where y is in feet. Determine the equation
for the streamlines and sketch representative
-~tr.eamlines in the 4qpe r half_plane.

IL= 6y , V -=3 where sfreamline.s are obfained from

Jy__ _ V
dX --a-=
3
6y o
r 2y ay =- rl,x which can he inlegraied lo 'jive

Y{J.. =X + C , where C is a conslonf.

l?epresenfafive .sfreamline.s corre.spond,ng fo differetrf values of
Care shown below.

.3

C =-if

-6 -.s -11 -3 -2 -I 0 .3 If sx

Nole fhaf for y>o 1

U >o (l.e.J fhe {low i.s from Jeff fo ri9h-/)