Lecture 7 Production in The SR
Lecture 7 Production in The SR
profit 𝜋 = 𝑅 − 𝐶 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑄 − 𝐶(𝑄)
Profits in different market structures
𝜋 = 𝑅 − 𝐶 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑄 − 𝐶(𝑄)
Goals of Firms
• Economists generally make two key assumptions
about firms’ behaviour:
• Production
In order to be able to produce output firms need some inputs
In reality firms hire many inputs in order to produce something. To
simplify the analysis we will focus on just two types of inputs:
Capital (K) and labor (L)
All inputs are purchased in respective input markets that are competitive:
• Capital market = borrowing financial capital and paying interest
• Labor market
N.B.: each firm takes input prices as given (determined by the markets)
Production
• The production function shows the maximum output that
can be produced by a combination of inputs.
• The production function describes the technological
relationship between the inputs that a firm uses and the
output that it produces.
• In terms of functional notation:
Q = f(L, K)
The very long run is the length of time over which all the
firm's factors of production and its technology can be varied.
∆𝑄 ഥ
𝜕𝑄(L,𝐾)
• 𝑀𝑃𝐿 = =
∆𝐿 𝜕𝐿
∆𝑄 𝜕𝑄 𝐿ത ,𝐾
You can guess that the marginal product of capital is 𝑀𝑃𝐾 = =
∆𝐾 𝜕𝐾
Imaginary Pastry Production Story
Suppose in the SR bakery owns K = 3 ovens.
Based on the numbers:
Total product (TP) = Q = output produced
𝐿𝑜 = 2 𝑄𝑜 = 6
𝐿′ = 3 𝑄′ = 8
𝐴𝑃𝑜 = = 𝐴𝑃′ = =
Why?
The relationship between MP and AP is:
Is there a relationship between MP
and TP?
Recall that the slope of a curve = rise/run
Therefore:
How does MP behave?
Remember: in SR K is fixed, if a firm wants to change
output it can only do so by changing the amount of labor
employed.
𝑤𝐿
AVC = VC/Q = 𝐴𝑉𝐶 = =
𝑄
AVC and Average Product of Labor
Simple calculation:
Suppose L=5 workers produce Q=20 units of output (in
one hour).
Wage is determined in labor market and the firm takes it
as given. Suppose w=$8/hour.
At Q = 20 Variable cost is VC = $
Variable cost per unit of output is AVC =
Average product of labor is AP =
Check: AVC=w/AP
Total Cost
Is literally the sum of all costs, fixed and variable:
C = FC + VC
𝐹𝐶 + 𝑉𝐶 𝐹𝐶 𝑉𝐶
𝐴𝑇𝐶 = = +
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
∆𝐶 𝑑𝐶
𝑀𝐶 = =
∆𝑄 𝑑𝑄
• Marginal costs are always marginal variable costs because fixed costs
do not change as output varies.
Understanding MC
Think of MC as ‘cost of producing one ADDITIONAL’ unit
of output.
Notice that in general MC is not equal ATC (ATC counts
AFC which has nothing to do with cost of INCREASING
output).
FC = AFC =
VC = AVC =
MC =
ATC =
MC, AVC, MP, and AP put together
Reminder: when MARGINAL > AVERAGE, Average will increase as more labor is
hired and more output is produced for BOTH costs and products: