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Q2L6 ORGMAN Learning Packet
Q2L6 ORGMAN Learning Packet
Objectives:
Definition
Leading according to Kooth and Weihrich, is the process of influencing people so that they
will contribute to organization and group goals. It is influencing people so that they will work
willingly and enthusiastically toward the achievement of organizational goals ultimate objectives.
When we say influencing, it does not mean that coercing/forcing, imposing, suctioning, or pushing
people behind. It means rather-motivating people so that they contribute their maximum effort for
the achievement of organizational goal.
Leading/Directing is that part of management function which actuates the organization
members to work efficiently and effectively for the attainment of organizational objectives.
Planning, organizing, and staffing are merely preparations for doing the work, and the work starts
when managers start performing the directing function. Directing is the interpersonal aspect of
management, which deals directly with influencing, guiding, supervising, and motivating the
subordinates for the accomplishment of the per determined objectives.
Directing is a challenging function of management because it deals with the human
element of the organization, which represents a complex of forces about whom not much is
known. A person's beliefs, hopes, ambitions, behavior, satisfaction, and interaction with other
persons are all involved in the directing process.
Nature of Direction
Directing is the heart & soul of management. Without directing management may come to
stand still.
1. Important function of management: - Any amount of planning, organizing & staffing can
be done with proper direction. Responsibility for attaining the objectives must be guided
and directed for truthful result.
2. Performed by all levels of management: - Direction function is performed by top level,
middle level or low level. Every superior is expected to provide guidance and direction to
those who lose to him for such direction.
3. Continuous process: - It is an unending process. It goes with work. As long as work is their
direction is there.
4. Result oriented: - (a) To get the work done and (b) To see the management work more
responsibly. The manager’s job is not only to see that the work is completed according to
him and proper direction is provided but he has to ensure that the problems faced by men
are solved without delay.
5. Provides link between different management functions: - It provides effective link in
planning, organizing, staffing in the organization with proper control.
6. Involvement of human relationship: - Directing creates co-operation & harmony among the
members of the group
Importance of Direction
Direction is described as the heart of the management process. It is the life spark of an
organization which sets the organizational machine into motion. Thus, direction is an important
function of management on account of following reasons.
Thus, direction stands out as an important function of management. It has also been
observed that there is a high correlation between direction and work performance.
Elements of Direction
1. Motivation: - Employees come forward to work in any organization to satisfy their needs.
Motivation relates to continuous attempt made by executives to influence on the behavior
without any force.
2. Leadership: - Leadership is essential aspect of directing. Inspiring leadership act as a
spark plug for lightening the efforts and a desire to work in sub-ordinates. The success
depends upon good quality leaders.
3. Communication: - It creates mutual understanding between management & other
members of the organization. The manager should explain in simple and clear terms what
to do, how to do & whom to do to the workers. Modern management needs effective
communication as well as active participation by all the members.
4. Co-ordination: - It is the essence of management. It is the duty of manager to co-ordinate
all the activities within the organization. Co-ordination will lead to unity of direction.
5. Supervision: - The supervision means a job of sub-ordinate is supervised by the superior.
It is essential part in directing. It is to be done at all levels of management from top to
bottom. He gives instructions and guide to the people for attaining the objectives. The
supervisory management supervises the workers for solving their problems.
Definition of Leadership
There are many different ways to define leadership as a hallmark management function.
Some of the most popular definitions given by prominent leadership authors and specialists are
given below:
o John C. Maxwell- “Leadership is not about titles, positions, or flowcharts. It is about one
life influencings another.”
o John Baker- “Leadership is accomplishing things that reach beyond solitary abilities by
acting- and getting others to act- with a maturity that surpasses self-interest.”
o Tom Kennedy- “Leadership is getting people to want to follow. That requires engaging
them passionately, from the heart, and requires persuading people to change.”
o Koontz and O’Donnell- “Leadership is the ability to exert interpersonal influence by means
of communication, towards the achievement of a goal.”
o R.T. Livingston- Leadership is the ability to awaken in others the desire to follow a common
objective.”
o Peter Drucker- “Leadership is the lifting of man’s vision to higher sights, the raising of
man’s performance to higher standards, the building of man’s personality beyond its
normal limitations.”
o Louis A. Allen- A leader is one who guides and directs others people. He gives his
followers direction and purpose by influencing their behavior.”
Nature of Leadership
Leaders are important in organizations because they drive and motivate people to work
for the mutual benefit of both the employees and the company. Specifically, leaders also perform
a variety of functions such as the following:
Leadership Styles
1. Autocratic (Authoritarian)
4. Coercive
Motivation
It comes from Latin word “movere” w/c means to move and is concerned with what
activates human behavior and what directs this behavior towards a particular goal. With proper
motivation, there can be maximum utilization of the factors of production like men, money,
material etc. If employees are motivated it will reduce employee turnover and absenteeism.
Motivation fosters a sense of belongingness among the employees towards the organization and
also improves their morale. It helps in reducing the number of complaints and grievances and
concerned with how this behavior is sustained.
A motive is a stimulus w/c leads to an action that satisfies the need. In other words, motive
produces action.
Nature of Motivation
Factors of Motivation
Certain factors that enable a person or worker to perform well on a job are as follows:
1. Willingness to do the job. When a person is motivated to do a certain job, he or she
likes and enjoys what he or she is doing and will likely produce the expected output.
2. Self-confidence to carry out specific tasks. When workers feel that they are equipped
with the necessary skills and training to perform a certain task, they feel more
motivated.
3. Need satisfaction. People will perform tasks well if they that their needs will be satisfied
by doing so.
Types of Motivation
Theories of Motivation
3. Achievement-Power-Affiliation Theory
o Developed by David McClelland.
o This theory holds that all people have 3 needs:
• A need to achieve – a desire to do something better or more efficiently than it
has been done before.
• The need to power - is basically a concern for influencing people – to be strong
& influential.
• The need for affiliation - is a need to be liked – to establish or maintain friendly
relations w/ others
o McClelland maintains that most people have a degree of each of these needs
that the level of intensity varies.
4. Motivation-Maintenance Theory
o It contends that motivation comes from the individual, not from the manager.
o Workers can be motivated best by satisfying the needs of the individuals for the
satisfiers.
6. Achievement Theory
o An individual’s ambition to do things better or achieve something is due to a
very specific motive or need.
o This need is not something “inborn” but it can be required through training &
teaching the trainees to think & behave in terms of achievement.
Communication
The word communication is derived from the Latin word “Communis” which means
common i.e., sharing of information. Communication is transferring some information and
understanding of that information from one person to another. Communication is the sum of all
things one person does when he wants to create understanding in the mind of others. The main
purpose of communication is to convey ideas, thoughts, and opinions from one person to others.
It helps employees to understand their role clearly and perform effectively and helps in
achieving co-ordination and mutual understanding which in turn, leads to industrial harmony and
increased productivity. Communication improves managerial efficiency and ensures cooperation
of the staff. Effective communication helps in molding attitudes and building up employees’
morale. Communication is the means through which delegation and decentralization of authorities
successfully accomplished in an organization.
Elements of Communication
1. Sender: The person who speaks out or sends a written message or ideas to another
person.
2. Receiver: The receiver is the person to whom the message is communicated.
3. Message of communication: The information order, instruction i.e., to be communicated
that exists in the mind of communicator.
4. Encoding: It is the actual content of communication. The communicator organizes his
ideas into a series of symbols such as words, signs, actions, pictures, etc. which will be
communicated to receiver.
5. Decoding: The receiver converts the symbols received from the sender to give him the
meaning of the message.
6. Ideas: It refers to the subject of communication which may include opinion suggestion,
ideas, orders, etc. Channel: These symbols are transmitted to the receiver through certain
media, for e.g.TV, telephone, radio, etc.
7. Feedback: Feedback refers to the reply or response of the receiver. It is always directed
towards sender
Importance of Communication
o Communication must be for every business. A good business can be done with effective
communication only.
o For maintaining proper co-ordinance in various department of business, up to date
communication system must be established.
o Effective communication reduces the gap between management and employees.
o Communication plays an important role in negotiation.
o Acquiring excellent communication skill is an important qualification.
o It is a tool of collecting information.
o Communication helps in exchanging ideas and information.
Types of Communication
A. Based on Expressions:
1. Oral Communication- This is the important category of communication. Oral
communication helps to build up human relationship. Words are the symbols that
express our thoughts about what we see or think about.
2. Written communication- When information is conveyed by writing, typing, painting or
any other mechanical means it is called as written communication. Speech comes to
us naturally and spontaneously but writing comes after practice and careful
organization of thoughts
C. Based on Direction:
1. Upward communication- Communication is termed as upward if it flows from
subordinates to their superior levels such communication includes reaction and
suggestions from employees- This type of communication is considered as a main
source of motivation for employer
2. Downward communication- Communication is termed as downward if it flows from the
uppermost level of management towards the operating level. It includes rules, order,
regulations, installations, etc. They are directive in nature.
3. Horizontal communication- It takes place between two subordinates working at the
same level i.e., between two or more persons who are on equal level. All these
communications may be verbal or written.
Ways of Communicate
o Informal talk or grapevine o Reports
communication o Conferences/ Conventions
o memoranda o Meetings
o Telephone calls o Bulletin Board Notes
o Interoffice News o Exhibits & Displays
o Letters o Visual Aids
Barriers to Communication
1. Distance- physical distance between the supervisor & his subordinates results in less face-
to – face communication. Less face-to-face communication may lead to misunderstanding
or lack of understanding of the message being communicated.
2. Distortion- this occurs when an individual fails to distinguish actual data from his own
views, feelings, emotions.
3. Semantics- this deals w/ the language aspect of communication words with multiple
meanings in a message may lead to misinterpretation of the message.
4. Lack of Leveling- refers to various differences in the levels of supervisors & subordinates.
If a supervisor communicates w/ the subordinates on his own level of knowledge & ignore
the level of the subordinates, then communication breaks down.
5. Lack of Trust- it has to do w/ the previous experiences of subordinates’ dealing w/
supervisor.
6. Inaccessibility- In some organization, we find supervisors who are often out, or keep
themselves busy and therefore are not available to subordinates for consultation,
discussion or guidance. Such inaccessibility results in communication breakdown.
7. Lack of Clear Responsibilities- Lack of clarity in duties & responsibilities result in status &
role uncertainty. The position & the role w/c are occupied & played by the subordinates
are unclear to him.
8. Personal Incompatibility- Often the personality of the supervisor & the subordinates clash
& thus creates communication blocks.
9. Refusal to Listen- refusal to listen may be due to a superiority complex feeling of “I know
everything” or an inferiority complex feeling or “I am no good.”
10. Failure to Use Proper Media- the effectiveness of communication depends on how a
supervisor chooses the proper media for this own situation.
11. Communication Gap- refers to the defects or loopholes in the formal network of
communication. As the organization grows & expands, the networks tend to become large
and complex.
12. Lack of Direction- the manifest meaning of the message is made so attractive that the real
meaning is lost.
References:
Altarejos, A.; et.al. (2016). Organization and Management.
Quezon City: Vibal Group, Inc. Quezon City
Real Learning Real impact. (2021). The 5 leadership styles you can use. Retrieved from
https://www.imd.org/imd-reflections/reflection-page/leadership-styles/