Operating System 101 (OS 101) Chapter 2: Operating Systems Structures

Chapter 1: Introduction to Operating System

+ System Components
+ What is Operating System? a. Process Management
Operating System is a software, which - A process is a program in execution.
A process is active, at a point
makes a computer to actually work. It is the specified by its PC. A program is
passive. A process needs certain
software that enables all the programs we use. resources, including CPU time,
memory, files, and I/O devices, to
The OS organizes and controls the hardware. accomplish its task. The process
management component manages
OS acts as an interface between the application the multiple processes running
programs and the machine hardware. simultaneously on the Operating
Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix and Mac OS, System.
etc., - The operating system is responsible
for: a) process creation and deletion;
+ What OS does? b) process suspension and
Controlling and allocating memory, resumption; c) mechanisms for
prioritizing system requests, controlling synchronization and communication.
input and output devices, facilitating networking b. Memory Management
and managing file systems.  - Memory is a large array of words or
bytes, each with its own address.
+ Structure of Computer System Main memory is a volatile storage
a. Hardware device.
- consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O - Accessed for instructions and data.
Devices, etc, - The operating system is responsible
b. Software (Operating System) for: a) keep track of which parts of
- includes process management memory are currently being used
routines, memory and by whom; b) decide which
management routines, I/O processes to load when memory
control routines, file space becomes available; c)
management routines. Allocate and deallocate memory
c. System programs space as needed.
- consists of compilers,
c. File Management
Assemblers, linker etc.
d. Application programs - A file is a collection of related
- This is dependent on users need. information, defined by its creator,
Ex. Railway reservation system, e.g., source code, binaries, data.
Bank database management etc., - The operating system is responsible
for: a) file creation and deletion; b)
+ Evolution of OS Computer Environments directory creation and deletion; c)
support of primitives for accessing
and manipulating files and
directories; d) file security; e)
mapping files onto secondary
storage; f) hiding differences
between storage types.
d. I/O System Management
- The I/O system consists of: a)
drivers for specific hardware
devices; b) a general device-
driver interface; c) a buffer-caching
system.
 CPU and memory hardware, in I/O
devices, or in user programs.
e. Disk Management
- Disks are used for non-volatile and
2. OS Services for the Programmer
large storage.
- System calls provide the interface
- The operating system is responsible
between a running program and the
for: a) free space management and
operating system.
disk space allocation; b) disk
- Three general methods are used to
scheduling for optimized use; c) bad
pass parameters between a running
block management; d) swap space;
program and the operating system:
e) disk reliability
a) Pass parameters in registers.
f. Networking (Distributed System)
b) Store the parameters in a
- A distributed system is a collection
table in memory, and the table
processors that do not share
address is passed as a parameter in
memory. The processors are
a register.
connected through a communication
c) Push (store) the parameters
network.
onto the stack by the program and
- Operating system must support:
pop off the stack by operating
a) communication; b) access
system.
security; process/load distribution;
d) sharing of resources. + System Calls
g. Protection System
- A system call is a way for programs
- Protection refers to a mechanism for
to interact with the operating
internally controlling access by
system. System calls define the
programs, processes, and users to
programmer interface to UNIX. The
system and user resources.
set of systems programs commonly
- Different from security.
available defines the user interface.
- The protection mechanism must: a)
The programmer and user interface
distinguish between authorized and
define the context that the kernel
unauthorized usage; b) specify the
must support.
controls to be imposed; c) provide a
- Three categories of system calls in
means of enforcement.
UNIX: a) file manipulation (same
+ Operating System Services system calls also support device
manipulation); b) process control;
1. OS Services for the User
c) information manipulation.
a) Program execution – system
capability to load a program into + System Structures
memory and to run it.
a) Simple System Structure
b) I/O operations – since user
- Not divided into modules.
programs cannot execute I/O
b) Layered System Structure
operations directly, the operating
- The operating system is divided into
system must provide some means to
several layers (levels), each built on
perform I/O.
top of lower layers. Layers use
c) File-system manipulation – program
services of only lower-level layers.
capability to read, write, create, and
- The bottom layer (layer 0), is the
delete files.
hardware; the highest (layer N) is
d) Communications – exchange of
the user interface.
information between processes
c) Micro-kernel System Structure
executing either on the same
- Moves as much from the kernel into
computer or on different systems
“user” space.
tied together by a network.
- Communication takes place between
e) Error detection – ensure correct
user modules using message
computing by detecting errors in the
passing.
+ Virtual Machines
+ Function of Operating System
- The operating system creates the
illusion of multiple processors each - An operating system has three main
with its own (virtual) memory. A functions: (1) manage the
virtual machine provides an computer's resources, such as the
interface identical to the underlying central processing unit, memory,
bare hardware. disk drives, and printers, (2)
- It is a virtual environment which establish a user interface, and (3)
functions as a virtual computer execute and provide services for
system with its own CPU, memory, applications software.
network interface, and storage,
created on a physical hardware + OS Interaction
system. - The user enters some command into
+ System Design and Implementation System the system and the work of the
Generation system is to execute it.

- User goals – operating system + System Utilities

should be convenient to use, easy to - Utility Software performs certain
learn, reliable, safe, and fast. tasks like virus detection,
- System goals – operating system installation, and uninstallation, data
should be easy to design, backup, deletion of unwanted files,
implement, and maintain, as well as etc. Some examples are antivirus
flexible, reliable, error-free, and software, file management tools,
efficient. compression tools, disk
- Operating systems are designed to management tools, etc.
run on any of a class of machines.
The system must be configured for + Applications
each specific computer site.
- An application program (software
- System Generation (SYSGEN)
application, or application, or app for
program obtains information
short) is a computer program
concerning the specific configuration
designed to carry out a specific task
of the hardware system.
other than one relating to the
+ System Programs operation of the computer itself,
typically to be used by end-users.
- System programs provide an
environment where programs can be
developed and executed. In the
simplest sense, system programs
also provide a bridge between the
user interface and system calls.
Chapter 3: Software Components
+ Common Operating System
a) Microsoft Windows
b) Apple macOS
c) Linux OS
d) Google’s Android OS
e) Apple iOS