Strong CP problem Experiment |θ̄3 | < 10−10 for θ̄3 ≡ θ3 + arg(det(Mu Md )).

Mu and Md are two rank-3 matrices specifying the Yukawa-Higgs for u, c, t and
d, s, b-type quarks.
• su(3)’s θ3 : Under u(1)L,R chiral transf., due to u(1)L,R -su(3)2 anomaly,
7 mq e i (αqL −αqR ) .
P
θ3 7→ θ3 − f =1,2,3 (αuLf + αdLf − αuRf − αdRf ). mq →
0 0
• (αL ∂µ JLµ + αR ∂µ JRµ ) − (θ3 −(−α L +αR )) 2 µνµ ν
64π 2 g  a
Fµν Fµa0 ν 0
−(Me i (−αL +αR ) ψL† ψR + h.c.) + (e i (..αL +..αR ) OSMG ψ 0 ψ + h.c.).

<latexit sha1_base64="7ZVxMZfn+iOqUIS/85dIAZBCruA=">AAAB83icbVBNTwIxEJ3FL8Qv1KOXRmKCF7JLjHokevGIiSAJbEi3zEJDt7tpuyZkw9/w4kFjvPpnvPlvLLAHBV8yyct7M+3MCxLBtXHdb6ewtr6xuVXcLu3s7u0flA+P2jpOFcMWi0WsOgHVKLjEluFGYCdRSKNA4GMwvp35j0+oNI/lg5kk6Ed0KHnIGTVW6lXpOYmo1gK17pcrbs2dg6wSLycVyNHsl796g5ilEUrDhH2k67mJ8TOqDGcCp6VeqjGhbEyH2LVU0gi1n813npIzqwxIGCtb0pC5+nsio5HWkyiwnRE1I73szcT/vG5qwms/4zJJDUq2+ChMBTExmQVABlwhM2JiCWWK210JG1FFmbExlWwI3vLJq6Rdr3mXtYv7eqVxk8dRhBM4hSp4cAUNuIMmtIBBAs/wCm9O6rw4787HorXg5DPH8AfO5w9JjZE2</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="hmEhaA7csD4vP/z3J8WipIy/PZQ=">AAAB/HicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vapdugkWoC8tMEXVZdOOygn1AW0omvdOGJpkhyQjDUH/FjQtF3Poh7vwb03YW2nrgwuGce5N7jx9xpo3rfju5tfWNza38dmFnd2//oHh41NJhrCg0achD1fGJBs4kNA0zHDqRAiJ8Dm1/cjvz24+gNAvlg0ki6AsykixglBgrDYqlin+GBRB5HjDgQyyI1oNi2a26c+BV4mWkjDI0BsWv3jCksQBpKLcPdD03Mv2UKMMoh2mhF2uICJ2QEXQtlUSA7qfz5af41CpDHITKljR4rv6eSInQOhG+7RTEjPWyNxP/87qxCa77KZNRbEDSxUdBzLEJ8SwJPGQKqOGJJYQqZnfFdEwUocbmVbAheMsnr5JWrepdVi/ua+X6TRZHHh2jE1RBHrpCdXSHGqiJKErQM3pFb86T8+K8Ox+L1pyTzZTQHzifP0kzk+k=</latexit>

(a) massless (b) mean-field mass

<latexit sha1_base64="qtjQSop17wTkZoSvWE5TRMO5kyQ=">AAACAXicbVDLSgMxFM34rPU16kZwEyxC3ZSZIuqy6EI3QkX7gHYomfS2Dc1khiQjlKFu/BU3LhRx61+482/MtLPQ1gMXDufcm9x7/IgzpR3n21pYXFpeWc2t5dc3Nre27Z3dugpjSaFGQx7Kpk8UcCagppnm0IwkkMDn0PCHl6nfeACpWCju9SgCLyB9wXqMEm2kjr1fpMeYCQ2SUM1EH9/dXOGAKNWxC07JmQDPEzcjBZSh2rG/2t2QxgEITbl5oOU6kfYSIjWjHMb5dqwgInRI+tAyVJAAlJdMLhjjI6N0cS+UpoTGE/X3REICpUaBbzoDogdq1kvF/7xWrHvnXsJEFGsQdPpRL+ZYhziNA3eZBKr5yBBCJTO7YjogaRgmtLwJwZ09eZ7UyyX3tHRyWy5ULrI4cugAHaIictEZqqBrVEU1RNEjekav6M16sl6sd+tj2rpgZTN76A+szx/mSpXp</latexit>

(c) interacting SMG mass

<latexit sha1_base64="x5DLMrlVBaES2o4qwsyR9WEITsI=">AAAB+HicbVBNTwIxEJ3FL8QPVj16aSQmeCG7xKhHohePmAiSwIZ0u11oaLubtmuChF/ixYPGePWnePPfWGAPCr5kkpf3ZtqZF6acaeN5305hbX1jc6u4XdrZ3dsvuweHbZ1kitAWSXiiOiHWlDNJW4YZTjupoliEnD6Eo5uZ//BIlWaJvDfjlAYCDySLGcHGSn23XI2YTlREFRJY67O+W/Fq3hxolfg5qUCOZt/96kUJyQSVhnD7Qtf3UhNMsDKMcDot9TJNU0xGeEC7lkosqA4m88Wn6NQqEYoTZUsaNFd/T0yw0HosQtspsBnqZW8m/ud1MxNfBRMm08xQSRYfxRlHJkGzFFDEFCWGjy3BRDG7KyJDrDAxNquSDcFfPnmVtOs1/6J2flevNK7zOIpwDCdQBR8uoQG30IQWEMjgGV7hzXlyXpx352PRWnDymSP4A+fzBy6Lksk=</latexit>

(disorder mass)
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(gapless / no mass) (symmetry-breaking order mass)

(a) Massless u quark: mu = 0 thus det M = 0. ’t Hooft ’76.
(b) hMi =6 0 and hψL† ψR i =
6 0, dynamic θ fluctuation: axion. Peccei-Quinn ’77.
(c) hOSMG i = 0 and hψ 0 ψi = 0. If the full mean-field mass dethMi = 0, rotate
θ̄3 ≡ θ3 + arg(det(hMi)) = θ3 to 0.
A new interacting Symmetric Mass Generation solution.
Juven Wang Slides: https://tinyurl.com/a5j99swr (later http://idear.info/) 1
1+1d CT or P problem Suppose |θ̄v | < 10−10 for θ̄v ≡ θ + arg(det(M)).
• u(1)’s θv (from u(1)1st and u(1)2nd ): Under u(1)L,R chiral transf., due to
u(1)L,R -u(1)v anomaly, similarly u(1)3rd,4th -u(1)v anomaly
θv 7→ θv − (qv| · K · χ) = θv − αL,3 − 3αL,4 + 3αR,5 + αR,0 .
θv 7→ θv − α3rd (qv| · K · q3 ) − α4th (qv| · K · q4 ) = θv −30(α3rd + α4th ).
m 7→ me i (αL −αR ) .
µ µ (θ −α (q | ·K ·q )−α (q | ·K ·q ))
• (α3rd ∂µ J3rd + α4th ∂µ J4th ) + v 3rd v 2π 3 4th v 4
µν Fµν
†
−(Me i (−αL +αR ) ψL ψR + h.c.) + (e i (..αL +..αR ) OSMG ψ 0 ψ + h.c.).

<latexit sha1_base64="7ZVxMZfn+iOqUIS/85dIAZBCruA=">AAAB83icbVBNTwIxEJ3FL8Qv1KOXRmKCF7JLjHokevGIiSAJbEi3zEJDt7tpuyZkw9/w4kFjvPpnvPlvLLAHBV8yyct7M+3MCxLBtXHdb6ewtr6xuVXcLu3s7u0flA+P2jpOFcMWi0WsOgHVKLjEluFGYCdRSKNA4GMwvp35j0+oNI/lg5kk6Ed0KHnIGTVW6lXpOYmo1gK17pcrbs2dg6wSLycVyNHsl796g5ilEUrDhH2k67mJ8TOqDGcCp6VeqjGhbEyH2LVU0gi1n813npIzqwxIGCtb0pC5+nsio5HWkyiwnRE1I73szcT/vG5qwms/4zJJDUq2+ChMBTExmQVABlwhM2JiCWWK210JG1FFmbExlWwI3vLJq6Rdr3mXtYv7eqVxk8dRhBM4hSp4cAUNuIMmtIBBAs/wCm9O6rw4787HorXg5DPH8AfO5w9JjZE2</latexit>

(a) massless
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(b) mean-field mass

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(c) interacting SMG mass

<latexit sha1_base64="x5DLMrlVBaES2o4qwsyR9WEITsI=">AAAB+HicbVBNTwIxEJ3FL8QPVj16aSQmeCG7xKhHohePmAiSwIZ0u11oaLubtmuChF/ixYPGePWnePPfWGAPCr5kkpf3ZtqZF6acaeN5305hbX1jc6u4XdrZ3dsvuweHbZ1kitAWSXiiOiHWlDNJW4YZTjupoliEnD6Eo5uZ//BIlWaJvDfjlAYCDySLGcHGSn23XI2YTlREFRJY67O+W/Fq3hxolfg5qUCOZt/96kUJyQSVhnD7Qtf3UhNMsDKMcDot9TJNU0xGeEC7lkosqA4m88Wn6NQqEYoTZUsaNFd/T0yw0HosQtspsBnqZW8m/ud1MxNfBRMm08xQSRYfxRlHJkGzFFDEFCWGjy3BRDG7KyJDrDAxNquSDcFfPnmVtOs1/6J2flevNK7zOIpwDCdQBR8uoQG30IQWEMjgGV7hzXlyXpx352PRWnDymSP4A+fzBy6Lksk=</latexit>

(disorder mass)
<latexit sha1_base64="TFYnmAdyh1AD2YCiYGaC6ExLk0I=">AAAB/HicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62v0S7dBItQN3WmiLosunFZwT6gHUomzbSheQxJRhiG+ituXCji1g9x59+YtrPQ1gMXDufcm9x7wphRbTzv2ymsrW9sbhW3Szu7e/sH7uFRW8tEYdLCkknVDZEmjArSMtQw0o0VQTxkpBNObmd+55EoTaV4MGlMAo5GgkYUI2OlgVuujlDMiNbwHAoJOdL6bOBWvJo3B1wlfk4qIEdz4H71hxInnAiDmX2h53uxCTKkDMWMTEv9RJMY4QkakZ6lAnGig2y+/BSeWmUII6lsCQPn6u+JDHGtUx7aTo7MWC97M/E/r5eY6DrIqIgTQwRefBQlDBoJZ0nAIVUEG5ZagrCidleIx0ghbGxeJRuCv3zyKmnXa/5l7eK+Xmnc5HEUwTE4AVXggyvQAHegCVoAgxQ8g1fw5jw5L86787FoLTj5TBn8gfP5AyhNk9A=</latexit>

(gapless / no mass) (quasi-long range order mass)

<latexit sha1_base64="4YdSwiluduGi+0VGCRj/4aulJJU=">AAACBnicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUZciBItQF5aZIuqy6MZlBfuAdiiZ9LYNzSRjkhFK6cqNv+LGhSJu/QZ3/o1pOwttPXDhcM69yb0njDnTxvO+nczS8srqWnY9t7G5tb3j7u7VtEwUhSqVXKpGSDRwJqBqmOHQiBWQKORQDwfXE7/+AEozKe7MMIYgIj3BuowSY6W2e1i4T4hmp1yKHlZE9ABL1QGFI6L1SdvNe0VvCrxI/JTkUYpK2/1qdSRNIhCGcvtC0/diE4yIMoxyGOdaiYaY0AHpQdNSQSLQwWh6xhgfW6WDu1LZEgZP1d8TIxJpPYxC2xkR09fz3kT8z2smpnsZjJiIEwOCzj7qJhwbiSeZ4A5TQA0fWkKoYnZXTPtEEWpscjkbgj9/8iKplYr+efHstpQvX6VxZNEBOkIF5KMLVEY3qIKqiKJH9Ixe0Zvz5Lw4787HrDXjpDP76A+czx9NEZhi</latexit>

(a) Massless fermion: Some m = 0 thus det M = 0. ’t Hooft ’76.

(quasi-long range order mass)
(b) Quasi-LRO: hMi = 6 0 from φH and hψL† ψR i = 6 0, dynamic θ fluctuation.
(c) hOSMG i = 0 and hψ 0 ψi = 0. If the full mean-field mass dethMi = 0, rotate
θ̄v ≡ θv + arg(det(hMi)) = θv to 0. A new interacting Symmetric Mass solution.
Juven Wang Slides: https://tinyurl.com/a5j99swr (later http://idear.info/) 2