Lecture-1 Introduction Water Supply Engr.
Lecture-1 Introduction Water Supply Engr.
Redwan-Ul-Islam
Lecturer 1
UITS
Civil Engineering
▪ Structural Engineering
▪ Geotechnical Engineering
▪ Transportation Engineering
▪ Water Resources Engineering
▪ Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineering system is the branch of engineering concerned with the application of
scientific and engineering principles for protection of human populations from the effects of
adverse environmental factors; protection of environments, both local and global, from potentially
deleterious effects of natural and human activities; and improvement of environmental quality.
engineering system is the branch of engineering concerned with the application of scientific and
engineering principles for protection of human populations from the effects of adverse environmental
factors; protection of environments, both local and global, from potentially 2deleterious effects of
natural and human activities; and improvement of environmental quality.
Global and Local Environmental Problems
Impact on Environment
▪ Access to safe water supply
• Mandatory
▪ Access to sanitation
Environment
▪ Pollution (water, air, soil)
• Water
▪ Urbanization • Air
• Soil
▪ Global Warming
• Surroundings
▪ Climate Change
▪ Transmission of water
The term is used most frequently in regard to municipal water works, but applies also to water
systems for industry, irrigation and other purposes.
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Water Supply
Third objective means that the water is accessible and within the reach of
the consumers as to encourage the use of adequate water for personal
and household cleanliness.
Wholesome Water
Unpolluted, significantly free from toxic substances as well as excessive
amounts of minerals and organic matter that may impair its quality.
Objectives of Water Supply
To deliver potable and acceptable water of adequate quantity (easily available) to the
consumers.
Potable Water
✓ Safe to drink (free from disease producing micro-organisms and harmful
chemicals, cause no health hazard or harm upon consumption)
✓ Pleasant to Taste (free from chemical and physical impurities)
✓ Acceptable in terms of taste, odor and appearance
✓ Suitable for domestic uses (free from hardness, physically chemically and
bacteriologically acceptable).
Palatable water
Physically acceptable (free from turbidity, color, taste, odor and of moderate temperature).
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Elements of Water Supply System
• Sources of supply
• Collection system Surface water
• Transmission system Ground water (GW)
Rainwater
• Treatment
• Distribution system
Transmission System
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Surface water based water supply system
Collection system
Rainwater: roof
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Treatment: to remove impurities and to make water suitable
for domestic uses.
Surface water
Treatment Methods:
▪ Turbidity
▪ Color ▪ Screening
▪ Taste ▪ Sedimentation
▪ Odor ▪ Coagulation/Flocculation
▪ Pathogens ▪ Aeration
Groundwater
▪ Chemical Treatment
➢ Mineral Substances
➢ Iron/Manganese ▪ Filtration
➢ Arsenic ▪ Demineralization
➢ Fluoride ▪ Disinfection
➢ Hardness ▪ Others
➢ Taste/odor 9
Distribution System
Urban-piped water Supply
▪ Storage reservoirs
▪ Pumping devices
▪ Pipe networks
▪ Stand posts
▪ Valves
▪ Other appurtenances
Rural non-piped Water Supply: manually operated TWs
▪ Location
▪ Accessibility
▪ Service distance and extent.
Planning and Design Consideration
Total Water
Groundwater
(24%)
Hydro-geological investigation
❑ Exploratory drilling, soil sampling and analysis
❑ Geophysical logging
❑ Aquifer test and analysis of test data
❑ Groundwater sampling
❑ Water quality analysis
❑ Water quality problems
❑ Groundwater level data (from Secondary Sources)
❑ Water treatment requirement
❑ Energy requirement and impact of the proposed plant on the
environment especially on groundwater resources.
WHO classification of water sources according to bacterial
quality and the recommended level of treatment
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Raw water should be monitored and analyzed for the following water
quality parameters for preliminary selection as source for water supply.
Physical/chemical
➢ pH
➢ Acidity
➢ Alkalinity
➢ Suspended solids
➢ Color
➢ Taste
➢ Odor
➢ Turbidity
➢ Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Biological
Total coliforms (37OC, 24 hr)
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E.coli (37OC, 48 hr)
Global Water Supply Situation
Water Supply Access
According to World Bank Water
Supply
In 1996, nearly 25 percent of Access,
25%
the world’s 5.7 billion people
Without
lacked access to safe water for Water
drinking, personal hygiene, and Supply
Access,
domestic use. 75%
▪ Rainwater harvesting
Challenges
✓ Environmental Considerations
✓ Resources
▪ Planning
➢ Public water uses (City hall, schools, fire fighting, street washing,
etc.): 5-10 % (average = 7%) of the total municipal water demand
P in Thousand
Fire Water Demand
✓ The fire flow should not be less than 1.9 m3/min (500 gpm)
✓ The fire flow should be available from 2 to 10 hrs
depending on flow rate.
Required duration for fire flow
m3/min gpm Duration (hr)
7.6 2000 or less 2
11.3 3000 3
15.1 4000 4
18.9 5000 5
22.7 6000 6
26.5 7000 7
30.2 8000 8
34.0 9000 9
37.8 10,000 or more 10
Fire flow shall not be less than 1.9 m3/min and shall not be
more than 45.4 m3/min.
Example 01
Estimate the water requirement for a community that will reach a population of 120,000 at the end of design
life. The estimated municipal water demand for the community is 610 lpcd.
Calculate also the fire flow, design capacity of WTP and design capacity of the water distribution system.
Example 02
Estimate the flow rate and volume required to provide adequate
protection to a 10-story non-combustible building with an effective floor
are of 8,000 m2.
Water Requirements
In rural areas of Bangladesh, water requirements for various
purposes has been estimated as follows:
▪ Drinking : 2-3 lpcd
▪ Washing clothes : 8-10 lpcd
▪ Washing utensils : 6-8 lpcd
▪ Cooking food : 3-5 lpcd
▪ Bathing : 14-20 lpcd
▪ Others : 9-14 lpcd
Population distribution
Climate condition
Living standard
Quality of water
Water source
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Arithmetic method
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Geometric Progression method
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Graphical Comparison method
Least square Parabolic Method
Example
The following data shows the variation in population of a town from 1944
to 2004. Estimate the population of the city in the year 2014 and 2019 by
arithmetic and geometric increase methods.
Solution
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Design Period and Capacity
Acknowledgement
Professor Rezaul Karim
ITN BOOK
Online Sources