PROJECT REPORT

ON
TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF PART OF THE
POLYTECHNIC IBADAN CAMPUS FROM 1000 CAP
THROUH CENTRAL MOSQUE TO MUSIC.
IBADAN NORTH LOCAL GOVT. AREA,
OYO STATE, NIGERIA.

PREPARED
BY

GROUP 2 (TWO)

SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING AND GEO-INFORMATICS
TO DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS, FACULTY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, THE POLYTECHNIC IBADAN
OYO STATE, NIGERIA

APRIL, 2022

I
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that all field work and information contained in this project report
were obtained as a result of the observation and measurements carried out by me on
the field and that the survey was carried out in accordance with the survey rules/ laws,
regulations and departmental instructions.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT:-……………………………………………….
NAME OF STUDENT: GROUP 2

DATE OF COMPLETION: -.......................................................................

II
 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that GROUP 2 has satisfactorily carried out his project under my
instructions and direct supervision.
I hereby declare that he has conducted himself with due diligence, honesty and
sobriety on the project.

SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE:-…………………………

SUPERVISOR’S NAME:- SURV. OGUNJOBI GREGORY

DATE OF APPROVAL:-……………………………………

III
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God.

IV
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My profound gratitude goes to the Almighty God for his unfeigned admiration towards me,
for his grace, guidance and opportunity given me to move forward against all odds. Also for
his supporting grace that led to successful completion of this project.
My special ovation goes to my dearest, energetic, hardworking, caring and loving parents, for
his unflinching support, moral advice and their unrelenting effort toward my education and
the entire family of Adegoke at large for their patient, love and care. Both at home and away,
I pray God Almighty gives us better understanding than this to be one (AMEN). Also, I
express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Surv. O. GREGORY for his assistance and
precise guidance given during the course of this project, even on its tight schedule.
My special thanks goes to the head of SURVEYING AND GEO-INFORMATICS
department of The Polytechnic Ibadan in person of SURV. MARTINS OYEKOLA and also
to the lecturers who directly or indirectly guided me to successfully complete my National
Diploma program.
My appreciation also goes to my friends in school and at home, Olaleye Daniel, Tella Victor,
Okegbola Oluwayinka, Adesope Blessing, Ogundeji Oluwafemi, Abodunrin Sunday,
Oyediran Toba and others whom words cannot comprehend their love for me. Also I will not
forget all my colleagues for their cooperation, believe and understanding towards the
successful completion of this project. I wish all of us success.

V
 ABSTRACT

This project report focused on various methods used in execution of topographical survey
part of The Polytechnic Ibadan from 1000 CAP through central mosque to music side of the
Polytechnic, Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State.. The project was carried out
using the basic survey principles and methods. The major field survey operation include
reconnaissance which involves field and office reconnaissance, followed by data acquisition
which involves third order theodolite traversing, perimeter leveling to determine height of
points, tacheometry for detailing and spot heightening and Azimuth observation to determine
the swing of the traverse line. All the Data acquired from the field were deduced, computed
and adjusted according to specification and results were analyzed and found to be within the
expected accuracy. Finally, computed data were presented in graphical form both in digital
using AutoCAD software and the analogue to a scale of 1:1000 and a comprehensive report
on how the whole operation was carried out was finally written.

VI
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE...........................................................................................................................I

CERTIFICATE......................................................................................................................ii

CERTIFICATION................................................................................................................iii

DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................v

ABSTRACT...........................................................................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................vii-ix

LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................x

LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................................xi

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................1
1.0 NTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................1
1.1 Background to the study...........................................................................................1-2
1.2 Statement of problem....................................................................................................3
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study..................................................................................3
1.3.1 Aim of the study...........................................................................................................3
1.3.2 Objectives of the study.................................................................................................3
1.4 Project specification......................................................................................................4
1.5 Scope of the project...................................................................................................4-5
1.6 Personnel......................................................................................................................5
1.7 Study area....................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO...............................................................................................................7
1. LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................7-11
CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................12
1.0 METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................12
3.1 Reconnaissance...........................................................................................................12
3.1.1 Office planning...........................................................................................................12
3.1.2 Field reconnaissance...................................................................................................13

VII
 3.1.3 Selection of station.....................................................................................................15
3.1.4 Monumentation..........................................................................................................15
3.2.1 List of equipment used...............................................................................................16
3.2.2 Test of instruments.....................................................................................................16
3.2.3 Theodolite test............................................................................................................16
3.2.4 Test of level instrument..............................................................................................18
3.2.5 The stadia constant.....................................................................................................20
3.3 DATA ACQUISITION.............................................................................................21
3.3.1 Control checks............................................................................................................21
3.3.2 Field operation............................................................................................................23
3.3.3 Theodolite traversing..................................................................................................23
3.3.4 Angular observation...................................................................................................23
3.3.5 Linear measurement...................................................................................................24
3.3.6 Leveling.....................................................................................................................24
3.3.7 Tacheometry..............................................................................................................25
3.3.8 Spot heighting............................................................................................................25
3.3.9
Detailing……...........................................................................................................26
CHAPTER
FOUR...........................................................................................................28
4.6 Plan production......................................................................................................41
4.6.1 Digital plan production..........................................................................................41
4.6.2 Manual plan production.........................................................................................42
4.7 Extract of results and analysis...............................................................................42
4.8 Analysis of result...................................................................................................43
CHAPTER
FIVE.............................................................................................................44
2.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...........................44
5.1 Summary...............................................................................................................44
5.2 Problem encountered.............................................................................................44
5.3 Conclusion.............................................................................................................45
5.4 Recommendations.................................................................................................45
REFERNCES...................................................................................................................46
APPENDICES..................................................................................................................47
VIII
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES PAGES
1.0 Showing study Area 6
3.0 Reconnaissance 14
3.1 A typical wooden peg for monumentation 15
3.2 Theodolite test (Collimation test) 17
3.3 The two peg test (level set up at midway) 18
3.4 The two peg test (level set up nearer B than A) 19
3.5 Showing spot height 25
3.6 Showing method of detailing 26

IX
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLES PAGE
3.1 Coordinates of control pillars 12
3.2 The result of collimation test 17
3.3 The reading and result of theodolite stadia constant 20
3.4 The result obtained from control check 21
3.5 Back computation from coordinates of the control 22
4.1 Traverse field book reduction – Horizontal angle reduction 29
4.2 Vertical angle reduction 30
4.3 Back computation 33
4.4a Area computation 35
4.4b Area check by double latitude method 36-37
4.5 Extract of final coordinates 42
4.6 Analysis of result

X
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Surveying, being one of the oldest arts practiced by man, it has been an indispensable
aspect in all form of meaningful development. It is defined as the measurement of dimensional
relationships, as of horizontal distances, elevations, directions, and angles, on the earth's surface
especially for use in locating property boundaries, construction layouts, and map making.
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of accurately determining
the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them.
These points are usually on the surface of the earth, and they are often, used to establish land
maps, and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. (Encyclopedia).
Surveying is a means of achieving relatively large scale and accurate measurements of
the earth surface. On land, these measurements are made to determine the relative horizontal and
vertical position of topographic features and to establish reference marks to guide construction or
indicate land boundaries. (Mabogunje 2009).
Surveying is the mathematical science used to determine and delineate the form, extent,
and position of features on or beneath the surface of the earth for control purposes, that is for
aligning land and construction boundaries and for providing checks for construction and civil
engineering works such as dam, bridges, railroads, and highways are controlled by surveying
methods. The measurements of survey are linear and angular and the principles of geometry and
trigonometry are usually applied. (Microsoft Encarta, 2009).
Surveying consists of different operations and techniques. It has some basic principles;
which are listed below: -
(i) Working from whole to parts.
(ii) Choosing the best method of surveying that is most appropriate, so as to obtain the
desired result.
(iii) Provision of adequate checks to all survey operations.

i. Working From Whole To Part: -This means that for any particular survey operations,
whether it is for an entire country or an area of small extent, it must be connected to some
main frameworks i.e. survey controls of higher accuracy.

1
 ii. Choosing The Best Method Of Surveying: - This involves the choice of the best method of
surveying in order to meet the desired and required accuracy. With the involvement of more
refined techniques and instrument, the required accuracy would be obtained economically in
time, energy and money.
iii. Provision Of Adequate Checks: -This is an important aspect of surveying exercise as it
would show the possibility of detecting error and how it could be handled.

Surveying generally has two types, which are plane surveying and geodetic surveying.
1) Geodetic surveying when carried out takes the earth curvature into consideration. It is the
science of determining the size and shape of the earth and its gravity fields. It should be noted
that higher standard of accuracy are required for geodetic surveys, hence, instrument of higher
accuracy is employed.
2) Plane surveying on the other hand assumes that the surface of the earth is plane, hence
neglecting the earth curvature. It is carried out in an area of small extent. Here, instrument of
lower accuracy is employed which its accuracy is a little less than that of geodetic surveying.

With these highlighted types, surveying has various branches that are closely inter-related.
Among the following branches are: -
i. Topographical surveying
ii. Hydrographic surveying
iii. Engineering surveying
iv. Aerial surveying and remote sensing.
v. Mining surveying
vi. Cadastral surveying
vii. Photogrammetry surveying
1. Topographical Surveying: This is the surveying made for the production of the
topographical maps that show natural and man-made features that are present on a piece
of land, and it shows the contour lines to illustrate the height differences of the terrain.
2. Hydrographic Surveying: These are surveys of water bodies particularly the sea, made for
the purpose of showing depth of water, points, the nature of the bottom, amounts of store
homes where edge of water merges with dry land, earth light and house beacons.
3. Engineering Surveying: It involves the preparation of a topographical map generally on a
large scale and such maps form the basis for the design of engineering works such as
roads, dams, factories etc.

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 4. Aerial And Remote Sensing Surveying: It is defined as the science and art of obtaining
information about object area or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a
device that is not in contact with the object, area or phenomenon under investigation.
5. Mining Surveying: This consists of the specialized techniques required to determine the
position of underground resources. Mine surveys are performed above and below ground
to guide tunneling and other operations associated with mining. This branch also includes
geophysical surveys for mineral and energy resource exploration.
6. Cadastral Surveying: This is the survey made for the purpose of producing plan showing
property boundaries or plan on which area necessary for assessment of property or land
taxes may be computed. It establishes property beacons, boundaries, and parcels of land
for registration purposes.
7. Photogrammetry Surveying: This is the art, science and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical object and environment through the process of recording,
representation of energy pattern derived from non-contact sensor systems like cameras or
other sensors most often carried out in air crafts and satellites respectively.

This project focused on topographical surveying, which may be defined as the surveys done to
prepare maps showing location of natural and man-made features and elevation of points on the
ground.
Topographical surveying is the branch of surveying that determines the position of natural or
artificial features of a locality, both in plan and elevation to represent them by means of
conventional signs on a map or plan.
A topographic survey determines the location of natural and man-made features (such as
buildings, improvements, fences, land contours, trees, streams, etc.) of the land along with its
elevations. This type of survey may be required by a government agency but it is mostly used by
engineers and/ or architects for the design of improvements or developments on a site.
A topographic survey has some varieties of uses which include: - planning and zoning, site
layout, engineering and architectural design, and construction. The main objectives of this kind
of survey is to produce a topographical map or plan which indicates or shows the three
dimensional relationship for a particular area i.e. (X, Y, Z) co-ordinates.
1.2 Statement of Problem
As far as this project is concerned, it was observed that the study area (part of The Polytechnic
Ibadan from 1000 CAP through central mosque to music side of the Polytechnic, Ibadan North

3
Local Government Area, Oyo State. ) lacks adequate topographic plans/maps showing the relief
of the school premises. Therefore, this project would provide a relevant data of the topography of
the school, hence the need for carrying out the project.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this project is to gather survey data about natural and man-made features
on the land, as well as its elevations and also to produce topographical plan or map of part of
The Polytechnic Ibadan from 1000 CAP through central mosque to music side of the
Polytechnic, Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo State.

1.3.2 Objectives
The main objective of the project is to indicate three – dimensional relationship (X,Y,Z) for the
area in question. The objective of this project was achieved through following operation:
(a) Reconnaissance operation i.e. Office and Field Reconnaissance.

(b) Data Acquisition

i. Theodolite Traversing to determine the position, size and shape of the studied area.
ii. Spirit Leveling to determine the elevation
iii.Tacheometry observation for Spot heighten and Detailing

(c) Data Processing or Computations

(d) Data Presentation i.e. Plan Production.

1.4 Project Specification

This entails the required conditions to be met while carrying out surveying of any order. In
carrying out this project (third order topographical survey), the following specifications were put
in to consideration;
(a) The traverse is to be run between tertiary or higher order control points and should be a
close traverse starting from known point and closing back on the same know point or
another of the same order.
(b) Consecutive stations must be intervisible and should not be established where it would be
disturbed.
(c) Angular observations at each station should consist of one zero with angular misclosure of
30”√n, where n is the number of stations.

4
 (d) Linear measurements should be carried out using steel band or an Electronic Distance
Measurement or tachometry method and it should approximate to three decimal places.
(e) The astronomical observations which consist of three pairs of east and west of sun or star
should be taken and corrected for convergence.
(f) Linear accuracy should not be less than 1:5000
(g) The accuracy of the leveling is ±24mm√k where k is the distance covered in kilometer.

1.5 Scope of the Project.

The scope of the project covers the following:
i. Reconnaissance survey
ii. Perimeter traversing
iii. Perimeter leveling
iv. Spot height and detailing by tacheometry
v. Astronomical observation
vi. Computation of field data
vii. Plan production
viii. Project report

5
1.6 Personnel
Below are the names of the personnel involved in the successful execution of this project.
NAMES MATRIC NO STATUS
1. ADEGOKE HASSAN GBOLAHAN 2019233070016 WRITER/ OBSERVER
2. OSHUNNIRAN AZEEZ ARISEKOLA 2019233070007 OBSERVER
3. ORISADARE MONSURU OLAITAN 2019233070034 OBSERVER
4. OLAYIWOLA TESLIM 2019233070012 CHAINMAN
5. ADEGBITE TAIWO AUGUSTINE 2019233070031 POLEMAN
6. OLOWOOPEJO SHAKEERAT 2019233070051 CHAINMAN
7. ADEKOLA IBRAHIM 2018233070004 MEMBER
8. ADELABU AYOKUNLE 2019233070071 POLEMAN
9. ADELOWO MOYOSORE J 2019233070001 MEMBER
10. ADENIJI AFEEZ OPEYEMI 2019233070061 MEMBER
11. ADEMOLA AFEEZ OLAWALE 2019233070055 BOOKER
12. OLATUNJI MUJEEB BOLAJI 2019233070022 POLEMAN
13. OLORUNDARE JOSHUA 2019233070027 CHAINMAN
14. OLOYEDE SULTAN AYOMIDE 2019233070030 CHAINMAN
15. AKINDE PAUL 2019233070002 MEMBER

16. OLANIYAN OLAMIDE MIRACLE MEMBER

1.

1.7 Study Area

The project site was from 1000 cap, through central mosque to music part of the polytechnic
ibadan campus. ibadan north local government area, oyo state.

6
 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

Surveying, which has recently also been interchangeably called geomatics has
traditionally been defined as the science, art and technology of determining the relative
positions of points above, on, or beneath the Earth’s surface, or of establishing such points. In
a more general sense, however, surveying can be regarded as that discipline which
encompasses all methods for measuring and collecting information about the physical earth
and our environment, processing that information, and disseminating a variety of resulting
products to a wide range of clients. Surveying has been important since the beginning of
civilization. Its earliest applications were in measuring and marking boundaries of property
ownership. Throughout the years, its importance has steadily increased with the growing
demand for a variety of maps and other spatially related types of information and the
expanding need for establishing accurate line and grade to guide construction operations.
(Charles and Paul, 2012)
Geomatics is a relatively new term that is now commonly being applied to encompass
the areas of practice formerly identified as surveying.
The name has gained widespread acceptance in the United States, as well as in other English-
speaking countries of the world, especially in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia. In
the United States, the Surveying Engineering Division of The American Society of Civil
Engineers changed its name to the Geomatics Division. Many college and university
programs in the United States that were formerly identified as “Surveying” or “Surveying
Engineering” are now called “Geomatics” or “Geomatics Engineering.”(Charles and Paul,
2012)
The principal reason cited for making the name change is that the manner and scope
of practice in surveying have changed dramatically in recent years. This has occurred in part
because of recent technological developments that have provided surveyors with new tools
for measuring and/or collecting information, for computing, and for displaying and
disseminating information. It has also been driven by increasing concerns about the
environment locally, regionally, and globally, which have greatly exacerbated efforts in
monitoring, managing, and regulating the use of our land, water, air, and other natural
resources. These circumstances, and others, have brought about a vast increase in demands
for new spatially related information. (Charles and Paul, 2012).

7
 Surveying is a mathematical science used to determine and delineate the form, extent,
and position of features on or beneath the surface of the earth for control purposes—that is, for
aligning land and construction boundaries, and for providing checks of construction dimensions.
(Wikipedia, 2012).
Surveying helps to determine accurately the terrestrial or three-dimensional space
position of points and the distances and angles between them using various kind of surveying
instruments. Instruments such as:- theodolite, total station, G.P.S, level instrument in various
combinations, tape, etc.
Land surveying may be required for geographical, agricultural, geological, mineral,
ecological, construction, land ownership or other purposes. More so, the end-product of land
survey is a drawn plan, although survey information can be done in digital form.Surveying
method of determining accurately points and lines of direction (bearings) on the earth's surface
and preparing from them maps or plans. Boundaries, areas, elevations, construction lines, and
geographical and artificial features are determined by the measurement of horizontal and vertical
distances and angles and by computations based on geometry and trigonometry. (Wikipedia,
2012).
Surveying is typically used to locate and measure property lines; lay out buildings,
bridges, channels, highways, sewers and pipelines for construction; to locate stations for
launching and tracking satellites; and to obtain topographical information for mapping and
charting. Before plans and estimates are prepared, boundaries should be determined and the
topography of the site should be ascertained. After plans are made, the structures must be staked
out on the ground. As the work progresses, lines and grades must be given (Encyclopedia free
dictionary, 2013).
For any engineering project topographic survey is a must, whether it is laying a railway
or highway or design of irrigation or drainage system, the topographical features of the place
must be known so that correct engineering decisions may be taken. This brought about
topographical surveying. Topographical surveying is the type of surveying done to produce a
topographical map showing elevations, natural and artificial features and forms of the earth’s
surface. It is drawn from field survey data or aerial photographs. (S.K Roy, 2008)

Topographical surveying as a three-dimension, they employ the techniques of plane

surveying and other special techniques to establish both horizontal and vertical control. The
relief or configuration of the terrain and the natural or artificial features are located by
measurement and depicted on a flat sheet to form a topographical map. Contour lines, connecting
8
points of the same elevation, are used to portray elevations at any one of various intervals
measured in meters or feet. (Microsoft Encarta 2009)
Topography specifically involves the recording of relief or terrain, the three-dimensional
quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms. This is also known as
geomorphometry. In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in electronic form.
It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety
of techniques, including contour lines, hypsometric tints, and relief shading. Wikipedia (2008).
A topographic map is used to depict terrain relief showing ground elevation, usually
through either contour lines or spot elevations. The map represents the horizontal and vertical
positions of the features represented. The scale of the topographic survey will conform to the
needs of the client. A smaller contour interval will result in more field measurements and higher
cost. (Nationwide Surveying, 2013).
The end-product of a topographical survey is the production of either a topographical
map or plan. There are no clear distinctions between a topographical map and plan, but it is
generally accepted that in a plan, details are drawn such that it is true to scale, while in a map
many features have to be represented by symbols, the scale being small, hence, details are
generalized. Elevation information can be added either as spot heights, which are individual
height of points, or as contours, which gives less detail but more features representation of the
area. Frequently spot heights only are shown on plans.
Plans tend to be used for engineering design and administration purposes only, but maps have a
variety of uses such as: - navigational, recreational, geographical, geological, military,
exploration their scale ranging from 1:25000 to 1:1000000.
Field work in Topographical surveying consists of three aspects. These are: Establishing
horizontal and vertical control points, Locating the contour, Locating the details such as rivers,
lakes, valleys etc. B.C Punmia (2005).

Methods Used To Conduct Topographic Surveys

Topographical surveying comprises horizontal and vertical plane surveys. It can be
carried out using a variety of techniques. Some popular techniques include:
Geographic Information System (GIS) - They have contributed a lot to the mapping revolution.
GIS makes it possible to combine layers of digital data from different sources and to manipulate
and analyze how the different layers relate to each other. The process of converting 3D
9
topographic maps to digital form involves raster to vector conversion using CAD-based software
such as AutoCAD.
Theodolite Survey - The theodolite measures the angles, and the distances are measured with
either steel measuring tape or, more commonly, an electronic distance measuring instrument
(EDM). An EDM can measure great distances (several kilometres) very quickly and accurately.
It measures distance with the usage of light and radio waves. Its development was a milestone in
survey measurement methods.
Photogrammetry - In this method, stereographic pairs of photographs are used to indirectly
measure objects on the ground and then calculate point coordinates and height differences.
(Nationwide Surveying, 2013)
In the course of this project, ground survey method will be employed so as obtain the ground
configuration of the study area. Basically, in carrying out a topographical survey using ground
surveying method, four operations are involved in the fieldwork. They are:
1. Perimeter Traversing
2. Perimeter Levelling
3. Tacheometry
4. Detailing
Traversing: A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends have been marked in the
field and whose lengths and directions have been determined from observations.(Charles and
Paul, 2012).
A traverse is a series of connected straight lines whose bearing and distances has been
known. Each line joins two points on the ground; each point is called a traverse station. In
carrying out third order traverse, the perimeter connection is made of three set of controls
(horizontal ground controls) and from them, the positions of all perimeter stations were located.
According to the nature of closing station, a traverse could be classified as either a closed or
open traverse.
A closed traverse is that which starts from the known station and closes back on the
same station or on another known station. Agor (1992)
An open traverse is a traverse that is geometrically and mathematically open and
consists of a series of lines that are connected but do not return to the starting point or close upon
a point of equal or greater order accuracy. Open traverses should be avoided because they offer
no means of checking for observational errors and mistakes. If they must be used, observations
should be repeated carefully to guard against mistakes. (Charles and Paul, 2012)

10
 Leveling:- Leveling is an art of determining the relative height or elevation of points
above the surface of the earth, Gupter et al (2005), while Brinker (1978) pointed that leveling
is the general term applied to any of the various processes by which elevation of points are
determined. The leveling operation of the perimeter boundary of the project site was started
from a known control.

Detailing:- This is the process whereby features on the ground are surveyed and represented
by a suitable scale on a plan. It could be carried out using various methods or techniques, such as
tachometry method, offset lines, tie lines, use of compass, plan table, intersection method,
radiation method, etc.

Tachometry:- Tachometry is an optical distance measurement method, other synonyms

terms are tacheometer and telemetry. Also tacheometry is a branch of angular surveying in which
the horizontal and vertical distances of points are obtained by optical means unlike the ordinary
slower process of measurements by tape or chain. S.K. Duggal (2006).
Tacheometry is a branch of surveying in which difference in height and distance
between ground points are determined optically. The principle is based on the geometry of an
isosceles triangle. It can also be defined as the swift optical distance measurement process where
theodolite and graduated staff were used for obtaining distance, height and fixing of details.
(Eruteya 2013).
The process of carrying out tacheometry variues depending on the system employed.
The systems are: Stadia system, Tangential system,Double image system and the Range finder
system. In the execution of this project, stadia system was used for obtaining heights and
positions of points on the site.
During any field project or mapping of topographical survey, it is very important to use
a well established ground controls. The establishment of a good basic ground control is
extremely an important aspect of the overall topographic mapping operation . As a result of its
importance, ground control phase of any topographic mapping project should be carefully
planned and executed. This should be so because the accuracy of the finished topgraphical
survey carried out cannot be better than the quality of the ground control upon which its
production is based.
The process analysed above will bring up an output. In topographical surveying, a
topographical plan or map is an output.

11
 Topgraphy as defined by Ramsey P. Wilson (Land surveying textbook) pertains to
feature of the actual surface of the earth considered collectively as a form. In other words, it
means the shape or configuration of the earth’s surface.

Topographical map might nit be clearly understood without the knowledge of what
topography is.
Argo (1992) explained that topographical map is a map produced on a large scale to
enable individual featue shown on the map to be identified on the ground, its shape and position.
Encarta (2005) also thought that topographical surveying indicates three dimensional
relationship for a particular area. It employs the techniques of plane surveying and natural or
artificial features.

A topographical plan majorly shows the following:-

i. Contour: Kumar (2013) said contour is an imaginary line on ground joining points of equal
elevations. Contour are important to draw the topographical maps in which vertical distances
are also shown using contour lines.
ii. Spoth heigh: A spot height plan shows the variation in elevation of points as it appears on
the ground.
iii. Details: Morgan (2014) explained that detail plan shows physical features (natural or
artificial) e.g. trees, building, roads, e.t.c. withing and around a mapped or surveyed area.

Application Of Topographical Surveying

The end product of topographical surveying could be applied in so many ways which
are summarized as follows:
1. It is used in military intelligence for detection and location of safe position especially
during war time and other necessary information needed for planning military
operation(advances surveying)
2. In relating to existing property boundaries by identifying such boundaries and relocating
them to the existing details on the ground (Dashe 1987 p.18)
3. To geologist, in investigating mineral oil, water resources and studying different layers of
the earth surface (Brinck and wolf 1778)
4. Used by engineers for location of most accurate and economic route for roads, railways,
pipelines, transmission lines, dams etc and preparation of irrigation system (clerk 1956 p. 170).

12
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY
Methodology in land surveying refers to the process adopted in the execution of a particular
project. The field operation therefore comprises all the necessary procedures taken to achieve
the required result by executing the project with strict compliance to survey rules and
departmental instructions. Also, it is the acquisition of data in a specified order that is, third
order. The basis of data acquired during the field operations were the measurement of angles
in horizontal plane and distances. Below are the operation undertaken.
i. Reconnaissance
ii. Test of instrument
iii. Third order theodolite traverse
iv. Detailing by tacheometry
v. Leveling
vi. Spot heighten using tacheometry method

3.1 Reconnaissance
a) Reconnaissance exercise is t he taking of general view of a place in order to be familiar with
the nature of the entire area. This includes the terrain condition of the area in question.
Features and geographical locations of the area also enable the surveyor to have the idea or
knowledge on how the work can effectively be carried out.

Reconnaissance consists of two stages.

1. Office planning
2. Field planning

3.1.1 Office Reconnaissance (planning)

This referred to as decision making, which is having the overall view of what the survey is all
about. This stage is essential as it was adopted in order to achieved the require result.
During planning some facts were puts into consideration;
1. Purpose of the survey
2. The accuracy required
3. The method of acquiring data
4. The type of instrument to be used
5. The personnel needed
6. Type of plan to be produced and the scale at which it will be plotted
7. The total cost required
8. Compilation and studying of necessary information needed for the successful execution of the
project. For instance, available controls and their coordinates

13
During the office planning, the data shown in the table below were obtained from our
supervisor. They are controls used for connection during the execution of this project
Table 3.1: Co-ordinates of control pillars available for the project.
PILLAR ID NORTHINGS (m) EASTINGS (m) HEIGHT (m)

PBN/30324 379772.043 163196.043 201.143

PBN/30325 379694.814 163293.551 202.732

PBN/30326 379612.212 163397.254 206.057

3.1.2 Field Reconnaissance (planning)

This is proper visitation to the site in order to have a better picture of the whole area. During
this process, control stations for orientation were truly sought for and found very close to the
site. Before the selection of boundary stations, the group moved round the site in order to
have thorough examination of the area. Stations selected as boundary stations were
intervisible to each other and temporary points were created at some cases when fences serve
as barrier. After this, the recce diagram was drawn.
3.1.3 Selection of Station
The boundary shown in the recce diagram was laid down by marking points on the ground
(station).
The factors considered in selecting these stations include:
 Intervisibility between two consecutive point.
 Firmness of the ground at the selected point.
 Working convenience over the station.
 Points where passerby cannot disturb.

3.1.4 Monumentation
Monumentation entails the selection of stations (temporary or permanent) with identifiable marks such as
stones, pegs and nails during survey operations. With respect to this project, temporary features such as
stout wooden pegs were used to conform to the requirements of the project. It was done to be easily
recognized during the survey, having placed it in a way that did not constitute nuisance to other road users
and planted firm so that they would be readily available for other field operations. At each station point,
the wooden peg was driven to the ground with a length of 16cm, leaving 2cm on the ground.

14
 Nail to

2cm Wooden peg

Earth’s Surface

16cm

Fig. 3.1: A Typical wooden peg for monumentation

DATA ACQUISITION

3.2.1 List of Equipment Used

1) One (1) Wild T2 (20”) Theodolite and its tripod.
2) Two (2) Leveling staff
3) Two (2) Ranging poleLW
4) One (1) Plumb bobs and string
5) Two (2) Foot plates
6) One (1) Cutlass
7) One (1) Field book
8) Scale rule and card board
9) Linen tape (50meter)

3.2.2 TEST OF INSTRUMENTS

Having collected the instruments to be used from the department, the following tests
were carried out on theodolite and levelling staff so as to ascertain the stability of the
instrument.

15
3.2.3 Theodolite Test

The horizontal and vertical collimation errors were tested. The theodolite was tested to ensure
that the line of sight of the telescope was perpendicular to trunion axis and parallel to the
bubble axis.

The theodolite was set-up in station “A” and all the temporary adjustments such as centering,
leveling and focusing were carefully carried out. A set-up target stationed at point “B” was
accurately bisected. Having done that, it was observed on both horizontal and vertical circle
readings were taken and recorded.

Point A Point B

Fig 3.2 Theodolite test

Below is the result of the test as seen in the table below.

Table 3.2 Collimation test observation

ST SIGH FAC H.C.R MEAN V.C.R MEAN DIST. CORR. COR
N T E READING READING DIST
A B L 1310 36’ 40” 890 35’ 10”

C L 3310 22’ 20” 1990 45’ 40” 2700 24’ 30” 000 24’ 50” 76.40 0.002 76.

16
 C R 1510 22’ 40” 1990 456 10” 1040 30’ 40” 000 24’ 30”

B R 3110 22’ 20” 1990 45’ 55” 2550 29’ 40” 000 24’ 40”

i. Horizontal collimation error = 3310 22’ 20” - 1510 22’ 40"

= 1790 59’ 40”

= 1800 00’ 00” - 1790 59’ 40"
= 000 00’ 20’’/ 2
= 000 00’ 10”
ii. Vertical collimation error = 3600 00’ 20” – 3600 00’ 00’’
= 000 00’ 20” / 2

= 000 00’ 10”

The collimation errors obtained for both horizontal and vertical readings indicated
that instrument was in good condition for the project.( For Analogue )

3.2.5 Control Check

Check angle observation was carried out on the control pillar to be used for
orientation so that we can check whether they are still in place. The instrument was set on
control pillar PBN/30325 and a back sight on face left is observed to control pillar
PBN/30326, a foresight observation was taken on face left to control pillar PBN/30324 and
the instrument was transited to face right and an observation to control pillar PBN/30324 was
taken and recorded. Finally, control pillar PBN/30326 was bisected on face right and the
readings was recorded. The table below shows the observation for the control check

17
 PBN/30325

PBN/30324

BN/30326

Table 3.3 observation of the control used

ST SIGHT FA H.C.R REDUCED MEAN Vertical
CE ANGLE ANGLE Reading
PBN/30324 L1 2440 01’ 45”
PBN/30325 PBN/30326 L2 0630 54’ 08” 1790 52 23” 92 58’00’’
PBN/30326 R2 2430 54’ 02” 1800 1’ 27” 1790 56’ 55” 267 2’00’’
PBN/30324 R1 0630 52’ 35”

Check Angle = 1790 56’ 55”

Table 3.5: Back computation from coordinates of the controls used

From Stn Bearing Distance ∆N ∆E Northing(m) Easting(m) From

Stn
379772.043 163196.043
PBN/
30324
379694.814 163293.551
PBN/30326 128° 35’ 06’’ 123.829 77.229 96.795 PBN/
30325
379612.212 163397.254
PBN/30325 128° 32’ 17’’ 132.580 82.602 103.703 PBN/
30326

Bearing of line PBN/30325 to PBN/30324 = 128° 35’ 06’’

Angle = 128° 35’ 06’’ + 180° 00’ 00’’

18
Angle = 308° 35’55.63’’
Bearing of line PBN/30326 to PBN/30325 = 128° 32’ 17’’
Angle =Back bearing – Forward bearing
Angle = 128° 32’ 17’’ ̶- 206° 35’ 55.63’’
Angle = 268° 26’ 48.6’’
Discrepancy = observed angle – computed angle
Observed angle = 1790 56’ 55”
Computed angle =179° 57’ 11’’
Difference = 0° 0’ 16’

3.3.1 Field Observation

These include the set of operations performed on the field in order to obtain the
necessary data required for the production of Topographical map of the project site. Listed
below were the operations involved.
3.3.2 Traversing
This entailed determining the bearing and distance of series of connected traverse lines
from known coordinated points to another known coordinated points so as to obtain the
coordinates of the newly established stations. Theodolite and steel tape were used to obtain the
angular and distance measurements respectively.

3.3.3 Angular Measurement

This involves determining the bearing and distance of series of connected traverse
lines from known coordinated points to another known coordinated points so as to obtain the
coordinates of the newly established stations. The theodolite instrument was used to obtain
angular measurements. This was carried out by running the traverse from control to the
boundary stations and closing back on the same control. This involves the measurement of
angles. Angular observations were taken between the instrument stations and our boundary
pegs, i.e the instrument was set on PBN/30325, After all the temporary adjustment (centering,
leveling and focusing), back sight observation was taken to PBN/30326 and fore sight to
PBN/30324. The angular measurement was observed and recorded at both face left and right
after then the instrument was moved to the next station i.e PBN/30324, back sight to
PBN/30325 and fore sight to peg 1 both face left and face right observation were also taken
and recorded. The procedure was repeated until the traverse was closed on the control
stations.

19
3.3.5 Linear Measurement
The Wild T2 (20”) theodolite was used in conjunction with leveling staff for the
measurement of all traverse lines, this is known as stadia method of Tacheometric for
distance measurement. The instrument was mounted on its tripod after all the temporary
adjustment (leveling, centering and focusing). The leveling staff at the fore station was held
vertically and bisected before taking measurements.

Tacheometry
Tacheometry is a surveying method used to quickly determine the distance, direction,
and elevation difference of a point by a single observation from the instrument station. The
best example of tacheometry is the stadia method.
The various systems of tacheometry include:
1 stadia system
2 tangential system
3 double image system
4 the Range-finder system
The stadia system was adopted among the four systems. The stadia measurements of
horizontal and slope distances are obtained by sighting through a telescope equipped with
three horizontal cross hairs at a known spacing.

U
Theodolite
M
Leveling staff
L

Earth’s surface

Where U = upper
M = middle
L = lower
Fig 3.4: Showing Spot Heightens

20
 3.3.9 Spot Heigting
The theodolite was used in conjunction with the leveling staff to execute this task
1. The theodolite was set up on point A with a known coordinate(x, y, z), all the necessary
temporary adjustment were made. The height of the instrument was measured using linen
tape (50m) and recorded.
2. The telescope was directed to the target and bisected on point B for orientation.
3. The telescope was turned clockwise to the leveling staff which have been placed at the
various points on the terrain.
4. The upper, middle, and lower cross hair readings as well as horizontal vertical circle reading
were taken and booked accordingly and perfectly.

3.4 Detailing
This stage involved fixing of the natural and artificial features that exist on ground
into record. Examples of such features include existing buildings, trees, well etc. The
detailing operation was executed by means of tacheometry method of observation. The
instrument was set up on a nearby station along the boundary lines. The staff was set to bisect
the staff at the edge of details, then the horizontal and verticals readings were taken as well as
upper, middle, and lower cross hair reading at the edge of each detail were also taken and
recorded.

Reference station Instrument station

B3
B2

B1
Fig. 3.5: Showing method of detailing
Where B1 = First point of building
B2 = Second point of building
B3 = Third point of building

21
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 DATA PROCESSING AND RESULIT ANALYSIS

All the data collected from the field required to be processed, otherwise known as
computation. It is after the computation that the data would become meaningful and the
processed data were used for the production of the plans.
In this project, the data processing comprises of angle reduction, reduction of distances,
bearing reduction, leveling field book reduction and leveling computation, azimuth
computation.

4.1 Field Book Reduction

All the data obtained from the field during the traverse observation were reduced by
subtracting the face left ( L1) graduated circle readings from the forward station ( L2). This
was also done for the face right circle reading thus.
i. horizontal Angle Reduction
ii. face left horizontal angle = L2 - L1
iii. Face right horizontal angle = R1 – R2
iv. Mean horizontal angle = ( l2- L1) +( R1- R2)/2
The reduction of the vertical angle was determined by deducting 90 or 270 from the vertical
circle readings, observed on face left and right respectively.
Thus:
Face left vertical angle reduction = 90 - L
Face right vertical angle reduction = R- 270
Mean vertical angle = ( 90- L) +( R1- 270)/2

4.1.1 Traverse Field Book Reduction

Deducted from the face left reading to the reading of the fore station to obtain the
angle between the lines on face right. The mean of those angles will be the angle at that
station for the horizontal circle reading while for the vertical circle reading, the sum of the
two reading on face left and face right will give reduced vertical circle reading at that station.
But if it is more than 360º you subtract it.
Table 4.1: Horizontal angle reduction
STATION SIGHT FACE HORIZON REDUCED MEAN
TAL ANGLE
READING
PBN/30324 L 2440 01’ 45”

22
 PBN/30325 PBN/30326 L 0630 54’ 08” 1790 52 23”
PBN/30326 R 2430 54’ 02” 1800 1’ 27”
PBN/30324 R 0630 52’ 35” 179°56’55”

The vertical angle observed also were deduced by subtracting 90° from face left circle
reading and 270° on face right circle reading depending on which one is closer in magnitude
to the measured vertical angle.

Example 270-R= RV

L-90= LV

RV+LV/2= True vertical angle

Table 4.2 : Vertical angle reduction

STATION SIGHT FACE VERTICAL REDUCED MEAN
READING ANGLE
PBN30326 L
PBN/30325 PBN30324 L 092° 14’ 20” 02° 14’ 20”
PBN30324 R 267° 45’ 15” 02° 14’ 45”
PBN30326 R 02° 14’ 32.5”

4.2.2 Bearing Deduction

The bearing of a line (forward bearing) was deduced by adding the observed angle to the
back bearing. I added the first observed angle to the initial bearing of the controls being
computed for using tanϴ to get the forward bearing. The addition or subtraction of 180° was
carried out to the forward bearing to get another back bearing which was added to the next
observed angle to get the next forward bearing. The process was carried out till I was able to
get the last station.

Forward bearing = Back bearing + Observed angle

23
4.3 COMPUTATIONS
Forward Computation
This was done in order to obtain the X, Y coordinates of each traverse station and in doing
this, the corrected distance of the traverse station together with the corrected bearing was
used in obtaining the ∆N and ∆E, using the formula:
i ∆N = Lcosϴ
ii ∆E = Lsinϴ

And then the values obtained were either subtracted or added to the coordinates of the
stations to obtain the uncorrected coordinates of each traverse station.

4.1.4 Partial Coordinates

The partial coordinate (ΔE, ΔN) were calculated using the corrected bearing and the
horizontal distances. The below formulas were used to obtain the partial coordinates.

ΔE = Lsinϴ

ΔN = Lcosϴ
Where ΔE = latitude
ΔN = departure
L = true horizontal length
ϴ = corrected bearing
4.1.5 Provisional Coordinates
The first latitude and departure obtained were added to the coordinates of the initial control to
get the first coordinates. The first provisional coordinates were also added to the second
latitude and departure to (partial coordinates) obtained. The process was repeated till I get to
the last station.
4.1.9 Back Computation
In carrying out the back computation, the final coordinates of each station were used to obtain
the corrected bearing and distances of the traverse lines. The following formula were used to
calculate for this;
−1 ∆E
Bearing ϴ = tan
∆N
Distances =√ (∆ N )2 +( ∆ E)2
Where ΔE = difference in eastings
ΔN = difference in northings
ϴ = corrected bearing

24
Frm stn Corrected True ΔN ΔE Codinates Codinates To
bearing hozontal(m) Northing Easthing stn
(m) (m)
379833.399 163080.940 NL 1
NL 1 221 36 04 134.385 156.251 -159.925 379732.905 162991.713 NL 2
NL 2 231 44 18 90.039 -55.757 -70.698 379677.148 162921.015 NL 3
NL 3 235 32 18 202.632 -114.660 -167.071 379562.488 162753.944 NL 4
NL 4 289 24 09 86.679 28.795 -81.756 379591.283 162672.188 GRP
1-1
GRP 1-1 314 16 28 75.502 -52.708 -54.060 379643.991 162618.128 NL 5
NL 5 04 05 38 99.322 99.063 07.091 379743.060 162611.726 NL 6
NL 6 359 12 42 146.635 146.621 -02.017 379889.681 162623.203 NL 7
NL 7 348 42 14 146.662 143.821 -28.728 380033.502 162594.474 NL 8
NL 8 66 08 17 24.161 09.774 22.096 380043.276 162616.570 PLY
002
PLY 002 83 47 46 79.535 08.595 79.068 380051.871 162695.639 NL 9
NL 9 80 20 24 104.261 17.495 102.783 380069.366 162798.422 NL
10
NL 10 96 06 45 10.152 -1.081 10.094 380068.285 162808.516 NL
11
NL 11 133 52 21 147.281 -102.077 106.175 379966.108 162914.691 NL
12
NL 12 128 37 11 212.784 -132.809 166.249 379833.399 163808.940 NL 1

4.4 Tacheometric Deductions

The spot height were computed using the underlisted formula
Do = KScos2ϴ
V = ½KS sinϴ
S=U–L
Where
Do = horizontal distance required
V = vertical component
K = multiplying constant

25
S = upper stadia reading – lower stadia reading
U = upper stadia reading
M = middle stadia reading
L = lower stadia reading
ϴ = vertical angle
4.4 Tacheometry Computation
The formulas used for the tachometry computation were as follows with examples from the
tachometry computation. (first observation on PEG 4 was considered here).
S =U–L
= 1.408 – 1.278
= 0.130m
Do = KS Cos² U+CcosU
= (101.036 × 0.130) × Cos² 03° 14’ 30”+ (-0.398) × cos 03° 14’ 30”
= 12.695m
Vo = ½ KS Sin²u+CsinU
= ½ (101.036 × 0.130) Sin 2×03° 14’ 30” + (-0.398) × sin 03° 14’ 30”
= -0.697m
V–M
-0.697– 1.342
= -2.039m
Hn = Hp + HI ± V – M
= 300.303 + 1.510 -2.039
Hn =299.774m
Where,
P = instrument station
U = Upper stadia
L = lower stadia heir
M= middle stadia heir
S = staff intercept
Hn = reduce level of new station
Vo = vertical component of the horizontal distance
Do = horizontal distance
U = included angle to the horizontal direction
HP = occupied station
26
K = 101.036
C =-0.398

Fig 1.6: Tachometry Observation

4.1.6 Final Coordinates

The difference between the last provisional coordinates and the initial controls was divided
by the total arithmetic sum and each misclosure in the coordinates were used to multiply each
arithmetic sum and the result was added to the provisional coordinated to get the final
coordinates.
Misclosure ∈coordinates
total arithmetic ∑ ¿ × eac h arithmetic ∑ .¿
4.1.10 Area Computation
This computation based on determining the extent of the delineated project area. The area
was computed using DMD.
4.5 Analysis of Result
Having carried out the project exercise, the accuracy obtained was compared with the
specification given.
Table 4.8 Result Analysis
EXPECTE
D ACCURACY
ITEMS FORMULAE REMARKS
ACCURAC OBTAINED
Y

27
 Angular
ACCEPTAB
Misclosu 30” √n 00°01’30” 00°00’50.07”
LE
re

Linear 1/ √(∆N²+∆E²) ACCEPTAB

1:5000 1/7,000
Accuracy Total distance LE

Leveling ACCEPTAB
24mm√ K ± 0.023m 0.016m
Accuracy LE
15.5 ACCEPTAB
AREA 15.499 Hectares
Hectares LE

4.6 Extract of Result

Finalcoordinates (X,Y and Z) of the established boundry stations were extracted from the
computation sheets.
Linear Accuracy
The linear accuracy was calculated using the formula below:
1
L A= ¿
√ ∆ N ¿2+ ¿ ¿
Where ∆N = Misclosure in Northing
∆E = Misclosure in Easting
T.D = Total Distance
∆N= -0.029
∆E = 0.041
Accuracy = 1
√ (- 0.041) ²+ (0.056) ²
466.116
1
= √0.001681+0.003136
466.116
1
28
 = √ 0.004817
466.116
1
0.06940461
466.116
= 1
6715.922684
1
7000
= 1:7,000
Accuracy = 1: 7,000
4.7 Presentation of Result
The processed data was used to produce the plan of the area, the plans produced were:
1. Topographical plan of the area showing the details and contours.
2. Plan showing spot height.
3. The plan was plotted digitally.

4.7.1 Manual Plotting

The final coordinates obtained from the computed data was used to plot the boundary pegs,
details and spot height using the grid method on a piece of cardboard. The topographical plan
was plotted by interpolating the contours using the graphical method. The formula below was
used for the interpolation;
D (M –I)/(M-N)
Where; D =distance between points of which a height is to be interpolated
M = height value of height to be interpolated.
I = interpolated value
N = lower value of height to be interpolated
The points of the interpolated height are joined together to give the contour lines of the
heights.

4.7.2 Digital Plotting

The use of AUTOCAD and SUFFER 8 software were put into consideration for the digital
plotting purpose. The coordinates were inputted into the computer to plot the boundary lines,

29
 details and spot height contours were interpolated by inputting the spot heights and
coordinate to plot with SUFFER software.

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 SUMMARY, PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED, RECOMMENDATIONS AND

CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary
This project report contains the procedure by which the topographical survey of the
part of the polytchnic, Ibadan, oyo state . A total of seven (14) stations were established.
stations forming the boundary points of the project site and was the nails established from
the control to the project site. The perimeter traversing and leveling were used to determine
the X, Y and Z coordinates of the project site. Spots heights were also obtained using the
principle of tacheometry and details was also fixed using tacheometry principle.
Firstly, the reconnaissance was done i.e both office and field planning which provide
necessary basis for the executions of the project. . The tacheometry observation was made in
order to provide height of boundary points,spot height, the computation of the acquired data
on the field was done and necessary corrections were applied. Finally, the plotting of the plan
was done on a suitable scale.

5.2 Problem Encountered

During the execution of the project the problem encountered was inadequate of
instrument so we had to wait for other group for a specific days before our turn to collect the
instruments for our project work contributed to the delay in the completion of the fieldwork.

5.3 Conclusion
The result obtained, had obviously shown that the purpose and significance of this
project had been achieved subjected to human and instrumental limitations. The result
obtained from the computation and analysis of data when compared with expectable
accuracies, had also shown that the project was successfully executive according to the laid
down rules and regulations.

30
5.4 Recommendations
The authority should make available of modern instrument like Global Positioning
System (GPS) ,total station, digital level etc, to the prospective students of National Diploma
(ND) so as to be widely exposed to them for easy operation.
I also recommend the release of instrument for the quick execution of the project so
that there would not be delay in the execution of the project and its proper execution.
Also I recommend to the authority concerned that those instrument s that are not in
good condition should be put to better working condition in order to avoid inaccuracy results
on the part of the student while carrying out their daily practical assignments.

31
 REFERENCES

Agor, R. (1992): Surveying theory and leveling (6th Ed) Similar printer, new Delhi. Pp 3.
Basak, N.N (2000): Surveying and Levelling, Great Britain, (4th Ed), Pp. 14, 78.
Brinker and wolf. (1977): Elementary Surveying, (6th Edition.), New York, IEP – A Dun –
Donnelley, Pg. 274
Funk and Wagnalls: New encyclopedia (2000); 3rd edition.
Kufoniyi O. and Ajibade S.A (1999) “Facing the challenge of spatial information system A paper
presented at Nigeria Institution of Surveyors.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia (2002) Surveying USA.
Ramsay J.P.W (1976): Land Surveying, (3rd Ed), Mac Donald and Evans Pp. 12,178 and 259.
Ref. New Dwlli; Tata MeGrawhicc: Publishing Company Limited Pp 1 Encarta (2005).
Riester J. and Hughes S. (2008) Topographic Field Mapping
www.usgs.com (2008) topographic mapping (U.S Department of interior ─ U S Geological survey)

32
 APPENDICES

Appendix 1 : DATA PRESENTATION

Appendix 2 : TRAVERSE BOOK
Appendix 3 : TRAVERSE COMPUTATION SHEETS
Appendix 4 : LEVELLING FIELD BOOK AND COMPUTATION SHEET
Appendix 5 : TACHEOMETRY FIELD BOOK
Appendix 6 : TACHEOMETRY COMPUTATION SHEET
Appendix 7 : PLAN SHOWING CONTOUR
Appendix 8 : PLAN SHOWING SPOT HEIGHT
Appendix 9 : DIGITAL MAP

33