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    More Types, Methods, Conditionals

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    Francene Alvarez
    This document outlines a lecture on more advanced Java concepts including methods, parameters, return values, and conditionals. It discusses different variable types like boolean, int, double, and String. It introduces methods as reusable blocks of code that can accept parameters and return values. Conditionals like if/else statements and comparison operators are covered for making decisions based on variable values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

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    More Types, Methods, Conditionals

    Uploaded by

    Francene Alvarez
    32 views43 pages
    This document outlines a lecture on more advanced Java concepts including methods, parameters, return values, and conditionals. It discusses different variable types like boolean, int, double, and String. It introduces methods as reusable blocks of code that can accept parameters and return values. Conditionals like if/else statements and comparison operators are covered for making decisions based on variable values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

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    More types, Methods, Conditionals

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    This document outlines a lecture on more advanced Java concepts including methods, parameters, return values, and conditionals. It discusses different variable types like boolean, int, double, and String. It introduces methods as reusable blocks of code that can accept parameters and return values. Conditionals like if/else statements and comparison operators are covered for making decisions based on variable values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    32 views43 pages

    More Types, Methods, Conditionals

    Uploaded by

    Francene Alvarez
    This document outlines a lecture on more advanced Java concepts including methods, parameters, return values, and conditionals. It discusses different variable types like boolean, int, double, and String. It introduces methods as reusable blocks of code that can accept parameters and return values. Conditionals like if/else statements and comparison operators are covered for making decisions based on variable values. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts.

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    of 43

    6.

    092: Intro to Java

    2: More types, Methods,


    Conditionals
    Outline
     Lecture 1 Review
     More types
     Methods
     Conditionals
    Types
    Kinds of values that can be stored and
    manipulated.

    boolean: Truth value (true or false).


    int: Integer (0, 1, -47).
    double: Real number (3.14, 1.0, -2.1).
    String: Text (“hello”, “example”).
    Variables
    Named location that stores a value

    Example:
    String a = “a”;
    String b = “letter b”;
    a = “letter a”;
    String c = a + “ and “ + b;
    Operators
    Symbols that perform simple computations

    Assignment: =
    Addition: +
    Subtraction: -
    Multiplication: *
    Division: /
    Outline

     Lecture 1 Review
     More types
     Methods
     Conditionals
    Division
    Division (“/”) operates differently on
    integers and on doubles!

    Example:
    double a = 5.0/2.0; // a = 2.5
    int b = 4/2; // b = 2
    int c = 5/2; // c = 2
    double d = 5/2; // d = 2.0
    Order of Operations
    Precedence like math, left to right
    Right hand side of = evaluated first
    Parenthesis increase precedence

    double x = 3 / 2 + 1; // x = 2.0
    double y = 3 / (2 + 1); // y = 1.0
    Mismatched Types
    Java verifies that types always match:

    String five = 5; // ERROR!

    test.java.2: incompatible types


    found: int
    required: java.lang.String
    String five = 5;
    Conversion by casting
    int a = 2; // a = 2
    double a = 2; // a = 2.0 (Implicit)

    int a = 18.7; // ERROR


    int a = (int)18.7; // a = 18

    double a = 2/3; // a = 0.0


    double a = (double)2/3; // a = 0.6666…
    Outline
     Lecture 1 Review
     More types
     Methods
     Conditionals
    Methods
    public static void main(String[] arguments)
    {
    System.out.println(“hi”);
    }
    Adding Methods
    public static void NAME() {
    STATEMENTS
    }

    To call a method:

    NAME();
    class NewLine {
    public static void newLine() {
    System.out.println("");
    }

    public static void threeLines() {


    newLine(); newLine(); newLine();
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    System.out.println("Line 1");
    threeLines();
    System.out.println("Line 2");
    }
    }
    class NewLine {
    public static void newLine() {
    System.out.println("");
    }

    public static void threeLines() {


    newLine(); newLine(); newLine();
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    System.out.println("Line 1");
    threeLines();
    System.out.println("Line 2");
    }
    }
    class NewLine {
    public static void newLine() {
    System.out.println("");
    }

    public static void threeLines() {


    newLine(); newLine(); newLine();
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    System.out.println("Line 1");
    threeLines();
    System.out.println("Line 2");
    }
    }
    Parameters
    public static void NAME(TYPE NAME) {
    STATEMENTS
    }

    To call:

    NAME(EXPRESSION);
    class Square {
    public static void printSquare(int x) {
    System.out.println(x*x);
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    int value = 2;
    printSquare(value);
    printSquare(3);
    printSquare(value*2);
    }
    }
    class Square2 {
    public static void printSquare(int x) {
    System.out.println(x*x);
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    printSquare("hello");
    printSquare(5.5);
    }
    }

    What’s wrong here?


    class Square3 {
    public static void printSquare(double x) {
    System.out.println(x*x);
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    printSquare(5);
    }
    }

    What’s wrong here?


    Multiple Parameters
    […] NAME(TYPE NAME, TYPE NAME) {
    STATEMENTS
    }

    To call:

    NAME(arg1, arg2);
    class Multiply {
    public static void times (double a, double b) {
    System.out.println(a * b);
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    times (2, 2);
    times (3, 4);
    }
    }
    Return Values
    public static TYPE NAME() {
    STATEMENTS
    return EXPRESSION;
    }

    void means “no type”


    class Square3 {
    public static void printSquare(double x) {
    System.out.println(x*x);
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    printSquare(5);
    }
    }
    class Square4 {
    public static double square(double x) {
    return x*x;
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    System.out.println(square(5));
    System.out.println(square(2));
    }
    }
    Variable Scope
    Variables live in the block ({}) where they
    are defined (scope)

    Method parameters are like defining a


    new variable in the method
    class SquareChange {
    public static void printSquare(int x) {
    System.out.println("printSquare x = " + x);
    x = x * x;
    System.out.println("printSquare x = " + x);
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    int x = 5;
    System.out.println("main x = " + x);
    printSquare(x);
    System.out.println("main x = " + x);
    }
    }
    class Scope {
    public static void main(String[] arguments) {
    int x = 5;
    if (x == 5) {
    int x = 6;
    int y = 72;
    System.out.println("x = " + x + " y = " + y);
    }
    System.out.println("x = " + x + " y = " + y);
    }
    }
    Methods: Building Blocks
     Big programs are built out of small methods

     Methods can be individually developed, tested and


    reused

     User of method does not need to know how it works

     In Computer Science, this is called “abstraction”


    Mathematical Functions
    Math.sin(x)

    Math.cos(Math.PI / 2)

    Math.pow(2, 3)

    Math.log(Math.log(x + y))
    Outline
     Lecture 1 Review
     More types
     Methods
     Conditionals
    if statement
    if (CONDITION) {
    STATEMENTS
    }
    public static void test(int x) {
    if (x > 5) {
    System.out.println(x + " is > 5");
    }
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    test(6);
    test(5);
    test(4);
    }
    Comparison operators
    x > y: x is greater than y
    x < y: x is less than y
    x >= y: x is greater than or equal to x
    x <= y: x is less than or equal to y

    x == y: x equals y
    ( equality: ==, assignment: = )
    Boolean operators
    &&: logical AND
    ||: logical OR

    if (x > 6) { if ( x > 6 && x < 9) {


    if (x < 9) { …
    … }
    }
    }
    else
    if (CONDITION) {
    STATEMENTS
    } else {
    STATEMENTS
    }
    public static void test(int x) {
    if (x > 5) {
    System.out.println(x + " is > 5");
    } else {
    System.out.println(x + " is not > 5");
    }
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    test(6);
    test(5);
    test(4);
    }
    else if
    if (CONDITION) {
    STATEMENTS
    } else if (CONDITION) {
    STATEMENTS
    } else if (CONDITION) {
    STATEMENTS
    } else {
    STATEMENTS
    }
    public static void test(int x) {
    if (x > 5) {
    System.out.println(x + " is > 5");
    } else if (x == 5) {
    System.out.println(x + " equals 5");
    } else {
    System.out.println(x + " is < 5");
    }
    }

    public static void main(String[] arguments) {


    test(6);
    test(5);
    test(4);
    }
    Questions?
    Conversion by method
    int to String:
    String five = 5; // ERROR!
    String five = Integer.toString (5);
    String five = “” + 5; // five = “5”

    String to int:
    int foo = “18”; // ERROR!
    int foo = Integer.parseInt (“18”);
    Comparison operators
     Do NOT call == on doubles! EVER.

    double a = Math.cos (Math.PI / 2);


    double b = 0.0;

    a = 6.123233995736766E-17
    a == b will return FALSE!
    MIT OpenCourseWare
    http://ocw.mit.edu

    6.092 Introduction to Programming in Java


    January (IAP) 2010

    For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

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